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Amatori S, Helsen WF, Baldari C, Serra T, Belli A, Guidetti L, Rocchi MBL, Sisti D, Perroni F. High-Speed Efforts of Elite Association Football Referees in National and International Matches. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e417-e422. [PMID: 39072662 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Amatori, S, Helsen, WF, Baldari, C, Serra, T, Belli, A, Guidetti, L, Rocchi, MBL, Sisti, D, and Perroni, F. High-speed efforts of elite association football referees in national and international matches. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): e417-e422, 2024-Field referees (FRs) need to move throughout the pitch to identify any infringements of the game's laws. Their performance depends on technical, tactical, physical, physiological, and mental factors. This retrospective study aimed to examine and assess the physical and physiological parameters as a function of time in elite association football referees during official matches. Global positioning system (match time, distance in different intensity ranges [low-intensity, high-speed, very high-speed running, and sprinting], average and peak speed, distance in accelerations or decelerations) and heart rate (average and peak) data from 212 national and international football matches were analyzed. A linear mixed-model analysis was performed to assess the differences between halves and between the three 15-minute sections of each half-time for all the physical and physiological variables collected. A significant effect of match half was found for the game time (p < 0.001) and the standing time (p = 0.005), both higher in the second half, and for the average speed (p = 0.017), which was lower in the second half. Total distance (p < 0.001), low-intensity distance (p = 0.004), and average speed (p = 0.007) all showed a reduction as a function of time. More than 7.800 high-speed intervals were detected. Accelerative actions within 3 seconds characterized most of the high-speed efforts of an FR during a match. Significant differences emerged in the way the match intensity is distributed across the match, analyzed both in halves (first vs. second) and 15-minute intervals within each half. It is important to emphasize the importance of high-speed training with a focus on a faster transition from low- to high-speed running to keep up with the play to get into an appropriate position and subsequently make the correct decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Amatori
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | - Werner F Helsen
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Belli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Marco B L Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Perroni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
- "Museum of Football F.I.G.C." Foundation, Italian Football Federation, Via Gregorio Allegri, Rome, Italy
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Cao J, Zhang W, Zhou C. Unveiling the nonlinear dynamics of player performance in China's super league as a function of age. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15845. [PMID: 38982098 PMCID: PMC11233747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the dynamics in physical and technical performance of professional football players and changes across age groups. Match statistics were collected from 1900 games across ten seasons (2012-2021) in the Chinese Super League. Generalized additive models visualized age-related trends in 12 key performance indicators including technical and physical variables. Revealed nonlinear trajectories characterized by rapid early declines, stable peak periods and accelerated late decreases. Physical indicators decreased progressively from the early 20 s before stabilizing briefly then declining further after 30. Conversely, technical metrics gradually improved into the late 20 s and early 30 s prior to decreasing again. This study provides novel evidence that football performance changes nonlinearly across age. Targeted training and development strategies should be tailored to the specific needs of different career stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Changjing Zhou
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
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Rey E, Kalén A, Lorenzo-Martínez M, López-Del Campo R, Nevado-Garrosa F, Lago-Peñas C. Elite Soccer Players Do Not Cover Less Distance in the Second Half of the Matches When Game Interruptions Are Considered. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:709-713. [PMID: 33337688 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rey, E, Kalén, A, Lorenzo-Martínez, M, López-Del Campo, R, Nevado-Garrosa, F, and Lago-Peñas, C. Elite soccer players do not cover less distance in the second half of the matches when game interruptions are considered. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 709-713, 2024-This study aimed to analyze quantitative differences in the physical demands of male elite soccer players between the first and second halves during official matches, accounting for effective playing time (the duration of play after subtracting the game interruptions) and playing positions. A total of 4,249 individual match observations of 412 outfield players competing in the Spanish first division league (LaLiga) were undertaken during the 2018-2019 season, using a computerized tracking system (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, NY). The players were classified into 5 positional roles: central defenders (CD), external defenders (ED), central midfielders (CM), external midfielders (EM), and forwards (F). The main results showed that in contrast to those observed when total playing time was considered, independent of playing position, there were no significant differences on high-speed running (HSR) (5.5 ± 2.4 vs. 5.5 ± 2.4 m·min -1 ) and sprint (5.3 ± 3.3 vs. 5.4 ± 3.3 m·min -1 ) distances between the first and second halves in professional soccer players when the effective playing time was considered. However, differences in match running performance at HSR and sprint distances between the first and second halves were dependent on players' playing position. Whereas ED and EM maintained HSR and sprint efforts during the second half, CD and CM significantly increased ( p < 0.001) the distance covered at sprint during the second period of the match. Contrarily, F were unable to maintain their HSR (6.2 ± 2.3 vs. 5.9 ± 3.3 m·min -1 ) and sprint (7.0 ± 3.5 vs. 6.5 ± 3.4 m·min -1 ) match running performances during the second half. Such findings demonstrate that total playing time could overestimate fatigue-induced performance declines. Thus, effective playing time and playing position should be taken into account when interpreting the match running performance of professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Spain ; and
| | - Anton Kalén
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Spain ; and
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Lago-Peñas
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Spain ; and
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Brahim MB, García-Valverde A, Yasin H, Sal-de-Rellán A. Validity and reliability of a repeated multi-changes of direction agility test in senior soccer players. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16753. [PMID: 38259664 PMCID: PMC10802156 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the validity, reliability, and sensitivity of repeated multi-changes of direction agility test (rMCOD) compared to a soccer-specific field test of repeated sprint ability (S-RSA) and repeated sprint ability test (RSA). Methods Thirty-five healthy male soccer players (age: 18.4 ± 1.3 years) from Tunisan national soccer league (elite and sub-elite) took part in this study. They performed the tests in a randomized order over five sessions interspaced by at least 72 h. The construct, predictive and discriminant validity, relative and absolute reliability, and sensitivity of the tests were analyzed. The total and best time of the test (the sum for all trials and the trial with the lowest duration on nine, six, and seven attempts for rMCOD, RSA, and S-RSA, respectively), fatigue index, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and lactate concentration were recorded. Results rMCOD correlated with both, S-RSA and RSA in total time (r = 0.85 and r = 0.52, respectively) and fatigue index (r = 0.74 and r = 0.83, respectively). Receiver operator characteristics were not able to discriminate between group levels (elite and sub-elite). When comparing training levels, only the fatigue index in S-RSA showed a difference between groups. Fatigue index, total time, and the best time in rMCOD showed excellent reliability, as well as the minimal change detectable (MCD = 0.89, MCD = 0.63, and MCD = 0.11, respectively) was higher than the standard error of the mean (SEM = 0.32, SEM = 0.23, and 0.04, respectively). Conclusion rMCOD showed large to very large predictive validity compared with the S-RSA and RSA, being a reliable test for the following parameters: the best time and total time to perform the test. Nevertheless, this study design cannot ensure whether or not this test is able to detect real changes in performance in response to training since it did not include a training intervention; besides, rMCOD could not distinguish between elite and sub-elite players, which is a limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ben Brahim
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adrián García-Valverde
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I de Castillla, Burgos, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Hussain Yasin
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alejandro Sal-de-Rellán
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I de Castillla, Burgos, Castilla y León, Spain
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Ogallar-Blanco AI, García-Mármol E, Clemente FM, Badicu G, Liñán-González A, González-Fernández FT. Differences between U23 and older semi-professional soccer players in perfectionism and passion: exploring determinant relationship between variables. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1230035. [PMID: 38298364 PMCID: PMC10828847 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1230035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim Abundant studies have pointed out that perfectionism and passion are interrelated and that they both can influence performance in a variety of contexts, including sports, however, research on how these variables interact and might affect performance in team sports, such as soccer, is still scarce. The aim of this study is to analyze differences in perfectionism and passion between under-23 years-old (U23) and older semi-professional soccer players, as well as to study the possible relationship between these two psychological variables. Methods Participants (N = 130 healthy semi-professional Spanish soccer players) were divided into two equivalent groups according to the participants age, U23 (N = 65; 21.58 ± 1.91 years) and older than 24 years (N = 65; 30.03 ± 3.72 years) and completed self-reports on perfectionism and passion. Results Independent samples t-test determined significant differences between the U23 Group and the >24 Group in perfectionism global score and concern over mistakes (maladaptive perfectionism), and in time, value, and passion. Multiple regression analyses revealed that obsessive passion predicted maladaptive subdimensions of perfectionism, while harmonious passion predicted adaptive perfectionism. Discussion U23 soccer players show higher levels of maladaptive perfectionism, time, value, and passion in relation with soccer than older players, probably because at this stage pressure to become professionals and to develop their technical, tactical, and physical skills is higher than in later stages. Conclusion Identifying differences between different age groups can help professionals in tailoring their interventions and strategies to address the specific needs of athletes at different stages of development more effectively, and to optimize mental focus, reduce stress, to promote a healthy mindset for optimal performance in soccer players, furthermore, the study of moderating effects of factors such as team dynamics or coaching styles on these constructs is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaida Irene Ogallar-Blanco
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Mármol
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | - Antonio Liñán-González
- Head of Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Modric T, Esco M, Perkovic S, Basic Z, Versic S, Morgans R, Sekulic D. Artificial Turf Increases the Physical Demand of Soccer by Heightening Match Running Performance Compared with Natural Grass. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2222-2228. [PMID: 37883399 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Modric, T, Esco, M, Perkovic, S, Basic, Z, Versic, S, Morgans, R, and Sekulic, D. Artificial turf increases the physical demand of soccer by heightening match running performance compared with natural grass. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2222-2228, 2023-This study aimed to determine differences in match running performance (MRP) of elite soccer players (n = 31) during matches played on artificial turf (AT) and natural grass (NG). The players' MRP (AT; 131 observations, NG; 135 observations) were collected during official matches (n = 32) using global positioning system and classified according to their playing positions as central defenders, central midfielders, fullbacks, forwards, and wingers. The MRP variables included total distance covered (TD), low-intensity running (LIR), moderate-intensity running (MIR), high-intensity running (HIR), total (Tacc) and high-intensity accelerations (Hacc), and total (Tdec) and high-intensity decelerations (Hdec). The influence of match outcome, location, and opponent quality was controlled for as contextual factors. Playing matches on AT resulted in (a) increased TD (Cohen's d (d) = 0.55, 0.61, and 0.28, respectively), MIR (d = 0.91, 0.79, and 0.49, respectively), and HIR (d = 0.67, 0.44, and 0.38, respectively) for central defenders, central midfielders, fullbacks; (b) increased Tacc (d = 0.38, 0.37, and 0.4, respectively) and Tdec (d = 0.31, 0.34, and 0.31, respectively) for central defenders, central midfielders, and wingers; and (c) decreased Hdec (d = -1.5) for forwards. These results show that playing on AT is more physically demanding for defensive and midfield players than playing on NG. Soccer coaches should consider implementing preparatory strategies that mitigate the increased demands of playing on AT for these players, especially before a competitive period when transitions between pitch surfaces routinely occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Football Club Riga FC, Riga, Latvia
| | - Michael Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | | | | | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Football Club HNK Hajduk Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; and
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- High Performance Sport Center, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, Croatia
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Ben Brahim M, Sal-de-Rellán A, García-Valverde A, Yasin H, Raya-González J. The effect of three different pre-match warm-up structures on male professional soccer players' physical fitness. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15803. [PMID: 37551345 PMCID: PMC10404391 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimizing the soccer players' match preparation is one of the most relevant concerns of coaches for strength and conditioning training. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of three pre-match warm-up structures on the physical condition of male professional soccer players. MATERIALS & METHODS Seventeen male professional soccer players (age: 20.9 ± 2.4 years) of one Tunisian Professional Soccer League team participated in this study. Players performed three times a typical pre-match warm-up (WU) [aerobic phase (AE); neuromuscular phase (NM); velocity phase (VL); and ball-specific phase (BS) variating the order of the included phases/exercises: WU1 (AE + BS + NM + VL); WU2 (AE + NM + VL + BS); and WU3 (AE + VL + BS + NM). After each warm-up phase, players completed the following physical fitness tests: linear sprint test, countermovement jump test, 15-m ball dribbling agility test and ball shooting test. Additionally, the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was registered after each warm-up. RESULTS The results indicated significant differences between WU1 and WU3, with better results in the ball shooting test and RPE in WU3. In addition, there were no significant differences in the other variables and between other warm-up structures. These findings could be of great interest for coaches to the strength and conditioning coaches for professional soccer teams in order to improve the players physical performance and perceived exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ben Brahim
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Adrián García-Valverde
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Internacional Isabel I de Castilla, Burgos, Spain
| | - Hussain Yasin
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Baptista I, Winther AK, Pedersen S, Johansen D, Pettersen SA. The influence of age on the match-to-match variability of physical performance in women's elite football. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1193501. [PMID: 37256062 PMCID: PMC10225501 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1193501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The fluctuation of external match load throughout a season is influenced by several contextual factors. While some, have been deeply analysed in men's football literature, information is lacking on how other contextual elements, such as player's age or experience, may affect the match-to-match variability of locomotor activities. In fact, aging has been described as a multifactorial process with the potential to affect human performance. The aim of this study is to assess if the variability of match locomotor performances fluctuates according to the players' age. Methods: 59 female players from four top-level clubs were divided into three age groups and monitored during two seasons using GPS APEX (STATSports, Northern Ireland), with a sampling frequency of 10Hz, in 150 official matches to determine the coefficient of variation (CV) of full-match and 1-min peak locomotor demands of total distance (TD), high-speed running distance, sprint distance (SpD), accelerations, and decelerations. To test whether there was a group effect of age on match-to-match variability we used a one-way ANOVA with CV% as the independent variable. Results: CV values of full match variables ranged from 3.8% to 27.8%, with total distance (3.8%) in the peak age group and SpD (27.8%) in the pre-peak age group. Similarly, CV values of 1-min peaks ranged from 4.1% (post-peak group) in TD to 22.3% (peak group) in SpD. Discussion: The main finding was that there were no significant differences between the different age groups in the metrics analysed although trends indicate less variability in the post-peak age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baptista
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Faculty of Sport, Center of Research, Education, Innovation in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreas K. Winther
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sigurd Pedersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dag Johansen
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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No sport for old players. A longitudinal study of ageing effects on match performance in elite soccer. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:535-539. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Football de haut-niveau : analyses physique et physiologique – blessures et prévention. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Radzimiński Ł, Padrón-Cabo A, Konefał M, Chmura P, Szwarc A, Jastrzębski Z. The Influence of COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on the Physical Performance of Professional Soccer Players: An Example of German and Polish Leagues. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8796. [PMID: 34444559 PMCID: PMC8393616 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the in-season pandemic lockdown influenced physical match performance in professional soccer players who participated in the competition of German Bundesliga and Polish Ekstraklasa. The data from 306 games for German Bundesliga and 296 games for Polish Ekstraklasa were divided into before- and after-lockdown periods. The physical performance of German Bundesliga teams after the 63-day COVID-19 lockdown did not differ significantly from that in the first part of the season. In contrast, Polish Ekstraklasa teams, after the 81-day lockdown, displayed significantly shorter total distances (p < 0.001), shorter high-intensity running distances (p = 0.03), and fewer high-intensity actions (p = 0.02). Moreover, when the effective playing time was considered, teams covered significantly less relative total distance (p < 0.001) and relative high-intensity running distance (p = 0.02). The results of the current study suggest that physical performance during the matches of the German Bundesliga was not influenced by the COVID-19 lockdown, contrary to those of the Polish Ekstraklasa. This difference could have been caused by different break lengths and different restrictions implemented in these countries during the pandemic lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Radzimiński
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Alexis Padrón-Cabo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Szwarc
- Department of Team Sports, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Jastrzębski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
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Lorenzo-Martínez M, Corredoira FJ, Lago-Peñas C, Campo RLD, Nevado-Garrosa F, Rey E. Effects of Age on Match-related Acceleration and Deceleration Efforts in Elite Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1274-1280. [PMID: 34311474 DOI: 10.1055/a-1337-2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of chronological age on acceleration and deceleration match performance in professional soccer players. A total of 5317 individual match observations were collected on 420 professional players competing in the Spanish LaLiga during the 2018-2019 season, using a multiple-camera computerised tracking system (TRACAB; ChyronHego, Melville, NY, USA). Players were classified using a k-means cluster analysis into four different age groups: 17-23 years, 24-27 years, 28-30 years, and 31-38 years. Linear mixed models were adjusted to compare the players' match performance according to their age group and playing position (central defenders, external defenders, central midfielders, external midfielders, and forwards). The results showed that players aged between 31-38 years performed a significantly less total number of accelerations (ES=0.30-0.48) and decelerations (ES=0.29-0.49) in comparison with younger players. These age-related physical performance declines were more pronounced among central defenders, central midfielders, and forwards. However, no significant effects were obtained for players' maximum acceleration and deceleration capacities. The current findings provide useful information for coaches and strength and conditioning specialists to better understand the effects of age on players' physical performance and to develop age-tailored training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Lago-Peñas
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | | | - Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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13
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Match Analysis of Soccer Refereeing Using Spatiotemporal Data: A Case Study. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21072541. [PMID: 33916383 PMCID: PMC8038568 DOI: 10.3390/s21072541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This case study explored how spatiotemporal data can develop key metrics to evaluate and understand elite soccer referees’ performance during one elite soccer match. The dynamic position of players from both teams, the ball and three elite referees allowed to capture the following performance metrics: (i) assistant referees: alignment with the second last defender; (ii) referee: referee diagonal movement—a position density was computed and a principal component analysis was carried to identify the directions of greatest variability; and (iii) referee: assessing the distance from the referee to the ball. All computations were processed when the ball was in-play and separated by 1st and 2nd halves. The first metric showed an alignment lower than 1 m between the assistant referee and the second last defender. The second metric showed that in the 1st half, the referee position ellipsis area was 548 m2, which increased during the 2nd half (671 m2). The third metric showed an increase in the distance from the referee to the ball and >80% of the distance between 5–30 m during the 2nd half. The findings may be used as a starting point to elaborate normative behavior models from the referee’s movement performance in soccer.
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Comparative Analysis of Soccer Performance Intensity of the Pre-Post-Lockdown COVID-19 in LaLiga™. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073685. [PMID: 33916143 PMCID: PMC8036275 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) forced a stoppage in the 2019/2020 season of LaLiga™, possibly influencing performance indicators in the return to competition. Therefore, here, we evaluated whether the stoppage due to the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) lockdown influenced physical performance compared to the start of LaLigaTM in terms of high-intensity efforts. Using a semi-automatic, multiple-camera system, running activities during 22 matches were analyzed. We compared the first 11 matches of the season (pre-lockdown) with the 11 matches just after the restart of LaLiga™ (post-lockdown). The results showed higher (p < 0.05) performance in the pre-lockdown period compared with the post-lockdown period, including in medium-speed running (14.1–21 km/h), high-speed running (21.1–24 km/h), and sprinting speed running distances (>24 km/h). However, the number of accelerations/min and decelerations/min were significantly higher during the post-lockdown period. Therefore, we conclude that the stoppage due to the COVID-19 lockdown generated lower physical performance in the post-lockdown period compared with the pre-lockdown period, most likely due to the accumulation of matches (congested schedules).
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15
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Scoz RD, Alves BMO, Burigo RL, Vieira ER, Ferreira LMA, da Silva RA, Hirata RP, Amorim CF. Strength development according with age and position: a 10-year study of 570 soccer players. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000927. [PMID: 33754080 PMCID: PMC7938987 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim The purpose of this study was to compare the isokinetic peak torque profiles from the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles during concentric and eccentric contractions in elite Brazilian soccer players across different field positions and age categories. Our hypothesis was that soccer players from different field positions are subjected to different ageing-related effects on their isokinetic peak torque. Methods This is a retrospective study based on professional elite-level soccer players between the years 2009 and 2019. It included 570 adult males who played for at least 5 years on first or second Brazilian divisions. Playing positions were divided as: goalkeepers, defenders, sidebacks, midfielders and forwards. Age categories were also divided as: G1 (17–20 years old), G2 (21–24 years old), G3 (25–28 years old), G4 (29–32 years old) and G5 (33 years old or more). Results The results indicate a moderate effect of age (F(4545)=8.197; p<0.001; η2=0.057) and a small effect of playing position (F(4545)=2.993; p<0.05; η2=0.021) on torque of concentric extensors; mainly from midfielders and goalkeepers with 29 years or more. Conclusions Soccer players from different field positions are subjected to different ageing related effects on their muscular performance during their career special attention should be given to these players to avoid reduction in physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Mazziotti Oliveira Alves
- Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo (UNICID), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Physical Therapy Department, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | | | - Edgar Ramos Vieira
- Physical Therapy Department, Florida International University (FIU), Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cesar Ferreira Amorim
- Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo (UNICID), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Physical Therapy Department, Florida International University (FIU), Miami, Florida, USA.,KinesioLab, Instituto Piaget, Silves, Portugal.,Laboratoire de Recherche BioNR, Université du Quebec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC, Canada
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16
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Larsen MN, Ermidis G, Brito J, Ørner C, Martins C, Lemos LF, Krustrup P, Rago V. Fitness and Performance Testing of Male and Female Beach Soccer Players-A Preliminary Investigation. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:636308. [PMID: 33709072 PMCID: PMC7940533 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.636308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare performance on sand and a firm surface and to describe the physical capacity of male and female beach soccer players. Methods: Sixty-six male and 29 female competitive beach soccer players voluntarily participated in this study. Firstly, within-subjects test scores were compared to scores on a firm surface (criterion validity; n = 15 men) and reconducted on a second occasion (reliability; n = 51 men). Secondly, the best score on sand was retained to compare test performance between ages (classified as below 20, 20–30, and above 30 years) and sexes. Performance assessments included sprint time over 5 and 15 m (once on a firm surface and twice on sand), standing long jump (SLJ, once on a firm surface and twice on sand) and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1, once on a firm surface and once on sand; only data for men were available). Results: Five-m sprint and Yo-Yo IR1 performance on sand were not correlated to performance on a firm surface (P > 0.05). Test-retest reliability was acceptable for the 15-m sprint and SLJ tests (ICC > 0.90; CV < 5%). Performance in 15-m sprint and maximal sprinting speed were moderately lower in male players aged above 30 years. compared to players aged below 30 years (d = 0.35–0.42; P < 0.05). Irrespective of the age group, weight-bearing power-based performance mass was moderately to very largely higher in male players than in female players (d = 0.42–0.88; P < 0.05). Conclusions: The lack of a consistent relationship between performance on sand and on a firm surface might indicate the need to develop specific test batteries for sand-based athletes. Age-related differences in physical performance were evident only in sprint capacity. Further studies are warranted to elucidate our preliminary findings and to develop the sand specific tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte N Larsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Georgios Ermidis
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Sports and Well-Being "Parthenope" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cecilie Ørner
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Clarice Martins
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal.,Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vincenzo Rago
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
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17
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Pons E, Ponce-Bordón JC, Díaz-García J, López del Campo R, Resta R, Peirau X, García-Calvo T. A Longitudinal Exploration of Match Running Performance during a Football Match in the Spanish La Liga: A Four-Season Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1133. [PMID: 33525322 PMCID: PMC7908616 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze and compare the match running performance during official matches across four seasons (2015/2016-2018/2019) in the top two professional leagues of Spanish football. Match running performance data were collected from all matches in the First Spanish Division (Santander; n = 1520) and Second Spanish Division (Smartbank; n = 1848), using the Mediacoach® System. Total distance and distances of 14-21 km·h-1, 21-24 km·h-1, and more than 24 km·h-1, and the number of sprints between 21 and 24 km·h-1 and more than 24 km·h-1 were analyzed. The results showed higher total distances in the First Spanish Division than in the Second Spanish Division (p < 0.001) in all the variables analyzed. Regarding the evolution of both leagues, physical demands decreased more in the First Spanish Division than in the Second Spanish Division. The results showed a decrease in total distance and an increase in the high-intensity distances and number of sprints performed, although a clearer trend is perceived in the First Spanish Division (p < 0.001; p < 0.01, respectively). Knowledge about the evolution of match running performance allows practitioners to manage the training load according to the competition demands to improve players' performances and reduce the injury rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Pons
- Sports Performance Area, FC Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - José Carlos Ponce-Bordón
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.D.-G.); (T.G.-C.)
| | - Jesús Díaz-García
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.D.-G.); (T.G.-C.)
| | | | - Ricardo Resta
- LaLiga Sport Research Section, 28043 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.d.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Xavier Peirau
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalunya, 25192 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Tomas García-Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.D.-G.); (T.G.-C.)
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Aerobic fitness and game performance indicators in professional football players; playing position specifics and associations. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05427. [PMID: 33195848 PMCID: PMC7644917 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify associations between aerobic fitness (AF) and game performance indicator (GPI) in elite football. Participants were professional football players (males, n = 16; age: 23.76 ± 2.64; body height: 181.62 ± 7.09 cm; body mass: 77.01 ± 6.34 kg). AF testing was conducted by direct measurement and included VO2max, running speed at aerobic threshold (AeT), and running speed at anaerobic threshold (AT). The GPI were collected by the position-specific performance statistics index (InStat index). The players were observed over one competitive half-season, resulting in 82 game performances, grouped according to the positions in game: defenders (n = 39), midfielders (n = 32) and forwards (n = 11). VO2max was not found to be a good discriminator of AF among different playing positions. AeT (F-test = 26.36. p = 0.01) and AT (F-test = 7.25, p = 0.01) were highest among midfielders, and lowest among forwards. No correlations were found between AF and GPI. This study confirmed that AeT and AT are better indicators of AF than VO2max in football players at different playing positions. The lack of associations between AF and GPI was discussed with regard to calculation of InStat as a GPI.
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19
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Training load, recovery and game performance in semiprofessional male basketball: influence of individual characteristics and contextual factors. Biol Sport 2020; 38:207-217. [PMID: 34079165 PMCID: PMC8139347 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.98451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of individual characteristics and contextual factors on training load, pre-game recovery and game performance in adult male semi-professional basketball. Fourteen players were monitored, across a whole competitive season, with the session-RPE method to calculate weekly training load, and the Total Quality Recovery Scale to obtain pre-game recovery scores. Additionally, game-related statistics were gathered during official games to calculate the Performance Index Rating (PIR). Individual characteristics and contextual factors were grouped using k-means cluster analyses. Separate mixed linear models for repeated measures were performed to evaluate the single and combined (interaction) effects of individual characteristics (playing experience; playing position; playing time) and contextual factors (season phase; recovery cycle; previous game outcome; previous and upcoming opponent level) on weekly training load, pre-game recovery and PIR. Weekly load was higher in guards and medium minute-per-game (MPG) players, and lower for medium-experienced players, before facing high-level opponents, during later season phases and short recovery cycles (all p < 0.05). Pre-game recovery was lower in centers and high-experience players (p < 0.05). Game performance was better in high-MPG players (p < 0.05) and when facing low and medium-level opponents (p < 0.001). Interestingly, players performed better in games when the previous week's training load was low (p = 0.042). This study suggests that several individual characteristics and contextual factors need to be considered when monitoring training load (playing experience, playing position, playing time, recovery cycle, upcoming opponent level), recovery (playing experience, playing position) and game performance (opponent level, weekly training load, pre-game recovery) in basketball players during the competitive season.
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20
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Relationships between Players’ Physical Performance and Small-Sided Game External Responses in a Youth Soccer Training Context. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was twofold: 1) To compare players’ physical performance and small-sided game (SSG) external responses among three young soccer age categories (i.e., under 14 (U14), under 16 (U16), and under 18 (U18)); and 2) to examine their relationships among physical performance and SSG external responses in each age category. Players’ physical performance was evaluated via several tests and external responses were collected during a four vs. four plus goalkeepers SSG. Main results showed that while older players presented better linear straight sprinting tests (LSSTs) (U18 and U16 vs. U14, p < 0.01), repeated sprint ability (RSA) (U18 vs. U16 and U14 p < 0.01), and change of direction ability (CODA) (U18 and U16 vs. U14, p < 0.01, ES = 2.34−2.72) performances, these differences were not consistent with their SSG external responses (U16 vs. U14, p < 0.01; U18 vs. U16, p < 0.01). Conversely, higher number of associations between players’ physical performance and SSG external responses were found in younger players in comparison to the older ones. These results suggest that while greater physical performance in younger players (i.e., U14) could allow them to exhibit higher external responses, greater physical performance did not influence older players’ (i.e., U18) SSG external responses.
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21
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Rago V, Abreu R, Vasconcellos F, Teixeira VH, Rebelo A, Figueiredo P, Brito J. Physical and technical demands of the extra time: a multiple FIFA World Cups’ analysis. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1752930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Abreu
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fabrício Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Soccer Studies, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio De Janeiro State, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
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22
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Lorenzo-Martínez M, Rey E, Padrón-Cabo A. The effect of age on between-match physical performance variability in professional soccer players. Res Sports Med 2019; 28:351-359. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1680985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Alexis Padrón-Cabo
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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