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Tan SH, Khong TK, Selvanayagam VS, Yusof A. Central effects of mouth rinses on endurance and strength performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:403-415. [PMID: 38038740 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05350-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution has been shown to enhance exercise performance while reducing neuromuscular fatigue. This effect is thought to be mediated through the stimulation of oral receptors, which activate brain areas associated with reward, motivation, and motor control. Consequently, corticomotor responsiveness is increased, leading to sustained levels of neuromuscular activity prior to fatigue. In the context of endurance performance, the evidence regarding the central involvement of mouth rinse (MR) in performance improvement is not conclusive. Peripheral mechanisms should not be disregarded, particularly considering factors such as low exercise volume, the participant's fasting state, and the frequency of rinsing. These factors may influence central activations. On the other hand, for strength-related activities, changes in motor evoked potential (MEP) and electromyography (EMG) have been observed, indicating increased corticospinal responsiveness and neuromuscular drive during isometric and isokinetic contractions in both fresh and fatigued muscles. However, it is important to note that in many studies, MEP data were not normalised, making it difficult to exclude peripheral contributions. Voluntary activation (VA), another central measure, often exhibits a lack of changes, mainly due to its high variability, particularly in fatigued muscles. Based on the evidence, MR can attenuate neuromuscular fatigue and improve endurance and strength performance via similar underlying mechanisms. However, the evidence supporting central contribution is weak due to the lack of neurophysiological measures, inaccurate data treatment (normalisation), limited generalisation between exercise modes, methodological biases (ignoring peripheral contribution), and high measurement variability.Trial registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42021261714.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Han Tan
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teng Keen Khong
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Victor S Selvanayagam
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashril Yusof
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Painelli VDS, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Vinícius Í, Pires FO. A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221098120. [PMID: 35615525 PMCID: PMC9125602 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221098120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous systematic reviews have confirmed that carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse
may boost physical exercise performance, despite some methodological aspects
likely affecting its ergogenic effect. In this review, we discussed if the
exercise mode, pre-exercise fasting status, CHO solutions concentration, CHO
solutions temperature, mouth rinse duration, and CHO placebo effects may
potentially reduce the CHO mouth rinse ergogenic effect, suggesting possible
solutions to manage these potential confounders. The effectiveness of CHO mouth
rinse as a performance booster is apparently related to the origin of the
exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue, as CHO mouth rinse unequivocally
potentiates endurance rather than sprint and strength exercises performance.
Furthermore, ergogenic effects have been greater in fasting than fed state,
somehow explaining the varied magnitude of the CHO mouth rinse effects in
exercise performance. In this regard, the CHO solution concentration and
temperature, as well as the mouth rinse duration, may have increased the
variability observed in CHO mouth rinse effects in fasting and fed state.
Finally, placebo effects have challenged the potential of the CHO mouth rinse as
an ergogenic aid. Therefore, we suggest that future studies should consider
methodological controls such as sample size and sample homogeneity, proper
familiarization with experimental procedures, and the use of alternative placebo
designs to provide unbiased evidence regarding the potential of the CHO mouth
rinse as an ergogenic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Vinícius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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3
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Rodrigues Oliveira-Silva IG, Dos Santos MPP, Learsi da Silva Santos Alves SK, Lima-Silva AE, Araujo GGD, Ataide-Silva T. Effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on muscle strength and muscular endurance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8796-8807. [PMID: 35373671 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2057417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The present systematic review with meta-analysis summarized studies that investigated the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on muscle strength and muscular endurance. The search was performed in six databases. Thirteen randomized clinical trials were selected and the standardized mean difference between CHO mouth rinse and placebo for maximal strength and muscular endurance was determined via a random-effects model using Review Manager 5.4 software. Meta-regression was also performed to explore the influence of load, number of sets, number of exercises, fasting time, CHO concentration, and number of mouth rinses on the main outcomes. There was no significant effect of CHO mouth rinse on maximal strength (mean difference= 0.25 kg, 95%CI - 1.81 to 2.32 kg, z = 0.24, p = 0.810). However, there was a significant positive effect of CHO mouth rinse on muscular endurance (mean difference = 1.24 repetitions, 95%CI 0.70 to 1.77 repetitions, z = 4.55, p < 0.001). Meta-regression identified that CHO mouth rinse has greater benefits on muscular endurance when using high workloads, multiple exercises, and a smaller number of mouth rinses (p = 0.001). In conclusion, CHO mouth rinse has no effect on maximal muscle strength but has a positive effect on muscular endurance and seems to optimize when fewer mouth rinses, high workloads and numbers of exercises are used.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2057417.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryssa Pontes Pinto Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Gomes de Araujo
- Post-Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Thays Ataide-Silva
- Post-Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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4
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Hartley C, Carr A, Bowe SJ, Bredie WLP, Keast RSJ. Maltodextrin-Based Carbohydrate Oral Rinsing and Exercise Performance: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:1833-1862. [PMID: 35239154 PMCID: PMC9325805 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Carbohydrates are an important fuel for optimal exercise performance during moderate- and high-intensity exercise; however, carbohydrate ingestion during high-intensity exercise may cause gastrointestinal upset. A carbohydrate oral rinse is an alternative method to improve exercise performance in moderate- to high-intensity exercise with a duration of 30–75 min. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively examine the isolated effect of maltodextrin-based rinsing on exercise performance. Objective The objective of this review was to establish the effect of a maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinse on exercise performance across various modes of exercise. Furthermore, a secondary objective was to determine the effects of moderators [(1) participant characteristics; (2) oral rinse protocols; (3) exercise protocol (i.e. cycling, running etc.) and (4) fasting] on exercise performance while using a maltodextrin-based, carbohydrate oral rinse. Methods Five databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, SPORTDiscus and Global Health) were systematically searched for articles up to March 2021 and screened using Covidence (a systematic review management tool). A random effects robust meta-analysis and subgroup analyses were performed using Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. Results Thirty-five articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review; 34 of these articles were included in the meta-analysis. When using a conventional meta-analytic approach, overall, a carbohydrate oral rinse improved exercise performance in comparison with a placebo (SMD = 0.15, 95% CI 0.04, 0.27; p = 0.01). Furthermore, when implementing an adjusted, conservative, random effects meta-regression model using robust variance estimation, overall, compared with placebo, a carbohydrate oral rinse demonstrated evidence of improving exercise performance with a small effect size (SMD = 0.17, 95% CI − 0.01, 0.34; p = 0.051). Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that a maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinse can improve exercise performance. When comparing the two meta-analytic approaches, although non-significant, the more robust, adjusted, random effects meta-regression model demonstrated some evidence of a maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinse improving exercise performance overall. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-022-01658-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hartley
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Amelia Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Steven J Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Wender L P Bredie
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Russell S J Keast
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
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Black CD, Haskins KR, Bemben MG, Larson RD. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Does Not Alter Central or Peripheral Fatigue After High-Intensity and Low-Intensity Exercise in Men. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:142-148. [PMID: 34941611 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Black, CD, Haskins, KR, Bemben, MG, and Larson, RD. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not alter central or peripheral fatigue after high-intensity and low-intensity exercise in men. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 142-148, 2022-Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing improves performance during endurance exercise. However, its ability to attenuate fatigue during strength-based exercise is less certain. This study sought to determine the effects of a CHO mouth rinse on torque production and voluntary activation (VA%) after high-intensity and low-intensity isometric exercise. Twelve male subjects (22.5 ± 2.3 years; 183.5 ± 6.5 cm; 82.2 ± 13.9 kg) completed 4 testing sessions in a double-blind crossover fashion. Knee extension maximal voluntary isometric strength (MVC) was assessed before(Pre), immediately (iPost-Ex), and 5 minutes (5-min Post Ex) after isometric exercise performed at 80% or 20% of MVC. An 8% CHO solution or placebo (PLA) was rinsed for 20 seconds after exercise. VA% was determined by twitch interpolation. A 2 condition (CHO vs. PLA) × 2 contraction intensity (20 vs. 80%) × 3 time (Pre, iPost Ex, and 5-min Post Ex) completely within subject-repeated measured analysis of variance was performed; statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Greater reductions in MVC were found at iPost-Ex after exercise at 20% compared with 80% of MVC (-25 ± 14% vs. -11 ± 8%; p < 0.001) as well as for VA% (-17 ± 14% vs. -8 ± 14%; p < 0.004). No differences were observed in the CHO vs. PLA condition (p ≥ 0.34). We were successful in eliciting differing levels of central and peripheral fatigue by exercising at a low and high intensity. Despite significantly larger declines in VA% after exercise at 20% of MVC, CHO mouth rinsing had no effects compared with placebo on any measured variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Black
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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6
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Evans ES, Brophy T, Braswell MR, Boyle J, Harris GK, Watkins RH, Bailey SP. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not affect 6-min walk test performance and blood glucose responses in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2849-2858. [PMID: 34173862 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing (MR) prior to exercise has been shown to elicit enhanced performance and energy availability in some studies. Previous literature has concentrated on examining CHO MR strategies for improving aerobic endurance performance in younger athletic adults. Knowledge of the impact of CHO MR on functional performance in older adults is scarce. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if CHO MR would improve 6-min walk test (6MWT) performance, perceived exertion, and blood glucose responses in older adults. METHOD Thirty-three individuals (16 males, 17 females), age ≥ 70 years performed two 6MWT trials, one of which utilized a 6.4% maltodextrin CHO MR and one of which utilized a placebo MR. Participants held the MR in their mouth for 20 s prior to the 6MWT, and trials occurred in a counterbalanced fashion. Total distance walked and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded upon completion of each 6MWT. Heart rate (HR), peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BP), blood glucose, and blood lactate were measured before and after each 6MWT. RESULT CHO MR did not alter the response of any study parameter compared to the placebo MR (p = 0.13-0.94). HR, systolic BP, and blood lactate increased and SpO2 decreased across time (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION A 6.4% maltodextrin CHO MR did not alter total distance walked, perceived exertion, or other physiological responses elicited by the 6MWT in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Evans
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, 2085 Campus Box, Elon, NC, 27244, USA.
| | - Terrence Brophy
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, 2085 Campus Box, Elon, NC, 27244, USA
| | - Matthew R Braswell
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, 2085 Campus Box, Elon, NC, 27244, USA
| | - Joshua Boyle
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, 2085 Campus Box, Elon, NC, 27244, USA
| | - G Keith Harris
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ruth H Watkins
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Stephen P Bailey
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, 2085 Campus Box, Elon, NC, 27244, USA
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7
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Different Doses of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Have No Effect on Exercise Performance in Resistance Trained Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073463. [PMID: 33810470 PMCID: PMC8037125 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse has been shown to enhance aerobic endurance performance. However, the effects of CHO mouth rinse on muscular strength and endurance are mixed and may be dependent on dosage of CHO. The primary purpose was to examine the effects of different dosages of CHO rinse on strength (bench press 1 repetition maximum [1-RM]) and muscular endurance (40% of 1-RM repetitions to failure) in female athletes. Sixteen resistance-trained females (age: 20 ± 1 years; height: 167 ± 3 cm; body mass: 67 ± 4 kg; BMI: 17 ± 2 kg/m2; resistance training experience: 2 ± 1 years) completed four conditions in random order. The four conditions consisted of a mouth rinse with 25 mL solutions containing either 6% of CHO (Low dose of CHO: LCHO), 12% CHO (Moderate dose of CHO: MCHO), 18% CHO (High dose of CHO: HCHO) or water (Placebo: PLA) for 10 s prior to a bench press strength and muscular endurance test. Maximal strength (1-RM), muscular endurance (reps and total volume), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and glucose (GLU) were recorded each condition. There were no significant differences in strength (p = 0.95) or muscular endurance (total repetitions: p = 0.06; total volume: p = 0.20) between conditions. Similarly, HR (p = 0.69), RPE (p = 0.09) and GLU (p = 0.92) did not differ between conditions. In conclusion, various doses of CHO mouth rinse (6%, 12% and 18%) have no effect on upper body muscular strength or muscular endurance in female athletes.
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Bescos R, Brookes ZL, Belfield LA, Fernandez-Sanjurjo M, Casas-Agustench P. Modulation of oral microbiota: A new frontier in exercise supplementation. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bataineh MF, Al-Nawaiseh AM, Abu Altaieb MH, Bellar DM, Hindawi OS, Judge LW. Impact of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on time to exhaustion during Ramadan: A randomized controlled trial in Jordanian men. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:357-366. [PMID: 29364063 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1420236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mouth rinsing using a carbohydrate (CHO) solution has been suggested to improve physical performance in fasting participants. This study examined the effects of CHO mouth rinsing during Ramadan fasting on running time to exhaustion and on peak treadmill speed (Vpeak). In a counterbalanced crossover design, 18 sub-elite male runners (Age: 21 ± 2 years, Weight: 68.1 ± 5.7 kg, VO2max: 55.4 ± 4.8 ml/kg/min) who observed Ramadan completed a familiarization trial and three experimental trials. The three trials included rinsing and expectorating a 25 mL bolus of either a 7.5% sucrose solution (CHO), a flavour and taste matched placebo solution (PLA) for 10 s, or no rinse (CON). The treatments were performed prior to an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion. Three-day dietary and exercise records were obtained on two occasions and analysed. Anthropometric characteristics were obtained and recorded for all participants. A main effect for mouth rinse on peak velocity (Vpeak) (CHO: 17.6 ± 1.5 km/h; PLA: 17.1 ± 1.4 km/h; CON: 16.7 ± 1.2 km/h; P < .001, ηp2 = 0.49) and time to exhaustion (CHO: 1282.0 ± 121.3 s; PLA: 1258.1 ± 113.4 s; CON: 1228.7 ± 98.5 s; P = .002, ηp2 = 0.41) was detected, with CHO significantly higher than PLA (P < .05) and CON (P < .05). Oxygen consumption, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and rating of perceived exertion were not significantly different between treatments or trials (P > .05). Energy availability from dietary analysis, body weight, and fat-free mass did not change during the last two weeks of Ramadan (P > .05). This study concludes that carbohydrate mouth rinsing improves running time to exhaustion and peak treadmill speed under Ramadan fasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo'ath F Bataineh
- a Department of Sport Rehabilitation , Hashemite University , Zarqa , Jordan
| | - Ali M Al-Nawaiseh
- a Department of Sport Rehabilitation , Hashemite University , Zarqa , Jordan
| | | | - David M Bellar
- c School of Kinesiology , University of Louisiana at Lafayette , Lafayette , LA , USA
| | - Omar S Hindawi
- a Department of Sport Rehabilitation , Hashemite University , Zarqa , Jordan
| | - Lawrence W Judge
- d School of Kinesiology , Ball State University , Muncie , IN , USA
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Black CD, Schubert DJ, Szczyglowski MK, Wren JD. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Does Not Prevent the Decline in Maximal Strength After Fatiguing Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2466-2473. [PMID: 29334582 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Black, CD, Schubert, DJ, Szczyglowski, MK, and Wren, JD. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not prevent the decline in maximal strength after fatiguing exercise. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2466-2473, 2018-Carbohydrate (CHO) rinsing has been shown to attenuate the decline of maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) after fatiguing exercise-perhaps through a central mechanism. This study sought to determine the effect of a CHO rinse on MVC, voluntary activation, and contractile properties after fatiguing exercise. Thirteen adults participated in a double-blind, cross-over study. Maximal voluntary contraction of the dominant knee extensors was assessed, and voluntary activation (%VA) was determined using twitch interpolation. Participants then held 50% of MVC until volitional fatigue followed by a 20-second rinse with a solution of 8% maltodextrin (CHO) or placebo (PLA). Maximal voluntary contraction and %VA were reassessed immediately and 5 minutes after exercise. Maximal voluntary contraction did not differ between the CHO and PLA conditions initially (230 ± 90 vs. 232 ± 90 N·m; p = 0.69). Maximal voluntary contraction declined after exercise (p ≤ 0.01), but no differences were found between the CHO and PLA conditions (p ≥ 0.59). %VA did not differ between conditions (91.9 ± 2.9% vs. 91.5 ± 3.8%; p ≥ 0.11) nor did it change after exercise (p = 0.57). Twitch torque, rate of torque development, and rate of torque relaxation were reduced after exercise (p ≤ 0.05) but were unaffected by CHO rinsing (p > 0.05). Unlike a previous study, a CHO rinse did not preserve MVC after fatiguing exercise. This was likely due to a lack of central fatigue induced by the exercise protocol (as %VA was unaffected) as the CHO rinse is thought to work through a central mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Black
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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11
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Bavaresco Gambassi B, Gomes de Santana Barros Leal Y, Pinheiro Dos Anjos ER, Antonelli BA, Gomes Gonçalves E Silva DC, Hermes Pires de Mélo Montenegro I, di Cássia de Oliveira Angelo R, Suruagy Correia Moura I, Schwingel PA. Carbohydrate mouth rinse improves cycling performance carried out until the volitional exhaustion. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 59:1-5. [PMID: 29148629 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrates (CHO) are among the most investigated nutritional ergogenic aids, and may be consumed in different forms, e.g., mouth rinse with carbohydrate solution (MRCS). In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of MRCS on the performance of physically active individuals undergoing a physical exercise session carried out until the volitional exhaustion. METHODS This is a counter-balanced randomized study, with a double-blind design. The sample consisted of twenty-one physically active healthy men with a mean (±SD) of age of 22.4 (±2.7) years old, 76.7 (±6.0) cm of height,12.1% (±3.7) of body fat mass, and 23.9 (±2.4) kg/m2 of body mass index. After familiarizing the participants with the protocol (cycle ergometer, with oral mouth rinse procedure) and assessing the maximal lactate steady state the cycling exercise was performed until the volitional exhaustion in the following conditions: without mouth rinse (CONTROL), PLACEBO and MRCS. RESULTS Time to reach exhaustion was statistically different (P<0.0001) between conditions (control: 43.0±27.5 minutes; placebo: 57.4±30.6 minutes; MRCS: 70.9±30.3 minutes). CONCLUSIONS The administration of MRCS was shown to be effective in improving cycling performance, increasing the time to exhaustion until the volitional exhaustion. Thus, the use of methodology proposed by the present study may help coaches and practitioners improve the performance of physically active young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bavaresco Gambassi
- Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil - .,Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, PE, Brazil -
| | | | - Edson R Pinheiro Dos Anjos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Bruna A Antonelli
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, PE, Brazil.,Department of Physiotherapy, Faculdade São Francisco de Juazeiro (FASJ), Juazeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Gomes Gonçalves E Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, PE, Brazil.,Department of Physiotherapy, Faculdade São Francisco de Juazeiro (FASJ), Juazeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Rita di Cássia de Oliveira Angelo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, PE, Brazil.,Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Isis Suruagy Correia Moura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Schwingel
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, PE, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
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12
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Peart DJ. Quantifying the Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Exercise Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1737-1743. [PMID: 28538327 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to review the existing literature investigating carbohydrate mouth rinsing as an ergogenic aid using the effect sizes (ES) and percentage change in performance of the respective studies as outcome measures. A trivial-small average overall ES was present for the 25 studies included in the review (0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10-0.27). Effect sizes for the subgroups were ≥25 minutes (0.25, 95% CI = 0.14-0.36), ≤180 seconds (0.06, 95% CI = -0.03 to 0.15), resistance exercise (-0.09, 95% CI = -0.20 to 0.03) but the ES is still small. A subanalysis of ∼1-h cycling time trial performance resulted in an overall ES of 0.20 (95% CI = 0.02-0.38), and ES for performance time and power output of 0.31 (95% CI = -0.02 to 0.64) and 0.19 (95% CI = -0.09 to 0.46), respectively. Although ES were small, the average percentage change in performance in ∼1-hour trials was 2.48%, which may have implications for elite performers as this is greater than the 1.30% smallest worthwhile change recommended in the past research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Peart
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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13
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Tillman EM, Opilla M. Considerations for Fueling an Endurance Athlete With Home Parenteral Nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32:782-788. [PMID: 29016220 DOI: 10.1177/0884533617735078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of clinicians managing nutrition support for patients with home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is to adapt nutrition needs to best serve the consumers, so they may have the best quality of life despite specialized nutrition needs. Some HPN consumers may desire to participate in endurance athletics, which will require special considerations. This review is intended to outline key nutrition differences in endurance athletes that a nutrition support team should consider when providing HPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Tillman
- 1 Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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14
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Chryssanthopoulos C, Ziaras C, Oosthuyse T, Lambropoulos I, Giorgios P P, Zacharogiannis E, Philippou A, Maridaki M. Carbohydrate mouth rinse does not affect performance during a 60-min running race in women. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:824-833. [PMID: 28678622 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1344358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on endurance running performance in women. Fifteen female recreational endurance runners, who used no oral contraceptives, ran two races of 1-h duration on an indoor track (216-m length) at 18:00 h after an 8-h fast with a 7-days interval between races, corresponding to the 3rd-10th day of each premenopausal runner's menstrual cycle, or any day for the postmenopausal runners. In a double-blind random order, participants rinsed their mouth with 25 ml of either a 6.4% carbohydrate (RCHO) or a placebo solution (RP). No fluid was ingested during exercise. Serum 17β-Εstradiol (P = 0.59) and Progesterone (P = 0.35) did not differ between treatments. There was no difference in 1-hour running performance (RCHO: 10,621.88 ± 205.98 m vs. RP: 10,454.00 ± 206.64 m; t = 1.784, P = 0.096). Furthermore, the mean percentage effect (±99%CI) of RCHO relative to RP, 1.67% (-1.1% to 4.4%), and Cohen's effect size (d = 0.21) support a trivial outcome of RCHO for total distance covered. In conclusion, carbohydrate mouth rinsing did not improve 60-min track running performance in female recreational runners competing in a low ovarian hormone condition, after an 8-h fast and when no fluid was ingested during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Chryssanthopoulos
- a School of Physical Education and Sports Science , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Dafni , Greece
| | - Christos Ziaras
- a School of Physical Education and Sports Science , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Dafni , Greece
| | - Tanja Oosthuyse
- b School of Physiology , University of the Witwatersrand Medical School , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | | | - Paradisis Giorgios P
- a School of Physical Education and Sports Science , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Dafni , Greece
| | - Elias Zacharogiannis
- a School of Physical Education and Sports Science , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Dafni , Greece
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- d Department of Experimental Physiology , Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Maria Maridaki
- a School of Physical Education and Sports Science , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Dafni , Greece
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15
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Clarke ND, Hammond S, Kornilios E, Mundy PD. Carbohydrate mouth rinse improves morning high-intensity exercise performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:955-963. [PMID: 28581367 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1333159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral carbohydrate (CHO) rinsing has been demonstrated to provide beneficial effects on exercise performance of durations of up to one hour. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of CHO mouth rinsing on morning high-intensity exercise performance. Following institutional ethical approval and familiarisation, 12 healthy males (mean ± SD age: 23 ± 3 years, height: 175.5 ± 7.4 cm, body mass: 75.4 ± 7.5 kg) participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ) height, isometric mid-thigh pull peak force, 10 m sprint time and bench press and back squat repetitions to failure were assessed following CHO and placebo (PLA) rinsing or a control condition (CON). All testing took place at 07:30 following an 11 hour overnight fast. Performance of CMJ height (CHO: 39 ± 7 cm; PLA: 38 ± 7 cm; CON: 36 ± 6 cm; P = .003, [Formula: see text] = 0.40), 10 m sprint time (CHO: 1.78 ± 0.07 s; PLA: 1.81 ± 0.07 s; CON: 1.85 ± 0.05 s; P = .001, [Formula: see text] = 0.47), the number of bench press (CHO: 25 ± 3; PLA: 24 ± 4; CON: 22 ± 4; P < .001, [Formula: see text] = 0.55) and squat (CHO: 31 ± 4; PLA: 29 ± 5; CON: 26 ± 6; P < .001, [Formula: see text] = 0.70) repetitions and mean felt arousal (CHO: 5 ± 1; PLA: 4 ± 0; CON: 4 ± 0; P = .009, [Formula: see text] = 0.25) improved following CHO rinsing. However, isometric mid-thigh pull peak force was unchanged (CHO: 2262 ± 288 N; PLA: 2236 ± 354 N; CON: 2212 ± 321 N; P = .368, [Formula: see text] = 0.08). These results suggest that oral CHO rinsing solution significantly improved the morning performance of CMJ height, 10 m sprint times, bench press and squat repetitions to failure and felt arousal, although peak force during an isometric mid-thigh pull, rating of perceived exertion and heart rate were unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Clarke
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Scott Hammond
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Evangelos Kornilios
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Peter D Mundy
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
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