1
|
Wang J, Zhang Q, Chen W, Fu H, Zhang M, Fan Y. The effect of flywheel complex training with eccentric-overload on muscular adaptation in elite female volleyball players. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17079. [PMID: 38525282 PMCID: PMC10961060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 8 weeks (24 sessions) between flywheel complex training with eccentric overload and traditional complex training of well-trained volleyball players on muscle adaptation, including hypertrophy, strength, and power variables. Fourteen athletes were recruited and randomly divided into the flywheel complex training with an eccentric-overload group (FCTEO, n = 7) and the control group (the traditional complex training group, TCT, n = 7). Participants performed half-squats using a flywheel device or Smith machine and drop jumps, with three sets of eight repetitions and three sets of 12 repetitions, respectively. The variables assessed included the muscle thickness at the proximal, mid, and distal sections of the quadriceps femoris, maximal half-squats strength (1RM-SS), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and three-step approach jump (AJ). In addition, a two-way repeated ANOVA analysis was used to find differences between the two groups and between the two testing times (pre-test vs. post-test). The indicators of the FCTEO group showed a significantly better improvement (p < 0.05) in CMJ (height: ES = 0.648, peak power: ES = 0.750), AJ (height: ES = 0.537, peak power: ES = 0.441), 1RM-SS (ES = 0.671) compared to the TCT group and the muscle thicknes at the mid of the quadriceps femoris (ES = 0.504) after FCTEO training. Since volleyball requires lower limb strength and explosive effort during repeated jumps and spiking, these results suggest that FCTEO affects muscular adaptation in a way that improves performance in well-trained female volleyball players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoqin Wang
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | | | - Honghao Fu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhao Fan
- Department of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gómez EM, Atef H, Elsayed SH, Zakaria HM, Navarro MP, Sulé EM. Effects of high-intensity interval training with an eccentric hamstring exercise program in futsal players: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34626. [PMID: 37543767 PMCID: PMC10402967 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiotherapy protocols based on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or eccentric hamstring exercises like Nordic Curl (NC) have been scarcely studied in futsal players. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a HIIT combined with an NC exercise program versus a HIIT-only program in futsal players. METHODS Twenty-one futsal players were divided into (1) HIIT + NC group (n = 11, mean age = 21.55 [4.25]); and (2) HIIT group (n = 10, mean age = 20.90 [1.29]). The HIIT + NC group performed a HIIT circuit combined with 3 sets of 10 NC repetitions for 4 weeks, while the HIIT group performed the same protocol without NC exercise. Body mass index, intermittent work performance, vertical jump performance without and with arms, isometric strength of quadriceps and hamstrings, and the isometric hamstrings/quadriceps (H/Q) ratio, were assessed before and after the interventions. RESULTS The HIIT + NC group and the HIIT group showed a significant improvement in intermittent work performance after the intervention (P = .04 and P = .01, respectively). Also, both groups showed a trend of increasing quadriceps and hamstring isometric strength, although no significant changes were found (P > .05). In addition, neither the HIIT + NC protocol nor the HIIT protocol was sufficient to yield changes in body mass index nor to improve the vertical jump performance (P > .05). CONCLUSION Both an isolated HIIT protocol and HIIT in combination with NC exercise improved intermittent work performance in futsal players. The present study's findings may guide futsal players' physical preparation and injury prevention programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muñoz Gómez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hady Atef
- School of Allied Health Professions, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Physical Therapy for Cardiovascular/Respiratory Disorders and Geriatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Hamed Elsayed
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hoda M Zakaria
- Department of Physical Therapy for Neurology, College of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Miguel Pérez Navarro
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Marqués Sulé
- Physiotherapy in Motion, Multi-Speciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Slow-Speed Compared With Fast-Speed Eccentric Muscle Actions Are Detrimental to Jump Performance in Elite Soccer Players In-Season. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1425-1431. [PMID: 35894997 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of fast- versus slow-speed eccentric-muscle-action resistance training on lower-body strength, vertical jump height, sprint speed, and change-of-direction performance in elite soccer players during a competitive season. METHODS Twenty-two elite soccer players, from a single team, were randomly assigned to groups that undertook either 1- (fast speed) or 4-second (slow speed) eccentric resistance training during the in-season period. A 5-week program was conducted during an elite top-division European League soccer season. Performance measures including predicted 1-repetition-maximum back squat, countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, and change of direction were tested before and after the intervention period. Total match and training running distance and muscle soreness were also recorded during each week of the intervention. RESULTS An analysis of covariance showed significant group effects (P = .01) for countermovement jump with a greater jump height in the 1-second fast-speed group postintervention (95% CI, 1.1-6.9 cm). Despite an overall increase in 1-repetition maximum pretraining to posttraining (95% CI, 10.0-15.3 kg, effect size 0.69), there were no significant differences (P > .05) between groups after the intervention. Similarly, there were no differences between groups for change of direction, 20-m sprint, or muscle soreness. CONCLUSION Faster eccentric muscle actions may be superior for increasing movements in elite soccer players in-season.
Collapse
|
4
|
Handford MJ, Bright TE, Mundy P, Lake J, Theis N, Hughes JD. The Need for Eccentric Speed: A Narrative Review of the Effects of Accelerated Eccentric Actions During Resistance-Based Training. Sports Med 2022; 52:2061-2083. [PMID: 35536450 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eccentric training as a method to enhance athletic performance is a topic of increasing interest to both practitioners and researchers. However, data regarding the effects of performing the eccentric actions of an exercise at increased velocities are limited. This narrative review aimed to provide greater clarity for eccentric methods and classification with regard to temporal phases of exercises. Between March and April 2021, we used key terms to search the PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar databases within the years 1950-2021. Search terms included 'fast eccentric', 'fast velocity eccentric', 'dynamic eccentric', 'accentuated eccentric loading', and 'isokinetic eccentric', analysing both the acute and the chronic effects of accelerated eccentric training in human participants. Review of the 26 studies that met the inclusion criteria identified that completing eccentric tempos of < 2 s increased subsequent concentric one repetition maximum performance, velocity, and power compared with > 4 s tempos. Tempos of > 4 s duration increased time under tension (TUT), whereas reduced tempos allowed for greater volume to be completed. Greater TUT led to larger accumulation of blood lactate, growth hormone, and testosterone when volume was matched to that of the reduced tempos. Overall, evidence supports eccentric actions of < 2 s duration to improve subsequent concentric performance. There is no clear difference between using eccentric tempos of 2-6 s if the aim is to increase hypertrophic response and strength. Future research should analyse the performance of eccentric actions at greater velocities or reduced time durations to determine more factors such as strength response. Tempo studies should aim to complete the same TUT for protocols to determine measures for hypertrophic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Handford
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK.
| | - Thomas E Bright
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Peter Mundy
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Jason Lake
- Chichester Institute of Sport, Nursing, and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Jonathan D Hughes
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Effects of resistance training on hypertrophy, strength and tensiomyography parameters of elbow flexors: role of eccentric phase duration. Biol Sport 2021; 38:587-594. [PMID: 34937968 PMCID: PMC8670796 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.99323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the effects of two different training protocols, which differ in the duration of the eccentric phase, on the one-repetition maximum (1RM), thickness and contractile properties of elbow flexors. Twenty untrained college students were randomly divided into two experimental groups, based on the training tempo: FEG (Faster Eccentric Group: 1/0/1/0) and SEG (Slower Eccentric Group: 4/0/1/0). Training intervention was a biceps bending exercise, conducted twice a week for 7 weeks. The intensity (60–70% RM), sets (3–4) and rest intervals (120 s) were held constant, while repetitions were performed until it was not possible to maintain a set duration. In the initial and final measurements, 1RM, muscle thickness and tensiomyography parameters – contraction time (Tc) and radial deformation (Dm) – were evaluated. An ANCOVA model (using baseline outcomes as covariates) was applied to determine between-group differences at post-test, while Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between absolute changes in muscle thickness and Dm. Muscle strength increase was greater for SEG than for FEG (6.0 ± 1.76 vs. 3.30 ± 2.26 kg, p < 0.01). In both groups muscle thickness increased equally (FEG: 3.24 ± 2.01 vs. SEG: 3.57 ± 1.17 mm, p < 0.01), while an overall reduction in Dm was observed (FEG: 1.99 ± 1.20 vs. SEG: 2.26 ± 1.03 mm, p < 0.01). Values of Tc remained unchanged. A significant negative relationship was observed between changes in muscle thickness and Dm (r = -0.763, Adj.R² = 0.560, p < 0.01). These results indicate that the duration of the eccentric phase has no effect on muscle hypertrophy in untrained subjects, but that slower eccentric movement significantly increases 1RM.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shibata K, Takizawa K, Nosaka K, Mizuno M. Effects of Prolonging Eccentric Phase Duration in Parallel Back-Squat Training to Momentary Failure on Muscle Cross-Sectional Area, Squat One Repetition Maximum, and Performance Tests in University Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:668-674. [PMID: 30325791 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Shibata, K, Takizawa, K, Nosaka, K, and Mizuno, M. Effects of prolonging eccentric phase duration in parallel back-squat training to momentary failure on muscle cross sectional area, squat one repetition maximum, and performance tests in university soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 668-674, 2021-This study aimed to compare 2 squat training programs repeated until momentary failure with different eccentric phase duration (2 seconds vs. 4 seconds) on the changes in muscle cross-sectional area, squat 1 repetition maximum (1RM), squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ) height, agility (T-test), and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (YY-IR2). Male university soccer players (19.9 ± 0.9 years, 172.2 ± 3.8 cm, 66.1 ± 6.6 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the 2 groups; CON for 2 seconds and ECC for 4 seconds (C2/E4, n = 11) or CON for 2 seconds and ECC for 2 seconds (C2/E2, n = 11). They performed parallel back-squat exercises twice a week for 6 weeks using 75% 1RM weight to momentary failure in each set for 3 sets with each protocol. Outcome measurements were taken before (Pre) and after 3 (Mid; 1RM, SJ, and CMJ only), and at 6 weeks (Post). One repetition maximum increased more (p < 0.05) for C2/E2 (Pre: 95.9 ± 12.2 kg, Mid: 108.2 ± 15.4 kg, Post: 113.6 ± 14.8 kg) than C2/E4 (95.5 ± 12.9 kg, 102.7 ± 15.6 kg, 105.5 ± 14.9 kg, respectively). Cross-sectional area (50% of the thigh length: 3.5 ± 2.8%), SJ (6.7 ± 8.9%) and CMJ height (6.3 ± 8.6%) increased similarly between C2/E2 and C2/E4, but no significant changes in T-test or YY-IR2 were evident in either group. These results suggest that increasing the ECC phase duration during squat exercises does not produce greater training effects when compared with a shorter ECC phase-duration program with momentary failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shibata
- Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan.,Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Masao Mizuno
- Department of Human Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Eccentric Force-Velocity Characteristics during a Novel Squat Protocol in Trained Rugby Union Athletes-Pilot Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6020032. [PMID: 33808291 PMCID: PMC8103256 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric strength characteristics have been shown to be important factors in physical performance. Many eccentric tests have been performed in isolation or with supramaximal loading. The purpose of this study was to investigate within- and between- session reliability of an incremental eccentric back squat protocol. Force plates and a linear position transducer captured force-time-displacement data across six loading conditions, separated by at least seven days. The reliability of eccentric specific measurements was assessed using coefficient of variation (CV), change in mean, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Eccentric peak force demonstrated good ICC (≥0.82) and TE (≤7.3%) for each load. Variables based on mean data were generally less reliable (e.g., mean rate of force development, mean force, mean velocity). This novel protocol meets acceptable levels of reliability for different eccentric-specific measurements although the extent to which these variables affect dynamic performance requires further research.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lau WY, Blazevich AJ, Newton MJ, Wu SSX, Nosaka K. Effects of wrist position on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of the elbow flexors. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1290-1300. [PMID: 33577105 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of changes in indirect muscle damage markers would be greater after maximal elbow flexor eccentric exercise in the supinated (shorter biceps brachii) than neutral wrist (longer) position, and the difference in the magnitude would be associated with greater elongation over contractions for the supinated than neutral position, rather than the initial muscle length. Ten untrained men (21-39 years) performed two bouts of 10 sets of 6 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors in the supinated position for one arm and neutral position for the other arm separated by 2 weeks in a randomized order. Biceps brachii myotendinous junction (MTJ) movements during eccentric contractions were recorded by B-mode ultrasonography, and the displacement from the start to end of each contraction was quantified. Peak torque (supinated: 367.8 ± 112.5 Nm, neutral: 381.5 ± 120.4 Nm) and total work (1816 ± 539 J, 1865 ± 673 J) produced during eccentric contractions were similar between conditions. The average MTJ displacement increased (P < .05) from the 1st set (8.0 ± 2.0 mm) to 10th set (15.8 ± 1.9 mm) for the supinated condition, but no such increase was found in the neutral condition (1st set: 5.1 ± 1.0 mm, 10th set: 5.0 ± 0.8 mm). Changes in indirect muscle damage markers (maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque, range of motion, serum creatine kinase activity, and muscle soreness) after exercise were greater (P < .05) for the supinated than neutral condition. These results suggest that the greater muscle damage marker changes for the supinated than neutral wrist position was associated with the greater muscle lengthening (strain).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yin Lau
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Michael J Newton
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Sam Shi Xuan Wu
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic., Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pearson J, Wadhi T, Barakat C, Aube D, Schoenfeld BJ, Andersen JC, Barroso R, Ugrinowitsch C, De Souza EO. Does Varying Repetition Tempo in a Single-Joint Lower Body Exercise Augment Muscle Size and Strength in Resistance-Trained Men? J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2162-2168. [PMID: 34351728 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pearson, J, Wadhi, T, Barakat, C, Aube, D, Schoenfeld, BJ, Andersen, JC, Barroso, R, Ugrinowitsch, C, and De Souza, EO. Does varying repetition tempo in a single-joint lower body exercise augment muscle size and strength in resistance-trained men? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-This study compared the effects of FAST and SLOW eccentric repetition tempo in a single exercise volume-matched intervention on muscle thickness (MT) and strength in resistance-trained men. Using a within-subject design, 13 subjects had each leg randomly assigned to SLOW (1-0-3) or FAST (1-0-1) repetition tempo. Subjects underwent an 8-week strength-training (ST) intervention performed twice weekly. Unilateral leg-extension one repetition-maximum (1RM) and anterior thigh MT at the proximal (MTP) and distal (MTD) portions were assessed via ultrasound imaging at baseline and after 8 weeks of RT. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) assessments of the training sessions (i.e., 16 per leg) were averaged for further analysis. Both legs similarly increased MTP (estimated differences: FAST: 0.24 cm, 3.6%; SLOW: 0.20 cm, 3.1%). However, for MTD, analysis of covariance analysis showed a leg effect (p = 0.02) in which absolute pre-to-post change was greater in FAST compared with SLOW (estimated differences: FAST 0.23 cm, 5.5%; SLOW: 0.13 cm, 2.2%). For 1RM, both legs similarly increased maximum strength (estimated differences: FAST: 9.1 kg, 17.0%; SLOW: 10.4 kg, 22.1%, p <= 0.0001). The SLOW group had a higher RPE than FAST (8.59 vs. 7.98, p = 0.002). Despite differences in RPE, our results indicate that both repetition tempos produced similar muscular adaptations. However, they also suggest that the FAST tempo may provide a small hypertrophic advantage at the distal quadriceps. From a practical standpoint, strength and conditioning professionals may implement a FAST tempo at least in one single-joint exercise during an 8-week training period to enhance regional hypertrophic adaptations in trained individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Pearson
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Tanuj Wadhi
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Christopher Barakat
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Daniel Aube
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Jody C Andersen
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O De Souza
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McNeill C, Beaven CM, McMaster DT, Gill N. Survey of Eccentric-Based Strength and Conditioning Practices in Sport. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:2769-2775. [PMID: 32796422 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
McNeill, C, Beaven, CM, McMaster, DT, and Gill, N. Survey of eccentric-based strength and conditioning practices in sport. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2769-2775, 2020-Eccentric-based training (ECC) has been shown to be an effective training strategy in athletes; however, despite the theoretical benefits, the uptake by practitioners is currently unknown. This study investigated the current ECC strength and conditioning practices that are implemented in the training of athletes. Two hundred twenty-four practitioners were electronically surveyed anonymously with 98 responses available for analysis. Nearly all respondents (96%) had prescribed ECC in the last 24 months. Sport performance (64%), injury prevention (24%), and rehabilitation (8%) were the top-ranked reasons to include ECC. Respondents programmed ECC for strength (35%), hypertrophy (19%), and power (18%). A majority of respondents did not monitor ECC load (58%) or use eccentric-specific testing (75%). Seventeen respondents commented that high-intensity training such as sprinting and change of direction, were avoided during ECC blocks. Eccentric-based training intensity was prescribed as percentage of 1 repetition maximum (34%), rate of perceived exertion (20%), or velocity (16%). Respondents indicated muscle soreness and concurrent high-intensity activities were concerns during ECC but reported not using eccentric monitoring or testing. The efficacy of ECC is well supported, yet there seems to be a lack of defined protocol for integrating ECC research into practice. A greater understanding of eccentric contribution to sport performance and injury prevention may help define testing and monitoring procedures for the prescription of ECC interventions. Practitioners should consider factors such as periodization, soreness, and monitoring when designing ECC programs. The findings of this survey indicate that no uniform strategies exist for the prescription of ECC among experienced practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor McNeill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Center for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, NZ; and
| | - Christopher Martyn Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Center for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, NZ; and
| | - Daniel T McMaster
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Center for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, NZ; and.,New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, NZ
| | - Nicholas Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Center for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, NZ; and.,New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, NZ
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Can Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Be a Good Model for the Investigation of the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Diet in Humans? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010036. [PMID: 33466327 PMCID: PMC7824757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical, low-grade, inflammation is one of the main pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the majority of chronic and non-communicable diseases. Several methodological approaches have been applied for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of nutrition, however, their impact in human body remains uncertain, because of the fact that the majority of the studies reporting anti-inflammatory effect of dietary patterns, have been performed under laboratory settings and/or in animal models. Thus, the extrapolation of these results to humans is risky. It is therefore obvious that the development of an inflammatory model in humans, by which we could induce inflammatory responses to humans in a regulated, specific, and non-harmful way, could greatly facilitate the estimation of the anti-inflammatory properties of diet in a more physiological way and mechanistically relevant way. We believe that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) could serve as such a model, either in studies investigating the homeostatic responses of individuals under inflammatory stimuli or for the estimation of the anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory potential of dietary patterns, foods, supplements, nutrients, or phytochemicals. Thus, in this review we discuss the possibility of exercise-induced muscle damage being an inflammation model suitable for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of diet in humans.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ha SY, Shin D. The effects of curl-up exercise in terms of posture and muscle contraction direction on muscle activity and thickness of trunk muscles. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2021; 33:857-863. [PMID: 32144977 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-191558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The curl-up exercise is widely used in clinical practice for strengthening abdominal muscles, but has been applied without a systematic method. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the most effective method considering the angle and muscle contraction direction during the curl-up exercise. METHODS Fourteen healthy males performed the curl-up exercise according to contraction direction (concentric and eccentric) and angle (30∘, 60∘, and 90∘). The muscle activity of the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and iliopsoas (IP) was measured using electromyography (EMG), and the muscle thickness of transversus abdominis (TrA) was measured using ultrasonography. RESULTS The activities of the abdominal muscles (RA, EO, and IO) decreased with increasing angles (30∘, 60∘, and 90∘) (p< 0.05). There was no significant difference between eccentric and concentric contractions. The thickness ratio of TrA was the largest at an eccentric curl-up at 30∘, and the smallest at a concentric curl-up at 30∘ (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The most effective angle for curl-up was 30∘. Although there is no difference in the direction of muscle contraction, eccentric curl-up at 30∘ could be considered the most effective posture for abdominal strengthening considering the importance of TrA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Ha
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Kyungnam University, Changwon, Korea
| | - DooChul Shin
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
de Camargo JBB, Braz TV, Batista DR, Germano MD, Brigatto FA, Lopes CR. Dissociated Time Course of Indirect Markers of Muscle Damage Recovery Between Single-Joint and Multi-joint Exercises in Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2089-2093. [PMID: 33394892 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT de Camargo, JBB, Braz, TV, Batista, DR, Germano, MD, Brigatto, FA, and Lopes, CR. Dissociated time course of indirect markers of muscle damage recovery between single-joint and multi-joint exercises in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study compared the time course of indirect markers of muscle damage after multi-joint and single-joint exercises. Ten resistance-trained men (years: 26.9 ± 3.0; total body mass: 83.2 ± 13.8 kg; height: 176 ± 7.0 cm; resistance training [RT] experience: 5.5 ± 2.4 years; RT frequency: 5.3 ± 0.7 sessions; relative squat 1 repetition maximum: 1.4 ± 0.3) performed, in a random order, 5 sets of 8 repetition maximum of the back squat (BS) and knee extension (KE) exercises. Rectus femoris muscle thickness (MTRF), leg circumference (LC), and muscle soreness (MS) were recorded at baseline (pre), 0, 12, 24, and 36 hours after each exercise protocol. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in dependent variables at every time point after both the multi-joint and single-joint exercise sessions. However, MTRF and LC were greater at 0 and 36 hours, and MS was greater at 24 and 36 hours after BS when compared with KE (all p < 0.05). This study shows that resistance-trained individuals can experience significant higher levels of indirect markers of muscle damage when performing a multi-joint lower-limb exercise compared with a single one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Benvenutti Bueno de Camargo
- Methodist University of Piracicaba, Human Performance Research Laboratory, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Anhanguera University Center, Leme, São Paulo, Brazil; and Adventist Faculty of Hortolândia, Hortolândia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
de Keijzer KL, McErlain-Naylor SA, Dello Iacono A, Beato M. Effect of Volume on Eccentric Overload-Induced Postactivation Potentiation of Jumps. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:976-981. [PMID: 32109884 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the postactivation potentiation (PAP) effects of different eccentric overload (EOL) exercise volumes on countermovement-jump (CMJ) and standing-long-jump (LJ) performance. METHODS In total, 13 male university soccer players participated in a crossover design study following a familiarization period. Control (no PAP) CMJ and LJ performances were recorded, and 3 experimental protocols were performed in a randomized order: 1, 2, or 3 sets of 6 repetitions of flywheel EOL half-squats (inertia = 0.029 kg·m2). Performance of CMJ and LJ was measured 3 and 6 minutes after all experimental conditions. The time course and magnitude of the PAP were compared between conditions. RESULTS Meaningful positive PAP effects were reported for CMJ after 2 (Bayes factor [BF10] = 3.15, moderate) and 3 (BF10 = 3.25, moderate) sets but not after 1 set (BF10 = 2.10, anecdotal). Meaningful positive PAP effects were reported for LJ after 2 (BF10 = 3.05, moderate) and 3 (BF10 = 3.44, moderate) sets but not after 1 set (BF10 = 0.53, anecdotal). The 2- and 3-set protocols resulted in meaningful positive PAP effects on both CMJ and LJ after 6 minutes but not after 3 minutes. CONCLUSION This study reported beneficial effects of multiset EOL exercise over a single set. A minimum of 2 sets of flywheel EOL half-squats are required to induce PAP effects on CMJ and LJ performance of male university soccer players. Rest intervals of around 6 minutes (>3 min) are required to maximize the PAP effects via multiple sets of EOL exercise. However, further research is needed to clarify the optimal EOL protocol configurations for PAP response.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gallego-Izquierdo T, Vidal-Aragón G, Calderón-Corrales P, Acuña Á, Achalandabaso-Ochoa A, Aibar-Almazán A, Martínez-Amat A, Pecos-Martín D. Effects of a Gluteal Muscles Specific Exercise Program on the Vertical Jump. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155383. [PMID: 32726899 PMCID: PMC7432749 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The vertical jump is a complex movement where many factors are involved in the final result. Currently, how a specific exercise program for gluteal muscles can affect the vertical jump is unknown. So, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of a specific exercise program for the gluteal muscles on a vertical jump. Forty-nine amateur athletes completed an 8-week program. The experimental group received a specific gluteal muscle training program in addition to their regular training routine, whereas the control group received their regular training routine. Jump height, flight time, speed and power were assessed (baseline, postintervention, and 4-week follow-up). Repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted with ∝ ≤ 0.05. We calculated Eta squared effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals. Measurements at 8 weeks revealed significant increases in the experimental group compared to the control group for the values: jump height (p < 0.05) (experimental group = 17.15%; control group = 3.09%), flight time (p < 0.001) (experimental group = 7.98%; control group = 3.52%), speed (p < 0.01) (experimental group = 1.96%; control group = 1.83%) and power (p < 0.05) (experimental group = 4.43%; control group = 0.32%). However, at follow-up, these changes were not maintained. These data suggest that this specific training protocol for the gluteal muscles is effective in order to improve vertical jump performance in amateur athletes who use the vertical jump in their routine training habits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Gallego-Izquierdo
- Physiotherapy and Pain Group, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcala, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (T.G.-I.); (D.P.-M.)
| | - Gerardo Vidal-Aragón
- Physical Therapist, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcala, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (G.V.-A.); (P.C.-C.); (Á.A.)
| | - Pedro Calderón-Corrales
- Physical Therapist, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcala, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (G.V.-A.); (P.C.-C.); (Á.A.)
| | - Álvaro Acuña
- Physical Therapist, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcala, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (G.V.-A.); (P.C.-C.); (Á.A.)
| | - Alexander Achalandabaso-Ochoa
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.; (A.A.-A.); (A.M.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-953213651
| | - Agustín Aibar-Almazán
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.; (A.A.-A.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Antonio Martínez-Amat
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.; (A.A.-A.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Daniel Pecos-Martín
- Physiotherapy and Pain Group, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcala, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (T.G.-I.); (D.P.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Loturco I, McGuigan MR, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Pereira LA, Pareja-Blanco F. A Novel Strategy to Determine the 1-Repetition Maximum in the Jump Squat Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2330-2334. [PMID: 32990685 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Loturco, I, McGuigan, MR, Rodríguez-Rosell, D, Pereira, LA, and Pareja-Blanco, F. A novel strategy to determine the 1-repetition maximum in the jump squat exercise. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study aimed to determine the maximum relative load of the half-squat (HS; i.e., % HS 1-repetition maximum [1RM]) that can be used in its ballistic variation, namely, the jump squat (JS) exercise, and to examine whether this reference value varies in subjects with different strength levels. In total, 186 elite athletes from 10 distinct sport disciplines participated in this study. A progressive loading test up to HS 1RM was performed during the competitive phase of the season for all athletes. Mean propulsive velocity and propulsive phase duration were also assessed during the 1RM test. Athletes were divided into 3 distinct subgroups: "low," "middle," and "high" strength levels, based on their relative HS 1RM values (kg·kg). A 1-way analysis of variance was used to compare the variables assessed between the groups. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. The high group demonstrated the highest relative HS 1RM values, followed by the middle and low groups (all p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the groups for the remaining variables (p > 0.05). It was observed that at 86.0 ± 5.4% 1RM, the full concentric action can already be considered as entirely propulsive in the HS exercise for all subjects, independent of their strength levels. Therefore, this relative strength value may be used as a reference for the 1RM in the JS exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- 1NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 3University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom; 4Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; 5School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; 6Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain; and 7Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Methenitis S, Mpampoulis T, Spiliopoulou P, Papadimas G, Papadopoulos C, Chalari E, Evangelidou E, Stasinaki AN, Nomikos T, Terzis G. Muscle fiber composition, jumping performance, and rate of force development adaptations induced by different power training volumes in females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:996-1006. [PMID: 32203677 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of 3 different eccentric-only power training volumes on muscle fiber type composition and power performance. Twenty-nine females were assigned into 3 groups and performed 10 weeks of either 3 (low volume), 6 (moderate volume), or 9 (high volume) sets/session of 4 fast-velocity eccentric-only half-squats against 70% of concentric 1-repetition maximum (1RM), followed by 3 maximum countermovement jumps (CMJs) after each set. Half-squat 1RM, CMJ height/power, maximum isometric force, rate of force development (RFD) and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were increased in all groups (p = 0.001). Low-volume training induced higher increases in CMJ height/power and early RFD, compared with the moderate- and high-volume training programs (p < 0.001). Significant reductions in type IIx muscle fiber percentages and %CSAs were found after moderate- and high-volume training, with concomitant increases in type IIa fibers (p = 0.001). Significant correlations were found between the changes in type IIa and type IIx percentages, fiber CSA, %CSA, and the changes in performance (r: -0.787 to 0.792; p < 0.05). These results suggest that relatively large eccentric power training volumes may result in detrimental neuromuscular adaptations, minimal changes in early RFD, and a reduction of type IIx muscle fiber percentage. Novelty Low but not high volume of power training maintains type IIx muscle fibers. Early rate of force development increases after a low- or moderate-power training volume, but not after a high-power training volume. Training-induced changes in type IIx muscle fiber percentage is related with changes in early rate of force development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Methenitis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37, Daphne, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Mpampoulis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37, Daphne, Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Spiliopoulou
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37, Daphne, Athens, Greece
| | - George Papadimas
- A'Neurology Clinic, Aiginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leof. Vasilissis Sofias 72, Athina 115 28, Greece
| | - Constantinos Papadopoulos
- A'Neurology Clinic, Aiginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leof. Vasilissis Sofias 72, Athina 115 28, Greece
| | - Eleanna Chalari
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 El. Venizelou, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Eftychia Evangelidou
- Department of Infection Control, G.N.N. Ionias "Konstantopouleio-Patision" Hospital, Agias Olgas 3-5, 14233, Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37, Daphne, Athens, Greece
| | - Tzortzis Nomikos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 El. Venizelou, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37, Daphne, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wilk M, Golas A, Zmijewski P, Krzysztofik M, Filip A, Coso JD, Tufano JJ. The Effects of the Movement Tempo on the One-Repetition Maximum Bench Press Results. J Hum Kinet 2020; 72:151-159. [PMID: 32269656 PMCID: PMC7126254 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different tempos of movement can be used during resistance training, but programming them is often a trial-and-error practice, as changing the speed at which the exercise is performed does not always correspond with the tempo at which the 1-repetition-maximum occurred. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of different movement tempos during the bench press (BP) exercise on the one-repetition maximum (1RM) load. Ninety men (age = 25.8 ± 5.3 years, body mass = 80.2 ± 14.9 kg), with a minimum one year of resistance training experience took part in the study. Using a randomized crossover design, each participant completed the BP 1RM test with five different movement tempos: V/0/V/0, 2/0/V/0, 5/0/V/0, 8/0/V/0 and 10/0/V/0. Repeated measures ANOVA compared the differences between the 1RM at each tempo. The 1RM load was significantly greater during V/0/V/0 and 2/0/V/0 compared to 5/0/V/0, 8/0/V/0, and 10/0/V/0 (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the 1RM load was significantly greater during 5/0/V/0 compared to 8/0/V/0 and 10/0/V/0 (p < 0.01), but there were no differences between either V/0/V/0 and 2/0/V/0 (p = 0.92) or between 8/0/V/0 and 10/0/V/0 (p = 0.08). Therefore, different movement tempos used during training should be accompanied by their own tempo-specific 1RM testing, as slower eccentric phases significantly decrease maximal concentric performance. Furthermore, 1RM test procedures should include information about the movement tempo used during the test protocol. In addition, the standardization of the tempo should be taken into account in investigations that use the 1 RM test to assess the effects of any treatment on maximal muscle strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, KatowicePoland
| | - Artur Golas
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, KatowicePoland
| | - Piotr Zmijewski
- Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, KatowicePoland
| | - Aleksandra Filip
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, KatowicePoland
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - James J. Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Drury B, Ratel S, Clark CC, Fernandes JF, Moran J, Behm DG. Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: Perspectives for Long-Term Athletic Development. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E70. [PMID: 33467385 PMCID: PMC7739302 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the role of eccentric resistance training in youth and how this training modality can be utilized within long-term physical development. Current literature on responses to eccentric exercise in youth has demonstrated that potential concerns, such as fatigue and muscle damage, compared to adults are not supported. Considering the importance of resistance training for youth athletes and the benefits of eccentric training in enhancing strength, power, speed, and resistance to injury, its inclusion throughout youth may be warranted. In this review we provide a brief overview of the physiological responses to exercise in youth with specific reference to the different responses to eccentric resistance training between children, adolescents, and adults. Thereafter, we discuss the importance of ensuring that force absorption qualities are trained throughout youth and how these may be influenced by growth and maturation. In particular, we propose practical methods on how eccentric resistance training methods can be implemented in youth via the inclusion of efficient landing mechanics, eccentric hamstrings strengthening and flywheel inertia training. This article proposes that the use of eccentric resistance training in youth should be considered a necessity to help develop both physical qualities that underpin sporting performance, as well as reducing injury risk. However, as with any other training modality implemented within youth, careful consideration should be given in accordance with an individual's maturity status, training history and technical competency as well as being underpinned by current long-term physical development guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P, EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Cain C.T. Clark
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5RW, England, UK;
| | - John F.T. Fernandes
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3WA, UK;
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7C, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
McNeill C, Beaven CM, McMaster DT, Gill N. Eccentric Training Interventions and Team Sport Athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4040067. [PMID: 33467382 PMCID: PMC7739426 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric resistance training has been shown to improve performance outcomes in a range of populations, making it a popular choice for practitioners. Evidence suggests that neuromuscular adaptations resulting from eccentric overload (EO) and accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) methods could benefit athletic populations competing in team sports. The purpose of this review was to determine the effects of eccentric resistance training on performance qualities in trained male team sport athletes. A systematic review was conducted using electronic databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science in May 2019. The literature search resulted in 1402 initial articles, with 14 included in the final analysis. Variables related to strength, speed, power and change of direction ability were extracted and effect sizes were calculated with a correction for small sample size. Trivial, moderate and large effect sizes were reported for strength (-0.17 to 1.67), speed (-0.08 to 1.06), power (0.27 to 1.63) and change of direction (0.48 to 1.46) outcomes. Eccentric resistance training appears to be an effective stimulus for developing neuromuscular qualities in trained male team sport athletes. However, the range of effect sizes, testing protocols and training interventions suggest that more research is needed to better implement this type of training in athletic populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor McNeill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre, The University of Waikato, 3116 Tauranga, New Zealand (D.T.M.); (N.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - C. Martyn Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre, The University of Waikato, 3116 Tauranga, New Zealand (D.T.M.); (N.G.)
| | - Daniel T. McMaster
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre, The University of Waikato, 3116 Tauranga, New Zealand (D.T.M.); (N.G.)
- New Zealand Rugby Union, 6011 Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre, The University of Waikato, 3116 Tauranga, New Zealand (D.T.M.); (N.G.)
- New Zealand Rugby Union, 6011 Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marzilger R, Bohm S, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Effects of Lengthening Velocity During Eccentric Training on Vastus Lateralis Muscle Hypertrophy. Front Physiol 2019; 10:957. [PMID: 31417420 PMCID: PMC6684750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric loading is an effective stimulus for muscle hypertrophy and strength gains, however, the effect of lengthening velocity is under debate. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of muscle lengthening velocity during eccentric training on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains at a given overall loading volume. Forty-seven participants were randomly assigned to a control (n = 14, age: 26.9 ± 4.1 years) and an experimental group (n = 33, age: 27.1 ± 4.4 years). Each leg of the participants in the experimental group was randomly assigned to one of the four eccentric training protocols with different angular velocities (i.e., 45, 120, 210, and 300°/s). Both the magnitude of loading (100% of the isometric maximum) and overall time under tension was matched between the protocols. The training was performed for 33 sessions, 3 times per week with 5 training sets per session. Before and after the intervention, the maximum isometric knee extension moments were measured in all groups using dynamometry, vastus lateralis (VL) muscle anatomical cross-sectional area, and VL muscle volume were measured in the experimental group using magnetic resonance imaging. Data was analyzed in a mixed-design analysis of variance. After the training intervention, the maximum knee joint moments increased in the experimental group (14.2%, p < 0.05) but not the control group. VL anatomical cross-sectional area and VL muscle volume increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the experimental group (5.1 and 5.7%, respectively), but we did not find any significant differences between the four training protocols in all investigated parameters (p > 0.05). The present study provides evidence that muscle hypertrophy and strength gains after eccentric exercise is velocity-independent when load magnitude and overall time under tension are matched between conditions. This is likely due to the similar mechanical demand for the muscle induced by the loading conditions of all four training protocols. The better control of motion and the potentially decreased joint loading compared to high lengthening velocity contractions support the application of slow eccentric exercises in special populations like elderly and people with neurological and musculoskeletal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Marzilger
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Carzoli JP, Sousa CA, Belcher DJ, Helms ER, Khamoui AV, Whitehurst M, Zourdos MC. The effects of eccentric phase duration on concentric outcomes in the back squat and bench press in well-trained males. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2676-2684. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1655131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Carzoli
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Colby A. Sousa
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J. Belcher
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Eric R. Helms
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andy V. Khamoui
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Michael Whitehurst
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Michael C. Zourdos
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zacharia E, Spiliopoulou P, Methenitis S, Stasinaki AN, Zaras N, Papadopoulos C, Papadimas G, Karampatsos G, Bogdanis GC, Terzis G. Changes in Muscle Power and Muscle Morphology with Different Volumes of Fast Eccentric Half-Squats. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7070164. [PMID: 31284388 PMCID: PMC6681343 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate power performance and muscle morphology adaptations in response to 5 weeks of fast-eccentric squat training (FEST) performed twice per week, with three different training volumes. Twenty-five moderately trained females were assigned into three groups performing eight repetitions of FEST of either four sets (4 × 8 group; N = 9), 6 sets (6 × 8 group; N = 8) or eight sets (8 × 8 group, N = 8). Before and after the intervention, countermovement jumping height (CMJh) and power (CMJp), half squat maximal strength (1-RM), quadriceps cross-sectional area (QCSA) and vastus lateralis (VL) architecture and fiber type composition were evaluated. Significant increases (p < 0.05) were found for all groups, with no differences among them in 1-RM (4 × 8: 14.8 ± 8.2%, 6 × 8: 13.1 ± 9.2% and 8 × 8: 21.6 ± 7.0%), CMJh (4 × 8: 12.5 ± 8.5%, 6 × 8: 11.3 ± 9.3% and 8 × 8: 7.0 ± 6.2%), CMJp (4 × 8: 9.1 ± 6.0%, 6 × 8: 7.1 ± 5.2% and 8 × 8: 5.0 ± 3.9%) and QCSA (4 × 8: 7.7 ± 4.7%, 6 × 8: 9.0 ± 6.8% and 8 × 8: 8.2 ± 6.5%). Muscle fiber type distribution remained unaltered after training in all groups. VL fascicle length increased and fascicle angle decreased only in 6 × 8 and 8 × 8 groups. In conclusion, four sets of eight fast-eccentric squats/week increase lower body power and strength performance and maintain type IIX muscle fibers after 5 weeks, at least in moderately trained females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Zacharia
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Spiliopoulou
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece.
| | - Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Zaras
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, CY-1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Constantinos Papadopoulos
- A' Neurology Clinic, Aiginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgos Papadimas
- A' Neurology Clinic, Aiginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgos Karampatsos
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rate of Force Development and Muscle Architecture after Fast and Slow Velocity Eccentric Training. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7020041. [PMID: 30769873 PMCID: PMC6410101 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the rate of force development (RFD) and muscle architecture early adaptations in response to training with fast- or slow-velocity eccentric squats. Eighteen young novice participants followed six weeks (two sessions/week) of either fast-velocity (Fast) or slow-velocity (Slow) squat eccentric-only training. Fast eccentric training consisted of nine sets of nine eccentric-only repetitions at 70% of 1-RM with <1 s duration for each repetition. Slow eccentric training consisted of five sets of six eccentric-only repetitions at 90% of 1-RM with ~4 sec duration for each repetition. Before and after training, squat 1-RM, countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric leg press RFD, and vastus lateralis muscle architecture were evaluated. Squat 1-RM increased by 14.5 ± 7.0% (Fast, p < 0.01) and by 5.4 ± 5.1% (Slow, p < 0.05). RFD and fascicle length increased significantly in the Fast group by 10–19% and 10.0 ± 6.2%, p < 0.01, respectively. Muscle thickness increased only in the Slow group (6.0 ± 6.8%, p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between the training induced changes in fascicle length and RFD. These results suggest that fast eccentric resistance training may be more appropriate for increases in rapid force production compared to slow eccentric resistance training, and this may be partly due to increases in muscle fascicle length induced by fast eccentric training.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kilic-Toprak E, Unver F, Kilic-Erkek O, Korkmaz H, Ozdemir Y, Oymak B, Oskay A, Bor-Kucukatay M. Increased erythrocyte aggregation following an acute bout of eccentric isokinetic exercise does not exceed two days. Biorheology 2018; 55:15-24. [DOI: 10.3233/bir-180175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Kilic-Toprak
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, , , Turkey
| | | | - Ozgen Kilic-Erkek
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, , , Turkey
| | | | - Yasin Ozdemir
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, , , Turkey
| | - Burak Oymak
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, , , Turkey
| | | | - Melek Bor-Kucukatay
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, , , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|