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Moreno-Azze A, Prad-Lucas E, Fandos Soñén D, Pradas de la Fuente F, Falcón-Miguel D. Plyometric Training's Effects on Young Male Karatekas' Jump, Change of Direction, and Inter-Limb Asymmetry. Sports (Basel) 2023; 12:1. [PMID: 38275980 PMCID: PMC10821271 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study analysed the effects of performing a plyometric training programme on different types of jumping and specific changes of direction, and their respective asymmetries in karatekas. Twenty male karatekas (age 19 ± 4 years) were distributed in two groups, the control group (CG) and the experimental group (EG). The EG group (n = 10) performed a 6-week intervention of unilateral plyometric training, performing countermovement jumps (CMJ), drop jumps (DJ), and long jumps (SH). The tests performed at the beginning and at the end of the intervention were a unilateral and bilateral countermovement jump test (CMJ), single-leg hop test (SH), single-leg side-hop test (SSH), triple hop test (TH), and change of direction in a karate position test (MKUKS). The EG group obtained improvements in the CMJ with the stronger (p = 0.01; ES = 0.39) and weaker leg (p = 0.01; ES = 0.59), in the SH with the weaker leg (p = 0.01; ES = 0.45), in the SSH with the weaker leg (p = 0.03; ES = 0.33), in the MKUKS (p = 0.00; ES = 0.98), and improved the asymmetries obtained in the TH (p = 0.02; ES = -0.85). The GC group obtained significant differences in the CMJ with the stronger (p = 0.03; ES = 0.46) and weaker leg (p = 0.00; ES = 0.69), in the bilateral CMJ (p = 0.02; ES = 0.24), in the SH with the weaker leg (p = 0.00; ES = 0.34), in the TH with the stronger (p = 0.00; ES = -0.15) and weaker leg (p = 0.01; ES = 0.09), and in the MKUKS test (p = 0.04; ES = -0.94). A between-group analysis showed improvements of the EG over the GC in the TH with the stronger leg (p = 0.02; ES = 1.05). Performing plyometric training provides improvements in jumping, mainly in horizontal jumps, reducing inter-limb asymmetries in repetitive jumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Moreno-Azze
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (F.P.d.l.F.); (D.F.-M.)
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (E.P.-L.); (D.F.S.)
| | - Estela Prad-Lucas
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (E.P.-L.); (D.F.S.)
| | - David Fandos Soñén
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (E.P.-L.); (D.F.S.)
| | - Francisco Pradas de la Fuente
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (F.P.d.l.F.); (D.F.-M.)
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (E.P.-L.); (D.F.S.)
| | - David Falcón-Miguel
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (F.P.d.l.F.); (D.F.-M.)
- Faculty of Education, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Guan Y, Bredin SS, Taunton J, Jiang Q, Wu N, Warburton DE. Predicting the Risk of Injuries Through Assessments of Asymmetric Lower Limb Functional Performance: A Prospective Study of 415 Youth Taekwondo Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231185586. [PMID: 37655257 PMCID: PMC10467375 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231185586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of interlimb asymmetries on sport injuries is unclear because of inconsistent findings, and there is a lack of research on youth athletes and the sport of taekwondo. Purpose To examine the effects of functional interlimb asymmetries on noncontact lower limb injuries in youth athletes. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods A total of 415 taekwondo athletes (318 boys and 97 girls) aged 6 to 17 years underwent baseline testing to determine interlimb asymmetries through the single-leg countermovement jump (CMJ), hop, and triple hop tests as well as the Star Excursion Balance Test. The athletes were then evaluated for 12 months to observe the occurrence of noncontact lower limb injuries. Results During the study, 98 athletes (70 boys and 28 girls) sustained at least 1 noncontact lower limb injury. Athletes with higher interlimb asymmetries in single-leg CMJ height showed a significantly increased risk of noncontact lower limb injuries (boys: odds ratio [OR], 1.053 [95% CI, 1.027-1.080], P < .001; girls: OR, 1.070 [95% CI, 1.016-1.128], P = .011). Asymmetry in single-leg CMJ height of ≥15.28% was found to be the cutoff point for predicting noncontact lower limb injuries in boys (OR, 4.652 [95% CI, 2.577-8.398]; P < .001). Conclusion This study highlights the utility of interlimb asymmetries in unilateral jump performance as a tool for assessing the risk of noncontact lower limb injuries in youth taekwondo athletes of both sexes. A proper evaluation of interlimb asymmetries may improve prevention strategies for youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Guan
- School of Physical Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shannon S.D. Bredin
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jack Taunton
- Allan McGavin Sports Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qinxian Jiang
- Department of Physical Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Nana Wu
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Darren E.R. Warburton
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Kelley EA, Hogg JA, Gao L, Waxman JP, Shultz SJ. Demographic Factors and Instantaneous Lower Extremity Injury Occurrence in a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Population. J Athl Train 2023; 58:393-400. [PMID: 35789230 PMCID: PMC11220903 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0673.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Temporal prediction of the lower extremity (LE) injury risk will benefit clinicians by allowing them to better leverage limited resources and target those athletes most at risk. OBJECTIVE To characterize the instantaneous risk of LE injury by demographic factors of sex, sport, body mass index (BMI), and injury history. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiologic study. SETTING National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic program. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 278 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I varsity student-athletes (119 males, 159 females; age = 19.07 ± 1.21 years, height = 175.48 ± 11.06 cm, mass = 72.24 ± 12.87 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Injuries to the LE were tracked for 237 ± 235 consecutive days. Sex-stratified univariate Cox regression models were used to investigate the association between time to first LE injury and sport, BMI, and LE injury history. The instantaneous LE injury risk was defined as the injury risk at any given point in time after the baseline measurement. Relative risk ratios and Kaplan-Meier curves were generated. Variables identified in the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate Cox regression model. RESULTS Female athletes displayed similar instantaneous LE injury risk to male athletes (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.29; 95% CI= 0.91, 1.83; P = .16). Overweight athletes (BMI >25 kg/m2) had similar instantaneous LE injury risk compared with athletes with a BMI of <25 kg/m2 (HR = 1.23; 95% CI = 0.84, 1.82; P = .29). Athletes with previous LE injuries were not more likely to sustain subsequent LE injury than athletes with no previous injury (HR = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.76, 1.54; P = .64). Basketball (HR = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.51, 6.44; P = .002) and soccer (HR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.46, 5.31; P = .002) athletes had a higher risk of LE injury than cross-country athletes. In the multivariate model, instantaneous LE injury risk was greater in female than in male athletes (HR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.00, 2.39; P = .05), and it was greater in male athletes with a BMI of >25 kg/m2 than that in all other athletes (HR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.19, 1.00; P = .05), but these findings were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS In a collegiate athlete population, previous LE injury was not a contributor to the risk of future LE injury, whereas being female or being male with a BMI of >25 kg/m2 resulted in an increased risk of LE injury. Clinicians can use these data to extrapolate the LE injury risk occurrence to specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer A. Hogg
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
| | - Lani Gao
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
| | | | - Sandra J. Shultz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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Jiang W, He J. PHYSICAL FITNESS IMPROVEMENTS IN FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Volleyball is a competitive sport demanding the athlete's excellent physical fitness because the execution of its movements requires flexibility and agility. Objective: Analyze the effects of a specific training protocol on physical fitness at a competitive level on volleyball players. Methods: This paper selects 12 female volleyball players as volunteers for research subjects. The athletes’ agility quality was examined for intellectual efficiency, psychological susceptibility, and flexibility, among other indicators. The mathematical statistical analysis program SPSS13.0 was used to analyze and process female volleyball players’ sensitivity and characteristics of fitness quality. Results: The responsiveness of Chinese female volleyball players is mainly reflected in athletes’ intellectual agility and kinetic adaptations. The characteristics of technology for protection are practical, diverse, and economical. Transmission technology is characterized by high speed and quick thinking. The sensitivity and quality of the volleyball players are high. Conclusion: The sensitivity of volleyball players is produced in response to changes in the sports court environment. The use of various tactics and auxiliary equipment in volleyball will cause changes in the court situation. The quality of sensitivity is critical in the physical training of volleyball players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juncong He
- Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, China
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Santos AC, Turner TJ, Bycura DK. Current and Future Trends in Strength and Conditioning for Female Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052687. [PMID: 35270378 PMCID: PMC8909798 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Participation by female athletes in competitive sport has increased dramatically since the inception of Title IX, although female athletes are represented significantly less than their male counterparts in strength and conditioning (S&C) literature. This is apparent when examining current identified trends in the field, such as implementation of blood flow restriction (BFR) training, functional assessments to predict injuries, or the ever-increasing use of technology in sports. The aim of this review is to examine three prevalent trends in contemporary S&C literature as they relate to female athletes in order to expose areas lacking in research. We conducted journal and database searches to progressively deepen our examination of available research, starting first with broad emerging themes within S&C, followed next by an inquiry into literature concerning S&C practices in females, ending finally with a review of emerging topics concerning female athletes. To this end, 534 articles were reviewed from PubMed, Academic Search Complete, Google Scholar, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Web of Science. Results demonstrate the utility of implementing BFR, functional movement assessments, and various technologies among this population to expand representation of female athletes in S&C literature, improve athletic capabilities and performance, and decrease potential for injury over time.
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Guan Y, Bredin SSD, Taunton J, Jiang Q, Wu N, Warburton DER. Association between Inter-Limb Asymmetries in Lower-Limb Functional Performance and Sport Injury: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020360. [PMID: 35054054 PMCID: PMC8779786 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance has been associated with increased risk of sport injury; however, findings are not always consistent. Purpose: To conduct a systematic review on whether inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance can predict sport injury. Methods: Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and SportDiscus) were systematically searched for prospective cohort studies reporting the association between inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance and sport injury. Results: A total of 28 prospective cohort studies were included in the analyses. Collectively, the findings were highly inconsistent, and a clear statement on the association between each asymmetry and sport injury was difficult. Conclusions: Highly inconsistent findings make it difficult to create clear recommendations on the relationship between the inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance (power, muscle flexibility, and dynamic balance) and sport injury. The influence of potential factors (selection of tests/parameters, participant characteristics, definition of injury, and ways of calculating asymmetry) should be considered when using previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Guan
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Faculty of Education, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.G.); (S.S.D.B.); (N.W.)
| | - Shannon S. D. Bredin
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Faculty of Education, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.G.); (S.S.D.B.); (N.W.)
| | - Jack Taunton
- Allan McGavin Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Qinxian Jiang
- Department of Physical Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China;
| | - Nana Wu
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Faculty of Education, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.G.); (S.S.D.B.); (N.W.)
| | - Darren E. R. Warburton
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Faculty of Education, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.G.); (S.S.D.B.); (N.W.)
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-822-4603
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Patterson CS, Dudley RI, Sorenson E, Brumitt J. Preseason functional tests discriminate injury risk in female collegiate volleyball players. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 51:79-84. [PMID: 34274871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preseason functional tests have been previously associated with noncontact time-loss lower extremity injuries in a variety of athletic populations. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of one or more functional tests to discriminate injury risk in a cohort of female collegiate volleyball players in the United States. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II & III, National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics female volleyball players; PARTICIPANTS: 130 female volleyball players (mean age: 19.31 ± 1.1 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Lower extremity functional test, single limb hop for distance, standing long jump, previous injury history, lower quarter Y-balance test, and limb symmetry index were measured prior to the season beginning. Noncontact time-loss lower quarter injuries were tracked during the season. RESULTS Athletes with suboptimal scores on the single limb hop test (<70% of height) and standing long jump (<80% of height), combined with a previous history of injury, were three times more likely to sustain an injury during the season (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.09 to 8.30). Individual functional tests did not discriminate injury risk. CONCLUSIONS A battery of preseason functional tests and injury history discriminates injury risk in female collegiate volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Patterson
- Azusa Pacific University Department of Physical Therapy, 901 E. Alosta Ave, Azusa, CA, 91702, USA.
| | - Robert I Dudley
- Azusa Pacific University Department of Kinesiology, 901 E. Alosta Ave, Azusa, CA, 91702, USA.
| | - Eric Sorenson
- Azusa Pacific University Department of Kinesiology, 901 E. Alosta Ave, Azusa, CA, 91702, USA.
| | - Jason Brumitt
- George Fox University College of Physical Therapy, 448 N. Werth, Newberg, OR, 97132, USA.
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Collings TJ, Bourne MN, Barrett RS, du Moulin W, Hickey JT, Diamond LE. Risk Factors for Lower Limb Injury in Female Team Field and Court Sports: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Best Evidence Synthesis. Sports Med 2021; 51:759-776. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Romero-Franco N, Ortego-Mate MDC, Molina-Mula J. Knee Kinematics During Landing: Is It Really a Predictor of Acute Noncontact Knee Injuries in Athletes? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120966952. [PMID: 33344669 PMCID: PMC7731707 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120966952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although knee kinematics during landing tasks has traditionally been considered to predict noncontact knee injuries, the predictive association between noncontact knee injuries and kinematic and kinetic variables remains unclear. PURPOSE To systematically review the association between kinematic and kinetic variables from biomechanical evaluation during landing tasks and subsequent acute noncontact knee injuries in athletes. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Databases used for searches were MEDLINE, LILACS, IBECS, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, SCIELO, IME, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane from database inception to May 2020. Manual reference checks, articles published online ahead of print, and citation tracking were also considered. Eligibility criteria included prospective studies evaluating frontal and sagittal plane kinematics and kinetics of landing tasks and their association with subsequent acute noncontact knee injuries in athletes. RESULTS A total of 13 studies met the eligibility criteria, capturing 333 acute noncontact knee injuries in 8689 participants. A meta-analysis revealed no significant effects for any kinematic and kinetic variable with regard to subsequent noncontact knee injuries. CONCLUSION No kinetic or kinematic variables from landing tasks had a significant association with acute noncontact knee injuries. Therefore, the role and application of the landing assessment for predicting acute noncontact knee injuries are limited and unclear, particularly given the heterogeneity and risk of bias of studies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Romero-Franco
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Natalia Romero-Franco, Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, Road to Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain () (Twitter: @NRomeroFranco)
| | | | - Jesús Molina-Mula
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Farley JB, Barrett LM, Keogh JWL, Woods CT, Milne N. The relationship between physical fitness attributes and sports injury in female, team ball sport players: a systematic review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2020; 6:45. [PMID: 32926228 PMCID: PMC7490320 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the relationships between physical fitness characteristics and sports injury may assist with the development of injury minimisation programs. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the association between physical fitness attributes and sports injury in female, team ball sport players. METHODS Four scientific databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus) and reference lists of relevant research were searched for eligible studies up to September 2, 2019. Full-text articles examining the relationship between physical fitness and sports injury in female, team ball sport players were included. A modified Downs and Black checklist was used to assess methodological quality. Data synthesis determined summary conclusions based on the number of significant relationships divided by the total relationships investigated and reported as a percentage. Level of certainty was identified for summary conclusions based on level of evidence. Sub-analyses regarding competition level, age, and single injury types were also conducted. RESULTS A total of 44 studies were included. Data synthesis revealed no associations (low to moderate certainty) between body composition (1/9; 11%), flexibility (18-20%), and balance (2/8; 25%) and 'any injury' classification. No associations (mostly of moderate certainty) were found between flexibility (0-27%), muscular strength (0-27%), and body composition (14-33%) and various body region injury classifications, whereas mixed summary conclusions were shown for balance (0-48%). Many associations between physical fitness and sports injury were deemed 'unknown' or with an insufficient level of certainty. Sub-analyses revealed no association between strength and noncontact ACL injuries (0/5; 0%) or ankle sprains (0/12; 0%), and between flexibility and ankle sprains (1/5; 20%); however, insufficient certainty of these results exists. Clear associations were concluded between balance and lower body injuries in female, non-elite (10/16; 63%) and junior (9/12; 75%) team ball sport players, with moderate and insufficient certainty of these results, respectively. CONCLUSION Limited evidence is available to demonstrate relationships between physical fitness and sports injury in female, team ball sport players. High-quality evidence investigating the multifactorial nature of sports injury, including the interactions physical fitness qualities have with other injury determinants, is needed to better understand the role of physical fitness in minimising sports injuries in female, team ball sport players. TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42017077374 (PROSPERO on September 14, 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B. Farley
- grid.1033.10000 0004 0405 3820Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD Australia
| | - Lily M. Barrett
- grid.10049.3c0000 0004 1936 9692Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Justin W. L. Keogh
- grid.1033.10000 0004 0405 3820Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD Australia
- grid.252547.30000 0001 0705 7067Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- grid.1034.60000 0001 1555 3415Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Australia
- grid.411639.80000 0001 0571 5193Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Carl T. Woods
- grid.1019.90000 0001 0396 9544Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Nikki Milne
- grid.1033.10000 0004 0405 3820Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD Australia
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Lentz TA, Magill J, Myers H, Pietrosimone LS, Reinke EK, Messer M, Riboh JC. Development of Concise Physical Performance Test Batteries in Young Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:2581-2589. [PMID: 32555020 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed 1) to define the principal components of physical function assessed by 10 common lower extremity physical performance tests and 2) to derive a reduced-item set of physical performance tests that efficiently and accurately measures raw performance and limb symmetry on each underlying component in pediatric and adolescent athletes. METHODS This study included healthy, uninjured volunteers (n = 100) between the ages 6 and 18 yr (mean age = 11.7 ± 3.6 yr; 52 females). Subjects performed the stork balance, stork balance on BOSU® Balance Trainer, single leg squat (SLS), SLS on BOSU, clockwise and counterclockwise quadrant single leg hop (SLH), forward SLH, timed SLH, triple crossover SLH, and lower quarter Y-Balance Test™. Item reduction was performed using principal components analysis (PCA). We developed separate principal components analysis for average raw performance and side-to-side limb symmetry, with secondary analyses to evaluate consistency of results by age and sex. RESULTS We identified two components for average raw performance (accounting for 65.2% of the variance in total test battery) with a reduced-item set composed of five tests, and four components for limb symmetry (accounting for 62.9% of the variance in total test battery) with a reduced-item set of seven tests. The most parsimonious test suitable for screening both average raw performance and limb symmetry would consist of five tests (stork balance on BOSU, SLS on BOSU, forward SLH, timed SLH, and lower quarter Y-Balance Test™). Age- and sex-specific test batteries may be warranted. CONCLUSION Comprehensive screening for lower extremity average raw performance and limb symmetry is possible with short physical performance test batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A Lentz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - John Magill
- Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC
| | - Heather Myers
- Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC
| | - Laura S Pietrosimone
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Emily K Reinke
- Duke Sports Science Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Michael Messer
- Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC
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