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Loturco I, Zabaloy S, Pereira LA, Moura TBMA, Mercer VP, Victor F, Zając A, Matusinski A, Freitas TT, Bishop C. Resistance Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights (Part III). J Hum Kinet 2024; 90:183-214. [PMID: 38380293 PMCID: PMC10875694 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/182888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the final part of this three-article collection on the training strategies of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches, we provide a detailed description of the resistance training methods and exercises most commonly employed by these speed experts. Always with the objective of maximizing the sprint and jump capabilities of their athletes, these experienced coaches primarily utilize variable, eccentric, concentric, machine-based, isometric, complex, and isoinertial resistance training methods in their daily practices. Squats (in their different forms), Olympic weightlifting, ballistics, hip thrusts, lunges, calf raises, core exercises, leg curls, stiff-leg deadlifts, and leg extension are the most commonly prescribed exercises in their training programs, during both the preparatory and competitive periods. Therefore, the current manuscript comprehensively describes and examines these methods, with the additional aim of extrapolating their application to other sports, especially those where sprint speed is a key performance factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Matusinski
- Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Fang Q, Zhang X, Xia Y, Huang F. Integrating elastic band into physical education classes to enhance strength training. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1037736. [PMID: 36874828 PMCID: PMC9975595 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1037736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Fang
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaochao Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuhang Xia
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Huang
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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The Effects of High-Intensity Power Training versus Traditional Resistance Training on Exercise Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159400. [PMID: 35954756 PMCID: PMC9367759 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) features short, repeated bursts of relatively vigorous exercise with intermittent periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. High-intensity power training (HIPT), in combination with HIIT and traditional resistance training (TRT), is characterized as multijoint high-intensity resistance exercises with low interset rest periods. HIPT requires people to finish the exercise as fast as possible, which increases acute physiological demands. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences between eight-week HIPT or TRT on exercise performance. Methods: Twenty-four college students were recruited and randomly assigned to either the HIPT or TRT group in a counterbalanced order. The power of upper and lower limbs (50% 1RM bench press and vertical jump) and anaerobic power were tested before and after the training (weeks 0 and 9). The results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Friedman’s test with a significance level of α = 0.05 to compare the effects of the intervention on exercise performance. Results: There were significant differences in the explosive force of the upper and lower limbs between the pretest and post-test in both the HIPT and TRT groups (p < 0.05). However, only the HIPT group showed a significant difference in the mean power on the Wingate anaerobic test between the pretest and post-test (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both HIPT and TRT can improve upper and lower limb explosive force. HIPT is an efficient training protocol, which took less time and produced a better improvement in mean anaerobic power.
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Lin Y, Xu Y, Hong F, Li J, Ye W, Korivi M. Effects of Variable-Resistance Training Versus Constant-Resistance Training on Maximum Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148559. [PMID: 35886409 PMCID: PMC9317775 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Greater muscular strength is generally associated with superior sports performance, for example, in jumping, sprinting, and throwing. This meta-analysis aims to compare the effects of variable-resistance training (VRT) and constant-resistance training (CRT) on the maximum strength of trained and untrained subjects. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were comprehensively searched to identify relevant studies published up to January 2022. Fourteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were used for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Data regarding training status, training modality, and type of outcome measure were extracted for the analyses. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias. The pooled outcome showed improved maximum strength with VRT, which was significantly higher than that with CRT (ES = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.42−1.19) for all the subjects. In addition, trained subjects experienced greater maximum-strength improvements with VRT than with CRT (ES = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.22−0.93). Based on subgroup analyses, maximum-strength improvement with a VRT load of ≥80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) was significantly higher than that with CRT (ES = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.37−1.16) in trained subjects, while no significant differences were found between VRT and CRT for maximum-strength improvement when the load was <80% (ES = 0.00; 95% CI: −0.55−0.55). The untrained subjects also achieved greater maximum strength with VRT than with CRT (ES = 1.34; 95% CI: 0.28−2.40). Interestingly, the improved maximum strength of untrained subjects with a VRT load of <80% of 1RM was significantly higher than that with CRT (ES = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.39−3.36); however, no significant differences were noted between VRT and CRT when the load was ≥80% of 1RM (ES = −0.04; 95% CI: −0.89−0.81). Our findings show that subjects with resistance training experience could use a load of ≥80% of 1RM and subjects without resistance training experience could use a load of <80% of 1RM to obtain greater VRT benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguan Lin
- Department of Public Instruction, Tourism College of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311231, China;
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Student Affairs Office, Medical College, Shandong Yingcai University, Jinan 250104, China;
| | - Feng Hong
- Department of Sports Operation and Management, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China;
| | - Junbo Li
- Physical Education Department, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China;
| | - Weibing Ye
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); or (M.K.); Tel.: +86-137-5799-5718 (W.Y.)
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); or (M.K.); Tel.: +86-137-5799-5718 (W.Y.)
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Sawyer J, Higgins P, Cacolice PA, Doming T. Bilateral back squat strength is increased during a 3-week undulating resistance training program with and without variable resistance in DIII collegiate football players. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12189. [PMID: 34631318 PMCID: PMC8475537 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Optimizing training adaptations is of the utmost importance for the strength and conditioning professional. The pre-season of any sport is particularly important to ensure preparedness of the athletes. In DIII Collegiate Football pre-season consists of approximately 3 weeks. The abbreviated time of the pre-season increases the importance of optimizing training using safe methods, including alternative loading strategies. The purpose of the current study was to determine if a 3-week variable resistance training VRT during an undulating (UL) resistance training program elicited a greater increase in back squat strength compared to traditional loading methods. Methods and Materials Forty DIII Football players (age range: 18-25 years) participated in a 3-week UL bilateral back squat (BBS) program. Both groups performed the BBS 3 times per week with a minimum of 24 hours between exercise sessions. The control group (C) (n = 20) (height = 182.3 + 5.1 cm, body mass: pre = 102.8 ± 17.7 kg, post = 104.1 ± 17.8 kg) used traditional loading methods (i.e., Olympic weights only) and the experimental group (E) (n = 20) (height = 180.7 ± 8.0 cm, body mass: pre = 100.3 ± 27.1 kg, post = 101.0 ± 27.7 kg) used traditional loading methods and variable resistance (i.e., resistance bands). The variable resistance accounted for approximately 20% of the total resistance while 80% of the resistance was supplied by traditional loading methods. Results When all data was pooled, subjects had a significant increase (p < 0.05) in 1-RM BBS from pre (154.2 + 26.1 kg) to post (166.8 + 26.2 kg), with a percent increase of 8.13% at the completion of the 3-week training program. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the C and E groups for muscular strength, muscular power, or vertical jump. Volume-loads were not significantly (p > 0.05) different between groups for any of the weeks (C: Week 1 = 858.1 + 101.3, Week 2 = 588.6 + 69.2, Week 3 = 332.5 + 38.9, Total = 1179.2 + 209.4 vs. E: Week 1 = 835.2 + 179.7, Week 2 = 572.2 + 123.4, Week 3 = 323.5 + 68.8, Total = 1730.9 + 371.8) or for the pre-season as a whole. Conclusion A traditional UL resistance training program and training program with variable resistance are both effective methods at increasing back squat strength during 3 weeks of training. Resistance band variable resistance (VR) does not enhance training effects within a 3-week mesocycle greater than traditional resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Sawyer
- Health and Physical Education Department, Rhode Island College, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Paul Higgins
- Department of Movement Science, Sport and Leisure Studies, Westfield State College, Westfield, MA, United States of America
| | - Paul A Cacolice
- Department of Movement Science, Sport and Leisure Studies, Westfield State College, Westfield, MA, United States of America
| | - Troy Doming
- Science Department, Van Sickle Academy, Springfield, MA, United States of America
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Aidar FJ, Clemente FM, de Lima LF, de Matos DG, Ferreira ARP, Marçal AC, Moreira OC, Bulhões-Correia A, de Almeida-Neto PF, Díaz-de-Durana AL, Neves EB, Cabral BGAT, Reis VM, Garrido ND, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Evaluation of Training with Elastic Bands on Strength and Fatigue Indicators in Paralympic Powerlifting. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9100142. [PMID: 34678923 PMCID: PMC8541460 DOI: 10.3390/sports9100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Variable resistance training has recently become a component of strength and conditioning programs. Objective: This randomized counterbalanced cross-over study aimed to investigate the use of elastic bands (EB) and the traditional method (TRAD) and force indicators in a training session. Methods: 12 Paralympic athletes (age: 28.60 ± 7.60 years) participated in this three-week study. In the first week, the participants were familiarized with EB and TRAD and were tested for maximal repetition (1-RM). The research occurred in weeks 2 and 3, which included the pre-post training, during which the following measures were extracted: maximum isometric force (MIF), the peak torque (PT), rate of force development (RFD), fatigue index (FI), and time to MIF (Time). The athletes performed two tests, EB and TRAD, separated by a one-week interval. Results: Significant differences were found between the pre- and post-test for 1RM (p = 0.018, η2p = 0.412), MIF (p = 0.011, η2p = 0.415), PT (p = 0.012, η2p = 0.413), and RFD (p = 0.0002, η2p = 0.761). With the use of EB, there was a difference in RFD between TRAD before and EB after (p = 0.016, η2p = 0.761). There were significant differences in the before and after for FI between TRAD and EB (p < 0.001) and for Time (p < 0.001), indicating that training with the use of elastic bands promotes overload, characterized by increased fatigue and decreased strength. Conclusions: Training with EB did not decrease 1RM, PT, MIF or RFD, however, there was an increase in fatigue and time to reach MIF when compared to the method with fixed resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J. Aidar
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.R.P.F.); (A.C.M.)
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-799-9685-7777
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luiz Fernandes de Lima
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.R.P.F.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Dihogo Gama de Matos
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.R.P.F.); (A.C.M.)
- Cardiovascular & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Reis Pires Ferreira
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.R.P.F.); (A.C.M.)
- College of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.R.P.F.); (A.C.M.)
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Costa Moreira
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Campus Florestal, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 35690-000, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre Bulhões-Correia
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (A.B.-C.); (P.F.d.A.-N.); (B.G.A.T.C.)
| | - Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (A.B.-C.); (P.F.d.A.-N.); (B.G.A.T.C.)
| | - Alfonso López Díaz-de-Durana
- Sports Department, Physical Activity and Sports Faculty-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil;
| | - Breno Guilherme Araújo Tinoco Cabral
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (A.B.-C.); (P.F.d.A.-N.); (B.G.A.T.C.)
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Trásos Montes and Alto Douro University, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.M.R.); (N.D.G.)
| | - Nuno Domingos Garrido
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Trásos Montes and Alto Douro University, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.M.R.); (N.D.G.)
| | - Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece;
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, 12243 Nikaia, Greece
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Effects of 4-weeks of elastic variable resistance training on the electrochemical and mechanical components of voluntary electromechanical delay durations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3313-3321. [PMID: 34432149 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Literature is conflicted on whether electromechanical delay durations decrease following resistance training programs. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the contributions and durations of the electrochemical (EMDE-M) and mechanical (EMDM-F) components to the overall electromechanical delay (EMDE-F) during step isometric muscle actions following 4-weeks of structured, multi-joint, lower-body variable resistance training (VRT) program. METHODS Twelve men performed 4-weeks of VRT leg press training utilizing combination of steel plates (80% total load) and elastic bands (20% total load). Training consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions at a 10 repetition maximum load, 3 day week-1 for 4-weeks. EMDE-M, EMDM-F, and EMDE-F was measured at Baseline, Week-2, and Week-4 during voluntary step isometric muscle actions (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction) from the vastus lateralis using electromyographic, mechanomyographic, and force signals. RESULTS The EMDE-M, EMDM-F, and EMDE-F exhibited decreases in duration following 4-weeks of VRT. In addition, EMDE-M contributed significantly less (42-47%) than EMDM-F (53-58%) to the total duration of EMDE-F across the 4-weeks of VRT. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that a structured, VRT program utilizing multi-joint exercise was sufficient to induce decreases in the electrochemical and mechanical processes associated with step isometric muscle contractions. In addition, the utilization of the electromyographic, mechanomyographic, and force signals were capable of quantifying electrochemical and mechanical component changes associated with voluntary muscle contraction. Thus, EMDE-M, EMDM-F, and EMDE-F can be useful in quantifying physiological changes in athletic, clinical, and applied research interventions.
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Pereira LA, Freitas TT, Marín-Cascales E, Bishop C, McGuigan MR, Loturco I. Effects of Training on Sand or Hard Surfaces on Sprint and Jump Performance of Team-Sport Players: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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The Effect of Autoregulated Flywheel and Traditional Strength Training on Training Load Progression and Motor Skill Performance in Youth Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073479. [PMID: 33801621 PMCID: PMC8038127 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background: The effects of flywheel resistance training (FRT) on youth are relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of autoregulated FRT with traditional strength training (TST) on jumping, running performance and resistance training load progression in youth athletes. Thirty youth athletes (11.8 ± 0.9 yr) were matched for peak height velocity (PHV) status and block-randomised into two groups: FRT (n = 15, PHV −0.8 ± 1.6) and TST (n = 15, PHV −0.8 ± 1.5). Twelve resistance training sessions over a six-week intervention with flywheel or barbell squats were performed using autoregulated load prescription. Squat jump (SJ); countermovement jump (CMJ); and 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprints were assessed pre- and post-intervention. The external load increased similarly for FRT and TST (z = 3.8, p = 0.06). SJ increased for both groups (p < 0.05) but running performance was unaffected (p > 0.05). Conclusions: FRT resulted in similar load progression and motor skill development in youth athletes as TST, but the perceived exertion was less. Autoregulation is a practical method for adjusting training load during FRT and should be considered as an alternative to autoregulated TST.
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Orange ST, Metcalfe JW, Marshall P, Vince RV, Madden LA, Liefeith A. Test-Retest Reliability of a Commercial Linear Position Transducer (GymAware PowerTool) to Measure Velocity and Power in the Back Squat and Bench Press. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:728-737. [PMID: 29952868 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Orange, ST, Metcalfe, JW, Marshall, P, Vince, RV, Madden, LA, and Liefeith, A. Test-retest reliability of a commercial linear position transducer (GymAware PowerTool) to measure velocity and power in the back squat and bench press. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 728-737, 2020-This study examined the test-retest reliability of the GymAware PowerTool (GYM) to measure velocity and power in the free-weight back squat and bench press. Twenty-nine academy rugby league players (age: 17.6 ± 1.0 years; body mass: 87.3 ± 20.8 kg) completed 2 test-retest sessions for the back squat followed by 2 test-retest sessions for the bench press. GYM measured mean velocity (MV), peak velocity (PV), mean power (MP), and peak power at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). GYM showed good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] and standard error of measurement percentage, respectively) for the measurement of MV at loads of 40 (0.77, 3.9%), 60 (0.83, 4.8%), 80 (0.83, 5.8%), and 90% (0.79, 7.9%) of 1RM in the back squat. In the bench press, good reliability was evident for PV at 40 (0.82, 3.9%), 60 (0.81, 5.1%), and 80% (0.77, 8.4%) of 1RM, and for MV at 80 (0.78, 7.9%) and 90% (0.87, 9.9%) of 1RM. The measurement of MP showed good to excellent levels of reliability across all relative loads (ICC ≥0.75). In conclusion, GYM provides practitioners with reliable kinematic information in the back squat and bench press, at least with loads of 40-90% of 1RM. This suggests that strength and conditioning coaches can use the velocity data to regulate training load according to daily readiness and target specific components of the force-velocity curve. However, caution should be taken when measuring movement velocity at loads <40% of 1RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Orange
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, York St John University, York, United Kingdom; and
| | - James W Metcalfe
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, York St John University, York, United Kingdom; and
| | - Phil Marshall
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca V Vince
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh A Madden
- Center of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Liefeith
- School of Sport, York St John University, York, United Kingdom; and
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Sousa AC, Neiva HP, Izquierdo M, Alves AR, Duarte-Mendes P, Ramalho AG, Marques MC, Marinho DA. Concurrent Training Intensities: A Practical Approach for Program Design. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Heelas T, Theis N, Hughes JD. Muscle Activation Patterns During Variable Resistance Deadlift Training With and Without Elastic Bands. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 35:3006-3011. [PMID: 31498223 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heelas, T, Theis, N, and Hughes, JD. Muscle activation patterns during variable resistance deadlift training with and without elastic bands. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of band-assisted variable resistance training on muscular activity in the lower limbs and barbell kinematics during the concentric phase of the deadlift. Fifteen resistance trained men (mean ± SD: 28.7 ± 9.3 years; 1.80 ± 0.90 m; 92.5 ± 15.1 kg) performed 6 deadlift repetitions during 4 loading conditions: 100-kg bar (no band), 80-kg bar with 20-kg band tension (B20), 75-kg bar with 25-kg band tension (B25), and 70-kg bar with 30-kg band tension (B30). Muscle activity from the medial gastrocnemius (MG), semitendinosus (ST), vastus medialis (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL), and gluteus maximus (GM) were recorded using surface electromyography during the concentric phase of the lift and expressed as a percentage of each muscle's maximal activity, recorded during a maximal isometric contraction. Barbell power and velocity were recorded using a linear position transducer. Electromyography results showed that muscle activity significantly decreased as band resistance increased in the MG and ST (p < 0.05) and progressively decreased in the GM. No changes were observed for the VMO or VL. Peak and mean bar velocity and power significantly increased as band resistance increased. Performing the deadlift with band-assisted variable resistance increases bar power and velocity, while concurrently decreasing muscle activation of the posterior chain musculature. Practitioners prescribing this exercise may wish to include additional posterior chain exercises that have been shown to elicit high levels of muscle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heelas
- Exercise and Sport Research Center, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
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Smith CM, Housh TJ, Hill EC, Keller JL, Anders JPV, Johnson GO, Schmidt RJ. Variable resistance training versus traditional weight training on the reflex pathway following four weeks of leg press training. Somatosens Mot Res 2019; 36:223-229. [PMID: 31474178 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2019.1659238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in reflex-electromechanical delay (EMD) as a result of 2- and 4-wks of variable resistance training (VRT) or dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) leg press training. Material and Methods: Thirty-six men were randomised into either the Control, DCER, or VRT groups. The DCER and VRT groups performed 3 sets of 10 leg press repetitions 3-d·wk-1 for 4-wks. Reflex-EMD was measured at Baseline, Week-2, and Week-4. Results: The reflex-EMD durations decreased from Baseline at Week-2 and Week-4 for the VRT group, but not the DCER or Control groups. The reflex response < electrochemical process < mechanical process < total reflex-EMD for all groups. Conclusions: VRT elicited greater reflex adaptations compared to DCER training which indicated that VRT may be beneficial to incorporate into training or physical therapy programmes for pilots, soldiers, elderly, athletes, or professions that require quick reflexes and response times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Human and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, University of Texas at El Paso, College of Health Sciences , El Paso , TX , USA
| | - Terry J Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, College of Education and Human Sciences , Lincoln , NE , USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA
| | - Joshua L Keller
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, College of Education and Human Sciences , Lincoln , NE , USA
| | - John Paul V Anders
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, College of Education and Human Sciences , Lincoln , NE , USA
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, College of Education and Human Sciences , Lincoln , NE , USA
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, College of Education and Human Sciences , Lincoln , NE , USA
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Jarvis P, Cassone N, Turner A, Chavda S, Edwards M, Bishop C. Heavy Barbell Hip Thrusts Do Not Effect Sprint Performance: An 8-Week Randomized Controlled Study. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S78-S84. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pichardo AW, Oliver JL, Harrison CB, Maulder PS, Lloyd RS. Integrating Resistance Training Into High School Curriculum. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Miles C, Mayo B, Beaven CM, McMaster DT, Sims ST, Hébert-Losier K, Driller M. Resistance training in the heat improves strength in professional rugby athletes. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1566764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cory Miles
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Brad Mayo
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Mount Maunganui, New Zealand
| | - C. Martyn Beaven
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Daniel T. McMaster
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Stacy T. Sims
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Driller
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Peitz M, Behringer M, Granacher U. A systematic review on the effects of resistance and plyometric training on physical fitness in youth- What do comparative studies tell us? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205525. [PMID: 30304033 PMCID: PMC6179270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, several meta-analyses clearly demonstrated that resistance and plyometric training are effective to improve physical fitness in children and adolescents. However, a methodological limitation of meta-analyses is that they synthesize results from different studies and hence ignore important differences across studies (i.e., mixing apples and oranges). Therefore, we aimed at examining comparative intervention studies that assessed the effects of age, sex, maturation, and resistance or plyometric training descriptors (e.g., training intensity, volume etc.) on measures of physical fitness while holding other variables constant. METHODS To identify relevant studies, we systematically searched multiple electronic databases (e.g., PubMed) from inception to March 2018. We included resistance and plyometric training studies in healthy young athletes and non-athletes aged 6 to 18 years that investigated the effects of moderator variables (e.g., age, maturity, sex, etc.) on components of physical fitness (i.e., muscle strength and power). RESULTS Our systematic literature search revealed a total of 75 eligible resistance and plyometric training studies, including 5,138 participants. Mean duration of resistance and plyometric training programs amounted to 8.9 ± 3.6 weeks and 7.1±1.4 weeks, respectively. Our findings showed that maturation affects plyometric and resistance training outcomes differently, with the former eliciting greater adaptations pre-peak height velocity (PHV) and the latter around- and post-PHV. Sex has no major impact on resistance training related outcomes (e.g., maximal strength, 10 repetition maximum). In terms of plyometric training, around-PHV boys appear to respond with larger performance improvements (e.g., jump height, jump distance) compared with girls. Different types of resistance training (e.g., body weight, free weights) are effective in improving measures of muscle strength (e.g., maximum voluntary contraction) in untrained children and adolescents. Effects of plyometric training in untrained youth primarily follow the principle of training specificity. Despite the fact that only 6 out of 75 comparative studies investigated resistance or plyometric training in trained individuals, positive effects were reported in all 6 studies (e.g., maximum strength and vertical jump height, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The present review article identified research gaps (e.g., training descriptors, modern alternative training modalities) that should be addressed in future comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Peitz
- German Research Center of Elite Sport—momentum, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- University of Potsdam, Faculty of Human Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Potsdam, Germany
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Behm DG, Young JD, Whitten JHD, Reid JC, Quigley PJ, Low J, Li Y, Lima CD, Hodgson DD, Chaouachi A, Prieske O, Granacher U. Effectiveness of Traditional Strength vs. Power Training on Muscle Strength, Power and Speed with Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:423. [PMID: 28713281 PMCID: PMC5491841 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous national associations and multiple reviews have documented the safety and efficacy of strength training for children and adolescents. The literature highlights the significant training-induced increases in strength associated with youth strength training. However, the effectiveness of youth strength training programs to improve power measures is not as clear. This discrepancy may be related to training and testing specificity. Most prior youth strength training programs emphasized lower intensity resistance with relatively slow movements. Since power activities typically involve higher intensity, explosive-like contractions with higher angular velocities (e.g., plyometrics), there is a conflict between the training medium and testing measures. This meta-analysis compared strength (e.g., training with resistance or body mass) and power training programs (e.g., plyometric training) on proxies of muscle strength, power, and speed. A systematic literature search using a Boolean Search Strategy was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, SPORT Discus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and revealed 652 hits. After perusal of title, abstract, and full text, 107 studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed small to moderate magnitude changes for training specificity with jump measures. In other words, power training was more effective than strength training for improving youth jump height. For sprint measures, strength training was more effective than power training with youth. Furthermore, strength training exhibited consistently large magnitude changes to lower body strength measures, which contrasted with the generally trivial, small and moderate magnitude training improvements of power training upon lower body strength, sprint and jump measures, respectively. Maturity related inadequacies in eccentric strength and balance might influence the lack of training specificity with the unilateral landings and propulsions associated with sprinting. Based on this meta-analysis, strength training should be incorporated prior to power training in order to establish an adequate foundation of strength for power training activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - James D. Young
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Joseph H. D. Whitten
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jonathan C. Reid
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Quigley
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jonathan Low
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Yimeng Li
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Camila D. Lima
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Daniel D. Hodgson
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimisation”, National Center of Medicine and Science in SportsTunis, Tunisia
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of TechnologyAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
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