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Centner C, Jerger S, Lauber B, Seynnes O, Friedrich T, Lolli D, Gollhofer A, König D. Similar patterns of tendon regional hypertrophy after low-load blood flow restriction and high-load resistance training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:848-856. [PMID: 36703264 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent evidence indicates that low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) training elicits an anabolic response in tendinous tissue. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hypertrophic pattern induced in the Achilles tendon by LL-BFR, in comparison with the regional hypertrophy typically observed with conventional high-load (HL) resistance training. METHODS N = 40 male participants were randomly and concealed allocated to one of two groups: LL-BFR training (20-35% one-repetition maximum/1RM) or HL training (70-85% 1RM). The training was completed three times per week for a total of 14 weeks. Before and after the training period, Achilles tendon morphology was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging along the entire tendon length. Additionally, dynamic strength measures of the plantar flexors were evaluated. RESULTS In line with previous findings, dynamic plantar flexion strength was improved to a comparable extent in both groups (LL-BFR: 43.6%; HL: 43.5%). The results also confirmed significant increases in Achilles tendon cross-sectional area with LL-BFR (+5.2%). Moreover, they revealed that the hypertrophic pattern obtained with LL-BFR was similar to regional changes seen with conventional HL training. CONCLUSION The present findings point towards the notion that despite the low loads being applied, LL-BFR training induces Achilles tendon hypertrophy by potentiating anabolic responses in the same regions as with conventional high-load training. Future studies are needed to (i) focus on the potential mechanisms underlying these tendon morphology changes and (ii) apply and evaluate LL-BFR training in clinical populations to validate these results in rehabilitative settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Simon Jerger
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Lauber
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Till Friedrich
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Lolli
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Center for Sports Science and University Sports, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Nutritional Science, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hwang B, Shim G, Choi W, Kim J. Estimation of One-Repetition Maximum, Type, and Repetition of Resistance Band Exercise Using RGB Camera and Inertial Measurement Unit Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1003. [PMID: 36679801 PMCID: PMC9862694 DOI: 10.3390/s23021003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Resistance bands are widely used nowadays to enhance muscle strength due to their high portability, but the relationship between resistance band workouts and conventional dumbbell weight training is still unclear. Thus, this study suggests a convolutional neural network model that identifies the type of band workout and counts the number of repetitions and a regression model that deduces the band force that corresponds to the one-repetition maximum. Thirty subjects performed five different exercises using resistance bands and dumbbells. Joint movements during each exercise were collected using a camera and an inertial measurement unit. By using different types of input data, several models were created and compared. As a result, the accuracy of the convolutional neural network model using inertial measurement units and joint position is 98.83%. The mean absolute error of the repetition counting algorithm ranges from 0.88 (seated row) to 3.21 (overhead triceps extension). Lastly, the values of adjusted r-square for the 5 exercises are 0.8415 (chest press), 0.9202 (shoulder press), 0.8429 (seated row), 0.8778 (biceps curl), and 0.9232 (overhead triceps extension). In conclusion, the model using 10-channel inertial measurement unit data and joint position data has the best accuracy. However, the model needs to improve the inaccuracies resulting from non-linear movements and one-time performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunggon Hwang
- Department of Advanced Convergence, BK21 FOUR, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuseok Shim
- Department of Advanced Convergence, BK21 FOUR, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Choi
- College of ICT Construction & Welfare Convergence, Kangnam University, 40, Yongin 16979, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Republic of Korea
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3
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Spencer S, Thompson BJ, Bressel E, Louder T, Harrell DC. Transfer Effects of a Multiple-Joint Isokinetic Eccentric Resistance Training Intervention to Nontraining-Specific Traditional Muscle Strength Measures. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11. [PMID: 36668713 DOI: 10.3390/sports11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Relatively few investigations have examined the transfer effects of multiple-joint isokinetic eccentric only (MJIE) resistance training on non-specific measures of muscle strength. This study investigated the transfer effects of a short-term MJIE leg press (Eccentron) resistance training program on several non-specific measures of lower-body strength. Fifteen participants performed Eccentron training three times/week for four weeks and were evaluated on training-specific Eccentron peak force (EccPF), nontraining-specific leg press DCER one-repetition maximum (LP 1 RM), and peak torques of the knee extensors during isokinetic eccentric (Ecc30), isokinetic concentric (Con150) and isometric (IsomPT) tasks before and after the training period. The training elicited a large improvement in EccPF (37.9%; Cohen's d effect size [ES] = 0.86). A moderate transfer effect was observed on LP 1 RM gains (19.0%; ES = 0.48) with the magnitude of the strength improvement being about one-half that of EccPF. A small effect was observed on IsomPT and Ecc30 (ES = 0.29 and 0.20, respectively), however, pre-post changes of these measures were not significant. Con150 testing showed no effect (ES = 0.04). These results suggest a short term MJIE training program elicits a large strength improvement in training-specific measures, a moderate strength gain transfer effect to DCER concentric-based strength of a similar movement (i.e., LP 1 RM), and poor transfer to single-joint knee extension measures.
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Rodrigues Oliveira-Silva IG, Dos Santos MPP, Learsi da Silva Santos Alves SK, Lima-Silva AE, Araujo GGD, Ataide-Silva T. Effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on muscle strength and muscular endurance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8796-8807. [PMID: 35373671 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2057417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The present systematic review with meta-analysis summarized studies that investigated the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on muscle strength and muscular endurance. The search was performed in six databases. Thirteen randomized clinical trials were selected and the standardized mean difference between CHO mouth rinse and placebo for maximal strength and muscular endurance was determined via a random-effects model using Review Manager 5.4 software. Meta-regression was also performed to explore the influence of load, number of sets, number of exercises, fasting time, CHO concentration, and number of mouth rinses on the main outcomes. There was no significant effect of CHO mouth rinse on maximal strength (mean difference= 0.25 kg, 95%CI - 1.81 to 2.32 kg, z = 0.24, p = 0.810). However, there was a significant positive effect of CHO mouth rinse on muscular endurance (mean difference = 1.24 repetitions, 95%CI 0.70 to 1.77 repetitions, z = 4.55, p < 0.001). Meta-regression identified that CHO mouth rinse has greater benefits on muscular endurance when using high workloads, multiple exercises, and a smaller number of mouth rinses (p = 0.001). In conclusion, CHO mouth rinse has no effect on maximal muscle strength but has a positive effect on muscular endurance and seems to optimize when fewer mouth rinses, high workloads and numbers of exercises are used.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2057417.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryssa Pontes Pinto Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Gomes de Araujo
- Post-Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Thays Ataide-Silva
- Post-Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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5
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Maroto-Izquierdo S, Nosaka K, Blazevich AJ, González-Gallego J, de Paz JA. Cross-education effects of unilateral accentuated eccentric isoinertial resistance training on lean mass and function. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:672-684. [PMID: 34851533 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of three different unilateral isoinertial resistance training protocols with eccentric overload on changes in lean mass and muscle function of trained (TL) and contralateral non-trained (NTL) legs. METHODS Physically active university students were randomly assigned to one of three training groups or a control group (n = 10/group). Participants in the training groups performed dominant leg isoinertial squat training twice a week for 6 weeks (4 sets of 7 repetitions) using either an electric-motor device with an eccentric phase velocity of 100% (EM100) or 150% (EM150) of concentric phase velocity or a conventional flywheel device (FW) with the same relative inertial load. Changes in thigh lean mass, unilateral leg-press one-repetition maximum (1-RM), muscle power at 40-80% 1-RM, and unilateral vertical jump height before and after training were compared between the groups and between TL and NTL. RESULTS No changes in any variable were found for the control group. In TL, all training groups showed similar increases (p < 0.05) in 1-RM strength (22.4-30.2%), lean tissue mass (2.5-5.8%), muscle power (8.8-21.7%), and vertical jump height (9.1-32.9%). In NTL, 1-RM strength increased 22.0-27.8% without significant differences between groups; however, increases in lean mass (p < 0.001) were observed for EM150 (3.5%) and FW (3.8%) only. Unilateral vertical jump height (6.0-32.9%) and muscle power (6.8-17.5%) also increased in NTL without significant differences between training groups. CONCLUSION The three eccentric-overload resistance training modalities produced similar neuromuscular changes in both the trained and non-trained legs, suggesting that strong cross-education effects were induced by the eccentric-overload training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | - José A de Paz
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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Obrusnikova I, Firkin CJ, Cavalier AR, Suminski RR. Effects of resistance training interventions on muscular strength in adults with intellectual disability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:4549-4562. [PMID: 33870804 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1910738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscular strength is critical for adults with an intellectual disability (ID) to promote their mobility, cardiovascular capacity, and performance of daily living/recreational/vocational activities. This article reports the results of the first systematic review and meta-analysis of peer-reviewed clinical trials that evaluated the effects of resistance training (RT) interventions on muscular strength in adults with ID. METHODS The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020184905). The review focuses on clinical trials that recorded quantitative measures of maximum muscular strength. Eleven electronic databases were searched from their earliest available record up to May 2020. After screening 1996 search records, 11 clinical trials were reviewed. RESULTS The RT interventions, while heterogeneous, had an overall significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on muscular strength in adults with ID, ages 25-58 years. The findings were more significant and less heterogeneous for non-combined RT interventions than for interventions that combined RT exercises with aerobic or balance exercises. The TESTEX overall score was 8.3 ± 3.6. CONCLUSIONS RT interventions (particularly when not combined with other exercises) are effective in promoting muscular strength in adults with ID. The limited number of studies and the low study quality scores indicate a potential risk of bias, which limits the interpretation of the findings and warrants further investigation.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONMuscular strength is critical for adults with an intellectual disability (ID) to promote their mobility, cardiovascular capacity, and performance of daily living/recreational/vocational activities.RT interventions are an effective means of improving muscular strength in adults with ID, especially when not combined with other forms of exercise.Testing and assessment protocols used in RT programs should be individualized for adults with ID to accommodate their characteristics and should be implemented under conditions similar to those experienced during the training regimen.It is important to implement familiarization sessions before carrying out muscular strength testing or initiating an RT program to ensure safety, accuracy, and effectiveness of the program for adults with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Obrusnikova
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Cora J Firkin
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | | | - Richard R Suminski
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
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Caven EJG, Bryan TJE, Dingley AF, Drury B, Garcia-Ramos A, Perez-Castilla A, Arede J, Fernandes JFT. Group versus Individualised Minimum Velocity Thresholds in the Prediction of Maximal Strength in Trained Female Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E7811. [PMID: 33114479 PMCID: PMC7662485 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the accuracy of different velocity-based methods in the prediction of bench press and squat one-repetition maximum (1RM) in female athletes. Seventeen trained females (age 17.8 ± 1.3 years) performed an incremental loading test to 1RM on bench press and squat with the mean velocity being recorded. The 1RM was estimated from the load-velocity relationship using the multiple- (8 loads) and two-point (2 loads) methods and group and individual minimum velocity thresholds (MVT). No significant effect of method, MVT or interaction was observed for the two exercises (p > 0.05). For bench press and squat, all prediction methods demonstrated very large to nearly perfect correlations with respect to the actual 1RM (r range = 0.76 to 0.97). The absolute error (range = 2.1 to 3.8 kg) for bench press demonstrated low errors that were independent of the method and MVT used. For squat, the favorable group MVT errors for the multiple- and two-point methods (absolute error = 7.8 and 9.7 kg, respectively) were greater than the individual MVT errors (absolute error = 4.9 and 6.3 kg, respectively). The 1RM can be accurately predicted from the load-velocity relationship in trained females, with the two-point method offering a quick and less fatiguing alternative to the multiple-point method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias J. G. Caven
- Higher Education Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK; (E.J.G.C.); (T.J.E.B.); (A.F.D.); (B.D.)
| | - Tom J. E. Bryan
- Higher Education Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK; (E.J.G.C.); (T.J.E.B.); (A.F.D.); (B.D.)
| | - Amelia F. Dingley
- Higher Education Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK; (E.J.G.C.); (T.J.E.B.); (A.F.D.); (B.D.)
| | - Benjamin Drury
- Higher Education Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK; (E.J.G.C.); (T.J.E.B.); (A.F.D.); (B.D.)
| | - Amador Garcia-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, 52005 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-R.); (A.P.-C.)
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandro Perez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, 52005 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-R.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Jorge Arede
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - John F. T. Fernandes
- Higher Education Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK; (E.J.G.C.); (T.J.E.B.); (A.F.D.); (B.D.)
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Benavides-Ubric A, Díez-Fernández DM, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Ortega-Becerra M, Pareja-Blanco F. Analysis of the Load-Velocity Relationship in Deadlift Exercise. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19:452-459. [PMID: 32874097 PMCID: PMC7429441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between movement velocity and relative load (%1RM) in the deadlift exercise. Fifty men (age = 23.8 ± 3.6 years, body mass = 78.2 ± 8.3 kg, height = 1.78 ± 0.06 m) performed a first evaluation (T1) consisting of a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test. Forty-two subjects performed a second evaluation (T2) after 6 weeks. Mean (MV), mean propulsive (MPV) and peak (PV) velocity measures of the concentric phase were analyzed. Load-velocity relationships were studied by fitting first order equations to the data using loads from 30-100% of 1RM. A comprehensive set of statistics for assessing bias and level of agreement to estimate the 1RM value from the different models was used. Stability of these relationships was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). General load-velocity equations provided good adjustments (R2 ~; 0.91-0.93), however individual load-velocity regressions provided better adjustments (R2 ~; 0.97). Individual estimations also showed higher agreement and more regular variation than general equations. Moreover, MPV showed smaller bias than the other velocity parameters (MV and PV). The stability analysis of the load-velocity relationships resulted in ICC values higher than 0.82 and CV lower than 3.0%. Monitoring repetition velocity allows estimation of the %1RM in the deadlift exercise. More accurate predictions of relative load can be obtained when using individualized regression equations instead of general equations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel Ortega-Becerra
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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9
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Iglesias-Soler E, Mayo X, Rial-Vázquez J, Morín-Jiménez A, Aracama A, Guerrero-Moreno JM, Jaric S. Reliability of force-velocity parameters obtained from linear and curvilinear regressions for the bench press and squat exercises. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2596-2603. [PMID: 31354059 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1648993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the goodness of fit and the reliability of different regression models for fitting the force-velocity relationship (FV) of bench press (BP) and squat (SQ). Additionally, the reliability of the position on FV of the velocity (V1RM) and the force performed with the 1RM (F1RM) was explored. Nine rugby players and 12 judokas participated in this study. The FV of BP and SQ were obtained twice by a protocol performed until the 1RM. Individual FV were fitted by linear (LM), quadratic polynomial (PM), and exponential models (EM). Adjusted coefficients of determination of LM and PM (medians higher than 0.919) were higher than for EM. The reliability was higher for LM in comparison with PM. The reliability of V1RM was not acceptable (CV% = 19 and 18% for BP and SQ). High reliability was observed for F1RM (CV% = 3 and 2% for BP and SQ) and for the ratio between F1RM and the force-axis intercept of FV (CV% = 2 and 4% for BP and SQ). The reliability of the relative values of F1RM around 92 and 87% of F0 for BP and SQ suggests the use of these values for monitoring resistance training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Xian Mayo
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna , A Coruña , Spain.,Active and Healthy Lifestyle Observatory, Centre for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jessica Rial-Vázquez
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Antonio Morín-Jiménez
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Asier Aracama
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Jose María Guerrero-Moreno
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Slobodan Jaric
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology & Biomechanics and Movement Science Graduate Program, University of Delaware , Newark , NJ , USA
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Torrejón A, Balsalobre-Fernández C, Haff GG, García-Ramos A. The load-velocity profile differs more between men and women than between individuals with different strength levels. Sports Biomech 2018; 18:245-255. [PMID: 29558855 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1433872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the suitability of the load-velocity relationship to prescribe the relative load (%1RM) in women, as well as to compare the load-velocity profile between sexes and participants with different strength levels. The load-velocity relationship of 14 men (1RM: 1.17 ± 0.19) and 14 women (1RM: 0.66 ± 0.13) were evaluated in the bench press exercise. The main findings revealed that: (I) the load-velocity relationship was always strong and linear (R2 range: 0.987-0.993), (II) a steeper load-velocity profile was observed in men compared to women (Effect size [ES]: 1.09), with men showing higher velocities for light loads (ES: - 0.81 and - 0.40 for the y-intercept and 30%1RM, respectively), but women reporting higher velocities for the heavy loads (ES: 1.14 and 1.50 at 90%1RM and 100%1RM, respectively); and (III) while the slope of the load-velocity profile was moderately steeper for weak men compared to their strong counterpart (ES: 1.02), small differences were observed between strong and weak women (ES: - 0.39). While these results support the use of the individual load-velocity relationship to prescribe the %1RM in the bench press exercise for women, they also highlight the large disparities in their load-velocity profile compared to men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Torrejón
- a Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández
- b Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement , Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - G Gregory Haff
- c Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research , Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Australia
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- a Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,d Faculty of Education, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, CIEDE , Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción , Concepción , Chile
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11
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Ribeiro AS, Avelar A, Schoenfeld BJ, Trindade MC, Ritti-Dias RM, Altimari LR, Cyrino ES. Effect of 16 weeks of resistance training on fatigue resistance in men and women. J Hum Kinet 2014; 42:165-74. [PMID: 25414750 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hypertrophy-type resistance training (RT) on upper limb fatigue resistance in young adult men and women. Fifty-eight men (22.7±3.7 years, 70.6±9.3 kg, and 176.8±6.4 cm) and 65 women (21.6±3.7 years, 58.8±11.9 kg, and 162.6±6.2 cm) underwent RT for 16 weeks. Training consisted of 10–12 whole body exercises with 3 sets of 8–12 repetitions maximum performed 3 times per week. Before and after the RT intervention participants were submitted to 1RM testing, as well as a fatigue protocol consisting of 4 sets at 80% 1RM on bench press (BP) and arm curl (AC). The sum of the number of repetitions accomplished in the 4 sets in each exercise was used to indicate fatigue resistance. There was a significant (p<0.05) time-by-group interaction in 1RM BP (men=+16%, women=+26%), however in 1RM AC no significant time-by-group interaction was observed (men=+14%, women=+23%). For the total number of repetitions, men and women showed a significant increase in BP (men=+16.3%, women=+10.5%) with no time-by-group interaction. The results suggest that the adaptation in maximal strength is influenced by sex in BP. On the other hand, for fatigue resistance, the individual’s sex does not seem to influence outcomes either in BP or AC.
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Radaelli R, Botton CE, Wilhelm EN, Bottaro M, Brown LE, Lacerda F, Gaya A, Moraes K, Peruzzolo A, Pinto RS. Time course of low- and high-volume strength training on neuromuscular adaptations and muscle quality in older women. Age (Dordr) 2014; 36:881-92. [PMID: 24414336 PMCID: PMC4039257 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of low- and high-volume strength trainings on neuromuscular adaptations of lower- and upper-body muscles in older women after 6 weeks (6WE), 13 weeks (13WE), and 20 weeks (20WE) of training. Healthy older women were assigned to low-volume (LV) or high-volume (HV) training groups. The LV group performed one set of each exercise, while the HV group performed three sets, 2 days/week. Knee extension and elbow flexion one-repetition maximum (1-RM), maximal isometric strength, maximal muscle activation, and muscle thickness (MT) of the lower- and upper-body muscles, as well as lower-body muscle quality (MQ) obtained by ultrasonography, were evaluated. Knee extension and elbow flexion 1-RM improved at all time points for both groups; however, knee extension 1-RM gains were greater for the HV group after 20WE. Maximal isometric strength of the lower body for both groups increased only at 20WE, while upper-body maximal isometric strength increased after 13WE and 20WE. Maximal activation of the lower and upper body for both groups increased only after 20WE. Both groups showed significant increases in MT of their lower and upper body, with greater gains in lower-body MT for the HV group at 20WE. MQ improved in both groups after 13WE and 20WE, whereas the HV group improved more than the LV group at 20WE. These results showed that low- and high-volume trainings have a similar adaptation time course in the muscular function of upper-body muscles. However, high-volume training appears to be more efficient for lower-body muscles after 20 weeks of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis Radaelli
- Physical Education School, Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, 750 - Bairro Jardim Botânico, 90690-200, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,
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Barstow IK, Bishop MD, Kaminski TW. Is enhanced-eccentric resistance training superior to traditional training for increasing elbow flexor strength? J Sports Sci Med 2003; 2:62-69. [PMID: 24616612 PMCID: PMC3938050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2003] [Accepted: 03/21/2003] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Protocols for strengthening muscle are important for fitness, rehabilitation, and the prevention of myotendinous injuries. In trained individuals, the optimal method of increasing strength remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a traditional method of strengthening with a method that allowed for enhanced-eccentric training, on changes in elbow flexor strength in trained subjects. Thirty-nine (8 male, 31 female) trained subjects with normal elbow function participated in this study. Subjects were rank-ordered according to isometric force production and randomly assigned to one of three training groups: control (CONT), traditional concentric/eccentric (TRAD), and concentric/enhanced-eccentric (NEG). The training groups completed 24 training sessions. An evaluator blinded to training group performed all testing. Mixed model ANOVA techniques were used to determine if differences existed in concentric one repetition maximum strength, and isometric force production among groups. Changes in peak and average isokinetic force production were also compared. Type 1 error was maintained at 5%. While both groups improved concentric one repetition maximum (NEG = 15.5%, TRAD = 13.8%) neither training group statistically differed from changes demonstrated by the CONT group. Nor did either training group show significant improvements in isometric or isokinetic force production over the CONT group. These results do not support the superiority of enhanced-eccentric training for increasing force production in trained subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian K Barstow
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida , USA
| | - Mark D Bishop
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida , USA
| | - Thomas W Kaminski
- Department of Sports Medicine & Athletic Training, Southwest Missouri State University , USA
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