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Oliver-López A, García-Valverde A, Sabido R. Standardized vs. Relative Intensity in CrossFit. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:301-308. [PMID: 38109900 DOI: 10.1055/a-2204-2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
CrossFit is characterized by being a standardized training program that improves physical performance through the provision of several stimuli regardless of the participant's strength level. This study aimed to compare the acute response in total repetitions as a measurement of performance, jump ability, physiological demand (heart rate and blood lactate), and perceived effort considering the participants' strength level with individualized intensity in CrossFit. Thirty-five participants were assessed and asked to participate on two separate days in a standardized and relative 'As Many Repetitions As Possible' (AMRAP) CrossFit circuit. Both AMRAPs comprised strength, gymnastic and aerobic exercises, although only strength was individualized according to the participant's level. Before the statistical analysis, participants were allocated to higher- or lower-strength groups following the one-repetition maximum-bodyweight ratio in the push press exercise. Results support the existence of a strong relationship between strength level and total repetitions in both AMRAPs. In addition, differences in total repetitions and rate of perceived exertion between strength groups are discarded when AMRAP intensity is individualized while physiological demand and jump ability are maintained. Thus, the higher-strength participants may benefit from similar responses with a lower number of repetitions. Therefore, CrossFit trainers should be encouraged to prescribe strength tasks based on the percentage of 1RM for every training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Sabido
- Sport Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
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2
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Weakley J, Johnston RD, Cowley N, Wood T, Ramirez-Lopez C, McMahon E, García-Ramos A. The Effects and Reproducibility of 10, 20, and 30% Velocity Loss Thresholds on Acute and Short-Term Fatigue and Recovery Responses. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:465-473. [PMID: 37973147 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Weakley, J, Johnston, RD, Cowley, N, Wood, T, Ramirez-Lopez, C, McMahon, E, and García-Ramos, A. The effects and reproducibility of 10, 20, and 30% velocity loss thresholds on acute and short-term fatigue and recovery responses. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 465-473, 2024-This study aimed to establish the effects and reproducibility of implementing 10, 20, and 30% velocity loss thresholds (VLTs) during the free-weight barbell back squat on acute and short-term perceived soreness, neuromuscular fatigue, and physical performance. Using a repeated, counterbalanced, crossover design, 12 team-sport athletes completed on separate sessions 5 sets of the free-weight barbell back-squat until reaching VLTs of either 10, 20, or 30%. Outcomes were measured immediately postexercise and 24 hours after each session. To assess reproducibility, the same sessions were repeated after 4 weeks. Immediately postexercise, small differences in countermovement jump (CMJ) and 10-m sprint performance were observed between VLT conditions, whereas small to moderate differences in differential ratings of perceived exertion were reported (10% < 20% < 30%). At 24 hours, trivial differences in CMJ outcomes were found but small differences in 10-m sprint performance were detected between conditions (10% < 20% < 30%). In addition, at 24 hours, a single small difference in radial deformation using tensiomyography was found between 10 and 30% conditions, whereas large to very large differences in perceived soreness were reported between conditions (10% < 20% < 30%). Finally, the standard error of measurement of all outcome measures at 24 hours were of a similar magnitude to those reported in tightly controlled, short-term studies. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that VLTs help control the fatigue outcomes that occur as a response to resistance training and that they are reproducible. Therefore, for practitioners who wish to prescribe resistance training and be confident in the subsequent fatigue response, it is strongly advised that VLTs are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas Cowley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tandia Wood
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carlos Ramirez-Lopez
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eric McMahon
- National Strength and Conditioning Association, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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3
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Weakley J, Munteanu G, Cowley N, Johnston R, Morrison M, Gardiner C, Pérez-Castilla A, García-Ramos A. The Criterion Validity and Between-Day Reliability of the Perch for Measuring Barbell Velocity During Commonly Used Resistance Training Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:787-792. [PMID: 35947514 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Weakley, J, Munteanu, G, Cowley, N, Johnston, R, Morrison, M, Gardiner, C, Pérez-Castilla, A, and García-Ramos, A. The criterion validity and between-day reliability of the Perch for measuring barbell velocity during commonly used resistance training exercises. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 787-792, 2023-This study aimed to assess the criterion validity and between-day reliability (accounting for technological and biological variability) of mean and peak concentric velocity from the Perch measurement system. On 2 testing occasions, 16 subjects completed repetitions at 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, and 100% of 1-repetition maximum in the free-weight barbell back squat and bench press. To assess criterion validity, values from the Perch and a 3-dimensional motion capture system (criterion) were compared. Technological variability was assessed by determining whether the differences between the Perch and criterion for each load were comparable for both testing sessions, whereas between-day reliability with both technological and biological variability was calculated from Perch values across days. Generalized estimating equations were used to calculate R2 and root mean square error, whereas Bland-Altman plots assessed magnitude of difference between measures. To support monitoring of athletes over time, standard error of measurement and minimum detectable changes (MDC) were calculated. There was excellent agreement between the Perch and criterion device, with mean velocity in both exercises demonstrating a mean bias ranging from -0.01 to 0.01 m·s -1 . For peak velocity, Perch underestimated velocity compared with the criterion ranging from -0.08 to -0.12 m·s -1 for the back squat and -0.01 to -0.02 m·s -1 for the bench press. Technological variability between-days were all less than the MDC. These findings demonstrate that the Perch provides valid and reliable mean and peak concentric velocity outputs across a range of velocities. Therefore, practitioners can confidently implement this device for the monitoring and prescription of resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Center, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Munteanu
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas Cowley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rich Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Morrison
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carissa Gardiner
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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4
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Jiménez-Alonso A, García-Ramos A, Cepero M, Miras-Moreno S, Rojas FJ, Pérez-Castilla A. Effect of Augmented Feedback on Velocity Performance During Strength-Oriented and Power-Oriented Resistance Training Sessions. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1511-1517. [PMID: 32639379 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Jiménez-Alonso, A, García-Ramos, A, Cepero, M, Miras-Moreno, S, Rojas, FJ, and Pérez-Castilla, A. Effect of augmented feedback on velocity performance during strength-oriented and power-oriented resistance training sessions. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1511-1517, 2022-This study examined the effects of providing instantaneous velocity feedback (knowledge of results [KR]) on velocity maintenance across multiple sets during strength-oriented and power-oriented resistance training (RT) sessions. Seventeen men completed 2 strength-oriented RT sessions (4 sets of 5 repetitions at 75% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM] during the back squat [SQ] and bench press [BP] exercises) in 1 week and 2 power-oriented RT sessions (4 sets of 5 repetitions at 30% of 1RM during the countermovement jump [CMJ] and BP throw [BPT] exercises) in another week. Subjects received verbal velocity performance feedback in 1 session (KR) and no KR was provided in another session. Greater velocities during the 4 sets of both strength-oriented (from 4.6 to 11.6%) and power-oriented (from 1.4 to 3.5%) RT sessions were observed. The increments in velocity performance during the KR condition were greater for the CMJ (2.25 ± 0.14 vs. 2.18 ± 0.17 m·s-1; 3.0%) than the BPT (2.33 ± 0.13 vs. 2.29 ± 0.16 m·s-1; 1.7%) and similarly for the SQ (0.59 ± 0.07 vs. 0.55 ± 0.06 m·s-1; 7.5%) and BP (0.47 ± 0.09 vs. 0.44 ± 0.07 m·s-1; 7.8%). The raw differences in the RT velocity for BPT were positively correlated with the raw differences in the RT velocity for SQ (r = 0.524; p = 0.031) and CMJ (r = 0.662; p = 0.004), but the remaining correlations did not reach a statistical significance (r ≤ 0.370; p ≥ 0.123). Although these results support the provision of velocity performance feedback to increase training quality regardless of the type of RT session, the positive effect of KR seems to be more accentuated during strength-oriented compared with power-oriented RT sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Jiménez-Alonso
- Department of Teaching Body Language, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile ; and
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mar Cepero
- Department of Teaching Body Language, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sergio Miras-Moreno
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - F Javier Rojas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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5
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Wade JA, Fuller JT, Devlin PJ, Doyle TL. Senior and Junior Rugby League Players Improve Lower-Body Strength and Power Differently During a Rugby League Season. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1367-1372. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gavanda S, Isenmann E, Geisler S, Faigenbaum A, Zinner C. The Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training Compared with Traditional Strength or Endurance Training on Physical Performance in Adolescents. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:624-632. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Brown F, Jeffries O, Gissane C, Howatson G, van Someren K, Pedlar C, Myers T, Hill JA. Custom-Fitted Compression Garments Enhance Recovery From Muscle Damage in Rugby Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:212-219. [PMID: 32091467 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Brown, F, Jeffries, O, Gissane, C, Howatson, G, van Someren, K, Pedlar, C, Myers, T, and Hill, JA. Custom-fitted compression garments enhance recovery from muscle damage in rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 212-219, 2022-to evaluate the effects of custom-fitted compression garments (CG) on recovery from muscle damage in rugby players. Forty-five players were tested for lower-body strength, power, and indices of muscle damage before completing a damaging protocol (20 × 20-m sprints with 5-m deceleration, 100 drop jumps). Players were randomly assigned to wear either custom-fitted (CF, n = 13), or standard-sized CG (SSG, n = 16), or to receive sham ultrasound therapy (CON, n = 16) immediately after exercise. Players were retested immediately, then after 24 and 48 hours. Strength recovery was significantly different between groups (F = 2.7, p = 0.02), with only CF recovering to baseline values by 48 hours (p = 0.973). Time × condition effects were also apparent for creatine kinase activity (χ2 = 30.4, p < 0.001) and midthigh girth (F = 3.7, p = 0.005), with faster recovery apparent in CF compared with both CON and SSG (p < 0.05). Custom-fitted CG improved strength recovery and indices of muscle damage in rugby players, compared with controls and standard-sized garments. Athletes and coaches would be advised to use appropriately fitted CG to enhance strength recovery after damaging exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Brown
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Jeffries
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Conor Gissane
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life of Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Water Research Group, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ken van Someren
- Faculty of Health and Life of Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Pedlar
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Tony Myers
- Physical Education and Sports Studies, Newman University College, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica A Hill
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
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8
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Altan E, Seide S, Bayram I, Gizzi L, Ertan H, Röhrle O. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Longitudinal Effects of Unilateral Knee Extension Exercise on Muscle Strength. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:518148. [PMID: 33345109 PMCID: PMC7739592 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.518148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the time-dependent increase in the knee extensors' isometric strength as a response to voluntary, unilateral, isometric knee extension exercise (UIKEE). To do so, a systematic review was carried out to obtain data for a Bayesian longitudinal model-based meta-analysis (BLMBMA). For the systematic review, PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Chochrane Library were used as databases. The systematic review included only studies that reported on healthy, young individuals performing UIKEE. Studies utilizing a bilateral training protocol were excluded as the focus of this review lied on unilateral training. Out of the 3,870 studies, which were reviewed, 20 studies fulfilled the selected inclusion criteria. These 20 studies were included in the BLMBMA to investigate the time-dependent effects of UIKEE. If compared to the baseline strength of the trained limb, these data reveal that UKIEE can increase the isometric strength by up to 46%. A meta-analysis based on the last time-point of each available study was employed to support further investigations into UIKEE-induced strength increase. A sensitivity analysis showed that intensity of training (%MVC), fraction of male subjects and the average age of the subject had no significant influence on the strength gain. Convergence of BLMBMA revealed that the peak strength increase is reached after ~4 weeks of UIKEE training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Altan
- Department of Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modeling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Svenja Seide
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ismail Bayram
- Department of Coach Training in Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Leonardo Gizzi
- Department of Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modeling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hayri Ertan
- Department of Coach Training in Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Department of Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modeling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Coaching Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Weakley J, Wilson K, Till K, Banyard H, Dyson J, Phibbs P, Read D, Jones B. Show Me, Tell Me, Encourage Me: The Effect of Different Forms of Feedback on Resistance Training Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3157-3163. [PMID: 33105366 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Weakley, J, Wilson, K, Till, K, Banyard, H, Dyson, J, Phibbs, P, Read, D, and Jones, B. Show me, tell me, encourage me: The effect of different forms of feedback on resistance training performance. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3157-3163, 2020-When performing resistance training, verbal kinematic feedback and visual kinematic feedback are known to enhance performance. In addition, providing verbal encouragement can assist in the attenuation of fatigue. However, the effects of these forms of feedback have never been compared. Consequently, this study aimed to quantify the effects of verbal kinematic feedback and visual kinematic feedback, and verbal encouragement on barbell velocity during the back squat. Furthermore, changes in performance were related to individual-reported conscientiousness. Twelve semiprofessional rugby union players volunteered to participate in the study that consisted of the subjects completing a set of the barbell back squat across 4 conditions (i.e., no-feedback [control], verbal feedback of kinematic information [verbal], visual feedback of kinematic information [visual], and verbal encouragement [encouragement]). In addition, participants completed a questionnaire before the study to assess conscientiousness. Magnitude-based inferences were used to assess differences between conditions, whereas Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to assess relationships between conscientiousness and changes in barbell velocity. All 3 forms of feedback showed almost certain improvements in barbell velocity, while differences between interventions were likely to very likely trivial. Changes in barbell velocity showed small to large inverse relationships with conscientiousness. These findings suggest that practitioners should supply kinematic feedback (verbally or visually) or, when technology is not available, provide athletes with encouraging statements while resistance training. Verbal encouragement may be of greatest benefit for individuals who demonstrate low levels of conscientiousness. Given these findings, practitioners are advised to use either technology or verbal encouragement to manipulate acute training outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Weakley
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle Wilson
- Department of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Banyard
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- West Australian Football Commission, Perth, Australia; and
| | - James Dyson
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Padraic Phibbs
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dale Read
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
- The Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, United Kingdom
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10
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Rios LJC, Cuevas-Aburto J, Martínez-García D, Ulloa-Diaz D, Ramírez OAA, Martin IM, Ramos AG. Reliability of Throwing Velocity during Non-specific and Specific Handball Throwing Tests. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:825-832. [PMID: 33126281 DOI: 10.1055/a-1273-8630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Throwing velocity is one of the most important factors for scoring goals in handball. This study aimed to identify the type of throw and procedure for selecting the final test outcome that provide throwing velocity with the greatest reliability. Fifteen experienced handball players and 33 non-experienced participants were tested in two sessions. Each session consisted of 4 trials of 3 different throwing tests (unspecific, 7-meters, and 3-steps). The maximum value of 4 trials, average value of 4 trials, and average value of the 3 best trials were considered. Throwing velocity was highly reliable (coefficient of variation [CV]≤3.3%, intraclass correlation coefficient≥0.89) with the exception of the unspecific throw for the non-experienced group (CV≥5.9%, intraclass correlation coefficient≤0.56). The 3-steps throw (CV=1.7%) was more reliable than the 7-meters throw (CV=2.1%) (CVratio=1.19) and unspecific throw (CV = 3.8%) (CVratio=2.18), the 3 procedures provided a comparable reliability (CV range=2.4-2.6%; CVratio≤1.07), and the experienced group (CV=1.0%) presented a higher reliability than the non-experienced group (CV=4.0%) (CVratio=3.83). These results support the 3-steps throw to maximise the reliability of throwing velocity performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesualdo Cuevas-Aburto
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepcion
| | | | - David Ulloa-Diaz
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepcion
| | | | | | - Amador García Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universidad de Granada, Granada.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepcion
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11
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Weakley J, Chalkley D, Johnston R, García-Ramos A, Townshend A, Dorrell H, Pearson M, Morrison M, Cole M. Criterion Validity, and Interunit and Between-Day Reliability of the FLEX for Measuring Barbell Velocity During Commonly Used Resistance Training Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1519-1524. [PMID: 32459410 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Weakley, J, Chalkley, D, Johnston, R, García-Ramos, A, Townshend, A, Dorrell, H, Pearson, M, Morrison, M, and Cole, M. Criterion validity, and interunit and between-day reliability of the FLEX for measuring barbell velocity during commonly used resistance training exercises. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1519-1524, 2020-The aim of this study was to assess the criterion validity, interunit reliability (accounting for technological and biological variance), and between-day reliability of a novel optic laser device (FLEX) for quantifying mean concentric velocity. To assess the validity against a three-dimensional motion capture system and interunit reliability with both technological and biological variation, 18 men and women completed repetitions at 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, and 100% of one repetition maximum in the free-weight barbell back squat and bench press. To assess interunit (technological only) reliability, a purpose-built, calibrated rig completed a set protocol with 2 devices. To assess between-day reliability of the technology, the same protocol was repeated 21 days later. Standardized bias, typical error of the estimate (TEE; %), and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) were used to assess validity, whereas typical error and coefficient of variation (CV%) were calculated for reliability. Overall, TEE (±90 CL) between the FLEX and criterion measure was 0.03 (±0.004) and 0.04 (±0.005) m·s in the back squat and bench press, respectively. For measures of reliability, overall interunit technological variance (CV% [± 90% confidence interval]) was 3.96% (3.83-4.12) but increased to 9.82% (9.31-10.41) and 9.83% (9.17-10.61) in the back squat and bench press, respectively, when biological variance was introduced. Finally, the overall between-day reliability was 3.77% (3.63-3.91). These findings demonstrate that the FLEX provides valid and reliable mean concentric velocity outputs across a range of velocities. Thus, practitioners can confidently implement this device for the monitoring and prescription of resistance training loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Campus University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Chalkley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Campus University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rich Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Campus University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception, Concepción, Chile.,Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and
| | - Andrew Townshend
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Campus University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Harry Dorrell
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Social Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Madison Pearson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Campus University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew Morrison
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Campus University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Cole
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Campus University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Pearson M, García-Ramos A, Morrison M, Ramirez-Lopez C, Dalton-Barron N, Weakley J. Velocity Loss Thresholds Reliably Control Kinetic and Kinematic Outputs during Free Weight Resistance Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186509. [PMID: 32906825 PMCID: PMC7558277 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exercise velocity and relative velocity loss thresholds (VLTs) are commonly used in velocity-based resistance training. This study aims to quantify the between-day reliability of 10%, 20%, and 30% VLTs on kinetic and kinematic outputs, changes in external load, and repetition characteristics in well-trained athletes. Using a repeated, counter-balanced crossover design, twelve semi-professional athletes completed five sets of the back squat with an external load corresponding to a mean concentric velocity of ~0.70 m·s-1 and a VLT applied. The testing sessions were repeated after four weeks of unstructured training to assess the long-term reliability of each VLT. A coefficient of variation (CV) <10% was used to classify outputs as reliable. Kinetic and kinematic outputs and external load were largely reliable, with only peak power during sets 2-5 within the 10% VLT condition demonstrating a CV >10% (CV: 11.14-14.92%). Alternatively, the repetitions completed within each set showed large variation (CV: 18.92-67.49%). These findings demonstrate that by utilizing VLTs, kinetic and kinematic outputs can be prescribed and replicated across training mesocycles. Thus, for practitioners wishing to reliably control the kinetic and kinematic stimulus that is being applied to their athletes, it is advised that a velocity-based approach is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Pearson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane 4014, Queensland, Australia; (M.M.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 2850, Chile;
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain
| | - Matthew Morrison
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane 4014, Queensland, Australia; (M.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Carlos Ramirez-Lopez
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3GZ, West Yorkshire, UK; (C.R.-L.); (N.D.-B.)
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds LS6 3BR, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Nicholas Dalton-Barron
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3GZ, West Yorkshire, UK; (C.R.-L.); (N.D.-B.)
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds LS6 3GZ, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane 4014, Queensland, Australia; (M.M.); (J.W.)
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3GZ, West Yorkshire, UK; (C.R.-L.); (N.D.-B.)
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13
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Weakley JJS, Till K, Read DB, Phibbs PJ, Roe G, Darrall-Jones J, Jones BL. The Effects of Superset Configuration on Kinetic, Kinematic, and Perceived Exertion in the Barbell Bench Press. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:65-72. [PMID: 28796130 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Weakley, JJS, Till, K, Read, DB, Phibbs, PJ, Roe, G, Darrall-Jones, J, and Jones, BL. The effects of superset configuration on kinetic, kinematic, and perceived exertion in the barbell bench press. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 65-72, 2020-Training that is efficient and effective is of great importance to an athlete. One method of improving efficiency is by incorporating supersets into resistance training routines. However, the structuring of supersets is still unexplored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of agonist-antagonist (A-A), alternate peripheral (A-P), and similar biomechanical (SB) superset configurations on rate of perceived exertion (RPE), kinetic and kinematic changes during the bench press. Ten subjects performed resistance training protocols in a randomized-crossover design, with magnitude-based inferences assessing changes/differences within and between protocols. Changes in rate of perceived exertion were very likely and almost certainly greater in the A-P and SB protocols when compared with the A-A, whereas all superset protocols had very likely to almost certain reductions in mean velocity and power from baseline. Reductions in mean velocity and power were almost certainly greater in the SB protocol, with differences between the A-A and A-P protocols being unclear. Decreases in peak force were likely and almost certain in the A-A and SB protocols respectively, with changes in A-P being unclear. Differences between these protocols showed likely greater decreases in SB peak forces when compared to A-A, with all other superset comparisons being unclear. This study demonstrates the importance of exercise selection when incorporating supersets into a training routine. It is suggested that the practitioner uses A-A supersets when aiming to improve training efficiency and minimize reductions in kinetic and kinematic output of the agonist musculature while completing the barbell bench press.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon J S Weakley
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dale B Read
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Padraic J Phibbs
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ben L Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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14
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Till K, Weakley J, Read DB, Phibbs P, Darrall-Jones J, Roe G, Chantler S, Mellalieu S, Hislop M, Stokes K, Rock A, Jones B. Applied Sport Science for Male Age-Grade Rugby Union in England. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:14. [PMID: 32086645 PMCID: PMC7035403 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rugby union (RU) is a skill-collision team sport played at junior and senior levels worldwide. Within England, age-grade rugby governs the participation and talent development of youth players. The RU player development pathway has recently been questioned, regarding player performance and well-being, which sport science research can address. The purpose of this review was to summarise and critically appraise the literature in relation to the applied sport science of male age-grade RU players in England focussing upon (1) match-play characteristics, (2) training exposures, (3) physical qualities, (4) fatigue and recovery, (5) nutrition, (6) psychological challenges and development, and (7) injury. Current research evidence suggests that age, playing level and position influence the match-play characteristics of age-grade RU. Training exposures of players are described as 'organised chaos' due to the multiple environments and stakeholders involved in coordinating training schedules. Fatigue is apparent up to 72 h post match-play. Well-developed physical qualities are important for player development and injury risk reduction. The nutritional requirements are high due to the energetic costs of collisions. Concerns around the psychological characteristics have also been identified (e.g. perfectionism). Injury risk is an important consideration with prevention strategies available. This review highlights the important multi-disciplinary aspects of sport science for developing age-grade RU players for continued participation and player development. The review describes where some current practices may not be optimal, provides a framework to assist practitioners to effectively prepare age-grade players for the holistic demands of youth RU and considers areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK. .,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK. .,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dale B Read
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Padraic Phibbs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leinster Rugby, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Josh Darrall-Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bath RUFC, Bath, UK
| | - Greg Roe
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bath RUFC, Bath, UK
| | - Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Keith Stokes
- University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Rugby Football Union, London, UK
| | | | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Shattock K, Tee JC. Autoregulation in Resistance Training: A Comparison of Subjective Versus Objective Methods. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:641-648. [PMID: 32058357 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Shattock, K and Tee, JC. Autoregulation in resistance training: A comparison of subjective versus objective methods. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Autoregulation (AR) is a resistance training periodization approach that adjusts training prescription in response to individual rates of athlete adaptation. AR training prescription can make use of either subjective (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) or objective (barbell velocity) intensity descriptors. The aim of this research was to compare the efficacy of these 2 approaches in improving sport-specific physical performance measures. Using a randomized crossover design, 20 amateur rugby union players completed two 6-week blocks of training with training intensity prescribed using either objective velocity-based (VB) (measured using a wearable accelerometer device) or objective RPE-based intensity prescriptions. Training volume was matched for both groups while training intensity was equivalent but prescribed using either VB or RPE measures. Performance measurements were countermovement jump (CMJ), 1 repetition maximum back squat and bench press, and 10-, 20-, and 40-m sprint. Testing was conducted before and immediately after each training block. The likelihood that observed changes in performance measures were meaningful was assessed using magnitude-based decisions. Both training programs induced practically meaningful improvements in CMJ (VB most likely +8.2, ±1.1%; RPE likely +3.8, ±0.9%), back squat (VB most likely +7.5, ±1.5%; RPE possibly +3.5, ±1.8%), and bench press (VB most likely +7.7, ±2.1%; RPE possibly +3.8, ±0.9%). Changes in sprint test performance were very likely trivial for both programs. Objective AR programming resulted in larger improvements in CMJ (likely 4.2, ±1.2%), squat (likely 3.7, ±1.5%) performance, and bench press (possibly 3.7, ±1.5%) performance. Autoregulation periodization improved strength and CMJ, but not sprint performance. Autoregulation effects are augmented through the use of objective intensity prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Shattock
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jason C Tee
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, South Africa
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16
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Weakley J, McLaren S, Ramirez-Lopez C, García-Ramos A, Dalton-Barron N, Banyard H, Mann B, Weaving D, Jones B. Application of velocity loss thresholds during free-weight resistance training: Responses and reproducibility of perceptual, metabolic, and neuromuscular outcomes. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:477-485. [PMID: 31868099 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1706831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the differences and long-term reliability in perceptual, metabolic, and neuromuscular responses to velocity loss resistance training protocols. Using a repeated, counterbalanced, crossover design, twelve team-sport athletes completed 5-sets of barbell back-squats at a load corresponding to a mean concentric velocity of ~0.70 m·s-1. On different days, repetitions were performed until a 10%, 20% or 30% velocity loss was attained, with outcome measures collected after each set. Sessions were repeated after four-weeks. There were substantial between-protocol differences in post-set differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE, i.e., breathlessness and leg muscles, AU) and blood lactate concentration (B[La], mmol·L-1), such that 30%>20%>10% by small to large magnitudes. Differences in post-set countermovement jump (CMJ) variables were small for most variables, such that 30%<20%<10%. Standard deviations representing four-week variability of post-set responses to each protocol were: dRPE, 8-11; B[La], 0.8-1.0; CMJ height, 1.6-2.0; CMJ PPO, 1.0-1.8; CMJ PCV, 0.04-0.06; CMJ 100ms-Impulse, 5.7-11.9. Velocity loss thresholds control the magnitude of perceptual, metabolic, and neuromuscular responses to resistance training. For practitioners wanting to reliably prescribe training that can induce a given perceptual, metabolic, or neuromuscular response, it is strongly advised that velocity-based thresholds are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Campus University, Brisbane, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Shaun McLaren
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Carlos Ramirez-Lopez
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, UK
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nick Dalton-Barron
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Harry Banyard
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryan Mann
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, UK.,The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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The Effects of 10%, 20%, and 30% Velocity Loss Thresholds on Kinetic, Kinematic, and Repetition Characteristics During the Barbell Back Squat. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 15:180-188. [PMID: 31094251 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prescribing resistance training using velocity loss thresholds can enhance exercise quality by mitigating neuromuscular fatigue. As little is known regarding performance during these protocols, we aimed to assess the effects of 10%, 20%, and 30% velocity loss thresholds on kinetic, kinematic, and repetition characteristics in the free-weight back squat. METHODS Using a randomized crossover design, 16 resistance-trained men were recruited to complete 5 sets of the barbell back squat. Lifting load corresponded to a mean concentric velocity (MV) of ∼0.70 m·s-1 (115 [22] kg). Repetitions were performed until a 10%, 20%, or 30% MV loss was attained. RESULTS Set MV and power output were substantially higher in the 10% protocol (0.66 m·s-1 and 1341 W, respectively), followed by the 20% (0.62 m·s-1 and 1246 W) and 30% protocols (0.59 m·s-1 and 1179 W). There were no substantial changes in MV (-0.01 to -0.02 m·s-1) or power output (-14 to -55 W) across the 5 sets for all protocols, and individual differences in these changes were typically trivial to small. Mean set repetitions were substantially higher in the 30% protocol (7.8), followed by the 20% (6.4) and 10% protocols (4.2). There were small to moderate reductions in repetitions across the 5 sets during all protocols (-39%, -31%, -19%, respectively), and individual differences in these changes were small to very large. CONCLUSIONS Velocity training prescription maintains kinetic and kinematic output across multiple sets of the back squat, with repetition ranges being highly variable. Our findings, therefore, challenge traditional resistance training paradigms (repetition based) and add support to a velocity-based approach.
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18
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Weakley J, Till K, Sampson J, Banyard H, Leduc C, Wilson K, Roe G, Jones B. The Effects of Augmented Feedback on Sprint, Jump, and Strength Adaptations in Rugby Union Players After a 4-Week Training Program. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1205-1211. [PMID: 30840517 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Feedback can enhance acute physical performance. However, its effects on physical adaptation have received little attention. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of feedback during a 4-wk training program on jump, sprint, and strength adaptations. METHODS A total of 28 semiprofessional male rugby union players were strength-matched into 2 groups (feedback and nonfeedback). During the 4-wk training program, the Feedback group received immediate, objective feedback on (1) mean concentric velocity during resistance training repetitions, (2) distance feedback for standing broad jumps, and (3) time for sprints. The Nonfeedback group was not provided additional information. Across the 4-wk mesocycle, subjects completed 3 strength and conditioning sessions per week. Countermovement jump, standing long jump, 10- and 20-m sprint, and 3-repetition-maximum barbell back squat and bench press were measured before and after the training intervention. Magnitude-based inferences assessed meaningful changes within and between groups. RESULTS The Feedback group showed small to moderate improvements in outcome measures, whereas the Nonfeedback group demonstrated trivial to small improvements. Improvements in countermovement-jump relative peak power (effect size ± 90% confidence limits: 0.34 ± 0.42), 10-m (0.20 ± 0.35) and 20-m sprints (0.40 ± 0.21), and 3-repetition-maximum back squats (0.23 ± 0.17) were possibly to likely greater for the Feedback condition than for Nonfeedback. CONCLUSIONS Providing augmented feedback during strength and conditioning routines can enhance training adaptations compared with athletes who do not receive feedback. Consequently, practitioners should consider providing kinematic outputs, displacement, or sprint time at the completion of each repetition as athletes train.
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19
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Weakley JJ, Wilson KM, Till K, Read DB, Darrall-Jones J, Roe GA, Phibbs PJ, Jones B. Visual Feedback Attenuates Mean Concentric Barbell Velocity Loss and Improves Motivation, Competitiveness, and Perceived Workload in Male Adolescent Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2420-2425. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Weakley JJ, Till K, Darrall-Jones J, Roe GA, Phibbs PJ, Read DB, Jones BL. Strength and Conditioning Practices in Adolescent Rugby Players: Relationship With Changes in Physical Qualities. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2361-2369. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Appleby BB, Cormack SJ, Newton RU. Reliability of Squat Kinetics in Well-Trained Rugby Players: Implications for Monitoring Training. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2635-2640. [PMID: 31361735 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Appleby, BB, Cormack, SJ, and Newton, RU. Reliability of squat kinetics in well-trained rugby players: implications for monitoring training. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2635-2640, 2019-The aim of this study was to determine the within-session reliability in kinetic variables of the squat in well-trained athletes during a typical resistance training protocol. Fifteen subjects completed 2 testing sessions. Session 1 was establishment of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat, and session 2 involved 2 sets of 2 maximal effort repetitions of the squat at 70, 80, and 90% of 1RM with 3D motion analysis and ground reaction force (GRF) measurement using 2 in-ground triaxial force plates. Reliability was calculated using typical error ± 90% confidence limits, expressed as the coefficient of variation and intraclass correlation coefficient. The smallest worthwhile change (SWC%), calculated as 0.2 × between-subject SD, was used to determine the smallest important change in performance. Peak GRF and average GRF were found to have acceptable measures of reliability with the combined left and right leg average GRF capable of detecting the SWC. Independent limb contributions were reliable (left and right, or dominant and nondominant). Reliable kinetics can be obtained in back squat performance typical of a resistance training session in well-trained athletes. This suggests that coaches integrating force plate technology within training sessions may effectively capture between 1 and 6 training sets among several athletes, facilitating analysis and intervention on larger data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendyn B Appleby
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Hockey Australia, High Performance Unit, Perth, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cormack
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Daniels M, Highton J, Twist C. Pre-season training responses and their associations with training load in elite rugby league players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1612529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie Highton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Craig Twist
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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23
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Thomas E, Bianco A, Raia T, Messina G, Tabacchi G, Bellafiore M, Paoli A, Palma A. Relationship between velocity and muscular endurance of the upper body. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 60:175-182. [PMID: 29936337 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Strength, power and muscular endurance tests have been developed as means of assessing people's physical abilities. However, testing may be expensive or time consuming. A method to reduce the time of physical assessment could be to use predictive algorithms for indirect assessment. The aim of this study will be to determine a relationship between strength, power and muscular endurance in order to identify predictors for an easier and faster assessment. 33 male strength-trained participants (22.8 ± 4.6 years, 172.5 ± 6.7 cm, 68.0 ± 10.6 kg) performed a single pull-up (SPU) and a single push-up (SPH) and a set of pull-ups (EPU) and push-ups (EPH) to exhaustion. The participants were divided into three sub-groups according to their training experience. Force(F), Power(P), Velocity(V) and relative power(R-P), extracted from an accelerometer (500 Hz), were compared between groups (ANOVA) and a subsequent linear regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of the performance measures. The regression models were able to explain 61% of the variance with the EPU as dependent variable and the V of the SPU as independent variable and 68% of the variance with the EPH as dependent variable and EPU as independent variable. In addition, increased performance measures were found according to training experience, in particular regarding muscular endurance of both the EPU and EPH (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). A significant effect of training experience was also present for the V of the SPU (p < 0.001). The results indicate that a relation between muscular endurance and velocity is present. The generated equations allow to estimate both the number of EPH and EPU from a SPU. The equations may be helpful to reduce the time of assessment for upper body physical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - A Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - T Raia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Messina
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Tabacchi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - A Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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24
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Weakley JJS, Till K, Read DB, Roe GAB, Darrall-Jones J, Phibbs PJ, Jones B. The effects of traditional, superset, and tri-set resistance training structures on perceived intensity and physiological responses. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1877-1889. [PMID: 28698987 PMCID: PMC5556132 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Investigate the acute and short-term (i.e., 24 h) effects of traditional (TRAD), superset (SS), and tri-set (TRI) resistance training protocols on perceptions of intensity and physiological responses. Methods Fourteen male participants completed a familiarisation session and three resistance training protocols (i.e., TRAD, SS, and TRI) in a randomised-crossover design. Rating of perceived exertion, lactate concentration ([Lac]), creatine kinase concentration ([CK]), countermovement jump (CMJ), testosterone, and cortisol concentrations was measured pre, immediately, and 24-h post the resistance training sessions with magnitude-based inferences assessing changes/differences within/between protocols. Results TRI reported possible to almost certainly greater efficiency and rate of perceived exertion, although session perceived load was very likely lower. SS and TRI had very likely to almost certainly greater lactate responses during the protocols, with changes in [CK] being very likely and likely increased at 24 h, respectively. At 24-h post-training, CMJ variables in the TRAD protocol had returned to baseline; however, SS and TRI were still possibly to likely reduced. Possible increases in testosterone immediately post SS and TRI protocols were reported, with SS showing possible increases at 24-h post-training. TRAD and SS showed almost certain and likely decreases in cortisol immediately post, respectively, with TRAD reporting likely decreases at 24-h post-training. Conclusions SS and TRI can enhance training efficiency and reduce training time. However, acute and short-term physiological responses differ between protocols. Athletes can utilise SS and TRI resistance training, but may require additional recovery post-training to minimise effects of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon J S Weakley
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK. .,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.
| | - Kevin Till
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Dale B Read
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Gregory A B Roe
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Padraic J Phibbs
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,The Rugby Football League, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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25
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Behm DG, Young JD, Whitten JHD, Reid JC, Quigley PJ, Low J, Li Y, Lima CD, Hodgson DD, Chaouachi A, Prieske O, Granacher U. Effectiveness of Traditional Strength vs. Power Training on Muscle Strength, Power and Speed with Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:423. [PMID: 28713281 PMCID: PMC5491841 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous national associations and multiple reviews have documented the safety and efficacy of strength training for children and adolescents. The literature highlights the significant training-induced increases in strength associated with youth strength training. However, the effectiveness of youth strength training programs to improve power measures is not as clear. This discrepancy may be related to training and testing specificity. Most prior youth strength training programs emphasized lower intensity resistance with relatively slow movements. Since power activities typically involve higher intensity, explosive-like contractions with higher angular velocities (e.g., plyometrics), there is a conflict between the training medium and testing measures. This meta-analysis compared strength (e.g., training with resistance or body mass) and power training programs (e.g., plyometric training) on proxies of muscle strength, power, and speed. A systematic literature search using a Boolean Search Strategy was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, SPORT Discus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and revealed 652 hits. After perusal of title, abstract, and full text, 107 studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed small to moderate magnitude changes for training specificity with jump measures. In other words, power training was more effective than strength training for improving youth jump height. For sprint measures, strength training was more effective than power training with youth. Furthermore, strength training exhibited consistently large magnitude changes to lower body strength measures, which contrasted with the generally trivial, small and moderate magnitude training improvements of power training upon lower body strength, sprint and jump measures, respectively. Maturity related inadequacies in eccentric strength and balance might influence the lack of training specificity with the unilateral landings and propulsions associated with sprinting. Based on this meta-analysis, strength training should be incorporated prior to power training in order to establish an adequate foundation of strength for power training activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - James D. Young
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Joseph H. D. Whitten
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jonathan C. Reid
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Quigley
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jonathan Low
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Yimeng Li
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Camila D. Lima
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Daniel D. Hodgson
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimisation”, National Center of Medicine and Science in SportsTunis, Tunisia
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of TechnologyAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
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