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Haugen ME, Vårvik FT, Larsen S, Haugen AS, van den Tillaar R, Bjørnsen T. Effect of free-weight vs. machine-based strength training on maximal strength, hypertrophy and jump performance - a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:103. [PMID: 37582807 PMCID: PMC10426227 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of strength training with free-weight vs. machine equipment is heavily debated. Thus, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to summarize the data on the effect of free-weight versus machine-based strength training on maximal strength, jump height and hypertrophy. METHODS The review was conducted in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the systematic search of literature was conducted up to January 1st, 2023. Studies that directly compared free-weight vs. machine-based strength training for a minimum of 6 weeks in adults (18-60 yrs.) were included. RESULTS Thirteen studies (outcomes: maximal strength [n = 12], jump performance [n = 5], muscle hypertrophy [n = 5]) with a total sample of 1016 participants (789 men, 219 women) were included. Strength in free-weight tests increased significantly more with free-weight training than with machines (SMD: -0.210, CI: -0.391, -0.029, p = 0.023), while strength in machine-based tests tended to increase more with machine training than with free-weights (SMD: 0.291, CI: -0.017, 0.600, p = 0.064). However, no differences were found between modalities in direct comparison (free-weight strength vs. machine strength) for dynamic strength (SMD: 0.084, CI: -0.106, 0.273, p = 0.387), isometric strength (SMD: -0.079, CI: -0.432, 0.273, p = 0.660), countermovement jump (SMD: -0.209, CI: -0.597, 0.179, p = 0.290) and hypertrophy (SMD: -0.055, CI: -0.397, 0.287, p = 0.751). CONCLUSION No differences were detected in the direct comparison of strength, jump performance and muscle hypertrophy. Current body of evidence indicates that strength changes are specific to the training modality, and the choice between free-weights and machines are down to individual preferences and goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus E Haugen
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway.
| | - Fredrik T Vårvik
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Strength and Power consultant at the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stian Larsen
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Arvid S Haugen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion Acute and Critical Illness, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Strength and Power consultant at the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
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Stone MH, Hornsby WG, Haff GG, Fry AC, Suarez DG, Liu J, Gonzalez-Rave JM, Pierce KC. Periodization and Block Periodization in Sports: Emphasis on Strength-Power Training-A Provocative and Challenging Narrative. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2351-2371. [PMID: 34132223 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Stone, MH, Hornsby, WG, Haff, GG, Fry, AC, Suarez, DG, Liu, J, Gonzalez-Rave, JM, and Pierce, KC. Periodization and block periodization in sports: emphasis on strength-power training-a provocative and challenging narrative. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2351-2371, 2021-Periodization can be defined as a logical sequential, phasic method of manipulating fitness and recovery phases to increase the potential for achieving specific performance goals while minimizing the potential for nonfunctional over-reaching, overtraining, and injury. Periodization deals with the micromanagement of timelines and fitness phases and is cyclic in nature. On the other hand, programming deals with the micromanagement of the training process and deals with exercise selection, volume, intensity, etc. Evidence indicates that a periodized training process coupled with appropriate programming can produce superior athletic enhancement compared with nonperiodized process. There are 2 models of periodization, traditional and block. Traditional can take different forms (i.e., reverse). Block periodization has 2 subtypes, single goal or factor (individual sports) and multiple goals or factors (team sports). Both models have strengths and weaknesses but can be "tailored" through creative programming to produce excellent results for specific sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, SERK, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - William G Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sport Sciences Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Washington, Australia
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Dylan G Suarez
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, SERK, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Junshi Liu
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jose M Gonzalez-Rave
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla la Mancha, Spain; and
| | - Kyle C Pierce
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
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Bollinger LM, Brantley JT, Tarlton JK, Baker PA, Seay RF, Abel MG. Construct Validity, Test-Retest Reliability, and Repeatability of Performance Variables Using a Flywheel Resistance Training Device. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3149-3156. [PMID: 33105365 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bollinger, LM, Brantley, JT, Tarlton, JK, Baker, PA, Seay, RF, and Abel, MG. Construct validity, test-retest reliability, and repeatability of performance variables using a flywheel resistance training device. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3149-3156, 2020-Power production is highly associated with physical performance; however, the ability to quantitatively measure power output during resistance exercise is lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and test-retest reliability of flywheel-based performance testing. Twelve young, resistance trained subjects completed 2 bouts of resistance exercise using a flywheel resistance training device (Exxentric kbox 4 Pro). Each session consisted of 3 sets of 3 exercise (bent-over row, Romanian deadlift, and biceps curl) with varying moments of inertia (0.050, 0.075, and 0.100 kg·m, respectively) in random order. Each set consisted of 5 maximal effort repetitions with 3-minute recovery between sets. Average power, peak concentric and eccentric power, average force, average speed, and total work for each set were recorded. Regression analysis revealed a near-perfect relationship between measured and predicted power, force, and work at given workloads. Pearson's r between trials 1 and 2 revealed good (≥0.70) to excellent (≥0.90) test-retest reliability for all outcomes with the exception of peak eccentric power for biceps curls (r = 0.69), which narrowly missed the cutoff for acceptable reliability. Bland-Altman plots revealed small (approximately 5-15%), but statistically significant bias between the 2 trials for some measures. Coefficient of repeatability for all outcomes was relatively high, indicating poor repeatability. Flywheel-based performance testing provides valid data. However, reliability varies between individual lifts and specific outcomes. Given the poor repeatability between trials, it is likely that subjects who are unaccustomed to this modality may require multiple testing sessions or a thorough familiarization period to ensure accurate measures of power, force, speed, and work during flywheel-based performance testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance M Bollinger
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Aragón-Vela J, Casuso RA, Casals C, Plaza-Díaz J, Fontana L, Huertas JR. Differential IL 10 serum production between an arm-based and a leg-based maximal resistance test. Cytokine 2019; 126:154915. [PMID: 31706202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bench press (i.e. arm-based) and half-squat (i.e. leg-based) are exercises commonly used to increase and evaluate muscular strength. In addition to differences in the location of the muscles that participate in each exercise, the total muscle mass required for the latter is larger than that involved in the former. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of a maximal incremental strength test when performed by bench press and by half-squat on myocellular damage, oxidative damage and the inflammatory cytokine response. Ten male athletes were subjected to half-squat and bench press incremental strength tests. Blood samples were collected at rest, 15-minutes and 24 h post-test. Hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde concentrations were determined as lipid peroxidation markers. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) activities were determined as markers of muscle damage. α-Actin concentration was determined as a marker of sarcomeric damage. Serum interleukin (IL) 6, IL10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were determined to assess the inflammatory response. LDH and CK-MB values were greater at 15 min and 24 h post bench press exercise (p < 0.05). No differences were found in lipid peroxidation or α-actin. Interestingly, IL10 values were greater in response to the press bench at 24 h post-test (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that, at equivalent workloads, an arm-based exercise induced higher anti-inflammatory effects and more severe muscle damage compared with a leg-based exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aragón-Vela
- Dept. Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - R A Casuso
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
| | - C Casals
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
| | - J Plaza-Díaz
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - L Fontana
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - J R Huertas
- Dept. Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
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Schott N, Johnen B, Holfelder B. Effects of free weights and machine training on muscular strength in high-functioning older adults. Exp Gerontol 2019; 122:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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A Novel Electromyographic Approach to Estimate Fatigue Threshold in Maximum Incremental Strength Tests. Motor Control 2017; 22:170. [PMID: 28530475 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2016-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of muscular fatigue thresholds in athletes performing short-duration and explosive exercises is difficult because classic parameters do not suffer large variations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a new method to estimate the fatigue threshold in single muscles. Our approach is based on electromyographic data recorded during a maximum incremental strength test until the one repetition maximum is reached. Ten men and 10 women performed a half-squat strength test consisting of five incremental intensities of one repetition maximum. Neither heart rate nor blood lactate concentrations showed significant differences at the various intensities tested. Surface electromyographic activities of vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris were recorded, finding a break point corresponding to the fatigue threshold occurring in men at 70.74%, 71.48%, and 72.52% of one repetition maximum, respectively. In women, break-point values were 76.66% for vastus lateralis, 76.27% for vastus medialis, and 72.10% for rectus femoris. In conclusion, surface electromyography could be a useful, rapid, and noninvasive tool to determine the fatigue threshold of independent muscles during a maximal half-squat strength test.
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