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Choi HS, In H. The effects of operating height and the passage of time on the end-point performance of fine manipulative tasks that require high accuracy. Front Physiol 2022; 13:944866. [PMID: 36051911 PMCID: PMC9424850 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.944866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained shoulder abduction, which results from an inappropriate worktable height or tool shape and long task hours, leads to an accumulation of muscle fatigue and subsequent work-related injuries in workers. It can be alleviated by controlling the table height or ergonomic tool design, but workers who are doing some types of work that require a discomfortable posture, such as minimally invasive surgery, cannot avoid these situations. Loads to the shoulder joint or muscles result in several problems, such as muscle fatigue, deterioration of proprioception or changing movement strategies of the central nervous system, and these are critical to work that requires a high accuracy of the upper extremities. Therefore, in this paper, we designed and conducted an experiment with human participants to discuss how an inappropriate height of the work-table affects the task performance of workers who are performing a fine manipulative task that requires high accuracy of the end point. We developed an apparatus that can control the height and has four touch screens to evaluate the end-point accuracy with two different heights. Eighteen adults (9 women and 9 men) participated in the experiments, and the electromyography of their shoulder muscles, their movement stability, and task performance were measured for the analysis. We found that inappropriate height of a table brings about muscle fatigue, and time elapsed for conducting tasks accelerated the phenomenon. Task performance deteriorated according to increased fatigue, and improved movement stability is not enough to compensate for these situations.
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Terenzi M, Ricciardi O, Di Nocera F. Rostering in Air Traffic Control: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084625. [PMID: 35457493 PMCID: PMC9028160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most Air Traffic Controllers (ATCOs) must cover uninterrupted work shifts for 24 h a day, seven days a week. The proper planning of a shift schedule requires consideration of at least three elements: the specific characteristics of the controller task, the physiological needs of the operator, and the definition of rest periods within rostering. We reviewed the literature for providing comprehensive guidance on the main requirements for the construction of a shift schedule for ATCOs. Our considerations are organized according to a rationale reflecting the most important criteria for the construction of the schedule: namely, the organization of rest periods conceptualized as intervals between cycles of shifts, intervals between individual shifts, and breaks within the shift. The suggested parameters could be used to construct shift schedules within a variation margin that depends on individual contexts of application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orlando Ricciardi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Di Nocera
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Planning, Design, and Technology of Architecture, Sapienza University of Rome, 00196 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Tsao L, Kim S, Ma L, Nussbaum MA. An exploratory study comparing three work/rest schedules during simulated repetitive precision work. ERGONOMICS 2021; 64:1579-1594. [PMID: 34224340 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1950844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of work and rest can influence both physical fatigue and task performance in manual operations. However, there is relatively limited evidence regarding the influences of specific work/rest schedules in tasks requiring high repetitiveness and precision demands, along with relatively low exertion levels. Eighteen participants completed an exploratory study that simulated such tasks, to compare the effects of three distinct work/rest schedules (i.e. short frequent [short] and long infrequent breaks [long], and a self-selected schedule) on muscle fatigue, task performance (in terms of accuracy and speed), and preference. Schedules with long or self-selected breaks generally induced less muscle fatigue, compared with the short break condition. Participants preferred the self-selected condition the most and the long-break condition the least. The different schedules tested did not influence task performance. A self-selected schedule may be beneficial for repetitive precision task, to achieve a balance across muscle fatigue, task performance, and individual preference. Practitioner summary: Influences of three work/rest schedules (i.e. short and long breaks, and a self-selected schedule) on fatigue, performance, and preference were explored during repetitive precision tasks. Schedules with long or self-selected breaks induced less muscle fatigue and none of the three schedules influenced performance. A self-selected schedule was the most preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxing Tsao
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Teaching Center for Writing and Communication, School of Humanities, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sunwook Kim
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Maury A Nussbaum
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Friedman LS, Almberg KS, Cohen RA. Injuries associated with long working hours among employees in the US mining industry: risk factors and adverse outcomes. Occup Environ Med 2019; 76:389-395. [PMID: 30979785 PMCID: PMC6585269 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The mining industry is increasingly adopting extended workdays of 10–12 hour shifts. Studies demonstrate that long work hours are associated with psychomotor impairments caused by fatigue and an increased risk of injury. However, studies involving miners remain limited. This analysis aimed to identify risk factors associated with long working hour injuries and to determine if long working hour incidents were associated with being killed or incidents involving multiple injured workers. Methods Data from US Mine Safety and Health Administration Part 50 reports, 1983–2015, were used to identify long working hour injuries, which were defined as incidents occurring nine or more hours after the start of a shift. Results A total of 52 206 injuries (9.6%) occurred during long working hours. The proportion of long working hour injuries increased from 5.5% of all injuries in 1983 to its peak in 2015 at 13.9% (p<0.001). Risk factors associated with long working hour injuries included irregular shift starts, being newly employed, employment by a contractor, metal/non-metal operations and mines with <100 employees. In two separate adjusted models, long working hour injuries were associated with a higher odds of death (adjusted OR [aOR]=1.32; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.48) and single incidents resulting in two or more workers injured (aOR=1.73; 95% CI 1.58 to 1.89). Conclusions Long working hour injuries were associated with a lack of routine, being new at the mine and specific mining activities. An international shift towards using contract labour and extended workdays indicates that injuries during long working hours will likely continue to grow as a problem in the mining industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Friedman
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kirsten S Almberg
- School of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert A Cohen
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Thompson BJ. Does work-induced fatigue accumulate across three compressed 12 hour shifts in hospital nurses and aides? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211715. [PMID: 30730927 PMCID: PMC6366767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue-related impairments in the nursing workforce contribute to a multitude of health, safety, and economic consequences at the individual, organizational and societal levels. Long and compressed work schedules are commonly worked in the healthcare industry, but more research is needed to understand the cumulative effects of multiple work shifts on physiology-based performance outcomes in nurses. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a single nursing work shift versus three compressed (one every 24 hours) 12 hour shifts on performance-based fatigue in nurses and aides. Twenty-six fulltime hospital working nurses and aides (age = 36.1 ± 13.3 years) reported to the lab for testing before, immediately after working a single 12 hour shift, and after working three 12 hour shifts in a 72 hour period. Outcome measures included vigilance-based reaction time, lapses of attention, and muscle function assessments (lower and upper body muscle strength, explosive strength and vertical jump performance). All variables except hand grip strength showed a significant decline following the three work shifts. The psychomotor vigilance reaction time and lapses of attention variables also generally showed a significant decline from the end of shift one to the end of shift three, indicting an accumulation of fatigue in these metrics with increasing number of shifts worked. Muscle function variables responded early in the duty cycle, showing a significant decline after a single work shift, but did no further decline by the end of the third shift. These findings use objective measures to substantiate that fatigue impairments occur from working a single 12 hour shift, and in several instances, increase further with more successive work shifts. Caution should be employed by personnel and administrators with work schedules involving multiple compressed 12 hour shifts. Fatigue management strategies may be used to improve risks and consequences from fatigue-related mishaps, and this study reports several variables that appear sensitive to identifying and tracking fatigue in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan J. Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
- Movement Research Suite, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
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The Impact of a Rigorous Multiple Work Shift Schedule and Day Versus Night Shift Work on Reaction Time and Balance Performance in Female Nurses: A Repeated Measures Study. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:737-43. [PMID: 27206131 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a demanding work schedule involving long, cumulative work shifts on response time and balance-related performance outcomes and to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders between day and night shift working nurses. METHODS A questionnaire was used to identify the prevalence of past (12-month) and current (7-day) musculoskeletal disorders. Nurses worked three 12-hour work shifts in a 4-day period. Reaction time and balance tests were conducted before and after the work period. RESULTS The work period induced impairments for reaction time, errors on reaction time tasks, and balance performance, independent of shift type. Musculoskeletal symptom prevalence was high in workers of both work shifts. CONCLUSIONS Compressed work shifts caused performance-based fatigue in nurses. Reaction time and balance tests may be sensitive fatigue identification markers in nurses.
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Abstract
Teaching and intervention are integral aspects of professional nursing practice. Numerous publications encourage the use of specific teaching intervention techniques, but few are validated by studies conducted to assess actual teaching behaviors of nurses who administer successful teaching intervention programs. This is a case study of one occupational health nurse who administers a highly effective ergonomic program for employees in a large urban hospital. Themes identified during observation of nurse and client interactions include mindfulness on the part of the nurse, respect for client autonomy, nurse effort, nurse accessibility, and professional distance. A consistent teaching process identified during observation consists of six steps: inquiry, invitation, assessment, synthesis, validation, and progression. This six step process is embedded within identified themes. Teaching and intervention methods identified in the study are a synthesis of caring behaviors and nursing process. This integrated method is entitled “Effective Teaching Through Unified Process and Caring Interpersonal Behavior.” It may represent a valid teaching and intervention method supporting compliance and positive client outcome when interacting with clients requiring ergonomic teaching and intervention.
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Lemos LC, Marqueze EC, Moreno CRDC. Prevalência de dores musculoesqueléticas em motoristas de caminhão e fatores associados. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE OCUPACIONAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/0303-7657000062212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introdução:motoristas profissionais podem estar sujeitos a doenças musculoesqueléticas relacionadas às condições de trabalho.Objetivo:estimar a prevalência e identificar fatores associados à dor musculoesquelética na coluna vertebral, nos 12 meses anteriores à pesquisa, referida por motoristas de caminhão.Métodos:estudo transversal realizado em 2007 com todos os 460 motoristas do sexo masculino de uma empresa de transportes de carga. Utilizou-se questionário abordando fatores sociodemográficos, ocupacionais e de saúde. Análises de regressão logística univariada e múltipla foram utilizadas para verificar a associação entre o relato de dor musculoesquelética na coluna vertebral e os fatores estudados.Resultados:a prevalência de dor musculoesquelética referida foi de 53,5%, sendo mais prevalentes a dor na coluna vertebral (38,5%) e a dor na coluna lombar (28%). Sono de má qualidade, hábito de não cochilar, medo de ser assaltado, morrer, adoecer ou sofrer algum acidente durante o trabalho, e estresse, tensão ou fadiga por desconforto ao dirigir foram fatores associados às dores na coluna vertebral.Conclusão:constatou-se alta prevalência de lombalgia associada a estressores externos, como medo de acidentes e roubos, e a fatores ligados diretamente à organização do trabalho, como a ausência de pausas para cochilos e a restrição dos horários de sono, o que leva a sua má qualidade.
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Tanaka K, Takahashi M, Hiro H, Kakinuma M, Tanaka M, Kamata N, Miyaoka H. Differences in medical error risk among nurses working two- and three-shift systems at teaching hospitals: a six-month prospective study. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2010; 48:357-364. [PMID: 20562512 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.48.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Shift work, including night work, has been regarded as a risk factor for medical safety. However, few studies have investigated the difference in medical error risk between two- and three-shift systems. A total of 1,506 registered nurses working shifts at teaching hospitals participated in this study to evaluate the difference in medical error risk between two- and three-shift systems. After adjustment for potential confounding factors using a log Poisson generalized estimating equation model, the results showed significantly higher frequencies of perceived adverse events over 6 months in the three-shift than in the two-shift system, with estimated mean numbers of adverse events of 1.05 and 0.74, respectively. Shorter intervals after night shifts and greater frequency of night shifts in three-shift systems, which reduce the recovery time from night shift work, may be linked to increased medical errors by nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Tanaka
- Department of Occupational Mental Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
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Krajcarski S, Wells R. The time variation pattern of mechanical exposure and the reporting of low back pain. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/14639220600758720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Caruso CC, Bushnell T, Eggerth D, Heitmann A, Kojola B, Newman K, Rosa RR, Sauter SL, Vila B. Long working hours, safety, and health: toward a National Research Agenda. Am J Ind Med 2006; 49:930-42. [PMID: 16948157 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant and growing number of people work long hours. Research examining impacts is limited, but raises concerns about risks to the worker, the family, the employer, and the community. The purpose of this report, which is authored by the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) Long Work Hours Team, is to motivate and guide future research by proposing a framework for studying long work hours and discussing research gaps. METHODS The NORA Long Work Hours Team examined research reports and literature reviews, and gathered input from a conference on long work hours organized by the Team and faculty from University of Maryland. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A framework is proposed for long work hours, including determinants, outcomes, and moderating factors of long work hours, suggesting that studies need to include more clear and complete descriptions of work schedules, worker characteristics, and the work environment, and need to consider a wider range of possible health, safety, social and economic outcomes for workers, families, employers, and the community. Additional studies are needed on vulnerable employee groups and those critical to public safety. More studies are also needed to develop interventions and test their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Caruso
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, Ohio 45226-1998, USA.
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Abstract
The paper summarizes research linking long work hours to a wide range of risks to workers, families, employers, and the community. The risks are theorized to stem from less time to recover from work, longer exposure to workplace hazards, and less time to attend to non-work responsibilities. Risks to workers include sleep deprivation, poor recovery from work, decrements in neuro-cognitive and physiological functioning, illnesses, adverse reproductive outcomes, and injuries. Risks to families include delayed marriages and child bearing, and obesity in children. Risks to employers include reduced productivity and increases in workers errors. Mistakes by fatigued workers have broad reaching impacts to the community: medical errors, automobile crashes with other drivers on the road, and industrial disasters that damage the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Caruso
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, USA
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Caruso CC, Lusk SL, Gillespie BW. Relationship of work schedules to gastrointestinal diagnoses, symptoms, and medication use in auto factory workers. Am J Ind Med 2004; 46:586-98. [PMID: 15551368 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) complaints are common in shift workers. This study examines the relationship between work schedules and GI symptoms, medications, and diagnoses. METHODS In a cross-sectional survey of 343 US auto factory workers, four work schedule variables were examined: assigned shift, number of hours worked, number of night hours, and schedule variability. Multiple regression tested the relationship between GI outcomes and work schedule variables while controlling for covariates. RESULTS The evening shift was associated with more GI symptoms and GI diagnoses. Unexpectedly, more consistent work times were associated with having a GI diagnosis. As schedule variability increased the probability of GI medication use increased in low noise exposure. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that evening shift and widely varying work start and end times may increase risks for GI disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Caruso
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA.
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Jansen NWH, van Amelsvoort LGPM, Kristensen TS, van den Brandt PA, Kant IJ. Work schedules and fatigue: a prospective cohort study. Occup Environ Med 2003; 60 Suppl 1:i47-53. [PMID: 12782747 PMCID: PMC1765732 DOI: 10.1136/oem.60.suppl_1.i47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS (1) To describe the prevalence of fatigue among employees in different work schedules (day work, three-shift, five-shift, and irregular shift work); (2) to investigate whether different work schedules are related to increasing fatigue over time, while taking into account job title and job characteristics; and (3) to study fatigue among shift workers changing to day work. METHODS Data from nine consecutive four-monthly self administered questionnaires from the Maastricht Cohort Study on Fatigue at work (n = 12 095) were used with 32 months of follow up. Day and shift workers were matched on job title. RESULTS The prevalence of fatigue was 18.1% in day workers, 28.6% in three-shift, 23.7% in five-shift, and 19.1% in irregular shift workers. For three-shift and five-shift workers substantial higher fatigue levels were observed compared to day workers at baseline measurement. In the course of fatigue over the 32 months of follow up there were only small and insignificant differences between employees in different work schedules. However, among employees fatigued at baseline, fatigue levels decreased faster over time among five-shift workers compared to fatigued day workers. Shift workers changing to day work reported substantially higher fatigue levels prior to change, compared to those remaining in shift work. CONCLUSIONS Substantial differences in fatigue existed between day and shift workers. However, as no considerable differences in the course of fatigue were found, these differences have probably developed within a limited time span after starting in a shift work job. Further, evidence was found that fatigue could be an important reason for quitting shift work and moving to day work. Finally, in the relation between work schedules and fatigue, perceived job characteristics might play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W H Jansen
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Dula DJ, Dula NL, Hamrick C, Wood GC. The effect of working serial night shifts on the cognitive functioning of emergency physicians. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 38:152-5. [PMID: 11468610 DOI: 10.1067/mem.2001.116024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether working 5 serial night shifts in the emergency department results in a decline in physician performance as measured with an intelligence test. METHODS This study compared the cognitive functioning of emergency physicians who worked the day shift (7 AM to 5 pm) with those who worked 5 consecutive night shifts (11 pm to 7 am). The Fluid Scale of the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) was administered to 16 emergency medicine residents. Half of the residents (group A) were tested while working day shifts, and the other half (group B) were tested after working 5 consecutive night shifts. After a minimum interval of 2 months, the residents were retested in reverse order, with group A tested after working night shifts and group B tested while working day shifts. RESULTS A total of 16 emergency medicine residents were tested. A paired t test was used to determine whether day-shift KAIT scores are different from night-shift KAIT scores. The mean day-shift KAIT score was 119.1 (SD=7.7), and the mean night-shift KAIT score was 107.2 (SD=10.2). This difference was significant (mean difference=11.9; 95% confidence interval 7.0 to 16.8; P <.001), with the day-shift scores being statistically higher than the night-shift scores. CONCLUSION Working a series of 5 night shifts results in a substantial decline in cognitive performance in physicians working in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Dula
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
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