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Barrenetxea-Garcia J, Perazzetti A, Nuell S, Mielgo-Ayuso J, de Villarreal ES, Calleja-González J. Perceptions and use of recovery strategies in water polo players and coaches: a worldwide survey. J Exerc Rehabil 2024; 20:112-123. [PMID: 38973980 PMCID: PMC11222066 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2448214.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the perceived usefulness, actual use and limitations for the application of recovery strategies among water polo (WP) players and their coaches around the world. A total of 231 WP players and 76 coaches representing all continents, both genders and all levels of competition, completed a freely accessible online survey. This was divided into three sections: sociodemographic data (8 questions), importance of perceived usefulness of recovery strategies (3 questions), and actual use of recovery methods (6 questions). The majority of players and coaches considered recovery strategies as very important (52.4% and 59.2%, respectively) and posttraining session (28.1% and 26.5%) were the most frequently used times. The most selected reasons to justify their use were to reduce the injury risk (30.4% and 26.9%) and the most limitation to the use of recovery strategies were that they are too time-consuming (34.9% and 29%). In the case of the players, stretching were the strategies perceived as most useful and used (12.7% and 18.1%); and in the case of the coaches, it was active recovery (11.2% and 15%). The present study suggests a degree of discrepancy between the scientific literature and the research participants' perceptions and usages of recovery methods. This information may be of interest for coaches and technical staff of WP teams to look for appropriate recovery strategies for the improvement of their players' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Perazzetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ‘Foro Italico’, Rome,
Italy
| | - Sergi Nuell
- EUSES, Escola Universitària de la Salut i l’Esport, Universitat de Girona, Girona,
Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos,
Spain
| | | | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria,
Spain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,
Croatia
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2
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Li S, Kempe M, Brink M, Lemmink K. Effectiveness of Recovery Strategies After Training and Competition in Endurance Athletes: An Umbrella Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:55. [PMID: 38753045 PMCID: PMC11098991 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery strategies are used to enhance performance and reduce injury risk in athletes. In previous systematic reviews, individual recovery strategies were investigated to clarify their effectiveness for mixed groups of athletes. However, the current evidence is ambiguous, and a clear overview of (training) recovery for endurance athletes is still lacking. METHODS We conducted an umbrella review based on a literature search in PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science. Reviews published in English and before December 2022 were included. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were eligible if they investigated the effectiveness of one or more recovery strategies compared with a placebo or control group after a training session in endurance athletes. RESULTS Twenty-two reviews (nine systematic reviews, three meta-analyses, and ten systematic reviews with meta-analyses included) met the inclusion criteria. In total, sixty-three studies with 1100 endurance athletes were included in our umbrella review. Out of the sixty-three studies, eight provided information on training recovery time frame for data synthesis. Among them, cryotherapy and compression garments showed positive effects, while applying massage showed no effect. In general, none of the included recovery strategies showed consistent benefits for endurance athletes. CONCLUSION There is no particular recovery strategy that can be advised to enhance recovery between training sessions or competitions in endurance athletes. However, individual studies suggest that compression garments and cryotherapy are effective training recovery strategies. Further research should improve methodology and focus on the different time courses of the recovery process. REGISTRATION The review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with the number CRD42021260509.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthias Kempe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Brink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Lemmink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Rogerson D, Nolan D, Korakakis PA, Immonen V, Wolf M, Bell L. Deloading Practices in Strength and Physique Sports: A Cross-sectional Survey. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:26. [PMID: 38499934 PMCID: PMC10948666 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the deloading practices of competitive strength and physique athletes. A 55-item anonymised web-based survey was distributed to a convenience-based, cross-sectional sample of competitive strength and physique athletes (n = 246; males = 181 [73.6%], females = 65 [26.4%]; age = 29.5 ± 8.6 years) who had 8.2 ± 6.2 years of resistance training and 3.8 ± 3.1 years of competition experience. RESULTS All athletes deloaded within training with energy and fatigue management being the main reasons to do so. The typical duration of a deload was 6.4 ± 1.7 days, integrated into the training programme every 5.6 ± 2.3 weeks. Deloading was undertaken using a proactive, pre-planned strategy (or in combination with an autoregulated approach) and undertaken when performance stalled or during periods of increased muscle soreness or joint aches. Athletes reported that training volume would decrease (through a reduction in both repetitions per set and sets per week), but training frequency would remain unchanged during deloads. Additionally, athletes reported that training intensity (load lifted) would decrease, and effort would be reduced (facilitated through an increase in repetitions in reserve). Athletes would generally maintain the same exercise selection during deloading. For athletes that supplemented deloading with additional recovery modalities (n = 118; 48%), the most reported strategies were massage, static stretching and foam rolling. CONCLUSION Results from this research might assist strength and physique athletes and coaches to plan their deloading. Future research should empirically investigate the findings from this study to further evaluate the potential utility of deloading in strength and physique sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rogerson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK.
| | - David Nolan
- School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Velu Immonen
- Department of Sports and Exercise, Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences, Vierumäki, 19120, Finland
| | - Milo Wolf
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Solent University, E Park Terrace, Southampton, SO14 0YN, UK
| | - Lee Bell
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
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Laborde S, Wanders J, Mosley E, Javelle F. Influence of physical post-exercise recovery techniques on vagally-mediated heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2024; 44:14-35. [PMID: 37754676 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In sports, physical recovery following exercise-induced fatigue is mediated via the reactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). A noninvasive way to quantify the reactivation of the PNS is to assess vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV), which can then be used as an index of physical recovery. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of physical recovery techniques following exercise-induced fatigue on vmHRV, specifically via the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). Randomized controlled trials from the databases PubMed, WebOfScience, and SportDiscus were included. Twenty-four studies were part of the systematic review and 17 were included in the meta-analysis. Using physical post-exercise recovery techniques displayed a small to moderate positive effect on RMSSD (k = 22, Hedges' g = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.20-0.61, p = 0.04) with moderate heterogeneity. In the subgroup analyses, cold water immersion displayed a moderate to large positive effect (g = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.42-1.07) compared with none for other techniques. For exercise type, physical recovery techniques performed after resistance exercise (g = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.48-0.89) demonstrated a larger positive effect than after cardiovascular intermittent (g = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.06-0.97), while physical recovery techniques performed after cardiovascular continuous exercise had no effect. No significant subgroup differences for training status and exercise intensity were observed. Overall, physical post-exercise recovery techniques can accelerate PNS reactivation as indexed by vmHRV, but the effectiveness varies with the technique and exercise type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- UFR STAPS, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Jannik Wanders
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emma Mosley
- Solent University Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Florian Javelle
- NeuroPsychoImmunology Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Arbiza BCC, da Silva AMV, de Lima KS, Rubin Neto LJ, Nunes GS, Jaenisch RB, Puntel GO, Signori LU. Effect of foam rolling recovery on pain and physical capacity after resistance exercises: A randomized crossover trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 37:226-232. [PMID: 38432810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of passive recovery (PR), active recovery (AR), and recovery through self-massage with the aid of foam rolling (FRR) on pain and physical capacity in healthy volunteers after a resistance exercise (RE) session. METHODS The sample of this randomized crossover trial comprised 37 physically healthy men who underwent three sessions of RE (squat, leg press, and leg extension), involving four sets of 10 repetitions with 80% of 10MR, with an interval of seven days between sessions. PR consisted of sitting for 20min, AR included a cycle ergometer for 20min at 50% maximum heart rate, and FRR involved 10 repetitions per target body area, followed by 1min rest. Variables of physical capacity (strength, power, agility, joint range of motion, flexibility, speed, and fatigue resistance) were assessed 1h after RE, whereas pain was assessed 24h, 48h, and 72h after RE. RESULTS In the dominant lower limb, the percentage of strength decreased (p < 0.001) by 16.3% after RE but improved (p < 0.001) by 5.2% after AR and FRR in relation to PR. Similar results were observed in the non-dominant lower limb. Agility was enhanced (p < 0.001) by 3.6% in AR and 4.3% in FRR compared with the baseline assessment. The recoveries for the other physical variables were similar. Only FRR reduced (p < 0.001) pain at 24h (22.8%), 48h (39.2%), and 72h (59.7%) compared to PR. CONCLUSIONS Self-massage using a foam roll reduced pain and improved agility and muscle strength during recovery after exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04201977.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cesar Correa Arbiza
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcos Vargas da Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Katieli Santos de Lima
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Léo José Rubin Neto
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Silva Nunes
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Boemo Jaenisch
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Orione Puntel
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulisses Signori
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Krumm B, Luisier F, Rapillard A, Faiss R. Is Recovery Optimized by Using a Cycle Ergometer Between Ski-Mountaineering Sprints? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:553-556. [PMID: 36965490 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To optimize the recovery phase between heats in ski-mountaineering sprint competitions, this study investigated whether an active recovery protocol on an ergocycle could improve subsequent performance compared with a self-selected recovery strategy. METHODS Thirteen elite ski mountaineers (9 men and 4 women) performed 3 sprints with 2 different recovery conditions (Ergo vs Free) in a randomized order. The Ergo condition involved a 10-minute constant-intensity exercise on an ergocycle performed at 70% of maximum heart rate. For the Free condition, the athlete was asked to self-select modality. At the end of the third sprint, a passive recovery (seated) was prescribed for both protocols. Sprint performance (time) and physiological parameters (lactate concentration [La], heart rate [HR], and rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) were recorded from each sprint and recovery phase. RESULTS In the Ergo vs Free protocols, sprint times (177 [24] s vs 176 [23] s; P = .63), recovery average HR (70% [2.9%] vs 71% [5.2%] of maximal HR), and RPE (16.7 [1.5] vs 16.8 [1.5]; P = .81) were not significantly different. However, [La] decreased more after Ergo (-2.9 [1.8] mmol·L-1) and Free (-2.8 [1.8] mmol·L-1) conditions compared with passive recovery (-1.1 [1.6] mmol·L-1; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The use of an ergocycle between heat sprints in ski mountaineering does not provide additional benefits compared with a recovery strategy freely chosen by the athletes. However, active conditions provide a faster [La] reduction compared with passive recovery and seem to be a more suitable strategy between multiple-heat sprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- REDs, Research & Expertise in anti-Doping sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Luisier
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Raphael Faiss
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- REDs, Research & Expertise in anti-Doping sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pernigoni M, Conte D, Calleja-González J, Boccia G, Romagnoli M, Ferioli D. The Application of Recovery Strategies in Basketball: A Worldwide Survey. Front Physiol 2022; 13:887507. [PMID: 35784884 PMCID: PMC9243427 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.887507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the perceived usefulness, actual use and barriers to the implementation of recovery strategies among basketball practitioners. 107 participants (strength and conditioning coaches, sport scientists, performance specialists) from different countries and competitive levels completed an online survey. Most participants rated recovery strategies as either extremely (46%) or very important (49%). Active recovery, massage, foam rolling, and stretching were perceived as most useful (80, 73, 72 and 59% of participants, respectively) and were most frequently adopted (68, 61, 72 and 67%, respectively). Participants mentioned lack of devices and facilities (51%), excessive cost (51%), lack of time (27%), players’ negative perception (25%) and lack of sufficient evidence (16%) as barriers to the implementation of recovery strategies. The present findings reveal that some dissociation between scientific evidence and perceived effectiveness was present among the study participants. A possible solution would be to ensure that scientific evidence-based guidelines are followed when considering the application of recovery strategies. Regarding actual use, participants favored easily implementable strategies (e.g. active recovery, stretching), rather than evidence-supported, but expensive and/or impractical strategies (e.g. whole-body cryotherapy). Possible solutions may include the use of practical tools that don’t need specific facilities, the development and validation of new low-cost recovery devices, the promotion of players education regarding recovery strategies, and conducting further research to increase the scientific knowledge in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pernigoni
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daniele Conte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Romagnoli
- Faculty of Science of Physical Education and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Davide Ferioli
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Davide Ferioli,
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8
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Martínez-Gómez R, Valenzuela PL, Lucia A, Barranco-Gil D. Comparison of Different Recovery Strategies After High-Intensity Functional Training: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Physiol 2022; 13:819588. [PMID: 35185620 PMCID: PMC8850927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.819588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine whether voluntary exercise or surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) could enhance recovery after a high-intensity functional training (HIFT) session compared with total rest. The study followed a crossover design. Fifteen male recreational CrossFit athletes (29 ± 8 years) performed a HIFT session and were randomized to recover for 15 min with either low-intensity leg pedaling (“Exercise”), NMES to the lower limbs (“NMES”), or total rest (“Control”). Perceptual [rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the lower-limb muscles], physiological (heart rate, blood lactate and muscle oxygen saturation) and performance (jump ability) indicators of recovery were assessed at baseline and at different time points during recovery up to 24 h post-exercise. A significant interaction effect was found for RPE (p = 0.035), and although post hoc analyses revealed no significant differences across conditions, there was a quasi-significant (p = 0.061) trend toward a lower RPE with NMES compared with Control immediately after the 15-min recovery. No significant interaction effect was found for the remainder of outcomes (all p > 0.05). Except for a trend toward an improved perceived recovery with NMES compared with Control, low-intensity exercise, NMES, and total rest seem to promote a comparable recovery after a HIFT session.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro L. Valenzuela
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital ‘12 de Octubre’ (‘imas12’), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pedro L. Valenzuela,
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital ‘12 de Octubre’ (‘imas12’), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Barranco-Gil
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Franssen WMA, Vanbrabant E, Cuveele E, Ivanova A, Franssen GHLM, Eijnde BO. Sedentary behaviour, physical activity and cardiometabolic health in highly trained athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1605-1617. [PMID: 34256679 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1955013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged periods of sedentary time appear to increase the risk for the development of several chronic conditions and all-cause mortality, even when moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is taken into consideration. However, whether the beneficial health effects of MVPA in highly active individuals remain present when leisure time is spent sedentary remains speculative. Therefore, we systematically evaluated off-training sedentary behaviour and physical activity levels in athletes. Studies were collected from four bibliographic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials). Studies were eligible for inclusion if they evaluated sedentary behaviour and physical activity levels among athletes. Data from athletes were compared with the general population and pooled using a random-effects model. After deduplication 3104 were identified of which 13 studies met inclusion criteria. Compared to the general population, athletes spent significantly more time in sedentary behaviour (+79 min/day; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [41, 65] min/day; p<0.001). In addition, athlete individuals spent less time in light intensity physical activity (-92 min/day; 95% CI: [-117, -66] min/day; p<0.001) and had increased levels of MVPA (+62 min/day; 95% CI: [38, 85] min/day; p<0.001) compared to the general population. Athletes exceed the average time spend sedentary per day and make them even more sedentary compared to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter M A Franssen
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, SMRC - Sports Medicine Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translation Research Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Eva Vanbrabant
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, SMRC - Sports Medicine Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Eline Cuveele
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, SMRC - Sports Medicine Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Anna Ivanova
- I-BioStat - Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Gregor H L M Franssen
- Department of Education and Research Support, University Library, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bert O Eijnde
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, SMRC - Sports Medicine Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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10
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Cullen MFL, Casazza GA, Davis BA. Passive Recovery Strategies after Exercise: A Narrative Literature Review of the Current Evidence. Curr Sports Med Rep 2021; 20:351-358. [PMID: 34234090 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Passive recovery techniques are popular and offer a diverse spectrum of options for athletes and the clinicians providing care for them. These techniques are intended to minimize the negative effects of training or competition, thus enabling the athlete a quicker return to peak performance. Current evidence demonstrates improved athlete recovery with compression garments, cold water immersion, partial body cryotherapy, hyperbaric oxygen, and vibratory therapies. Other popular modalities, such as compression devices, whole body cryotherapy, percussive gun-assisted therapy, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and pulsed electromagnetic therapy lack convincing evidence concerning athlete recovery. This article seeks to review the current literature and offer the reader an updated understanding of the mechanisms for each modality and the evidence regarding each modality's potential benefit in an athlete's recovery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian A Davis
- Department of PhysicalMedicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA
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11
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Fares R, Rodríguez MÁ, Kairouz K, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Olmedillas H. Effects of uphill high-intensity interval exercise on muscle damage and exercise performance during recovery. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:1258-1266. [PMID: 33269883 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active recovery is believed to offer positive benefits related to exercise by improving recovery and potentially managing several symptoms following strenuous exercise. The current study aimed to verify the effects of a session of low-volume and uphill high-intensity interval exercise on muscle soreness and exercise performance within the recovery period after an exercise-induced muscle damage protocol. METHODS Thirty-one young physically active subjects completed two identical test sessions following an exercise-induced muscle damage protocol, separated by a three-week period, in which they performed uphill high-intensity interval exercise or a passive recovery. The uphill high-intensity interval exercise consisted of four bouts of 30 seconds at maximum velocity, interspersed by 4 minutes of passive rest on an uphill treadmill. Rating of perceived exertion, muscle soreness, serum concentration of Creatine Kinase, muscle circumference, countermovement jump, sprint time, and 1 repetition maximum strength of quadriceps femoris were measured. The assessments were made for four consecutive days, before the exercise-induced muscle damage protocol and 24, 48, and 72 hours afterwards. RESULTS A significant effect of time was found for all the outcome measures, but there were no significant differences between groups either in pain perception, muscle damage variables, nor in performance outcome measures at any point of time (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Uphill high-intensity interval exercise performed after an exercise-induced muscle damage protocol does not exacerbate muscle soreness or worsens exercise performance in comparison with passive recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Fares
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Physical Education, Notre Dame University, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon.,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Kaissar Kairouz
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Physical Education, Notre Dame University, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.,Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain.,AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hugo Olmedillas
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain - .,Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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12
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Altarriba-Bartes A, Peña J, Vicens-Bordas J, Milà-Villaroel R, Calleja-González J. Post-competition recovery strategies in elite male soccer players. Effects on performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240135. [PMID: 33007044 PMCID: PMC7531804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The main aim of the present review was to update the available evidence on the value interest of post-competition recovery strategies in male professional or semi-professional soccer players to determine its effect on post-game performance outcomes, physiological markers, and wellness indicators. Methods A structured search was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines using six online databases: Pubmed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, CINAHL and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The risk of bias was completed following the Cochrane Collaboration Guidelines. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials were conducted to determine the between and within-group effects of different recovery strategies on performance, physiological markers and wellness data. Final meta-analyses were performed using the random-effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD). Results Five randomized controlled trials that used Compression Garments (n = 3), Cold Water Immersion (n = 1), and acute Sleep Hygiene Strategy (n = 1) were included. Greater CMJ values at 48h for the intervention group (SMD = 0.70; 95% CI 0.14 to 1.25; p = 0.001; I2 = 10.4%) were found. For the 20-m sprint and MVC, the results showed no difference either at 24h or 48h. For physiological markers (CK and CRP) and wellness data (DOMS), small to large SMD were present in favor of the intervention group both at 24h (-0.12 to -1.86) and 48h (-0.21 to -0.85). No heterogeneity was present, except for MVC at 24h (I2 = 90.4%; p = 0.0012) and CALF DOMS at 48h (I2 = 93.7%; p = 0.013). Conclusion The use of recovery strategies offers significant positive effects only in jumping performance (CMJ), with no effects on the 20-m sprint or MVC. Also, the use of recovery strategies offers greater positive effects on muscle damage (physiological markers and wellness data), highlighting the importance of post-match recovery strategies in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Altarriba-Bartes
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
- UVic-UCC Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Peña
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
- UVic-UCC Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Jordi Vicens-Bordas
- UVic-UCC Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), Universitat de Girona, Salt, Spain
| | - Raimon Milà-Villaroel
- Global Research on Wellbeing (GRoW), Blanquerna School of Health Sciences-Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Haugen T, Seiler S, Sandbakk Ø, Tønnessen E. The Training and Development of Elite Sprint Performance: an Integration of Scientific and Best Practice Literature. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:44. [PMID: 31754845 PMCID: PMC6872694 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite a voluminous body of research devoted to sprint training, our understanding of the training process leading to a world-class sprint performance is limited. The objective of this review is to integrate scientific and best practice literature regarding the training and development of elite sprint performance. Sprint performance is heavily dependent upon genetic traits, and the annual within-athlete performance differences are lower than the typical variation, the smallest worthwhile change, and the influence of external conditions such as wind, monitoring methodologies, etc. Still, key underlying determinants (e.g., power, technique, and sprint-specific endurance) are trainable. In this review, we describe how well-known training principles (progression, specificity, variation/periodization, and individualization) and varying training methods (e.g., sprinting/running, technical training, strength/power, plyometric training) are used in a sprint training context. Indeed, there is a considerable gap between science and best practice in how training principles and methods are applied. While the vast majority of sprint-related studies are performed on young team sport athletes and focus on brief sprints with maximal intensity and short recoveries, elite sprinters perform sprinting/running over a broad range of distances and with varying intensity and recovery periods. Within best practice, there is a stronger link between choice of training component (i.e., modality, duration, intensity, recovery, session rate) and the intended purpose of the training session compared with the “one-size-fits-all” approach in scientific literature. This review provides a point of departure for scientists and practitioners regarding the training and development of elite sprint performance and can serve as a position statement for outlining state-of-the-art sprint training recommendations and for generation of new hypotheses to be tested in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haugen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, PB 1190 Sentrum, 0107, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Stephen Seiler
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, PB 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Espen Tønnessen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, PB 1190 Sentrum, 0107, Oslo, Norway
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