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Warneke K, Wohlann T, Lohmann LH, Wirth K, Schiemann S. Acute effects of long-lasting stretching and strength training on maximal strength and flexibility in the calf muscle. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe so-called “stretch-induced force deficit” is known from a large amount of research. There are many theories trying to explain the stretch-induced force deficit and increases in the range of motion (ROM) which all offer a stretch training-specific explanation. However, when performing a commonly used strength training session, a reduced maximum strength (MSt) capacity can be assumed as well. Based on this, the aim of the study is to investigate the tension-induced force deficit due to a suprathreshold strength or stretching training stimulus. Therefore, 71 participants (age: 24.1 ± 4.2 years, height: 176.3 ± 5.7 cm, weight: 74.1 ± 7.5 kg) were divided into three groups: static stretching group (SST), strength training group (STR), and control group (CG). To investigate possible mechanical tension-induced force deficits, SST performed a long-lasting static stretching intervention for 1 h using an orthosis, while STR executed a common strength training intervention (5 × 12 repetition) for the plantar flexors. The results show a significant reduction of measured MSt as well as increased ROM for both SST and STR following the interventions. Consequently, we found similar acute effects of stretching and strength training regarding MSt and flexibility. We conclude that the decreased MSt capacities can possibly be attributed to mechanical tension-induced damage of the muscle that is not linked to a specific training method. The improvements in flexibility found in both intervention groups might be attributed to warm up effects when inducing high mechanical tension to large ankle joint angles.
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Mackey CS, Thiele RM, Sanders DJ, DeFreitas JM. Effects of a thorstensson fatiguing protocol on isometric and isokinetic performance. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-220010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Having participants perform 50 maximal isokinetic contractions, as introduced by Thorstensson and Karlsson (1976), is to this day one of the most commonly used fatigue protocols. Purpose: To determine to what extent a Thorstensson fatiguing protocol affects isokinetic and isometric performance characteristics. METHODS: Twenty-five college-aged men performed an isokinetic fatigue protocol consisting of 50 maximal elbow flexions at a moderate speed (180∘⋅s-1). Pre- and post-tests were used to calculate fatigue indices (FI%) for the following variables: isometric and isokinetic peak torque (PT), isometric rate of torque development (RTD), and maximum acceleration (ACCmax). RESULTS: Each of the four dependent variables significantly decreased with fatigue (each demonstrated p< 0.001), but not of the same magnitude. Isometric PT FI (-18.7%) was significantly less than isokinetic PT FI (-45.1%, p⩽ 0.001) and ACCmax FI (-26.3%) was significantly less than isometric RTD FI (-54.9%, p⩽ 0.001). There was a significant positive relationship between isometric and isokinetic PT FI% (r= 0.60, p< 0.002) as well as between isometric PT FI% and RTD FI% (r= 0.40, p< 0.046). There was no significant relationship observed between RTD FI% and ACCmax FI% nor between isokinetic PT FI% and ACCmax FI%. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation observed different patterns of response in maximal strength between isometric and isokinetic assessments following a isokinetic fatigue protocol. Additionally, the ability to rapidly generate strength and velocity had significantly different responses to fatigue between isometric and dynamic assessments. Due to these different responses, we recommend that assessments of fatigue at least include the same testing modality as the modality of the fatigue protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S. Mackey
- Human Performance Laboratory, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan M. Thiele
- Applied Physiology and Sports Medicine Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David J. Sanders
- Human Performance Laboratory, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason M. DeFreitas
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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D'Emanuele S, Maffiuletti NA, Tarperi C, Rainoldi A, Schena F, Boccia G. Rate of Force Development as an Indicator of Neuromuscular Fatigue: A Scoping Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:701916. [PMID: 34305557 PMCID: PMC8301373 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.701916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Because rate of force development (RFD) is an emerging outcome measure for the assessment of neuromuscular function in unfatigued conditions, and it represents a valid alternative/complement to the classical evaluation of pure maximal strength, this scoping review aimed to map the available evidence regarding RFD as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue. Thus, following a general overview of the main studies published on this topic, we arbitrarily compared the amount of neuromuscular fatigue between the “gold standard” measure (maximal voluntary force, MVF) and peak, early (≤100 ms) and late (>100 ms) RFD. Seventy full-text articles were included in the review. The most-common fatiguing exercises were resistance exercises (37% of the studies), endurance exercises/locomotor activities (23%), isokinetic contractions (17%), and simulated/real sport situations (13%). The most widely tested tasks were knee extension (60%) and plantar flexion (10%). The reason (i.e., rationale) for evaluating RFD was lacking in 36% of the studies. On average, the amount of fatigue for MVF (−19%) was comparable to late RFD (−19%) but lower compared to both peak RFD (−25%) and early RFD (−23%). Even if the rationale for evaluating RFD in the fatigued state was often lacking and the specificity between test task and fatiguing exercise characteristics was not always respected in the included studies, RFD seems to be a valid indicator of neuromuscular fatigue. Based on our arbitrary analyses, peak RFD and early phase RFD appear even to be more sensitive to quantify neuromuscular fatigue than MVF and late phase RFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D'Emanuele
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainoldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,NeuroMuscularFunction
- Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences (SUISM), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,NeuroMuscularFunction
- Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences (SUISM), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Rodriguez-Lopez C, Alcazar J, Losa-Reyna J, Carmona-Torres J, Cruz-Santaella AM, Ara I, Csapo R, Alegre LM. Acute Physiological Response to Light- and Heavy-load Power-oriented Exercise in Older Adults. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1287-1296. [PMID: 33902152 DOI: 10.1055/a-1408-4793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the acute responses to volume-load-matched heavy-load (80% 1RM) versus light-load (40% 1RM) power-oriented resistance training sessions in well-functioning older adults. Using a randomized cross-over design, 15 volunteers completed each condition on a leg press. Neuromuscular (maximal isometric force and rate of force development) and functional performance (power during sit-to-stand test), lactate, and muscle damage biochemistry (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein serum concentration) were assessed pre- and post-exercise. Performance declines were found after heavy-load (Cohen's d effect size (d); maximal isometric force=0.95 d; rate of force development=1.17 d; sit-to-stand power =0.38 d, all p<0.05) and light-load (maximal isometric force=0.45 d; rate of force development=0.9 d; sit-to-stand power=1.17 d, all p<0.05), while lactate concentration increased only after light-load (1.7 d, p=0.001). However, no differences were found between conditions (all p>0.05). Both conditions increased creatine kinase the day after exercise (marginal effect=0.75 d, p<0.001), but no other blood markers increased (all, p>0.05). Irrespective of the load used, power training induced non-clinically significant decreases in sit-to-stand performance, moderate declines in maximal isometric force, but pronounced decreases in the rate of force development. Furthermore, the metabolic stress and muscle damage were minor; both sessions were generally well tolerated by well-functioning older adults without previous experience in resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Losa-Reyna
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio Ara
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Csapo
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, ISAG, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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Natera AO, Cardinale M, Keogh JWL. The Effect of High Volume Power Training on Repeated High-Intensity Performance and the Assessment of Repeat Power Ability: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 50:1317-1339. [PMID: 32096112 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High volume power training (HVPT) involves high volumes of high-velocity resistance training, with the aim to improve repeated high-intensity efforts (RHIEs). Repeat power ability (RPA) is the ability to repeatedly produce maximal or near maximal efforts. Assessments of RPA using external loading may determine the ability to perform repeat RHIEs typical of many sports and, therefore, provide useful information on the effectiveness of training. OBJECTIVES (1) Identify the different HVPT protocols; (2) examine the acute responses and chronic adaptations to different HVPT protocols; (3) identify different lower body RPA assessment protocols and highlight similarities, differences and potential limitations between each protocol, and; (4) describe the reliability and validity of RPA assessments. METHODS An electronic search was performed using SPORTDiscus, PubMed, CINAHL and Embase for studies utilising HVPT protocols and assessments of RPA. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed journal articles published in English. RESULTS Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria of the final review. Of the eight longitudinal studies, three were rated as fair and five were rated as poor methodological quality, respectively. In contrast, all 12 cross-sectional studies were considered to have a low risk of bias. Preliminary evidence suggests that HVPT can enhance RHIE, RPA, anaerobic capacity, anaerobic power and aerobic performance. HVPT generally consists of 2-3 sessions per week, utilising loads of 30-40% 1 repetition maximum (RM), for 3-5 sets of 10-20 repetitions, with inter-set rest periods of 2-3 min. RPA assessments can be valid and reliable and may provide useful information on an athlete's ability to perform RHIE and the success of HVPT programmes. CONCLUSIONS HVPT can be used to improve a number of physical qualities including RPA and RHIE; while a variety of RPA assessments provide valid and reliable information regarding the athlete's ability to perform RHIEs. Considering the heterogeneity in the HVPT protocols currently used and the relatively low volume and quality of longitudinal publications in this area, further studies are needed to identify the effects of a variety of HVPT methods on RPA, RHIE and other performance outcomes and to identify the most valid and reliable RPA outcomes to use in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex O Natera
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia. .,Greater Western Sydney Giants, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Marco Cardinale
- Sport Science Department, Aspire Academy, Po Box 22287, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Surgery and Interventional Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Buckner SL, Jessee MB, Mouser JG, Dankel SJ, Mattocks KT, Bell ZW, Abe T, Loenneke JP. The Basics of Training for Muscle Size and Strength: A Brief Review on the Theory. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:645-653. [PMID: 31652235 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The periodization of resistance exercise is often touted as the most effective strategy for optimizing muscle size and strength adaptations. This narrative persists despite a lack of experimental evidence to demonstrate its superiority. In addition, the general adaptation syndrome, which provides the theoretical framework underlying periodization, does not appear to provide a strong physiological rationale that periodization is necessary. Hans Selye conducted a series of rodent studies which used toxic stressors to facilitate the development of the general adaptation syndrome. To our knowledge, normal exercise in humans has never been shown to produce a general adaptation syndrome. We question whether there is any physiological rationale that a periodized training approach would facilitate greater adaptations compared with nonperiodized approaches employing progressive overload. The purpose of this article is to briefly review currently debated topics within strength and conditioning and provide some practical insight regarding the implications these reevaluations of the literature may have for resistance exercise and periodization. In addition, we provide some suggestions for the continued advancement within the field of strength and conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Buckner
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University, MS
| | - J Grant Mouser
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Troy University, Troy, AL
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
| | | | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, University, MS
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, University, MS
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, University, MS
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Barros CBA, Costa MDC, Neto AGDS, Gadelha JHT, Silva BSRD, Gurjão ALD. INDICATORS OF NEUROMUSCULAR FATIGUE IN LEG PRESS EXERCISE IN MEN AND WOMEN. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202603216124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Muscle fatigue is characterized by reduced ability to produce maximum strength or power, and may differ between men and women. Changes in velocity of movement during exercise, and in the ability to produce strength after exercise, may help when comparing fatigue in men and women. Objective To analyze the differences between men and women in relation to number of repetitions, kinetics, kinematics and isometric force-time curve performance, and their respective muscle activation in horizontal leg press exercises. Methods Fifteen men and fifteen women underwent isometric force-time curve (Cf-t) and electromyographic (EMG) assessments before and after performing horizontal leg press exercises. The exercises were performed in three sets until voluntary exhaustion, at 70% maximal repetition. During the exercises, kinetic and kinematic variables were obtained by means of two force transducers, a linear position potentiometer and accelerometer adapted for the horizontal leg press and synchronized by a signal conditioning plate. Results The mean propulsive velocity significantly reduced between the first and last repetition of each series, with a similar reduction for men (-12.4 to -29.2%) and women (-29.2 to -35.6%). The same pattern was observed for the other kinetic and kinematic variables. The maximum voluntary contraction and peak force development rate also decreased for both men (-15.1 ± 8.7% and -26.9 ± 21.2%, respectively) and women (-13.9 ± 10.4% and -28.2 ± 11.5%, respectively). Conclusion Based on the different variables used to quantify the effect of fatigue during and after horizontal leg press exercises, the research found practically no differences between men and women. Level of evidence II; Comparative prospective study.
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Influence of signal filtering and sample rate on isometric torque – time parameters using a traditional isokinetic dynamometer. J Biomech 2019; 83:235-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Mackey CS, Thiele RM, Schnaiter-Brasche J, Smith DB, Conchola EC. Acute recovery responses of maximal velocity and angular acceleration of the knee extensors following back squat exercise. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-182144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S. Mackey
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ryan M. Thiele
- Applied Physiology and Sports Medicine Laboratory, Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessica Schnaiter-Brasche
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Doug B. Smith
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Eric C. Conchola
- Department of Wellness, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Thompson BJ, Cazier CS, Bressel E, Dolny DG. A lower extremity strength-based profile of NCAA Division I women’s basketball and gymnastics athletes: implications for knee joint injury risk assessment. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1749-1756. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1412245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brennan J. Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Curtis S. Cazier
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Eadric Bressel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Dennis G. Dolny
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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Thompson BJ, Stock MS, Banuelas VK. Effects of Accumulating Work Shifts on Performance-Based Fatigue Using Multiple Strength Measurements in Day and Night Shift Nurses and Aides. HUMAN FACTORS 2017; 59:346-356. [PMID: 27941163 DOI: 10.1177/0018720816677814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to examine the effects of accumulating nursing work on maximal and rapid strength characteristics in female nurses and compare these effects in day versus night shift workers. Background Nurses exhibit among the highest nonfatal injury rates of all occupations, which may be a consequence of long, cumulative work shift schedules. Fatigue may accumulate across multiple shifts and lead to performance impairments, which in turn may be linked to injury risks. Method Thirty-seven nurses and aides performed isometric strength-based performance testing of three muscle groups, including the knee extensors, knee flexors, and wrist flexors (hand grip), as well as countermovement jumps, at baseline and following exposure to three 12-hour work shifts in a four-day period. Variables included peak torque (PT) and rate of torque development (RTD) from isometric strength testing and jump height and power output. Results The rigorous work period resulted in significant decreases (-7.2% to -19.2%) in a large majority (8/9) of the isometric strength-based measurements. No differences were noted for the day versus night shift workers except for the RTD at 200 millisecond variable, for which the night shift had greater work-induced decreases than the day shift workers. No changes were observed for jump height or power output. Conclusions A compressed nursing work schedule resulted in decreases in strength-based performance abilities, being indicative of performance fatigue. Application Compressed work schedules involving long shifts lead to functional declines in nurse performance capacities that may pose risks for both the nurse and patient quality of care. Fatigue management plans are needed to monitor and regulate increased levels of fatigue.
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