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Hamada Y, Akasaka K, Otsudo T, Sawada Y, Hattori H, Kikuchi Y, Hall T. Golfers' Performance Is Improved More by Combining Foam Rolling and Dynamic Stretch to the Lead Hip Than Practice Golf Swinging. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e391-e397. [PMID: 38662947 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hamada, Y, Akasaka, K, Otsudo, T, Sawada, Y, Hattori, H, Kikuchi, Y, and Hall, T. Golfers' performance is improved more by combining foam rolling and dynamic stretch to the lead hip than practice golf swinging. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): e391-e397, 2024-Warming up is considered effective in improving performance and preventing injury. Despite this, there have been few studies investigating warm-up programs in golf and whether specific factors contribute to improved performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the immediate effects of combined foam rolling and dynamic stretch (FR + DS) to the lead hip on golf swing performance, hip range of motion (ROM), and muscle strength in amateur golfers using a randomized crossover design. The study sample comprised 22 men (mean ± SD ; age, 32.6 ± 8.5 years, body mass index (BMI), 23.4 ± 2.7 kg·m -2 ). Subjects were assigned to receive either FR + DS or repetitive golf swing practice (SW) before crossing over to the other intervention for another day. Measurements included golf swing performance (ball speed, club head speed, flight distance ["carry"], spin rate, and launch angle), hip internal rotation (IR), and external rotation (ER) ROM, as well as hip IR and ER muscle strength. Comparisons between groups were made before and after each intervention. For golf swing performance, FR + DS improved "carry" significantly more than SW ( p < 0.05). No significant differences in golf swing performance other than "carry" were found. In addition, IR ROM and IR muscle strength of the lead hip were significantly increased in the FR + DS group ( p < 0.05). FR + DS has effects on improving lead hip IR ROM and IR muscle strength, which may facilitate golfers' swing and "carry." FR + DS shows promise as a warm-up method for amateur golfers who want to improve golf performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hamada
- Saitama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Moroyama, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kawagoe Clinic, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Akasaka
- Saitama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Moroyama, Japan
- School of Physical Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Otsudo
- Major of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Tokyo University of Technology, Kamata, Japan; and
| | - Yutaka Sawada
- School of Physical Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hattori
- Saitama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Moroyama, Japan
- School of Physical Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Japan
| | - Yuto Kikuchi
- Saitama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Moroyama, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kawagoe Clinic, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Toby Hall
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Hébert-Losier K, Wardell GL. Acute and persistence of the effects of the SuperSpeed Golf™ weighted-club warm-up on golf driving performance and kinematics. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:709-727. [PMID: 36112940 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1887344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
High-level golfers use various warm-up strategies to enhance clubhead and ball speed, including weighted equipment. We investigated the acute effects of the SuperSpeed Golf™ weighted-club warm-up on clubhead, ball, and swing kinematics, and the persistence of any acute effects in subsequent sets. Twelve competitive golfers (handicap < 3.0) completed five sets of five swings using their own drivers under two randomised warm-up conditions (Control and SuperSpeed). We compared swing, peak segment and club angular velocity, and centre of mass (COM) parameters collected using a 3D motion capture system (500 Hz) between conditions. The temporal persistence of any meaningful (Cohen's d ≥ small) and significant (p≤ 0.05) effect detected in the first set was investigated in subsequent sets. SuperSpeed led to small significant changes in clubhead speed (2.6 mph); downswing time; peak angular velocities of the torso, lead arm, and club; and two COM variables in the initial set. There was no significant change in ball speed, resulting in a large negative change in smash factor acutely (d - 0.82, p= 0.009). Nearly all changes observed were no longer meaningful or significant in subsequent sets. Overall, golfers can expect an increase in driving clubhead speed on the first tee using the SuperSpeed Golf™ vs Control warm-up, with trivial effects from the second tee onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hébert-Losier
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - George Leslie Wardell
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
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Williamson TR, Kay RS, Robinson PG, Murray AD, Clement ND. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injury in professional and amateur golfers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:606-614. [PMID: 38508702 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and incidence of musculoskeletal injury in amateur and professional golfers, and to identify common injury sites and factors associated with increased injury frequency. DESIGN Systematic epidemiological review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES PubMed (Medline), Embase, the Cochrane Library and SPORTDiscus were searched in September 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies published in the English language reporting the incidence or prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in golfers at all anatomical sites. RESULTS 20 studies (9221 golfers, 71.9% male, 28.1% female) were included, with mean age 46.8 years. Lifetime injury prevalence was significantly greater in professional golfers (73.5% (95% CI: 47.3% to 93.0%)) than amateur golfers (56.6% (95% CI: 47.4% to 65.5%); relative risk (RR)=1.50, p<0.001). Professional golfers had a significantly greater lifetime prevalence of hand and wrist (RR=3.33, p<0.001) and lower back injury (RR=3.05, p<0.001). Soft tissue injuries were most common, and diagnoses were typically non-specific. Injury frequency was not associated with age or sex. Two studies reported a greater injury risk in amateur golfers playing more than three and four rounds per week. CONCLUSION Over half of golfers are at risk of sustaining a musculoskeletal injury during their lifetime. Risks and patterns of injury differ between professional and amateur golfers, with professionals significantly more likely to develop lower back, and hand and wrist injuries. A recent international consensus statement on the reporting of injury and illness in golf should aid consistency in future research assessing the epidemiology of specific diagnoses, informing golf injury prevention and management strategies. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023408738.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert S Kay
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick G Robinson
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- PGA European Tour Performance Institute, Virginia Water, UK
- Edinburgh Sports Medicine Research Network & UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), IOC Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew D Murray
- PGA European Tour Performance Institute, Virginia Water, UK
- Edinburgh Sports Medicine Research Network & UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), IOC Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical and Scientific Department, The R&A, St Andrews, UK
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Robinson L, Murray A, Coughlan D, Mountjoy M, Hembrough R, Glover D, Scott F, Turner A, Bishop C. Relationships and Within-Group Differences in Physical Attributes and Golf Performance in Elite Amateur Female Players. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:674. [PMID: 38929658 PMCID: PMC11204580 DOI: 10.3390/life14060674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the association between a comprehensive physical testing battery and measures of golf performance in elite female amateur players. Nineteen category one (handicap ≤ 5) or better golfers (age: 16.26 ± 1.28 years, height: 166.26 ± 3.62 cm, mass: 64.04 ± 11.27 kg, wingspan: 146.53 ± 15.59 cm, handicap: +1.45 ± 0.7) volunteered to participate in this investigation. All golfers attended a single 90 min testing session where golf shot data (clubhead speed [CHS], ball speed, carry distance, and smash factor) were measured with a Trackman 4 launch monitor and a battery of physical assessments were carried out. These included anthropometric data and assessments for seated thoracic rotation, the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), isometric bench press, countermovement jump (CMJ), and seated medicine ball throws for distance. Pearson's r correlations showed CHS was the golf metric that most commonly demonstrated large associations with physical testing data, most notably with force at 100 ms during the isometric bench press (r = 0.70). Median split analysis was also conducted for the IMTP (force at 200 ms), isometric bench press (force at 100 ms), and CMJ (positive impulse). The results showed that players who produced more force at 200 ms during the IMTP exhibited a greater CHS (g = 1.13), ball speed (g = 0.90), and carry distance (g = 1.01). In addition, players with a greater positive impulse during the CMJ showed a greater ball speed (g = 0.93), carry distance (g = 1.29), and smash factor (g = 1.27). Collectively, these results highlight the relevance of explosive force production capabilities in both the lower and upper body for female golfers. This information can be used by practitioners to better target key physical attributes during testing and training of female players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Robinson
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, StoneX Stadium, Greenlands Lane, London NW4 1RL, UK; (L.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Andrew Murray
- The R&A, St. Andrews KY16 9JD, UK; (A.M.); (D.C.)
- European Tour Group, Wentworth Drive, Virginia Water, Surrey GU25 4LX, UK
- Ladies European Tour, Buckinghamshire Golf Club, Denham Court Drive, Uxbridge UB9 5PG, UK; (D.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Daniel Coughlan
- The R&A, St. Andrews KY16 9JD, UK; (A.M.); (D.C.)
- European Tour Group, Wentworth Drive, Virginia Water, Surrey GU25 4LX, UK
- Ladies European Tour, Buckinghamshire Golf Club, Denham Court Drive, Uxbridge UB9 5PG, UK; (D.G.); (F.S.)
- England Golf, National Golf Centre, The Broadway, Woodhall Spa LN10 6PU, UK;
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- International Golf Federation, Maison du Sport International, Av. de Rhodanie 54, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Rebecca Hembrough
- England Golf, National Golf Centre, The Broadway, Woodhall Spa LN10 6PU, UK;
| | - Danny Glover
- Ladies European Tour, Buckinghamshire Golf Club, Denham Court Drive, Uxbridge UB9 5PG, UK; (D.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Fiona Scott
- Ladies European Tour, Buckinghamshire Golf Club, Denham Court Drive, Uxbridge UB9 5PG, UK; (D.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, StoneX Stadium, Greenlands Lane, London NW4 1RL, UK; (L.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, StoneX Stadium, Greenlands Lane, London NW4 1RL, UK; (L.R.); (A.T.)
- The R&A, St. Andrews KY16 9JD, UK; (A.M.); (D.C.)
- European Tour Group, Wentworth Drive, Virginia Water, Surrey GU25 4LX, UK
- Ladies European Tour, Buckinghamshire Golf Club, Denham Court Drive, Uxbridge UB9 5PG, UK; (D.G.); (F.S.)
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Gladdines S, Eygendaal D, van Boekel L, Verhagen E, Beumer A. How to optimise the fidelity of exercises in an unsupervised golf injury prevention programme? A pilot study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001681. [PMID: 38347860 PMCID: PMC10860048 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Golf is an individual sport that is usually done without the supervision of a trainer or coach. Therefore, an injury prevention programme in golf will primarily be performed without supervision and feedback. However, the effectiveness of any preventive exercise programme is determined by exercise fidelity. Objective To investigate the different instruction options of an injury prevention programme on exercise fidelity in individual golfers. Methods We randomly assigned golfers to one of three groups receiving different exercise instructions. One group received only instructional cards (A), one received only instructional videos (B) and a third group (C) received both instructional cards and videos. The golfers were allowed to familiarise themselves with the exercises based on the provided instruction option, after which we recorded their exercise execution on video. Two authors independently scored each exercise's fidelity from these recordings. Results In total, 18 golfers (12 women and 6 men, average age of 61.94 years) were equally divided across the 3 study groups completed 108 exercises. In group A 73.7% of exercises were executed as intended, in group B 88.6% and in group C 86.3%. Significantly more exercises were conducted correctly in groups B and C compared with group A (p<0.05). Conclusion Golfers who received instructions that included a video explanation had a higher exercise fidelity when compared to only written instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Gladdines
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Eygendaal
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonieke van Boekel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, FORCE (Foundation for Orthopaedic Research Care Education), Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centres – Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien Beumer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Robinson L, Murray A, Mountjoy M, Wells J, Coughlan D, Glover D, Hembrough R, Scott F, Turner A, Bishop C. Practices and perceptions of strength and conditioning training in female golf: A cross-sectional survey study of high-level amateur players. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:270-280. [PMID: 38470315 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2328971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to ascertain an in-depth understanding of current practices and perceptions of S&C training in high-level amateur female golfers. A cross-sectional, explorative survey study was constructed which asked questions relating to four key areas: i) general participant information, ii) current strength and conditioning (S&C) practices, iii) the perceived influence of S&C training on golf performance, and iv) knowledge and awareness of S&C. Results showed that the majority of female players had participated in some form of S&C training in the past, with the majority believing that clubhead speed and carry distance were the primary golfing metrics which could be positively impacted. More specifically, 91-97% of the players "Strongly agreed" or "Agreed" that the key physical characteristics for golf were strength and power for the lower and upper body, and flexibility. Interestingly, 58% of the players believed that S&C training should mimic the movement of the golf swing, which based off current evidence, is not how drive metrics and ultimately shots gained, can be maximised. This survey study provides useful information relating to the practices and perceptions of S&C training in high-level female amateur players and areas where education may be able to further advance player understanding of physical preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Robinson
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Andrew Murray
- Department of Medical and Scientific, The R&A, St Andrews, UK
- Medical Department, Ladies European Tour, Uxbridge, UK
- European Tour Performance Institute, Surrey, UK
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- International Golf Federation, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jack Wells
- The Professional Golfers' Association, National Training Academy, The Belfry, Sutton Coldfield, UK
- England Golf, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Dan Coughlan
- Department of Medical and Scientific, The R&A, St Andrews, UK
- Medical Department, Ladies European Tour, Uxbridge, UK
- European Tour Performance Institute, Surrey, UK
- England Golf, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Danny Glover
- Medical Department, Ladies European Tour, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Fiona Scott
- Medical Department, Ladies European Tour, Uxbridge, UK
- England Golf, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Scientific, The R&A, St Andrews, UK
- Medical Department, Ladies European Tour, Uxbridge, UK
- European Tour Performance Institute, Surrey, UK
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Thomas ZM, Wilk KE. The Golfer's Fore, Fore +, and Advanced Fore + Exercise Program: An Exercise Series and Injury Prevention Program for the Golfer. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; V18:789-799. [PMID: 37425113 PMCID: PMC10324324 DOI: 10.26603/001c.74973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Golf is increasing in popularity with 24.8 million golfers in the U.S. in 2020, a 2% increase from the previous year. This number increased to 37.5 million in 2021 which can be further broken down to 25.1 million on course and 12.4 million participating in off course activities. Playing golf does not come without risk of injury, with an annual incidence between 15.8% and 40.9% in amateurs and 31% in professional golfers. Most injuries in golf occur due to overuse (82.6%) and only a small percentage occur from a single traumatic event (17.4%). Injuries most commonly occur at the low back followed by the wrist. Injury prevention programs have shown to be successful in other sports however to date there are no studies assessing a golfer's specific program. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to describe three individualized and unsupervised golf exercise programs (The Golfer's Fore, Fore+, and Advanced Fore+), of varying difficultly, designed to reduce the risk of injury, improve strength/mobility, and optimize performance. Level of Evidence 5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin E Wilk
- Champion Sports Medicine Select Medical
- Director of Rehabilitative Research American Sports Medicine Institute
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Larinier N, Vuillerme N, Balaguier R. Effectiveness of warm-up interventions on work-related musculoskeletal disorders, physical and psychosocial functions among workers: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e056560. [PMID: 37130661 PMCID: PMC10163487 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to identify from published literature the available evidence regarding the effects of warm-up intervention implemented in the workplace on work -related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and physical and psychosocial functions. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES The following four electronic databases were searched (from inception onwards to October 2022): Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed (Medline), Web of Science and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised and non-randomised controlled studies were included in this review. Interventions should include a warm-up physical intervention in real-workplaces. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS The primary outcomes were pain, discomfort, fatigue and physical functions. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation evidence synthesis. To assess the risk of bias, the Cochrane ROB2 was used for randomised controlled trial (RCT) and the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions was used for the non-RCT studies. RESULTS Three studies met the inclusion criterion, one cluster RCT and two non-RCTs. There was an important heterogeneity in the included studies principally concerning population and warm-up intervention exercises. There were important risks of bias in the four selected studies, due to blinding and confounding factors. Overall certainty of evidence was very low. CONCLUSION Due to the poor methodological quality of studies and conflicting results, there was no evidence supporting the use of warm-up to prevent WMSDs in the workplace. The present findings highlighted the need of good quality studies targeting the effects of warm-up intervention to prevent WMSDs. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019137211.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Larinier
- AGEIS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Heres, France
- Opti'Mouv, St Paul, France
| | - Nicolas Vuillerme
- AGEIS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Heres, France
- Opti'Mouv, St Paul, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Romain Balaguier
- AGEIS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Heres, France
- Opti'Mouv, St Paul, France
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Ding L, Van Raalte JL, Mackey M, Brewer BW, Jin M, Chu M, Weng L. Intention for Warm-Up among Children and Adolescents Scale: Development and Initial Validation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11033. [PMID: 36078748 PMCID: PMC9518345 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Intention for Warm-up among Children and Adolescents Scale (IWCAS). There were four phases and four sets of participants in the development of the IWCAS. In the first phase, the domains of intention were defined, and related components were developed, organized, and validated. In the second phase, 446 elementary and middle school students participated in a pilot study for the first version of the scale, which was revised based on the information obtained. In the third phase, 12 graduates in sports pedagogy served on an expert panel and organized the items into domain areas and developed a second version of the IWCAS. In the final phase, 1322 elementary and middle school students from three k-12 schools completed the revised version of the IWCAS, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Based on the results, the IWCAS was shortened by deleting some items in two domains; this resulted in 11 items of the final version with 3 domains: (1) attitude toward warm-up, (2) subjective norm, and (3) perceived behavioral control that, according to the indices, generate reliable and structurally valid scores. The composite internal consistency for the three domains ranged from 0.74 to 0.85. The researchers hypothesized the IWCAS is a valid and reliable scale, which can be used by P.E. teachers or coaches to evaluate the intention of primary and secondary school students to perform warm-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Ding
- Physical Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Judy L. Van Raalte
- Department of Psychology, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
- College of Health Sciences, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Marcia Mackey
- Department of Physical Education & Sport, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Britton W. Brewer
- Department of Psychology, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
| | - Min Jin
- Feng Xian Institute of Education, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201499, China
| | - Minming Chu
- Physical Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Lijun Weng
- Physical Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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Guidelines for performing systematic reviews in sports science. Biol Sport 2022; 39:463-471. [PMID: 35309539 PMCID: PMC8919872 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the reviews carried out in sports science have used the general items suggested by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). Due to the specific requirements of each knowledge area, several modifications of the PRISMA are necessary to optimize the process of the systematic reviews and, in consequence, the quality of the conclusions provided in this type of study. Therefore, this work aimed to adapt PRISMA to provide specific guidelines to carry out systematic reviews in sports science. The methodology criteria (search strategy, databases, and eligibility) and the results section (flow diagrams and study contents) were adapted based on previous studies, and several new considerations were added to design the new guidelines. We compiled 28 items suggested by sports science researchers and included two new items: (i) population/problem (i.e., age, level, and country) and (ii) the entire training process, which is monitored and compared between groups (e.g., total training load). To maximize the benefit of this document, we encourage people to read it in conjunction with the PRISMA statement. The main differences between PRISMA and the PRISMA adapted to sports science were related to registration, search strategy, flow diagrams, and results. Application of the new guidelines could improve the information provided to readers and make it easier to generalize and compare the results in sports science.
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