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Twible BD, Ruggiero L, McNeil CJ, Dalton BH. A Single Bout of On-Ice Training Leads to Increased Interlimb Asymmetry in Competitive Youth Hockey Athletes. J Appl Biomech 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39159926 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2023-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Interlimb asymmetry (ILA) refers to an anatomical or physiological imbalance between contralateral limbs, which can influence neuromuscular function. Investigating the influence of neuromuscular fatigue on ILA may be critical for optimizing training programs, injury rehabilitation, and sport-specific performance. The purpose of this study was to determine if a single bout of ice hockey-specific exercise creates or exacerbates lower-limb ILA. Before and after an on-ice training session, 33 youth ice-hockey athletes (14.9 [1.7] y; 11 females) performed 3 repetitions of a maximal vertical countermovement jump (CMJ), an eccentric hamstring contraction, and maximal isometric hip adduction and abduction contractions. Force- and power-related variables were analyzed to determine limb-specific neuromuscular function. The on-ice session reduced maximal isometric hip adduction (left: 7.3% [10.3%]; right: 9.5% [9.6%]) and abduction (left: 4.9% [6.9%]; right: 5.0% [8.1%]) force, but did not impair (P ≥ .10) CMJ performance (jump height, relative peak power, braking duration, and total duration). After the on-ice session, ILA was greater for CMJ propulsive impulse (6.3% [2.9%] vs 5.1% [2.6%]), CMJ braking rate of force development (19.3% [7.6%] vs 15.2% [6.4%]), and peak isometric hip adduction force (6.7% [5.5%] vs 6.1% [4.1%]). In conclusion, hockey-specific exercise leads to increased ILA for multiple force-related metrics, which may be a compensatory mechanism to maintain bilateral task performance when fatigued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce D Twible
- Centre for Health Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Luca Ruggiero
- Department of Sports Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Chris J McNeil
- Centre for Health Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Brian H Dalton
- Centre for Health Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Mangini A, Macchi R, Giraud D, Pomportes L, Galantine P, Bertin D, Nicol C, Hays A. Towards a more individualised assessment of post-training fatigue in young footballers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33626. [PMID: 39027500 PMCID: PMC11255448 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in training load and fatigue monitoring, fatigue status may adversely affect intrinsic risk factors, particularly in young footballers. This study aimed to better individualise the fatigue effects of a 75-min football training session in young elite male players. Eighteen players (15.6 ± 1.7 years) completed a test battery before and after a football training session. Assessments included capillary blood samples (HCO3 -, lactate, pH), subjective ratings of muscle soreness and fatigue. Functional tests included 30 m field sprint, laboratory drop jump (DJ) and horizontal force-velocity (H-FvP). The k-means method was applied to the first two dimensions of principal component analysis of changes in the H-FvP and DJ tests. Football training resulted in significant physiological changes and functional impairments, in particular an increase in interlimb asymmetry in the DJ test. No significant fatigue effect was found on the H-FvP test data. However, confirming the interest of combining the two tests, cluster analysis revealed two subgroups: In the H-FvP test, Cluster 1 decreased inV ‾ 0 (p < 0.001) andP ‾ max (p < 0.01), while Cluster 2 decreased inF ‾ 0 (p < 0.001). In the DJ test, Cluster 1 decreased in mean velocity (p < 0.01), relative mean and maximum power (p < 0.01) during push-off, while Cluster 2 decreased in relative mean push-off force (p < 0.01) and increased in interlimb asymmetry during braking (p < 0.01). This study highlights the contribution and complementarity of the H-FvP and DJ tests to improve individual screening for fatigue-related functional changes in footballers. Extrapolated values from the H-FvP test led to the identification of two subgroups with opposite fatigue profiles. One subgroup showed increased interlimb asymmetry in DJ, indicating an increased risk of injury with fatigue. These findings highlight the need for individualised fatigue assessment in young footballers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Mangini
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, HIPE Human-Lab (UAR 202324378), Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM (UMR 7287), Marseille, France
| | - Robin Macchi
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Dorian Giraud
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, HIPE Human-Lab (UAR 202324378), Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IUSTI (UMR 7343), Marseille, France
| | - Laura Pomportes
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, HIPE Human-Lab (UAR 202324378), Marseille, France
| | | | - Denis Bertin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, HIPE Human-Lab (UAR 202324378), Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM (UMR 7287), Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Nicol
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM (UMR 7287), Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Hays
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, HIPE Human-Lab (UAR 202324378), Marseille, France
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Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Bishop C, Montalvo AM, Buscà B, Arboix-Alió J. Effects of Exercise-Induced Neuromuscular Fatigue on Jump Performance and Lower-Limb Asymmetries in Youth Female Team Sport Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:19-31. [PMID: 38053949 PMCID: PMC10694723 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/174073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of acute neuromuscular fatigue on unilateral jump performance and inter-limb asymmetries. Thirty elite youth female team sport athletes (age: U-14 to U-18) performed the Unilateral Countermovement Jump (UCJ) and the Unilateral Drop Jump (UDJ) (18-cm box) tests before and approximately 10 minutes after the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15 IFT). A paired samples t-test showed significant reductions in UCJ jump height in the right leg after the 30-15 IFT (p = 0.018; d = 0.33), but not in the left leg (p = 0.459; d = 0.48). For the UDJ, significant reductions in jump height were shown in both the right (p < 0.001; d = 0.33) and left (p < 0.001; d = 0.33) legs. In addition, for the reactive strength index (UDJ), significant reductions were seen in the left leg after the 30-15 IFT (p < 0.001; d = 0.31), but not in the right leg (p = 0.948; d < 0.001). Only UCJ inter-limb jump height asymmetries increased significantly post 30-15 IFT (p = 0.033; d = 0.46). In conclusion, the current study indicates that the 30-15 IFT provides a sufficient dose of activity for inducing acute fatigue in elite youth female team sport athletes. Therefore, monitoring jump height in unilateral jump testing is recommended given the tests' sensitivity to detect significant differences in physical performance and inter-limb asymmetries under acutely fatigued conditions in healthy youth female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Sciences (FCS) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
- Segle XXI Female Basketball Team, Catalan Federation of Basketball, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | | | - Bernat Buscà
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Arboix-Alió
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Sciences (FCS) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
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Kons RL, Orssatto LBDR, Sakugawa RL, da Silva Junior JN, Diefenthaeler F, Detanico D. Effects of stretch-shortening cycle fatigue protocol on lower limb asymmetry and muscle soreness in judo athletes. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1079-1094. [PMID: 32644009 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1779335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse unilateral countermovement jumps (CMJ) performance and muscle soreness in lower limbs, as well as to compare lower limb asymmetry over 48h after a stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) fatigue protocol. Fourteen judo athletes performed unilateral CMJ on each leg before, and after the 5th and 10th sets over 24h and 48h of an SSC-fatigue protocol. The SSC protocol reduced CMJ performance after the 5th set and 10th sets, especially in the weaker limb (p < 0.05), but returned to the baseline values after 24h. Asymmetry increased for peak force, peak power, and mean power after the 5th set compared to the baseline (p < 0.05) and remained higher for peak force after the 10th set (p = 0.019), returning to the baseline values after 24h (p < 0.05). Soreness increased for the lower body at post, 24h, and 48h compared to the baseline (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a fatiguing SSC protocol can result in increased bilateral asymmetries in judo athletes, but after 24h and 48h of the protocol the bilateral asymmetry returned to the baseline values, with only muscle soreness still elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lima Kons
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bet da Rosa Orssatto
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Raphael Luiz Sakugawa
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniele Detanico
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Heil J. Load-Induced Changes of Inter-Limb Asymmetries in Dynamic Postural Control in Healthy Subjects. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:824730. [PMID: 35360281 PMCID: PMC8963187 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.824730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-limb asymmetries are associated with a higher potential risk for non-contact injuries. Differences in function or performance between the limbs might lead to imbalances and promote instability, increasing the potential risk for injuries. Consequently, an investigation of inter-limb asymmetries should be included in injury risk assessment. Furthermore, since non-contact injuries mainly occur under loaded conditions, an investigation of load-induced changes of inter-limb asymmetries can provide additional information on the athlete's potential injury risk. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the influence of physical load on inter-limb asymmetries in dynamic postural control, which is essential in situations with a high risk for non-contact injuries such as landing, cutting, or stopping. In total, dynamic postural control of 128 active and healthy subjects (64 males and 64 females, age: 23.64 ± 2.44, height: 176.54 ± 8.96 cm, weight: 68.85 ± 10.98 kg) was examined. Dynamic postural control was tested with the Y-Balance Test (YBT) before and after a loading protocol on a bicycle ergometer or a treadmill. The results showed no significant increase of the inter-limb asymmetries in anterior direction [F (1, 126) = 4.44, p = 0.04, η2 p = 0.03]. Moreover, there is high variation between the subjects regarding the magnitude and the direction of the asymmetries and the changes due to load. Therefore, a more individual analysis considering the magnitude and the direction of the asymmetries is required. Thereby, considering different modifying factors, e.g., sex, injury history, and baseline level of asymmetries, can be helpful. Moreover, an analysis of the changes during load might provide further insights, reveal possible differences, and help detect the reasons and mechanisms underlying inter-limb asymmetries and asymmetrical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Heil
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Garrett J, Akyildiz Z, Leduc C, van den Hoek D, Manuel Clemente F, Ardigò LP. Peak running speed can be used to monitor neuromuscular fatigue from a standardized running test in team sport athletes. Res Sports Med 2021:1-12. [PMID: 34383574 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1966012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the sensitivity of peak running speed (PRS) measured during a submaximal run test (SRT) with a countermovement jump (CMJ) test to provide an alternate method of measuring neuromuscular fatigue (NMF). The study involved 20 semi-professional academy soccer players who performed a SRT and CMJ test, 24-hours pre-match, 24-, 48-, 72- and 96-hours post-match. Moderate decreases (effect-size (ES) ± 90% confidence intervals) were observed 24-hours post-match for CMJH; ES -0.70 ± 0.19, CMJPV; ES -0.92 ± 0.27 and PRS; ES -0.58 ± 0.11 with small decreases in CMJH; ES -0.36 ± 0.13 and PRS; ES -0.27 ± 0.23 still evident 48-hours post-match before returning to baseline 72-hours post-match. The results confirm PRS as an inexpensive alternate method of measuring NMF which, allows instantaneous real-time feedback on NMF. This can allow changes to be made immediately on-field within the post-match recovery phase without the need for further analysis or equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Garrett
- Australian Catholic University, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Gazi University, Training and Movement Science, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cedric Leduc
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel van den Hoek
- Australian Catholic University, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Konstantopoulos I, Kafetzakis I, Chatziilias V, Mandalidis D. Fatigue-Induced Inter-Limb Asymmetries in Strength of the Hip Stabilizers, Postural Control and Gait Following a Unilateral Countermovement Vertical Jump Protocol. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:33. [PMID: 33673474 PMCID: PMC7997463 DOI: 10.3390/sports9030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that neuromuscular overload and fatigue of one lower limb can affect the functional ability of the ipsilateral limb, and possibly the contralateral limb, increasing the likelihood of injury. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of a unilateral countermovement vertical jump (UCVJ) fatigue protocol on the neuromuscular function of the ipsilateral as well as the contralateral lower limb. The isometric strength of the hip stabilizers, postural control via posturographic analysis during the Y-Balance-Test (YBT), and the stance-phase-of-gait were assessed in 24 healthy physical active males and females before and after execution of a UCVJ fatigue protocol. The fatigue protocol included 5 sets of 20 maximum UCVJs performed on the supportive leg, with a 30-s break between sets. Following a 16.8% decline in vertical jump performance and an associated 2.3-fold increase in perceived exertion, our findings revealed significant post-fatigue inter-limb differences regarding postural control. The post-fatigue inter-limb differences regarding the isometric strength of the hip stabilizers and the stance-phase-of-gait parameters were not significant. Our findings showed that a 100 UCVJs session is likely to induce significant inter-limb differences in postural control, possibly increasing the risk of lower limb injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dimitris Mandalidis
- Sports Physical Therapy Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37 Athens, Greece; (I.K.); (I.K.); (V.C.)
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The Influence of Injury History on Countermovement Jump Performance and Movement Strategy in Professional Soccer Players: Implications for Profiling and Rehabilitation Foci. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 30:768-773. [PMID: 33494043 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2020-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Professional soccer players who have sustained a lower limb injury are up to 3× more likely to suffer a reinjury, often of increased severity. Previous injury has been shown to induce compensatory strategies during neuromuscular screening tests, which might mask deficits and lead to misinterpretation of readiness to play based on task outcome measures. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of previous injury in professional soccer players on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and movement strategy. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Professional soccer club competing in the English Championship (tier 2). Patients (or Other Participants): Outfield players with a minimum of 6 years as a professional. INTERVENTION(S) Players were categorized as previously injured (n = 10) or not injured (n = 10). All players completed double- and single-leg CMJ trials. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES CMJ performance was quantified as jump height and flight time:contraction time ratio. CMJ movement strategy was quantified as force-time history, differentiating eccentric and concentric phases and CMJ depth. RESULTS Double-leg CMJ was not sensitive to previous injury in performance or movement strategy. In contrast, single-leg CMJ performance was impaired in players with previous injury, who generated significantly lower eccentric and concentric peak force and rate of force development, and a deeper countermovement. Impaired single-leg CMJ performance was also evident in the nonaffected limb of previously injured players, suggesting cross-contamination. Hierarchical ordering revealed that the eccentric phase of the CMJ contributed little to performance in previously injured players. In noninjured players, the eccentric rate of force development and concentric peak force were able to account for up to 89% of the variation in CMJ performance. CONCLUSIONS Single-leg CMJ is advocated for player profiling, being more sensitive to previous injury, and negating the opportunity for interlimb compensation strategies. Movement strategy deficits in previously injured players suggest rehabilitation foci specific to eccentric force development.
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Guan Y, Bredin S, Jiang Q, Taunton J, Li Y, Wu N, Wu L, Warburton D. The effect of fatigue on asymmetry between lower limbs in functional performances in elite child taekwondo athletes. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:33. [PMID: 33422109 PMCID: PMC7797112 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-02175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inter-limb asymmetry above a certain threshold in functional performance indicates increased injury risk in sports. Fatigue has been found to increase bilateral asymmetry in lower-limb jumping performance among high-school and adult athletes, whereas this impact has not been examined in child athletes. This study aimed to examine the effect of fatigue on inter-limb asymmetry in functional performances in elite Taekwondo athletes aged between 9 and 11 years. METHODS Performance of single-leg jumps, Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), and muscle (hamstring and gastrocnemius) flexibility were measured for 13 elite male child Taekwondo athletes (aged 9.85 ± 0.80 years) at both the rested and fatigued states to examine the inter-limb asymmetry. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to examine for difference and the interaction between limb (dominant, non-dominant leg) and state (rested, fatigued state) for each test. Paired t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the asymmetry magnitude at the rested vs. fatigued state for each test, and the variation of performance post fatigue in the dominant vs. non-dominant leg when appropriate. RESULTS The inter-limb asymmetry in triple-hop distance significantly (p = 0.046) increased with fatigue, whereas the asymmetry significantly (p = 0.004) decreased with fatigue in anterior (ANT) reach distance in SEBT. A significant (p = 0.027) limb by state interaction was shown for posterolateral (PL) reach distance in SEBT, wherein a significant (p = 0.005) bilateral difference was only shown at the rested state. The PL reach distance showed a significantly greater decrease (p = 0.028) post fatigue when using the dominant leg for support compared to using the non-dominant leg. CONCLUSIONS Fatigue significantly impacts inter-limb asymmetry in jump performances and dynamic balance for child athletes, while the variation of inter-limb asymmetry post fatigue may be different across tests. For the purpose of injury prevention, practitioners should consider assessing the inter-limb asymmetry for children at both the rested and fatigued state and be mindful of the fatigue response of each leg in functional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Guan
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Shannon Bredin
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qinxian Jiang
- Department of Physical Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jack Taunton
- Allan McGavin Sport Medicine Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yongfeng Li
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Nana Wu
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lina Wu
- School of Nursing and Health, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao, China
| | - Darren Warburton
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Mitchell A, Holding C, Greig M. Factors influencing optimum countermovement jump performance and movement strategy in Championship professional football players: implications for player profiling. Res Sports Med 2020; 30:30-40. [PMID: 33302721 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1860049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Single leg countermovement jump (CMJ) is a common profiling test influenced by sport, age, sex and playing level. Controlling for these confounding variables, outfield players from an English Championship squad (n = 36) were retrospectively categorized as best (n = 10) or worst (n = 10), based on mean single leg CMJ height and flight time:contraction time ratio. Movement strategy was quantified as force-time history metrics differentiating eccentric and concentric phases. Jump height revealed that best performers elicited greater rate of force development in both phases (P ≤ 0.033), with concentric impulse the strongest predictor of performance. Time ratio also differentiated best performers as utilizing a shallower (P = 0.002) countermovement, with concentric rate of force development the strongest predictor of good performance. Successful jump height performance can mask ineffectual eccentric and stretch shortening cycle neuromuscular characteristics. Time ratio is therefore advocated as the key performance indicator, with movement strategy prioritized over gross outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Mitchell
- Medical Department, Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn, UK
| | - Craig Holding
- Medical Department, Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn, UK
| | - Matt Greig
- Sports Injuries Research Group, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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Heil J, Loffing F, Büsch D. The Influence of Exercise-Induced Fatigue on Inter-Limb Asymmetries: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2020; 6:39. [PMID: 32844254 PMCID: PMC7447715 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-contact injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament ruptures often occur during physical load toward the end of a match. This is ascribed to emerging processes due to exercise-induced fatigue. Moreover, non-contact injuries often occur during dynamic actions such as landing or cutting movements. Inter-limb asymmetries are suggested as one possible cause for those injuries based on findings indicating that asymmetries between limbs are associated with a higher injury risk. Hence, assessing inter-limb asymmetry during physical load in the condition of exercise-induced fatigue is warranted to identify potentially relevant precursors for non-contact injuries. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to overview the current state of evidence concerning the influence of exercise-induced fatigue on inter-limb asymmetries through a systematic review. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using the databases Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SURF, and SPONET to identify studies that assessed inter-limb asymmetries of healthy people, calculated with an asymmetry equation, before and after, or during a loading protocol. RESULTS Thirteen studies were included in the systematic review. The loading protocols involved running, race walking, jumping, squatting, soccer, rowing, and combinations of different exercises. Moreover, different tasks/procedures were used to assess inter-limb asymmetries, e.g., squats, single-leg countermovement jumps, gait analysis, or isokinetic strength testing. The results seem to depend on the implemented loading protocol, the tasks/procedures, and the measured parameters. CONCLUSIONS Future research needs more systematization and consistency, assessing the effect of exercise-induced fatigue on inter-limb asymmetries. Moreover, the emergence of inter-limb asymmetries should be regarded in the context of sport-specific movements/tasks. Testing before, after, and during a physical loading protocol is advisable to consider the influence of exercise-induced fatigue on sport-specific tasks and to identify the possible mechanisms underlying load-dependent inter-limb asymmetries with regard to risk of non-contact injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Heil
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Loffing
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Büsch
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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Health-related body composition and muscle strength in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kons RL, Diefenthaeler F, Orssatto LBR, Sakugawa RL, da Silva Junior JN, Detanico D. Relationship between lower limb asymmetry and judo-specific test performance. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bishop C, Turner A, Maloney S, Lake J, Loturco I, Bromley T, Read P. Drop Jump Asymmetry is Associated with Reduced Sprint and Change-of-Direction Speed Performance in Adult Female Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E29. [PMID: 30669686 PMCID: PMC6359266 DOI: 10.3390/sports7010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies that examine the effects of inter-limb asymmetry on measures of physical performance are scarce, especially in adult female populations. The aim of the present study was to establish the relationship between inter-limb asymmetry and speed and change-of-direction speed (CODS) in adult female soccer players. Sixteen adult players performed a preseason test battery consisting of unilateral countermovement jump (CMJ), unilateral drop jump (DJ), 10 m, 30 m, and 505 CODS tests. Inter-limb asymmetry was calculated using a standard percentage difference equation for jump and CODS tests, and Pearson's r correlations were used to establish a relationship between asymmetry and physical performance as well as asymmetry scores themselves across tests. Jump-height asymmetry from the CMJ (8.65%) and DJ (9.16%) tests were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than asymmetry during the 505 test (2.39%). CMJ-height asymmetry showed no association with speed or CODS. However, DJ asymmetries were significantly associated with slower 10 m (r = 0.52; p < 0.05), 30 m (r = 0.58; p < 0.05), and 505 (r = 0.52⁻0.66; p < 0.05) performance. No significant relationships were present between asymmetry scores across tests. These findings suggest that the DJ is a useful test for detecting existent between-limb asymmetry that might in turn be detrimental to speed and CODS performance. Furthermore, the lack of relationships present between different asymmetry scores indicates the individual nature of asymmetry and precludes the use of a single test for the assessment of inter-limb differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London NW4 1RL, UK.
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London NW4 1RL, UK.
| | - Sean Maloney
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK.
| | - Jason Lake
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, UK.
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo 04753060, Brazil.
| | - Tom Bromley
- Milton Keynes Dons Football Club, Stadium MK, Grafton Street, Milton Keynes MK1 1ST, UK.
| | - Paul Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha PO Box 29222, Qatar.
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