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Goods PS, Scott BR, Appleby B, Jennings D, Peeling P, Galna B. Physical preparation of the Australian national male field hockey team exceeded the movement demands of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games tournament. J Sports Sci 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37310984 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2225025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This investigation explored differences in the pre-tournament preparation period relative to the movement demands of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games for the Australian male field-hockey team. Movement data was collected over 7 months prior to and during the 13-day Olympic tournament. Duration, distance (total; >80% individual peak velocity; >5 m.s-1), high-speed decelerations (>3.5 m.s-2), and total accelerations and decelerations (>2.5 m.s-2) were measured during each running-based session. A 13-day moving sum was calculated for each variable and compared to a player-specific "worst-case scenario" (WCS) for intra-tournament total movement demands. Summed 13-day movement demands exceeded the WCS for 6-58% of the preparation period across variables, for the entire squad. During the tournament, midfielders covered significantly greater sprint distance than Defenders (+84%,p = 0.020), with no other positional differences found. Greater variation in tournament movement demands was observed between players for accelerations, decelerations, and high-speed distance (CV = 19-46%) compared to duration and distance (CV = 4-9%). In conclusion, physical preparation exposed athletes to movement demands which surpassed WCS. Additionally, gross measures of training volume (duration and distance) are more generalisable to a squad; however, additional metrics such as sprint distance and high-speed decelerations are needed to better define positional and individual movement demands, and therefore, should be monitored by practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sr Goods
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WesternAustralia, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WesternAustralia, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendyn Appleby
- High Performance Program, Hockey Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Denise Jennings
- High Performance Program, Hockey Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Brook Galna
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WesternAustralia, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Petruzela J, Papla M, Stastny P. Conditioning Strategies for Improving Handball Throwing Velocity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:189-200. [PMID: 37229399 PMCID: PMC10203830 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/162017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ball throwing velocity is essential for scoring goals in handball; the crucial question is how to develop throwing velocity in highly trained handball players. Therefore, this systematic review aims to summarize effective conditioning strategies to improve throwing velocity in elite male players and to perform a meta-analysis on which training system can provide the highest increase in throwing velocity. The literature was analyzed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Thirteen studies (sample n = 174) were included: five resistance training studies, one core training study, one study on repeated shuffle sprint training with small-sided games, and one on eccentric overload training. Effect size comparison showed that resistance training is the most effective strategy for improving throwing velocity in elite handball players (d > 0.7). Core training showed a small effect (d = 0.35). Small-sided game (SSG) training showed different results, from a significant positive effect (d = 1.95) to a negative effect (d = -2.03), and eccentric overload training showed a negative effect (d = -0.15). Resistance training is the most effective strategy for improving throwing velocity in elite handball players, while core training and SSGs can improve throwing velocity in youth athletes. Due to the small number of studies focusing on elite handball players, there is a need for more studies on advanced resistance training methods, e.g., contrast, complex, ballistic training, because much greater demands are placed on handball performance assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petruzela
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Papla
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Seipp D, Feuerbacher JF, Jacobs MW, Dragutinovic B, Schumann M. Acute Effects of High-Intensity Interval Running on Lower-Body and Upper-Body Explosive Strength and Throwing Velocity in Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3167-3172. [PMID: 36026469 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Seipp, D, Feuerbacher, JF, Jacobs, MW, Dragutinovic, B, and Schumann, M. Acute effects of high-intensity interval running on lower-body and upper-body explosive strength and throwing velocity in handball players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The purpose of this study was to determine the acute effects of handball-specific high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on explosive strength and throwing velocity, after varying periods of recovery. Fourteen highly trained male handball players (age: 25.4 (26.2 ± 4.2) performed HIIT consisting of repeated 15-second shuttle runs at 90% of final running speed (VIFT) to exhaustion. Upper-body and lower-body explosive strength and throwing velocities were measured before and immediately after HIIT, as well as after 6 hours. These tests included 3 repetitions of both bench press and squat exercise at 60% of the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) as well as 3 repetitions of the set shot without run up and jump shot, respectively. Explosive squat performance was significantly reduced at post (-5.48%, p = 0.026) but not at 6 h (-0.24%, p = 1.000). Explosive bench press performance remained statistically unaltered at post (0.32%, p = 1.000) and at 6 hour (1.96%, p = 1.000). This was also observed in the subsequent throws both immediately after (-0.60%, p = 1.000) (-0.31%, p = 1.000) and at 6 h (-1.58%, p = 1.000) (1.51%, p = 0.647). Our data show a reduction in explosive strength of the lower but not upper extremities when preceded by running HIIT. Since throwing velocity was not affected by intense lower-body exercise, combining lower-body HIIT and throwing practice may be of no concern in highly trained handball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Seipp
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Buhmann R, Stuelcken M, Sayers M. Alternatives to common approaches for training change of direction performance: a scoping review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:151. [PMID: 35922872 PMCID: PMC9347107 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research focuses heavily upon the effect of strength and power training on change of direction performance. The objective of this scoping review is to highlight alternative approaches to training change of direction. METHODS Four databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus) were searched with no date restrictions. To be included studies must (i) investigate change of direction performance following an intervention or investigate the relationships between variables of interest and change of direction performance; (ii) recruit participants > 18 years old; (iii) recruit participants involved in competitive sport. The majority of included studies investigated the effect of strength and/or power training, or, relationships between strength and/or power variables with change of direction performance. RESULTS Despite fewer studies, alternative training methods resulted in greater improvements (compared with strength and/or power) in change of direction performance, with smaller training durations. Few studies included reactive agility as an outcome measure. CONCLUSION Despite much of the literature focusing on strength and/or power, there are alternative training modalities that demonstrate merit for improving change of direction performance. Future studies should investigate the effect of alternative training interventions on reactive agility performance, to provide a more valid indication of transfer to competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Buhmann
- School of Health and Behaviour Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4556, Australia.
| | - Max Stuelcken
- School of Health and Behaviour Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4556, Australia
| | - Mark Sayers
- School of Health and Behaviour Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4556, Australia
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Kaabi S, Mabrouk RH, Passelergue P. Weightlifting Is Better Than Plyometric Training to Improve Strength, Counter Movement Jump, and Change of Direction Skills in Tunisian Elite Male Junior Table Tennis Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2912-2919. [PMID: 33629971 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kaabi, S, Mabrouk, RH, and Passelergue, P. Weightlifting is better than plyometric training to improve strength, counter movement jump, and change of direction skills in Tunisian elite male junior table tennis players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study aimed to compare the effect of integrating weightlifting (WL) resistance training or plyometric training for 8 weeks on physical performance among elite male junior table tennis players. Forty-five players were randomly divided into 3 groups. A WL resistance training group (n = 15), plyometric (P) group (n = 15), and a control (C) group (n = 15). Weightlifting group and P group were trained for 8 weeks (2 sessions per week with 3 different exercises each time) in addition to the usual practice of table tennis during the preparatory phase, whereas the C group continued classical table tennis training sessions. Subjects were tested for 5-m sprint time, change of direction (CD) test on a 20-m "T" shape course, jumping tests such as standing long jump, squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump, hang grip, and 1 repetition maximum strength tests as the bench press and back squat before (T0) and after (T1) the training program. There was no statistical difference between the 3 groups before the beginning of the training program. After the 8-week training program, only P and WL groups significantly improved their performances for all the tests. Combining all the tests, the WL group had larger improvement (12.6 vs. 8.2%) and effect sizes (1.88 vs. 1.22) than the P group. Thus, WL training seems more efficient than P training to improve neuromuscular performance of table tennis players, especially for a sport-specific table tennis change-of-direction test such as the 20-m CD test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soufiane Kaabi
- Motion, Equilibrium, Performance and Health Laboratory (MEPS), STAPS Department, University of Pau and of Pays de l'Adour, Tarbes, France; and Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education (ISSEP), Ksar Said, Tunisia
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Gabrys T, Stanula A, Gupta S, Szmatlan-Gabrys U, Benešová D, Wicha Ł, Baron J. A Comparative Study on the Performance Profile of Under-17 and Under-19 Handball Players Trained in the Sports School System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217979. [PMID: 33143006 PMCID: PMC7662379 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the anatomical profiles, jump, sprint, power outputs, endurance, and peak blood lactate levels ([LA]peak) of handball players of two age groups—U17 (n = 77) and U19 (n = 46)—and analyses the role of training in their physical abilities. Vertical jump performance was determined by counter movement jump (CMJ) and counter movement jump with free arms (CMJFA) tests. A running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) determined the relative power output (watts/kg body weight) and absolute power output (watts) of the players. Sprint performance over 5 m, 10 m, and 30 m distances was evaluated. An incremental shuttle run test (40 m) was designed to determine aerobic threshold (AeT), anaerobic threshold (AnT), and [LA]peak. All parameters were measured for pivots, wingers, backs, and goalkeepers of each group. The U19 players were significantly heavier than the U17 group, but both the groups were nearly equal in height. The U19 group jumped higher than the U17 members, although the only significant difference (p = 0.032) was observed between the wingers of the groups in CMJ. Sprint performance varied marginally between the groups and only U19 pivots were found to be significantly (for distances of 5, 10, and 30 m: p = 0.047, p = 0.018, and p = 0.021, respectively) faster than U17 pivots. No difference in relative power output between the groups was noted, although the U19 players recorded higher absolute power outputs. Maximal velocity and velocities at the AeT and AnT were almost similar in the groups. Distance covered by the groups at the intensities of AeT and AnT varied only little. Higher [LA]peak was observed in the U19 players. U19 players failed to convert their superior power into speed and jump. The training pattern of the handball players needs to be revised so that U19 players may develop faster and be more enduring than the U17 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gabrys
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Pedagogy, University of West Bohemia, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (T.G.); (D.B.)
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48 207-53-33
| | - Subir Gupta
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of West Indies, 11000 Cave Hill, Barbados;
| | - Urszula Szmatlan-Gabrys
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Department of Anatomy, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Daniela Benešová
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Pedagogy, University of West Bohemia, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (T.G.); (D.B.)
| | - Łukasz Wicha
- Polish Handball Federation, Puławska 300 A, 02-819 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Jakub Baron
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
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Pérez-Castilla A, Comfort P, McMahon JJ, Pestaña-Melero FL, García-Ramos A. Comparison of the Force-, Velocity-, and Power-Time Curves Between the Concentric-Only and Eccentric-Concentric Bench Press Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1618-1624. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The Effects of Circuit Strength Training on the Development of Physical Fitness and Performance-Related Variables in Handball Players. J Hum Kinet 2020; 71:191-203. [PMID: 32148583 PMCID: PMC7052725 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 12 weeks of circuit training on physical fitness in handball players. Subjects were randomly divided into a circuit strength training group (CT, n = 10) and a control group (CG, n = 9). Training sessions and matches were performed together, but during the 12-week intervention, the experimental group replaced part of the regular regimen with circuit strength training. Measures assessed in both groups before and after the intervention included: the agility T-half Test, the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, squat and counter-movement jumps, 15 m and 30 m sprints, and strength tests for the bench press, pull over, and the half squat. The upper limb bench press and pull-over tests along with the lower limb back half squat were performed using a 1-repetition maximum protocol. Based on the intraclass correlation coefficient and excluding the agility T-test (ICC = 0.72), we found excellent relative reliability for all variables (intraclass correlation coefficient range: 0.85-0.96, SEM range: 0.03-3.00). For absolute reliability or coefficients of variation, 71% (5/7) of the variables were excellent (CV < 5%). The circuit strength training group showed significant interaction effects and relevant effect sizes for the 12-week training period (8/9, 89%), and the mean effect size for the CT was markedly higher (d = 1.3, range: 0.41 - 2.76) than in the CG (d = - 1.0, range: -0.73 - 0.29). The largest improvements were in the Yo-Yo test (d = 2.76) and the squat jump (d = 2.05). These results show that a 12-week circuit strength training program is an effective method to increase handball-related performance characteristics.
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Hermassi S, Schwesig R, Aloui G, Shephard RJ, Chelly MS. Effects of Short-Term In-Season Weightlifting Training on the Muscle Strength, Peak Power, Sprint Performance, and Ball-Throwing Velocity of Male Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:3309-3321. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hermassi S, Wollny R, Schwesig R, Shephard RJ, Chelly MS. Effects of In-Season Circuit Training on Physical Abilities in Male Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:944-957. [PMID: 29016476 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hermassi, S, Wollny, R, Schwesig, R, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of in-season circuit training on physical abilities in male handball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(4): 944-957, 2019-This study analyzed the effects of a resistance-type circuit training (RCT) program (30-35 minutes, performed twice a week for 10 weeks) on male handball players. Twenty-two male players were divided into experimental (E; age 20.3 ± 0.5 years) and control groups (C; age 20.1 ± 0.5 years). Measures before and after RCT included squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 1 repetition maximum (1RM) of bench press, pull-over and back half-squats, throwing velocity (a 3-step running throw [RT], and a jump throw [JT]), repeated-sprint ability (six 2 × 15-m shuttle sprints with recording of best time for a single trial), anthropometric estimates of leg- and thigh-muscle volumes and mean thigh cross-sectional area (CSA), and a test of agility. The agility T-half test showed a significant interaction effect (p = 0.001; η = 0.422), with an intergroup difference in effect size (d) of 1.27 (dTG = 1.24 vs. dCG = -0.03). The SJ displayed no interaction effect. The interaction effects for half back squat (d = 2.73, η = 0.740) and CMJ (d = 3.76, η = 0.700) were large, but that for RT was smaller (η = 0.460) than that for JT (η = 0.745). The throwing velocity of C decreased for both measures, with negative effect sizes (d = -0.18 and d = -0.93, respectively). Upper-body, leg, and thigh-muscle volumes and thigh CSA increased significantly after resistance training. However, repeated-sprint parameters showed no significant changes. During the competitive season, 10 weeks of RCT with only 2 training sessions per week improved numerous measures of athletic performance in handball players, and such conditioning can be highly recommended as part of the annual training program for elite handball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Hermassi
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rainer Wollny
- Institute of Sport-Science, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Roy J Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohamed S Chelly
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Tunis, Tunisia
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Rafnsson ET, Myklebust G, Bahr R, Valdimarsson Ö, Frohm A, Árnason Á. Characteristics of functional movement screening testing in elite handball players: Indicative data from the 9. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 37:15-20. [PMID: 30802761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test 9 + screening batterie's intra-rater reliability, to provide indicative data of elite handball players, and to analyze difference between age, playing positions and level of play. DESIGN Descriptive study. SETTING Icelandic elite male handball players. PARTICIPANTS 182 elite male handball players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Nine + screening battery. RESULTS Reliability test: Intra-class correlation for the total score was 0.95. The correlation of each of the test factors varied from 0.63 to 0.91. The mean total score was 22.3 ± 2.9 (95%CI 16.7-28.1), with no difference in total score comparing players age or level of play. Goalkeepers displayed a higher total score than other players (F3,151 = 5.75, p = 0.001). Junior players had a lower score than senior players in tests measuring abdominal strength and core stability; Test 5; │2(3, 182) = 41.5, p < 0.0001, Test 6; │2(3, 182) = 55.7, p < 0.0001, Test 7; │2(3, 182) = 11.8, p < 0.005, but higher scores in tests measuring trunk and shoulder mobility Test 8; │2(3, 182) = 18.2, p < 0.0001, Test 9; │2(3, 182) = 22.2, p = 0.006. CONCLUSIONS The 9+ intra-rater reliability was acceptable for the total score and individual tests. Age-related differences were provided in many individual tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Rafnsson
- Research Centre of Movement Science, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Orkuhusid, Physical Therapy and Medical Centre, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - G Myklebust
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ö Valdimarsson
- Orkuhusid, Physical Therapy and Medical Centre, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - A Frohm
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society (NVS) Division of Physical Therapy, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Á Árnason
- Research Centre of Movement Science, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Gáski Physical Therapy, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Schmitz B, Pfeifer C, Kreitz K, Borowski M, Faldum A, Brand SM. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results. Front Physiol 2018; 9:870. [PMID: 30026706 PMCID: PMC6041409 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although Yo-Yo intermittent tests are frequently used in a variety of sports and research studies to determine physical fitness, no structured reference exists for comparison and rating of test results. This systematic review of the most common Yo-Yo tests aimed to provide reference values for test results by statistical aggregation of published data. Methods: A systematic literature search for articles published until August 2017 was performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. Original reports on healthy females and males ≥16 years were eligible for the analysis. Sub-maximal test versions and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Children's test (YYIR1C) were not included. Results: 248 studies with 9,440 participants were included in the structured analysis. The Yo-Yo test types most frequently used were the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1, 57.7%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (YYIR2, 28.0%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (YYIE2, 11.4%), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (YYIE1, 2.9%) test. For each separate test, reference values (global means and percentiles) for sports at different levels and both genders were calculated. Conclusions: Our analysis provides evidence that Yo-Yo intermittent tests reference values differ with respect to the type and level of sport performed.The presented results may be used by practitioners, trainers and athletes to rate Yo-Yo intermittent test performance levels and monitor training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carina Pfeifer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kiana Kreitz
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Borowski
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faldum
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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