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Escalante G, Barakat C, Tinsley GM, Schoenfeld BJ. Nutrition, Training, Supplementation, and Performance-Enhancing Drug Practices of Male and Female Physique Athletes Peaking for Competition. J Strength Cond Res 2023:00124278-990000000-00253. [PMID: 37184967 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Escalante, G, Barakat, C, Tinsley, GM, and Schoenfeld, BJ. Nutrition, training, supplementation, and performance-enhancing drug practices of male and female physique athletes peaking for competition. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2023-The purpose of this descriptive investigation was threefold: (a) to assess the nutrition, training, supplement, and performance-enhancement drug practices of male and female physique competitors 30 days before competition; (b) to examine the specific water and macronutrient manipulation performed by competitors during the last 3 days before competition; and (c) to assess physiological responses to precontest preparation including body composition, body fluids, resting heart rate, and blood pressure. Competitors reported performing moderately high volume, moderate to high repetition, split-body resistance training programs performed on most days of the week; the programs included the use of a variety of advanced training methods. A majority of competitors included cardio to expedite fat loss, and most reported performing cardio in a fasted state despite a lack of objective evidentiary support for the practice. Competitors substantially restricted calories and consumed protein in amounts well above research-based guidelines (>3 g·kg-1·d-1); carbohydrate and lipid intake were highly variable. Water was substantially reduced in the final 3 days before competition. Competitors used a variety of dietary supplements throughout the study period, many of which are not supported by research. Both male and female competitors reported using performance enhancing drugs (∼48 and ∼38%, respectively) including testosterone derivatives, selective androgen receptor modulators, and human growth hormone. More research is warranted to elucidate safer and more effective peak week practices for physique competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Escalante
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University-San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California
| | - Christopher Barakat
- Competitive Breed LLC, Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; and
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Barakat C, Escalante G, Stevenson SW, Bradshaw JT, Barsuhn A, Tinsley GM, Walters J. Can Bodybuilding Peak Week Manipulations Favorably Affect Muscle Size, Subcutaneous Thickness, and Related Body Composition Variables? A Case Study. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10070106. [PMID: 35878117 PMCID: PMC9321665 DOI: 10.3390/sports10070106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this case study was to implement an evidence-based dietary approach to peaking for a bodybuilding competition and monitor its impact on body composition, muscle thickness (MT), intra-to-extra-cellular fluid shifts, subcutaneous thickness (ST), and hydration status. Secondarily, to document any adverse events of this peak week approach in a small, controlled setting. Methods Dietary practices were recorded, and laboratory testing was conducted throughout peak week, including competition morning. Assessments included: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for body composition, B-mode ultrasound for MT and ST, bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) for total body water (TBW)/intracellular water (ICW)/extracellular water (ECW), and raw BIS data (i.e., resistance, reactance, and phase angle), urine specific gravity (USG) for hydration status, and subjective fullness. Sequential dietary manipulations were made (i.e., CHO depletion/fat loading, CHO/water loading, and a refinement phase) with specific physiological goals. This was reflected in changes observed across all assessments throughout the peak week. Results: From the carbohydrate-depleted state (three days out) to competition day, we observed increases in lean body mass, MT, TBW (primarily ICW), and subjective fullness. Kendall’s Tau B revealed a strong relationship between carbohydrate intake and ∑MT (τ = 0.733, p = 0.056). Additionally, novel ST data demonstrated a 10% reduction for the summation of all seven sites, with some drastic changes in specific regions (e.g., −43% for triceps ST) from three days out to competition day. Conclusions: These data suggest that the prototypical goals of bodybuilders’ peak week (i.e., increasing muscle fullness, decreasing subcutaneous thickness) to enhance their aesthetics/muscularity presented can be achieved with a drug-free protocol involving dietary manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barakat
- Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA; (J.T.B.); (A.B.); (J.W.)
- Competitive Breed LLC., Lutz, FL 33558, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Guillermo Escalante
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA;
| | | | - Joshua T. Bradshaw
- Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA; (J.T.B.); (A.B.); (J.W.)
- Competitive Breed LLC., Lutz, FL 33558, USA
| | - Andrew Barsuhn
- Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA; (J.T.B.); (A.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Joseph Walters
- Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA; (J.T.B.); (A.B.); (J.W.)
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Wadhi T, Barakat C, Evangelista AL, Pearson JR, Anand AS, Morrison TEA, O'Sullivan J, Walters J, Souza EOD. Correction: Loaded Inter-set Stretching for Muscular Adaptations in Trained Males: Is the Hype Real? Int J Sports Med 2021. [PMID: 34583397 DOI: 10.1055/a-1643-7189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanuj Wadhi
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, United States
| | - Christopher Barakat
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, United States
| | | | - Jeremy R Pearson
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, United States
| | - Ashmeet S Anand
- Medical and Performance Department, Seattle Sounders FC, Seattle, United States
| | - Taylor E A Morrison
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, United States
| | - Jay O'Sullivan
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, United States
| | - Joseph Walters
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, United States
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Wadhi T, Barakat C, Evangelista AL, Pearson JR, Anand AS, Morrison TEA, O'Sullivan J, Walters J, Souza EOD. Loaded Inter-set Stretching for Muscular Adaptations in Trained Males: Is the Hype Real? Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:168-176. [PMID: 34375990 DOI: 10.1055/a-1529-6281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The study examined the effects of adding a loaded stretch in the inter-set rest period (ISS) compared to traditional resistance training (TR) on muscular adaptations in resistance-trained males. Twenty-six subjects were randomly assigned into two groups (ISS: n=12; TR: n=14) and underwent an 8-week training regimen. Subjects in ISS underwent an additional loaded stretch for 30 s at 15% of their working load from the prior set during the inter-set rest periods. Muscle thickness of the pectoralis major at the belly (BMT) and lateral (LMT) portions, One-repetition maximum (1RM) and repetitions-to-failure (RTF) on the bench press exercise were measured at baseline and post 8 weeks of training. Additionally, volume load and perceptual parameters for exertion and recovery were measured. Both groups had similar total volume load and average perceptual parameters (p>0.05). There was a main time effect (p<0.01) for all but one dependent variable indicating that both groups responded similarly across time [(∆BMT: ISS=2.7±1.7 mm; TR = 3.0±2.2 mm), (∆LMT: ISS=3.2±1.6 mm; TR=2.8±1.7 mm, (∆1RM: ISS=6.6±3.8 kg; TR=7.5±5.7 kg). Repetitions-to-failure did not change in either group (∆RTF: ISS=0.0±2.1 repetitions; TR=0.0±2.3 repetitions, p>0.05). Our results suggest that addition of a loaded ISS does not affect muscular adaptations either positively or negatively in resistance-trained males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuj Wadhi
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, United States
| | - Christopher Barakat
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, United States
| | | | - Jeremy R Pearson
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, United States
| | - Ashmeet S Anand
- Medical and Performance Department, Seattle Sounders FC, Seattle, United States
| | - Taylor E A Morrison
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, United States
| | - Jay O'Sullivan
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, United States
| | - Joseph Walters
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, United States
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Escalante G, Stevenson SW, Barakat C, Aragon AA, Schoenfeld BJ. Peak week recommendations for bodybuilders: an evidence based approach. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:68. [PMID: 34120635 PMCID: PMC8201693 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bodybuilding is a competitive endeavor where a combination of muscle size, symmetry, "conditioning" (low body fat levels), and stage presentation are judged. Success in bodybuilding requires that competitors achieve their peak physique during the day of competition. To this end, competitors have been reported to employ various peaking interventions during the final days leading to competition. Commonly reported peaking strategies include altering exercise and nutritional regimens, including manipulation of macronutrient, water, and electrolyte intake, as well as consumption of various dietary supplements. The primary goals for these interventions are to maximize muscle glycogen content, minimize subcutaneous water, and reduce the risk abdominal bloating to bring about a more aesthetically pleasing physique. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of evidence to support the commonly reported practices employed by bodybuilders during peak week. Hence, the purpose of this article is to critically review the current literature as to the scientific support for pre-contest peaking protocols most commonly employed by bodybuilders and provide evidence-based recommendations as safe and effective strategies on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Escalante
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University- San Bernardino, CA San Bernardino, USA
| | | | - Christopher Barakat
- Competitive Breed LLC, FL Tampa, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Tampa, FL Tampa, USA
| | - Alan A. Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University- Northridge, Los Angeles, CA USA
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De Boysson H, Barakat C, Dumont A, Deshayes S, Nguyen A, Aouba A. Analyse par auto-questionnaires spécifiques adressés aux patients des effets secondaires attribués aux glucocorticoïdes dans l’artérite à cellules géantes. Rev Med Interne 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2021.03.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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De Boysson H, Barakat C, Dumont A, Deshayes S, Nguyen A, Aouba A. Analyse par auto-questionnaire envoyé au domicile de la qualité de vie globale, intégrant la dimension physique et mentale, des patients dans l’artérite à cellules géantes. Rev Med Interne 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2021.03.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pearson J, Wadhi T, Barakat C, Aube D, Schoenfeld BJ, Andersen JC, Barroso R, Ugrinowitsch C, De Souza EO. Does Varying Repetition Tempo in a Single-Joint Lower Body Exercise Augment Muscle Size and Strength in Resistance-Trained Men? J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2162-2168. [PMID: 34351728 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pearson, J, Wadhi, T, Barakat, C, Aube, D, Schoenfeld, BJ, Andersen, JC, Barroso, R, Ugrinowitsch, C, and De Souza, EO. Does varying repetition tempo in a single-joint lower body exercise augment muscle size and strength in resistance-trained men? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-This study compared the effects of FAST and SLOW eccentric repetition tempo in a single exercise volume-matched intervention on muscle thickness (MT) and strength in resistance-trained men. Using a within-subject design, 13 subjects had each leg randomly assigned to SLOW (1-0-3) or FAST (1-0-1) repetition tempo. Subjects underwent an 8-week strength-training (ST) intervention performed twice weekly. Unilateral leg-extension one repetition-maximum (1RM) and anterior thigh MT at the proximal (MTP) and distal (MTD) portions were assessed via ultrasound imaging at baseline and after 8 weeks of RT. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) assessments of the training sessions (i.e., 16 per leg) were averaged for further analysis. Both legs similarly increased MTP (estimated differences: FAST: 0.24 cm, 3.6%; SLOW: 0.20 cm, 3.1%). However, for MTD, analysis of covariance analysis showed a leg effect (p = 0.02) in which absolute pre-to-post change was greater in FAST compared with SLOW (estimated differences: FAST 0.23 cm, 5.5%; SLOW: 0.13 cm, 2.2%). For 1RM, both legs similarly increased maximum strength (estimated differences: FAST: 9.1 kg, 17.0%; SLOW: 10.4 kg, 22.1%, p <= 0.0001). The SLOW group had a higher RPE than FAST (8.59 vs. 7.98, p = 0.002). Despite differences in RPE, our results indicate that both repetition tempos produced similar muscular adaptations. However, they also suggest that the FAST tempo may provide a small hypertrophic advantage at the distal quadriceps. From a practical standpoint, strength and conditioning professionals may implement a FAST tempo at least in one single-joint exercise during an 8-week training period to enhance regional hypertrophic adaptations in trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Pearson
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Tanuj Wadhi
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Christopher Barakat
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Daniel Aube
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Jody C Andersen
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O De Souza
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
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Barakat C, Pearson J, Escalante G, Campbell B, De Souza EO. Body Recomposition: Can Trained Individuals Build Muscle and Lose Fat at the Same Time? Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Aube D, Wadhi T, Rauch J, Anand A, Barakat C, Pearson J, Bradshaw J, Zazzo S, Ugrinowitsch C, De Souza EO. Progressive Resistance Training Volume: Effects on Muscle Thickness, Mass, and Strength Adaptations in Resistance-Trained Individuals. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:600-607. [PMID: 32058362 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aube, D, Wadhi, T, Rauch, J, Anand, A, Barakat, C, Pearson, J, Bradshaw, J, Zazzo, S, Ugrinowitsch, C, and De Souza, EO. Progressive resistance training volume: effects on muscle thickness, mass, and strength adaptations in resistance-trained individuals. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study investigated the effects of 12-SET, 18-SET, and 24-SET lower-body weekly sets on muscle strength and mass accretion. Thirty-five resistance-trained individuals (one repetition maximum [1RM] squat: body mass ratio [1RM: BM] = 2.09) were randomly divided into 12-SET: n = 13, 18-SET: n = 12, and 24-SET: n = 10. Subjects underwent an 8-week resistance-training (RT) program consisting of 2 weekly sessions. Muscle strength (1RM), repetitions to failure (RTF) at 70% of 1RM, anterior thigh muscle thickness (MT), at the medial MT (MMT) and distal MT (DMT) points, as well as the sum of both sites (ΣMT), along with region of interest for fat-free mass (ROI-FFM) were measured at baseline and post-testing. For the 1RM, there was a main time effect (p ≤ 0.0001). However, there was a strong trend toward significance (p = 0.052) for group-by-time interaction, suggesting that 18-SET increased 1RM back squat to a greater extent compared with 24-SET, (24-SET: 9.5 kg, 5.4%; 18-SET: 25.5 kg, 16.2%; 12-SET: 18.3 kg, 11.3%). For RTF, only a main time-effect (p ≤ 0.0003) was observed (24-set: 5.7 reps, 33.1%; 18-SET: 2.4 reps, 14.5%; 12-SET: 5.0 reps, 34.8%). For the MMT, DMT, ΣMT, and ROI-FFM, there was only main time-effect (p ≤ 0.0001), (MMT: 24-SET: 0.15 cm, 2.7%; 18-SET: 0.32 cm, 5.7%; 12-SET: 0.38 cm, 6.4%-DMT: 24-set: 0.39 cm, 13.1%; 18-SET: 0.28 cm, 8.9%; 12-SET: 0.34 cm, 9.7%-ΣMT: 24-set: 0.54 cm, 6.1%; 18-SET: 0.60 cm, 6.7%; 12-SET: 0.72 cm, 7.7%, and ROI-FFM: 24-set: 0.70 kg, 2.6%; 18-SET: 1.09 kg, 4.2%; 12-SET: 1.20 kg, 4.6%, respectively). Although all of the groups increased maximum strength, our results suggest that the middle dose range may optimize the gains in back squat 1RM. Our findings also support that differences in weekly set number did not impact in MT and ROI-FFM adaptations in subjects who can squat more than twice their body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aube
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Tanuj Wadhi
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jacob Rauch
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ashmeet Anand
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Christopher Barakat
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jeremy Pearson
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Joshua Bradshaw
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Spencer Zazzo
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O De Souza
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
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Barakat C, Barroso R, Alvarez M, Rauch J, Miller N, Bou-Sliman A, De Souza EO. The Effects of Varying Glenohumeral Joint Angle on Acute Volume Load, Muscle Activation, Swelling, and Echo-Intensity on the Biceps Brachii in Resistance-Trained Individuals. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7090204. [PMID: 31487841 PMCID: PMC6783981 DOI: 10.3390/sports7090204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of data on how manipulating joint angles during isolation exercises may impact overall session muscle activation and volume load in resistance-trained individuals. We investigated the acute effects of varying glenohumeral joint angle on the biceps brachii with a crossover repeated measure design with three different biceps curls. One session served as the positive control (CON), which subjects performed 9 sets of bicep curls with their shoulder in a neutral position. The experimental condition (VAR), varied the glenohumeral joint angle by performing 3 sets in shoulder extension (30°), 3 sets neutral (0°), and 3 sets in flexion (90°). Volume load and muscle activation (EMG) were recorded during the training sessions. Muscle swelling and strain were assessed via muscle thickness and echo-intensity responses at pre, post, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. There were no significant differences between conditions for most dependent variables. However, the overall session EMG amplitude was significantly higher (p = 0.0001) in VAR compared to CON condition (95%-CI: 8.4% to 23.3%). Our findings suggest that varying joint angles during resistance training (RT) may enhance total muscle activation without negatively affecting volume load within a training session in resistance-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barakat
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil.
| | - Michael Alvarez
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Jacob Rauch
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Nicholas Miller
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Anton Bou-Sliman
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Eduardo O De Souza
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
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Wallace W, Ugrinowitsch C, Stefan M, Rauch J, Barakat C, Shields K, Barninger A, Barroso R, De Souza EO. Repeated Bouts of Advanced Strength Training Techniques: Effects on Volume Load, Metabolic Responses, and Muscle Activation in Trained Individuals. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7010014. [PMID: 30621334 PMCID: PMC6359665 DOI: 10.3390/sports7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of advanced training techniques (ATT) on muscular responses and if performing a second training session would negatively affect the training stimulus. Eleven strength-trained males performed a traditional strength training session (TST) and four different ATT: pre-exhaustion A (PE-A), pre-exhaustion B (PE-B), forced repetitions (FR), and super-set (SS). On day 1, SS produced lower volume load than TST, FR, and PE-B (−16.0%, p ≤ 0.03; −14.9, p ≤ 0.03 and −18.2%, p ≤ 0.01, respectively). On day 2, SS produced lower volumes than all the other ATT (−9.73–−18.5%, p ≤ 0.03). Additionally, subjects demonstrated lower perceived exertion on day 1 compared to day 2 (6.5 ± 0.4 AU vs. 8.7 ± 0.3 AU, p = 0.0001). For blood lactate concentration [La-] on days 1 and 2, [La-] after the tenth set was the highest compared to all other time points (baseline: 1.7 ± 0.2, fifth-set: 8.7 ± 1.0, tenth-set 9.7 ± 0.9, post-5 min: 8.7 ± 0.7 mmol∙L−1, p ≤ 0.0001). Acute muscle swelling was greater immediately and 30-min post compared to baseline (p ≤ 0.0001). On day 2, electromyography (EMG) amplitude on the clavicular head of the pectoralis major was lower for SS than TST, PE-A, and PE-B (−11.7%, p ≤ 0.01; −14.4%, p ≤ 0.009; −20.9%, p = 0.0003, respectively). Detrimental effects to the training stimulus were not observed when ATT (besides SS) are repeated. Strength trained individuals can sustain performance, compared to TST, when they are using ATT in an acute fashion. Although ATT have traditionally been used as a means to optimize metabolic stress, volume load, and neuromuscular responses, our data did not project differences in these variables compared to TST. However, it is important to note that different ATT might produce slight changes in volume load, muscle excitation, and fluid accumulation in strength-trained individuals from session to session.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wallace
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
- Leadership-Health and Human Performance Department, Concordia University Chicago, River Forrest, IL 60305, USA.
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Matt Stefan
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Jacob Rauch
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Christopher Barakat
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Kevin Shields
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Andrew Barninger
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
- Leadership-Health and Human Performance Department, Concordia University Chicago, River Forrest, IL 60305, USA.
| | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo O De Souza
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
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Rauch JT, Loturco I, Cheesman N, Thiel J, Alvarez M, Miller N, Carpenter N, Barakat C, Velasquez G, Stanjones A, Aube D, Andersen JC, De Souza EO. Similar Strength and Power Adaptations between Two Different Velocity-Based Training Regimens in Collegiate Female Volleyball Players. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:E163. [PMID: 30518071 PMCID: PMC6316804 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of two different velocity-based training (VBT) regimens on muscular adaptations. Fifteen female college volleyball players were randomly assigned into either progressive velocity-based training (PVBT) or optimum training load (OTL). Both groups trained three times a week for seven weeks. PVBT performed a 4-week strength block (e.g., 0.55⁻0.70 m·s-1) followed by a 3-week power block (e.g., 0.85⁻1.0 m·s-1), whereas OTL performed training at ~0.85⁻0.9 m·s-1. 1RM and peak power output (PP) assessments on the back squat (BS), bench press (BP) and deadlift (DL) exercises were assessed pre and post training. There was a main time effect (p ≤ 0.05) for BS and BP 1RM, (PVBT: 19.6%, ES: 1.72; OTL: 18.3%, ES: 1.57) and (PVBT: 8.5%, ES: 0.58; OTL: 10.2%, ES: 0.72), respectively. OTL increased DL 1RM to a greater extent than PVBT (p ≤ 0.05), (OTL: 22.9%, ES: 1.49; PVBT: 10.9%, ES: 0.88). Lastly, there was a main time effect (p ≤ 0.05) for BS, BP and DL PP, (PVBT: 18.3%, ES: 0.86; OTL: 19.8%, ES: 0.79); (PVBT: 14.5%, ES: 0.81; OTL: 27.9%, ES: 1.68); (PVBT: 15.7%, ES: 1.32; OTL: 20.1%, ES: 1.77) respectively. Our data suggest that both VBT regimens are effective for improving muscular performance in college volleyball players during the offseason period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Rauch
- Human Performance Laboratory, Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sāo Paulo 03187-010, Brazil.
| | - Nicholas Cheesman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Justin Thiel
- Human Performance Laboratory, Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Michael Alvarez
- Human Performance Laboratory, Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Nicholas Miller
- Human Performance Laboratory, Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Nathan Carpenter
- Human Performance Laboratory, Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Christopher Barakat
- Human Performance Laboratory, Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Gloria Velasquez
- Human Performance Laboratory, Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Alexandria Stanjones
- Human Performance Laboratory, Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Daniel Aube
- Human Performance Laboratory, Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Jody C Andersen
- Human Performance Laboratory, Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Eduardo O De Souza
- Human Performance Laboratory, Health Sciences and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
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Adham M, Sab JM, Ducerf C, Tassaux D, Vianey-Saban C, Chevallier M, de la Roche E, Le QV, Bizollon T, Barakat C, Debize G, Vernet M, Pouyet M, Baulieux J. Correction of acute liver cell failure disorders through liver xenoperfusion: experimental study. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:3013-4. [PMID: 9365648 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(97)00764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Adham
- Department of Surgery, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
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Adham M, Ducerf C, Roche EDL, Taibi A, Pouyet M, Baulieux J, Peyrol S, Chevallier M, Vernet M, Barakat C, Bizollon T, Rigal D. The isolated perfused porcine liver: assessment of viability during and after six hours of perfusion. Transpl Int 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.1997.tb00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Adham M, Peyrol S, Chevallier M, Ducerf C, Vernet M, Barakat C, De La Roche E, Taibi A, Bizollon T, Rigal D, Pouyet M, Baulieux J. The isolated perfused porcine liver: assessment of viability during and after six hours of perfusion. Transpl Int 1997; 10:299-311. [PMID: 9249941 DOI: 10.1007/s001470050061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Isolated liver perfusion was developed for the study of liver physiology and preservation. The recent development of new perfusion devices and appropriate liver preservation solutions prompted us to reconsider liver perfusion for the specific purpose of evaluating viability in terms of biochemical changes, paying special attention to modifications in the histological ultrastructure. Twenty-two isolated pig livers were perfused with autologous blood. Arterio-portal perfusions were carried out using an extracorporeal perfusion circuit with a hollow fibre membrane oxygenator. Four groups of pig livers were studied using three different liver flushing solutions [Ringer's lactate, ELOHES, and University of Wisconsin (UW)] and two different oxygenation modalities. Liver function tests and histological studies were done. Our results revealed that a high partial oxygen pressure (PO2) level was deleterious to the ultrastructural elements of hepatocytes, in particular to the mitochondria. It was also associated with deficient metabolic performance, i.e., poor bile production and lack of aerobic metabolism. Normal blood gas values could be obtained with the use of air for liver oxygenation. Flushing of the liver with Ringer's lactate or a macromolecular solution such as ELOHES was associated with severe liver cell injuries, as reflected by a marked rise in liver enzymes and histological lesions. Satisfactory results were obtained when UW solution was used for liver harvesting. We conclude that an appropriate liver preservation solution, normal blood gas values, and normal physiological arterio-portal pressure and blood flow are essential for appropriate liver function with preservation of liver architecture and of hepatocyte ultrastructures. Total bilirubin in bile and Factor V are sensitive indicators of good liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adham
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
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18
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Adham M, Peyrol S, Vernet M, Bonnefont C, Barakat C, Rigal D, Chevallier M, Berger I, Raccurt M, Ducerf C, Baulieux J, Pouyet M. Functional and immunological study of isolated liver xenoperfusion. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:2852-3. [PMID: 8908099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Adham
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et de la Transplantation, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
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19
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Adham M, Peyrol S, Barakat C, Vernet M, Chevallier M, Finzi M, Berger I, Raccurt M, Bonnefont C, Rigal D, Ducerf C, Baulieux J, Pouyet M. Requirements for physiological perfusion of isolated liver with autologous blood. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:2893. [PMID: 8908112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Adham
- Service de chirurgie digestive et de la transplantation, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
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20
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Adham M, Bonnefont C, Peyrol S, Rigal D, Chevallier M, Canello R, Vernet M, Barakat C, Ducerf C, Baulieux J, Pouyet M. Xenogeneic study of the isolated liver perfusion. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:851-2. [PMID: 8623432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Adham
- Service de chirurgie digestive, Hpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
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Bertheas MF, Zisovski N, Barakat C, Manel AM, Souillet G, Philippe N. [Acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Therapeutic results apropos of 52 cases]. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 1984; 31:733-8. [PMID: 6596906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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