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Siddique U, Frazer AK, Avela J, Walker S, Ahtiainen JP, Tanel M, Uribe S, Akalu Y, Rostami M, Tallent J, Kidgell DJ. Differential modulation of corticomotor excitability in older compared to young adults following a single bout of strength -exercise. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 122:105384. [PMID: 38394740 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Evidence shows corticomotor plasticity diminishes with age. Nevertheless, whether strength-training, a proven intervention that induces corticomotor plasticity in younger adults, also takes effect in older adults, remains untested. This study examined the effect of a single-session of strength-exercise on corticomotor plasticity in older and younger adults. Thirteen older adults (72.3 ± 6.5 years) and eleven younger adults (29.9 ± 6.9 years), novice to strength-exercise, participated. Strength-exercise involved four sets of 6-8 repetitions of a dumbbell biceps curl at 70-75% of their one-repetition maximum (1-RM). Muscle strength, cortical, corticomotor and spinal excitability, before and up to 60-minutes after the strength-exercise session were assessed. We observed significant changes over time (p < 0.05) and an interaction between time and age group (p < 0.05) indicating a decrease in corticomotor excitability (18% p < 0.05) for older adults at 30- and 60-minutes post strength-exercise and an increase (26% and 40%, all p < 0.05) in younger adults at the same time points. Voluntary activation (VA) declined in older adults immediately post and 60-minutes post strength-exercise (36% and 25%, all p < 0.05). Exercise had no effect on the cortical silent period (cSP) in older adults however, in young adults cSP durations were shorter at both 30- and 60- minute time points (17% 30-minute post and 9% 60-minute post, p < 0.05). There were no differences in short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) or intracortical facilitation (ICF) between groups. Although the corticomotor responses to strength-exercise were different within groups, overall, the neural responses seem to be independent of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummatul Siddique
- Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Janne Avela
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Simon Walker
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Meghan Tanel
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sergio Uribe
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Yonas Akalu
- Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia; Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamad Rostami
- Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia; School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia.
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Gomez-Guerrero G, Ansdell P, Howatson G, Avela J, Walker S. Contraction intensity modulates spinal excitability during transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked silent period in rectus femoris muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1355-1366. [PMID: 38032387 PMCID: PMC11055719 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reduced spinal excitability during the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) silent period (SP) has recently been shown to last longer than previously thought in the upper limbs, as assessed via spinal electrical stimulation. Further, there is reason to expect that contraction intensity affects the duration of the reduced spinal excitability. METHODS This study investigated spinal excitability at different time delays within the TMS-evoked SP in m.rectus femoris. Fifteen participants performed non-fatiguing isometric knee extensions at 25%, 50% and 75% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Lumbar stimulation (LS) induced a lumbar-evoked potential (LEP) of 50% resting M-max. TMS stimulator output induced a SP lasting ~ 200 ms. In each contraction, a LEP (unconditioned) was delivered ~ 2-3 s prior to TMS, which was followed by a second LEP (conditioned) 60, 90, 120 or 150 ms into the silent period. Five contractions were performed at each contraction intensity and for each time delay in random order. RESULTS Compared to the unconditioned LEP, the conditioned LEP amplitude was reduced (- 28 ± 34%, p = 0.007) only at 60 ms during 25% of MVC. Conditioned LEP amplitudes during 50% and 75% of MVC were reduced at 60 ms (- 37 ± 47%, p = 0.009 and - 37 ± 42%, p = 0.005, respectively) and 150 ms (- 30% ± 37%, p = 0.0083 and - 37 ± 43%, p = 0.005, respectively). LEP amplitude at 90 ms during 50% of MVC also reduced (- 25 ± 35%, p = 0.013). CONCLUSION Reduced spinal excitability is extended during 50% and 75% of MVC. In future, paired TMS-LS could be a potential method to understand changes in spinal excitability during SP (at different contraction intensities) when testing various neurophysiological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Gomez-Guerrero
- NeuroMuscular Research Center (NMRC), Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Viveca (VIV221), 40700, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Paul Ansdell
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Janne Avela
- NeuroMuscular Research Center (NMRC), Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Viveca (VIV221), 40700, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Simon Walker
- NeuroMuscular Research Center (NMRC), Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Viveca (VIV221), 40700, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Haugen ME, Vårvik FT, Larsen S, Haugen AS, van den Tillaar R, Bjørnsen T. Effect of free-weight vs. machine-based strength training on maximal strength, hypertrophy and jump performance - a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:103. [PMID: 37582807 PMCID: PMC10426227 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of strength training with free-weight vs. machine equipment is heavily debated. Thus, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to summarize the data on the effect of free-weight versus machine-based strength training on maximal strength, jump height and hypertrophy. METHODS The review was conducted in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the systematic search of literature was conducted up to January 1st, 2023. Studies that directly compared free-weight vs. machine-based strength training for a minimum of 6 weeks in adults (18-60 yrs.) were included. RESULTS Thirteen studies (outcomes: maximal strength [n = 12], jump performance [n = 5], muscle hypertrophy [n = 5]) with a total sample of 1016 participants (789 men, 219 women) were included. Strength in free-weight tests increased significantly more with free-weight training than with machines (SMD: -0.210, CI: -0.391, -0.029, p = 0.023), while strength in machine-based tests tended to increase more with machine training than with free-weights (SMD: 0.291, CI: -0.017, 0.600, p = 0.064). However, no differences were found between modalities in direct comparison (free-weight strength vs. machine strength) for dynamic strength (SMD: 0.084, CI: -0.106, 0.273, p = 0.387), isometric strength (SMD: -0.079, CI: -0.432, 0.273, p = 0.660), countermovement jump (SMD: -0.209, CI: -0.597, 0.179, p = 0.290) and hypertrophy (SMD: -0.055, CI: -0.397, 0.287, p = 0.751). CONCLUSION No differences were detected in the direct comparison of strength, jump performance and muscle hypertrophy. Current body of evidence indicates that strength changes are specific to the training modality, and the choice between free-weights and machines are down to individual preferences and goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus E Haugen
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway.
| | - Fredrik T Vårvik
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Strength and Power consultant at the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stian Larsen
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Arvid S Haugen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion Acute and Critical Illness, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Strength and Power consultant at the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
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Bickel CS, Lein DH, Yuen HK. Optimal neuromuscular electrical stimulation parameters after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37428446 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2023.2231674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the interrelationship of pulse duration and pulse frequency on torque production and muscle fatigue in both impaired and non-impaired skeletal muscle of men and women. METHODS Individuals with [n = 14 (6 females), 38 ± 13 yr; 175 ± 11 cm; 76 ± 20 kg] and without [n = 14 (6 females), 29 ± 8 yr; 175 ± 9 cm; 74 ± 14 kg] spinal cord injury (SCI) participated. Muscle torque was recorded during a series of NMES-induced isometric muscle contractions using different combinations of pulse durations and frequencies. Additionally, two different muscle fatigue protocols (20 and 50 Hz/200µs) were utilized to elicit repeat isometric muscle contractions (1s on and 1s off × 3 min). RESULTS There was a statistically significant linear trend for pulse charge (the product of pulse frequency and pulse duration) on isometric torque production in participants without (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.79), and in participants with SCI (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.66), with higher total pulse charge generating higher torque values. Participants with SCI had significantly greater muscle fatigue for both muscle fatigue protocols (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS NMES protocols should consider using longer pulse durations with lower frequencies to maximize force production for individuals with SCI. However, because mechanisms of muscle fatigue may be different for impaired muscle when compared to non-impaired muscle, further studies on protocols to offset fatigue are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scott Bickel
- Department of Physical Therapy, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Donald H Lein
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hon K Yuen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Fercho KA, Scholl JL, Kc B, Bosch TJ, Baugh LA. Sensorimotor control of object manipulation following middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke. Neuropsychologia 2023; 182:108525. [PMID: 36858282 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Methods for assessing the loss of hand function post-stroke examine limited aspects of motor performance and are not sensitive to subtle changes that can cause deficits in everyday object manipulation tasks. Efficiently lifting an object entails a prediction of required forces based on intrinsic features of the object (sensorimotor integration), short-term updates in the forces required to lift objects that are poorly predicted (sensorimotor memory), as well as the ability to modulate distal fingertip forces, which are not measured by existing assessment tools used in clinics for both diagnostic and rehabilitative purposes. The presented research examined these three components of skilled object manipulation in 60 chronic, unilateral middle cerebral artery stroke participants. Performance was compared to age-matched control participants, and linear regressions were used to predict performance based on clinical scores. Most post-stroke participants performed below control levels in at least one of the tasks. Post-stroke participants presented with combinations of deficits in each of the tasks performed, regardless of the hemisphere damaged by the stroke. Surprisingly, the ability to modulate distal forces was impaired in those patients with damage ipsilateral (right hemisphere) to the hand being used. Sensorimotor integration was also impaired in patients with right hemisphere damage, though they performed at control levels in later lifts, whereas left-hemisphere-damaged patients did not. Lastly, during a task requiring sensorimotor memory, neither patient group performed outside of control ranges on initial lifts, with patients with right hemisphere damage showing impaired performance in later lifts suggesting they were unable to learn the mapping novel mapping of color and mass of the objects. The presented research demonstrates unilateral MCA stroke patients can have deficits in one or more components required for the successful manipulation of hand-held objects and that skillful object lifting requires intact bilateral systems. Further, this information may be used in future studies to aid efforts that target rehabilitation regimens to a stroke survivor's specific pattern of deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie L Scholl
- Basic Biomedical Sciences & Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, USA
| | - Bikash Kc
- Basic Biomedical Sciences & Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, USA
| | - Taylor J Bosch
- Basic Biomedical Sciences & Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, USA
| | - Lee A Baugh
- Basic Biomedical Sciences & Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, USA.
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Ricotta JM, Nardon M, De SD, Jiang J, Graziani W, Latash ML. Motor unit-based synergies in a non-compartmentalized muscle. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:1367-1379. [PMID: 37017728 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept of synergies has been used to address the grouping of motor elements contributing to a task with the covariation of these elements reflecting task stability. This concept has recently been extended to groups of motor units with parallel scaling of the firing frequencies with possible contributions of intermittent recruitment (MU-modes) in compartmentalized flexor and extensor muscles of the forearm stabilizing force magnitude in finger pressing tasks. Here, we directly test for the presence and behavior of MU-modes in the tibialis anterior, a non-compartmentalized muscle. Ten participants performed an isometric cyclical dorsiflexion force production task at 1 Hz between 20 and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction and electromyographic (EMG) data were collected from two high-density wireless sensors placed on the skin over the right tibialis anterior. EMG data were decomposed into individual motor unit frequencies and resolved into sets of MU-modes. Inter-cycle analysis of MU-mode magnitudes within the framework of the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis was used to quantify force-stabilizing synergies. Two or three MU-modes were identified in all participants and trials accounting, on average, for 69% of variance and were robust to cross-validation measurements. Strong dorsiflexion force-stabilizing synergies in the space of MU-modes were present in all participants and for both electrode locations as reflected in variance within the UCM (median 954, IQR 511-1924) exceeding variance orthogonal to the UCM (median 5.82, IQR 2.9-17.4) by two orders of magnitude. In contrast, MU-mode-stabilizing synergies in the space of motor unit frequencies were not present. This study offers strong evidence for the existence of synergic control mechanisms at the level of motor units independent of muscle compartmentalization, likely organized within spinal cord circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Ricotta
- Department of Kinesiology, Rec.Hall-20, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| | - Mauro Nardon
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sayan D De
- Department of Kinesiology, Rec.Hall-20, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jinrui Jiang
- Department of Kinesiology, Rec.Hall-20, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - William Graziani
- Department of Kinesiology, Rec.Hall-20, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mark L Latash
- Department of Kinesiology, Rec.Hall-20, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Rannama I, Zusa A, Latash ML. Unintentional force drifts in the lower extremities. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:1309-1318. [PMID: 37000201 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
We explored the phenomenon of unintentional force drift seen in the absence of visual feedback during knee extension contractions in isometric conditions. Based on the importance of knee extensors for the anti-gravity function, we hypothesized that such force drifts would be slower and smaller compared to those reported for the upper extremities. We also explored possible effects of foot dominance and gender on the force drifts. Young healthy persons produced isometric knee extension contractions to different levels, ranging from 15 to 25% of maximal voluntary contraction force, with the help of visual feedback, and then, the visual feedback was turned off. Force change over the time interval without visual feedback was quantified. In the absence of visual feedback, force drifted to smaller magnitudes. The drift magnitude expressed in percent of the initial force magnitude was smaller for smaller initial force levels, ranging between 8 and 15% of the initial force for the initial force magnitude of 15% and 25% of maximal voluntary contraction force. The time exponent of the force drift was independent of the initial force magnitude and was, on average, 6.45 s. There were no significant effects of foot dominance or gender, although the male subjects tended to show stronger scaling of the drift magnitude with the initial force level compared to the female subjects. The results show that unintentional force drift is a common phenomenon across limbs and muscle groups. This conclusion fits the theory of control with spatial referent coordinates and the general tendency of all natural systems to drift to states with lower potential energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrek Rannama
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Mnt 25, 10120, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Anna Zusa
- Kinesiology Research Laboratory, Latvian Academy of Sport Education, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mark L Latash
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Siddique U, Frazer AK, Avela J, Walker S, Ahtiainen JP, Howatson G, Tallent J, Kidgell DJ. Determining the cortical, spinal and muscular adaptations to strength-training in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101746. [PMID: 36223874 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There are observable decreases in muscle strength as a result of ageing that occur from the age of 40, which are thought to occur as a result of changes within the neuromuscular system. Strength-training in older adults is a suitable intervention that may counteract the age-related loss in force production. The neuromuscular adaptations (i.e., cortical, spinal and muscular) to strength-training in older adults are largely equivocal and a systematic review with meta-analysis will serve to clarify the present circumstances regarding the benefits of strength-training in older adults. 20 studies entered the meta-analysis and were analysed using a random-effects model. A best evidence synthesis that included 36 studies was performed for variables that had insufficient data for meta-analysis. One study entered both. There was strong evidence that strength-training increases maximal force production, rate of force development and muscle activation in older adults. There was limited evidence for strength-training to improve voluntary-activation, the volitional-wave and spinal excitability, but strong evidence for increased muscle mass. The findings suggest that strength-training performed between 2 and 12 weeks increases strength, rate of force development and muscle activation, which likely improves motoneurone excitability by increased motor unit recruitment and improved discharge rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummatul Siddique
- Monash Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Monash Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janne Avela
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Simon Walker
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK; Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Monash Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Monash Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Böttner J, Werner S, Adams V, Knauth S, Kricke A, Thiele H, Büttner P. Structural and functional alterations in heart and skeletal muscle following severe TAC in mice: impact of moderate exercise training. Biol Res 2021; 54:31. [PMID: 34538250 PMCID: PMC8451113 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of death in western countries. Cardiac dysfunction is accompanied by skeletal alterations resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. Exercise is an accepted interventional approach correcting cardiac and skeletal dysfunction, thereby improving mortality, re-hospitalization and quality of life. Animal models are used to characterize underpinning mechanisms. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) results in cardiac pressure overload and finally HF. Whether exercise training improves cardiac remodeling and peripheral cachexia in the TAC mouse model was not analyzed yet. In this study, 2 weeks post TAC animals were randomized into two groups either performing a moderate exercise program (five times per week at 60% VO2 max for 40 min for a total of 8 weeks) or staying sedentary. Results In both TAC groups HF characteristics reduced ejection fraction (− 15% compared to sham, p < 0.001), cardiac remodeling (+ 22.5% cardiomyocyte cross sectional area compared to sham; p < 0.001) and coronary artery congestion (+ 34% diameter compared to sham; p = 0.008) were observed. Unexpectedly, peripheral cachexia was not detected. Furthermore, compared to sedentary group animals from the exercise group showed aggravated HF symptoms [heart area + 9% (p = 0.026), heart circumference + 7% (p = 0.002), right ventricular wall thickness − 30% (p = 0.003)] while muscle parameters were unchanged [Musculus soleus fiber diameter (p = 0.55), Musculus extensor digitorum longus contraction force (p = 0.90)]. Conclusion The severe TAC model is inappropriate to study moderate exercise effects in HF with respect to cardiac and skeletal muscle improvements. Further, the phenotype induced by different TAC procedures should be well documented and taken into account when planning experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Böttner
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sarah Werner
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Adams
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, TU Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Knauth
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela Kricke
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petra Büttner
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
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Xu J, Nelson AG, Hondzinski JM. Passive static stretching alters the characteristics of the force-velocity curvature differently for fast and slow muscle groups-A practical application of Hill's equation. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 79:102852. [PMID: 34371472 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies showed fast muscle fibers have a greater constant b value of Hill's equation than that of slow muscle fibers, and the changing ratio of b/Vmax indicates the altered characteristics of muscles under certain conditions such as static stretching. This study was to investigate the effect of acute passive static stretching on the curvature of force-velocity curve in people with different muscle fiber types. A two-step work was conducted in current study through using Hill's equation: 1) calculated b values for each subject at different conditions (non-stretched and stretched) to determine muscle groups, and 2) examined the effect of static stretching on different muscle groups. Sixty-five college students performed isokinetic leg extensions at 5 speeds to test peak torque, following either a non-stretching or two passive static quadriceps stretching exercises. The peak torque and corresponding velocity were used to calculate the b constant. Data reduction consisted of calculating a Z score for each non-stretched and stretched b values. Individuals, whose non-stretched b constant was above or below one standard deviation of the Z score, were designated as the less curved (fast) and more curved (slow) groups, respectively. A paired t-test was used to analyze the pre and post intervention effect on b values for each group (p < 0.05). This study found passive static stretching significantly altered the b constant of the fast group, but no effect on slow group. Therefore, we suggest static stretching should be avoided immediately before fast or explosive activities in individuals using predominantly fast muscle fibers.
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Abstract
Life is driven by awe-inspiring coordinated movements observed in cells and tissues. In each cell, nm-size molecular motor proteins contribute to these movements as they power numerous mechanical processes with precision and complex orchestration. For the multiple functions that an eukaryotic cell accomplish, motility is essential both at molecular and cellular scales. Tissue morphogenesis, cell migration, cell division or cell differentiation are all controlled by the precise action of such nanomotors that work on cytoskeletal tracks using ATP as fuel. The study of motility has a long history and scientists of all disciplines have contributed to its understanding. The first part of this review compares myosin and kinesin motors to describe the principles underlying how motors convert chemical energy into mechanical movement. In a second part, I will describe how sequence differences selected through evolution can lead to distinct force production output despite a common mechanism. Motors within a superfamily can thus carry out distinct functions in cells. Such differences give rise to their individual, specific motility properties, including reversal of directionality or ability to organize cytoskeletal tracks. The power of structural biology to reveal unexpected and surprising structures, with certainty when visualized at atomic resolution, has been a great advantage for this field. The critical insights gained from the structures can be carefully tested with functional experiments, leading to progress in defining the role motors play in cells. Last, I will describe how targeting these motors can be beneficial for human health. Allosteric sites for specific small molecules can act as activators or inhibitors of the force produced by these nanomotors. While frequent sites of mutations in these motors can lead to disease phenotypes, high therapeutic potential of allosteric effectors is now established for heart muscle diseases and should be extended to treat other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, 75248 Paris, France
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12
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Maloney MA, Gorman AD. Skilled swimmers maintain performance stability under changing attentional focus constraints. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 77:102789. [PMID: 33845276 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Focusing attention externally, rather than internally, has generally proved advantageous as it avoids interfering with self-organzing processes. However, some research has suggested that this may not necessarily be the case with highly skilled individuals who by definition possess a greater capacity to either adapt or maintain stability under varied task constraints. This study aimed to address this gap by comparing the performance of skilled athletes under internal and external attentional focus conditions using the swimming dive start as a task vehicle. Using a counterbalanced repeated measures design, skilled swimmers performed dive starts in conditions of differing attentional focus - internal and external attentional focus. Kinetic and kinematic variables were collected and statistical analyses conducted to compare differences between conditions. The results revealed no differences in outcome performance (relative peak power, horizontal velocity, and time to 5 m) between internal and external focus conditions. However, remaining kinematic and kinetic measures revealed that all movement events occurred earlier in the movement sequence, suggesting superior self-organization of movement in the external focus condition. An external focus may be beneficial for the organization of movement control in skilled swimmers, but may not have an immediate impact upon the outcome of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam D Gorman
- Performance Services, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
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13
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Ross JA, Tasfaout H, Levy Y, Morgan J, Cowling BS, Laporte J, Zanoteli E, Romero NB, Lowe DA, Jungbluth H, Lawlor MW, Mack DL, Ochala J. rAAV-related therapy fully rescues myonuclear and myofilament function in X-linked myotubular myopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:167. [PMID: 33076971 PMCID: PMC7574461 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM) is a life-threatening skeletal muscle disease caused by mutations in the MTM1 gene. XLMTM fibres display a population of nuclei mispositioned in the centre. In the present study, we aimed to explore whether positioning and overall distribution of nuclei affects cellular organization and contractile function, thereby contributing to muscle weakness in this disease. We also assessed whether gene therapy alters nuclear arrangement and function. We used tissue from human patients and animal models, including XLMTM dogs that had received increasing doses of recombinant AAV8 vector restoring MTM1 expression (rAAV8-cMTM1). We then used single isolated muscle fibres to analyze nuclear organization and contractile function. In addition to the expected mislocalization of nuclei in the centre of muscle fibres, a novel form of nuclear mispositioning was observed: irregular spacing between those located at the fibre periphery, and an overall increased number of nuclei, leading to dramatically smaller and inconsistent myonuclear domains. Nuclear mislocalization was associated with decreases in global nuclear synthetic activity, contractile protein content and intrinsic myofilament force production. A contractile deficit originating at the myofilaments, rather than mechanical interference by centrally positioned nuclei, was supported by experiments in regenerated mouse muscle. Systemic administration of rAAV8-cMTM1 at doses higher than 2.5 × 1013 vg kg−1 allowed a full rescue of all these cellular defects in XLMTM dogs. Altogether, these findings identify previously unrecognized pathological mechanisms in human and animal XLMTM, associated with myonuclear defects and contractile filament function. These defects can be reversed by gene therapy restoring MTM1 expression in dogs with XLMTM.
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Bechard L, Bell K, Lynch A. Preliminary validation of a mobile force Sensing device for clinical and telerehabilitation. J Biomech 2020; 110:109973. [PMID: 32827787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Muscle strength and force production are important measures of patient progress during physical rehabilitation. Reliable and objective measurements are important to ascertain throughout rehabilitation. Current methods-manual muscle testing, electromechanical dynamometer, and hand-held dynamometer-are accurate and reliable, but have limitations that prevent wide implementation. As healthcare systems adapt to more patient-centered outcome models, changes to the delivery of rehabilitation, whether at-home or in the clinic, must also change to become more cost effective and accessible and provide quantifiable information regarding patient progress. We developed a novel Force Sensing (FoSe) device to quantify either tensile or compressive isometric muscle strength. The device was tested in a laboratory setting with healthy participants (n = 32) and compared to the commonly used hand-held dynamometer (HHD). Participants used both devices to perform several common isometric muscle tests including: hip abduction, knee extension, knee flexion, shoulder external rotation, and shoulder internal rotation. Compared to the HHD, FoSe was found to be an accurate and reliable measurement of force production. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ranged from 0.58 to 0.89 without a magnitude dependent variation in force measurement. A second round of clinical testing with a patient population is warranted to determine FoSe's ability to measure clinically relevant asymmetry and progress over time. Further usability testing also needs to be conducted to determine the adequacy of FoSe for at-home use by both patients and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bechard
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Kevin Bell
- School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Lab for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; School of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Andrew Lynch
- School of Health Professions, Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Sciences, Rutgers University, Blackwood, NJ 08012, United States.
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15
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Kraaijenbrink C, Vegter RJK, Hensen AHR, Wagner H, van der Woude LHV. Biomechanical and physiological differences between synchronous and asynchronous low intensity handcycling during practice-based learning in able-bodied men. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2020; 17:29. [PMID: 32093732 PMCID: PMC7038515 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-020-00664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Originally, the cranks of a handcycle were mounted with a 180° phase shift (asynchronous). However, as handcycling became more popular, the crank mode switched to a parallel mounting (synchronous) over the years. Differences between both modes have been investigated, however, not into great detail for propulsion technique or practice effects. Our aim is to compare both crank modes from a biomechanical and physiological perspective, hence considering force and power production as a cause of physiological outcome measures. This is done within a practice protocol, as it is expected that motor learning takes place in the early stages of handcycling in novices. METHODS Twelve able-bodied male novices volunteered to take part. The experiment consisted of a pre-test, three practice sessions and a post-test, which was subsequently repeated for both crank modes in a counterbalanced manner. In each session the participants handcycled for 3 × 4 minutes on a leveled motorized treadmill at 1.94 m/s. Inbetween sessions were 2 days of rest. 3D forces, handlebar and crank angle were measured on the left hand side. Kinematic markers were placed on the handcycle to monitor the movement on the treadmill. Lastly, breath-by-breath spirometry combined with heart-rate were continuously measured. The effects of crank mode and practice-based learning were analyzed using a two way repeated measures ANOVA, with synchronous vs asynchronous and pre-test vs post-test as within-subject factors. RESULTS In the pre-test, asynchronous handcycling was less efficient than synchronous handcycling in terms of physiological strain, force production and timing. At the post-test, the metabolic costs were comparable for both modes. The force production was, also after practice, more efficient in the synchronous mode. External power production, crank rotation velocity and the distance travelled back and forwards on the treadmill suggest that asynchronous handcycling is more constant throughout the cycle. CONCLUSIONS As the metabolic costs were reduced in the asynchronous mode, we would advise to include a practice period, when comparing both modes in scientific experiments. For handcycle users, we would currently advise a synchronous set-up for daily use, as the force production is more effective in the synchronous mode, even after practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Kraaijenbrink
- Centre for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- Department of Motion Science, Institute of Sports Science, University of Münster, Horstmarer Landweg 62b, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Riemer J K Vegter
- Centre for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander H R Hensen
- Centre for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Department of Motion Science, Institute of Sports Science, University of Münster, Horstmarer Landweg 62b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lucas H V van der Woude
- Centre for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Centre for Rehabilitation, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Titin is a filamentous protein spanning the half-sarcomere, with spring-like properties in the I-band region. Various structural, signaling, and mechanical functions have been associated with titin, but not all of these are fully elucidated and accepted in the scientific community. Here, I discuss the primary mechanical functions of titin, including its accepted role in passive force production, stabilization of half-sarcomeres and sarcomeres, and its controversial contribution to residual force enhancement, passive force enhancement, energetics, and work production in shortening muscle. Finally, I provide evidence that titin is a molecular spring whose stiffness changes with muscle activation and actin-myosin-based force production, suggesting a novel model of force production that, aside from actin and myosin, includes titin as a "third contractile" filament. Using this three-filament model of sarcomeres, the stability of (half-) sarcomeres, passive force enhancement, residual force enhancement, and the decrease in metabolic energy during and following eccentric contractions can be explained readily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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17
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Doix ACM, Wachholz F, Marterer N, Immler L, Insam K, Federolf PA. Is the cross-over effect of a unilateral high-intensity leg extension influenced by the sex of the participants? Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29954447 PMCID: PMC6022493 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While performing a unilateral muscle contraction, electrical muscle activity also arises in the contralateral homologous muscle, muscle group, or limb. When the muscle contraction induces muscle fatigue, females show not only a greater resistance than males but also a reduced contralateral muscle activation. The study aimed at investigating whether, during a high-intensity 30-s unilateral maximal effort isometric leg extension exercise, the contralateral non-exercising limb (NEL) knee extensor muscle activation would differ between females and males. Methods Twenty participants, 11 females (23.80 ± 2.15 years old) and 9 males (26.50 ± 2.45 years old), performed a unilateral 30-s exercise while surface electromyography (sEMG) was measured from the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) on both limbs. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured for both the exercising limb (EL) and the NEL before (MVC PRE) and after (MVC POST) the 30-s exercise to assess muscle fatigue. Results While both females and males exhibited muscle fatigue in the EL (p = 0.015), females exhibited a lower MVC reduction than males (p = 0.042), suggesting that females were less fatigued than males. Although no muscle fatigue, i.e., no MVC force reduction was found in the NEL for either group before and after the 30-s exercise, the muscle activity of the VL was found to be of greater magnitude during the MVC POST only for females (p = 0.047) while it remained unchanged for males. During the 30-s exercise, the force output of the EL decreased only for males (p = 0.029) while females showed a preservation of the force output (p > 0.05). The sEMG activity of the NEL during the 30-s unilateral exercise increased for both groups in all measured muscles (all p-values < 0.03). Conclusions Likely, different underlying muscle fatigue mechanisms occurred in the EL between females and males. Yet, our findings suggest that the cross-over effect to the NEL during the 30-s exercise occurred in a similar fashion in both groups. The current study suggests that the contralateral muscle activation seen with a unilateral exercise is independent of the sex of individuals. Therefore, unilateral training or rehabilitation-based protocols would similarly impact females and males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude-Clémence M Doix
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Felix Wachholz
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natalie Marterer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lorenz Immler
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Insam
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter A Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Hernandez V, Gorce P, Rezzoug N. Evaluation and validation of musculoskeletal force feasible set indices: Application to manual wheelchair propulsion. J Biomech 2018; 68:70-7. [PMID: 29338847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess handrim wheelchair propulsion effectiveness, related to the applied forces on the handrim, through the force feasible set. For a given posture of the upper-limb, it represents the set of isometric forces that can be applied on the handrim in any direction. The force feasible set was predicted from a musculoskeletal model of the upper-limb and trunk (10 degrees of freedom and 56 muscles). The aim of the first part of the study was to compare the force feasible set prediction and the force currently applied on the handrim. The second part proposes the creation of a new index called "Musculoskeletal Postural Performance Index" (MPPI) derived from the force feasible set and its comparison with the Mechanical Efficiency Force (MEF). These comparisons were conducted at 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140% of the Freely Chosen Frequency at submaximal and maximal conditions on 5 different phases of the push phase. The values of the MPPI were significantly correlated with those of the MEF. During the course of the push phase, the orientation of the force feasible set main axis approached that of the measured force and the force effectiveness evaluated through the MPPI increased.
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19
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Coleman SK, Cao AW, Rebalka IA, Gyulay G, Chambers PJ, Tupling AR, Austin RC, Hawke TJ. The Pleckstrin homology like domain family member, TDAG51, is temporally regulated during skeletal muscle regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:499-505. [PMID: 29127005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The capacity for skeletal muscle to repair from daily insults as well as larger injuries is a vital component to maintaining muscle health over our lifetime. Given the importance of skeletal muscle for our physical and metabolic well-being, identifying novel factors mediating the growth and repair of skeletal muscle will thus build our foundational knowledge and help lead to potential therapeutic avenues for muscle wasting disorders. To that end, we investigated the expression of T-cell death associated gene 51 (TDAG51) during skeletal muscle repair and studied the response of TDAG51 deficient (TDAG51-/-) mice to chemically-induced muscle damage. TDAG51 mRNA and protein expression within uninjured skeletal muscle is almost undetectable but, in response to chemically-induced muscle damage, protein levels increase by 5 days post-injury and remain elevated for up to 10 days of regeneration. To determine the impact of TDAG51 deletion on skeletal muscle form and function, we compared adult male TDAG51-/- mice with age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. Body and muscle mass were not different between the two groups, however, in situ muscle testing demonstrated a significant reduction in force production both before and after fatiguing contractions in TDAG51-/- mice. During the early phases of the regenerative process (5 days post-injury), TDAG51-/- muscles display a significantly larger area of degenerating muscle tissue concomitant with significantly less regenerating area compared to WT (as demonstrated by embryonic myosin heavy chain expression). Despite these early deficits in regeneration, TDAG51-/- muscles displayed no morphological deficits by 10 days post injury compared to WT mice. Taken together, the data presented herein demonstrate TDAG51 expression to be upregulated in damaged skeletal muscle and its absence attenuates the early phases of muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Coleman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Andrew W Cao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Irena A Rebalka
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gabriel Gyulay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Paige J Chambers
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Thomas J Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
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20
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Hernandez V, Venture G, Rezzoug N, Gorce P. Improving the upper-limb force feasible set evaluation by muscles maximal isometric force identification and cocontraction factors. J Biomech 2017; 57:131-135. [PMID: 28413069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the evaluation of the force feasible set (FFS) of the upper-limb which is of great interest in the biomechanics field, this study proposes two additional techniques. The first one is based on the identification of the maximal isometric force (MIF) of Hill-based muscles models from sEMG and isometric force measurements at the hand. The second one considers muscles cocontraction. The FFS was computed with an upper-limb musculoskeletal model in three different cases. The first one (M1) considered binary muscular activation and a simple MIF scaling method based on the weight and muscle length of the subject. The second one (M2) introduces cocontraction factors determined from sEMG. The third one (M3) considers the cocontraction factors and the MIF identification. Finally, M1, M2 and M3 are compared with end-effector force measurement. M3 outperforms the two other methods on FFS prediction demonstrating the validity and the usefulness of MIF identification and the consideration of the cocontraction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gentiane Venture
- GVLAB - University of Agriculture and Technology of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Miranda H, Maia M, de Oliveira CG, Farias D, da Silva JB, Lima VP, Willardson JM, Paz GA. Myoeletric indices of fatigue adopting different rest intervals during leg press sets. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2017; 22:178-183. [PMID: 29332743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effect of different rest intervals between multiple sets of the 45° angled leg press exercise (LP45) on surface electromyographic (SEMG) spectral and amplitude indices of fatigue. METHODS Fifteen recreationally trained females performed three protocols in a randomized crossover design; each consisting of four sets of 10 repetitions with 1 (P1), 3 (P3), or 5 (P5) minute rest intervals between sets. Each set was performed with 70% of the LP45 ten-repetition maximum load. The SEMG data for biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) muscles was then evaluated. RESULTS The SEMG amplitude change in the time coefficient (CRMS) and spectral fatigue index (Cf5) indicated higher levels of fatigue for all muscles evaluated during the P3 protocol versus the P1 and P5 protocols (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. The RF and VL muscles showed greater fatigue levels by the second and third sets; whereas, greater fatigue was shown in the VM and BF muscles by the fourth set (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A three-minute rest interval between sets might represent a neuromuscular window between a fatigue stated and fully recovered state in the context of neural activation. Moreover, a three minute rest interval between sets might allow for consistent recruitment of high threshold motor units over multiple sets, and thus promote a more effective stimulus for strength gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Miranda
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marianna Maia
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Biodynamic Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Performance, Castelo Branco University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Biodesp Institute, Kinesiology Center of Performance, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos G de Oliveira
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Déborah Farias
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jurandir B da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Vicente P Lima
- Biodynamic Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Performance, Castelo Branco University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Biodesp Institute, Kinesiology Center of Performance, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey M Willardson
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Rocky Mountain College, Billings, MT, United States
| | - Gabriel A Paz
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Biodynamic Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Performance, Castelo Branco University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Biodesp Institute, Kinesiology Center of Performance, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Olsson K, Cheng AJ, Alam S, Al-Ameri M, Rullman E, Westerblad H, Lanner JT, Bruton JD, Gustafsson T. Intracellular Ca(2+)-handling differs markedly between intact human muscle fibers and myotubes. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:26. [PMID: 26301072 PMCID: PMC4545874 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-015-0050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In skeletal muscle, intracellular Ca2+ is an important regulator of contraction as well as gene expression and metabolic processes. Because of the difficulties to obtain intact human muscle fibers, human myotubes have been extensively employed for studies of Ca2+-dependent processes in human adult muscle. Despite this, it is unknown whether the Ca2+-handling properties of myotubes adequately represent those of adult muscle fibers. Methods To enable a comparison of the Ca2+-handling properties of human muscle fibers and myotubes, we developed a model of dissected intact single muscle fibers obtained from human intercostal muscle biopsies. The intracellular Ca2+-handling of human muscle fibers was compared with that of myotubes generated by the differentiation of primary human myoblasts obtained from vastus lateralis muscle biopsies. Results The intact single muscle fibers all demonstrated strictly regulated cytosolic free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) transients and force production upon electrical stimulation. In contrast, despite a more mature Ca2+-handling in myotubes than in myoblasts, myotubes lacked fundamental aspects of adult Ca2+-handling and did not contract. These functional differences were explained by discrepancies in the quantity and localization of Ca2+-handling proteins, as well as ultrastructural differences between muscle fibers and myotubes. Conclusions Intact single muscle fibers that display strictly regulated [Ca2+]i transients and force production upon electrical stimulation can be obtained from human intercostal muscle biopsies. In contrast, human myotubes lack important aspects of adult Ca2+-handling and are thus an inappropriate model for human adult muscle when studying Ca2+-dependent processes, such as gene expression and metabolic processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-015-0050-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Olsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, 141 86 Sweden ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 8, Stockholm, 171 77 Sweden
| | - Arthur J Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 8, Stockholm, 171 77 Sweden
| | - Seher Alam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, 141 86 Sweden
| | - Mamdoh Al-Ameri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, 171 76 Sweden
| | - Eric Rullman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, 141 86 Sweden
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 8, Stockholm, 171 77 Sweden
| | - Johanna T Lanner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 8, Stockholm, 171 77 Sweden
| | - Joseph D Bruton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 8, Stockholm, 171 77 Sweden
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, 141 86 Sweden
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Solnik S, Reschechtko S, Wu YH, Zatsiorsky VM, Latash ML. Force-stabilizing synergies in motor tasks involving two actors. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2935-49. [PMID: 26105756 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of two persons to produce force-stabilizing synergies in accurate multi-finger force production tasks under visual feedback on the total force only. The subjects produced a time profile of total force (the sum of two hand forces in one-person tasks and the sum of two subject forces in two-person tasks) consisting of a ramp-up, steady-state, and ramp-down segments; the steady-state segment was interrupted in the middle by a quick force pulse. Analyses of the structure of inter-trial finger force variance, motor equivalence, anticipatory synergy adjustments (ASAs), and the unintentional drift of the sharing pattern were performed. The two-person performance was characterized by a dramatically higher amount of inter-trial variance that did not affect total force, higher finger force deviations that did not affect total force (motor equivalent deviations), shorter ASAs, and larger drift of the sharing pattern. The rate of sharing pattern drift correlated with the initial disparity between the forces produced by the two persons (or two hands). The drift accelerated following the quick force pulse. Our observations show that sensory information on the task-specific performance variable is sufficient for the organization of performance-stabilizing synergies. They suggest, however, that two actors are less likely to follow a single optimization criterion as compared to a single performer. The presence of ASAs in the two-person condition might reflect fidgeting by one or both of the subjects. We discuss the characteristics of the drift in the sharing pattern as reflections of different characteristic times of motion within the subspaces that affect and do not affect salient performance variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Solnik
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Rec.Hall-267, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sasha Reschechtko
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Rec.Hall-267, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yen-Hsun Wu
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Rec.Hall-267, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Rehabilitation Science Department, University of Hartford, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Vladimir M Zatsiorsky
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Rec.Hall-267, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mark L Latash
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Rec.Hall-267, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Lindqvist J, Hardeman EC, Ochala J. Sexually dimorphic myofilament function in a mouse model of nemaline myopathy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:37-42. [PMID: 25261348 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nemaline myopathy, the most common congenital myopathy, is characterized by mutations in genes encoding myofilament proteins such as skeletal α-actin. These mutations are thought to ultimately lead to skeletal muscle weakness. Interestingly, some of the mutations appear to be more potent in males than in females. The underlying mechanisms remain obscure but may be related to sex-specific differences in the myofilament function of both limb and respiratory muscles. To verify this, in the present study, we used skeletal muscles (tibialis anterior and diaphragm) from a transgenic mouse model harbouring the His40Tyr amino acid substitution in skeletal α-actin. In this animal model, 60% of males die by 13weeks of age (the underlying causes of death are obscure but probably due to respiratory insufficiency) whereas females have a normal lifespan. By recording and analysing the mechanics of membrane-permeabilized myofibres, we only observed sex-related differences in the tibialis anterior muscles. Indeed, the concomitant deficits in maximal steady-state isometric force and stiffness of myofibres were less exacerbated in transgenic females than in males, potentially explaining the lower potency in limb muscles. However, the absence of sex-difference in the diaphragm muscles was rather unexpected and suggests that myofilament dysfunction does not solely underlie the sexually dimorphic phenotypes.
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