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Wang B, Xie E, Liang P, Liu T, Zhu J, Qin G, Su X. Transforming performance: The impact of an 8-week complex training program on strength, power, and change of direction in female basketball athletes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38524. [PMID: 38875405 PMCID: PMC11175861 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effect of complex training on the strength, power, and change of direction (COD) performance of college female basketball athletes. METHODS This design used experimental and randomized studies. A total of 32 female basketball players volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly allocated to a complex training group (CT group: n = 16) and a resistance training group (RT group: n = 16). The CT group performed CT and the RT group completed RT for 8 weeks. The CT and RT programs were developed based on the linear periodization theory, which required participants to train 2 times a week in the first 4 weeks and 3 times a week in the following 4 weeks. All participants were tested using the 5-0-5 COD test, Illinois agility test (IAT), one-repetition maximum back squat (1RM BS) test, and countermovement jump (CMJ) test before and after the 8-week training period. RESULTS Two-way repeated measure ANOVA showed a significant group × time interaction for the 5-0-5 COD, IAT, 1RM BS, and CMJ results after the intervention compared with that before the intervention (P < .05) in the CT group (effect size = 0.86-4.04). CT compared with RT caused remarkably larger enhancements in the IAT (P < .001) and CMJ (P = .040) scores. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the implementation of CT could be a promising and innovative intervention for enhancing the strength, power, and COD performance of female basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Nanjing Vocational College of Information Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Enli Xie
- Department of Sports Training, Nanjing Sport Institue, Nanjing, China
| | - Peigen Liang
- Department of Physical Education, Nanjing Vocational College of Information Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianshu Liu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Physical Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoyang Qin
- College of Physical Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Physical Education, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
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Zhou L, Tan Y, Gan J, Li C, Bao D, Zhou J. Complex training with blood flow restriction increases power output and bar velocity during half-squat jump: a pilot randomized controlled study. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1368917. [PMID: 38883184 PMCID: PMC11177751 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1368917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study examined the effects of 8-week complex training (CT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) on power output and bar velocity. Methods Twenty-six healthy male university athletes (age: 19.40 ± 0.88 years) completed three sessions of CT with BFR (CT_BFRT, n = 13) or CT-only (i.e., control) (n = 13) per week (i.e., 24 sessions in total). Before and immediately after intervention, participants completed power measurement as assessed by one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and mean power (MP), peak power (PP), mean bar velocity (Bar-MV), and peak bar velocity (Bar-PV) during the half-squat jump. Results Two-way ANOVA models showed significant main effect of time (p < 0.001) but not group (p > 0.89) or interaction (p > 0.37) between group and time on 1RM of the squat, SJ, or CMJ; however, significant interactions were observed in MP (p = 0.03, Cohen's d = 1.39), PP (p = 0.03, Cohen's d = 1.14), Bar-MV (p = 0.049, Cohen's d = 1.26), and Bar-PV (p = 0.01, Cohen's d = 1.56). The post hoc analyses revealed that MP, PP, Bar-MV, and Bar-PV after CT with BFRT were significantly greater compared to all the other three conditions (i.e., pre-CT_BFRT, pre- and post-CT-only). Conclusion CT with BFR may induce significantly greater improvements in power output and bar velocity during half-squat jump and induce comparable improvements in 1RM of the squat, SJ, and CMJ of males as compared to CT only, suggesting this novel CT with BFR would be a promising strategy to enhance power performance in healthy male university athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limingfei Zhou
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yineng Tan
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Gan
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Bao
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- Hebrew Senior Life Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Moran J, Vali N, Sand A, Beato M, Hammami R, Ramirez-Campillo R, Chaabene H, Sandercock G. Effect of vertical, horizontal, and combined plyometric training on jump, sprint and change of direction performance in male soccer players. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295786. [PMID: 38781181 PMCID: PMC11115329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of vertical (VPT), horizontal (HPT) and combined vertical and horizontal (V+HPT) plyometric training on sprint, jump and change of direction (COD) performance in adult male soccer players. METHOD Participants were randomly allocated into VPT (n = 8), HPT (n = 8) and V+HPT (n = 8) groups which undertook eight weeks of PT, executing 100 foot contacts per session, twice weekly. RESULTS Though demonstrably effective, no specific one of the three applied programmes enhanced performance to a greater extent than another with only the 40 m sprint for the HPT group (mean difference = 0.07 s [HPT] vs. 0.04 s [VPT] and 0.04 s [V+HPT]) and the vertical jump for the V+HPT group (mean difference = 4.5 cm [V+HPT] vs. 4.0 cm [VPT] and 3.25 cm [HPT]) appearing to deviate from a uniform pattern of group level adaptation across the performance tests. CONCLUSION A total volume of 100 foot contacts per session, twice per week for eight weeks was sufficient to achieve the observed changes. Though jump and changing direction performance were enhanced, linear sprint performance was largely unchanged and so a more complete and intense programme may have been warranted. No method was superior to another in eliciting changes across these tests and a directionally-specific pattern of adaptation was not apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Norodin Vali
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anders Sand
- Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Universite de La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (EM2S, UR15JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Gavin Sandercock
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
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Beato M, Madsen EE, Clubb J, Emmonds S, Krustrup P. Monitoring Readiness to Train and Perform in Female Football: Current Evidence and Recommendations for Practitioners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:223-231. [PMID: 38307011 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monitoring player readiness to train and perform is an important practical concept in football. Despite an abundance of research in this area in the male game, to date, research is limited in female football. The aims of this study were, first, to summarize the current literature on the monitoring of readiness in female football; second, to summarize the current evidence regarding the monitoring of the menstrual cycle and its potential impact on physical preparation and performance in female footballers; and third, to offer practical recommendations based on the current evidence for practitioners working with female football players. CONCLUSIONS Practitioners should include both objective (eg, heart rate and countermovement jump) and subjective measures (eg, athlete-reported outcome measures) in their monitoring practices. This would allow them to have a better picture of female players' readiness. Practitioners should assess the reliability of their monitoring (objective and subjective) tools before adopting them with their players. The use of athlete-reported outcome measures could play a key role in contexts where technology is not available (eg, in semiprofessional and amateur clubs); however, practitioners need to be aware that many single-item athlete-reported outcome measures instruments have not been properly validated. Finally, tracking the menstrual cycle can identify menstrual dysfunction (eg, infrequent or irregular menstruation) that can indicate a state of low energy availability or an underlying gynecological issue, both of which warrant further investigation by medical practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Esben Elholm Madsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jo Clubb
- Global Performance Insights Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey Emmonds
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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5
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Zhu Z, Wu H, Li L, Jia M, Li D. Effects of diverse resistance training modalities on performance measures in athletes: a network meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1302610. [PMID: 38370012 PMCID: PMC10870238 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1302610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Jumping ability is one of the necessary qualities for athletes. Previous studies have shown that plyometric training and complex training including plyometrics can improve athletes' jumping ability. With the emergence of various types of complex training, there is uncertainty about which training method has the best effect. This study conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of plyometric-related training on athletes' jumping ability, to provide some reference for coaches to design training plans. Methods: We systematically searched 3 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) up to July 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials investigating plyometrics related training in athletes. The two researchers conducted literature screening, extraction and quality assessment independently. We performed a network meta-analysis using Stata 16. Results: We analyzed 83 studies and found that complex training, which includes high-intensity intervals and plyometric exercises, was the most effective method for improving squat jumps (SURCA = 96%). In the case of countermovement jumps a combination of electrostimulation and plyometric training yielded the best results (SURCA = 97.6%). Weightlifting training proved to be the most effective for the standing long jump (SURCA = 81.4%), while strength training was found to be the most effective for the five bounces test (SURCA = 87.3%). Conclusion: Our current study shows that complex training performs more efficient overall in plyometric-related training. However, there are different individual differences in the effects of different training on different indicators (e.g., CMJ, SJ, SLJ, 5BT) of athletes. Therefore, in order to ensure that the most appropriate training is selected, it is crucial to accurately assess the physical condition of each athlete before implementation. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, Registration and protocol CRD42023456402.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhu
- College of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Haowen Wu
- College of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Longpeng Li
- College of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Mingyuan Jia
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Li
- Department of International Culture Education, Chodang University, Muan, Republic of Korea
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Söyler M, Zileli R, Çingöz YE, Kılınçarslan G, Kayantaş İ, Altuğ T, Asan S, Şahin M, Gürkan AC. The effect of high-intensity plyometric training on anaerobic performance parameters: a pilot study in U17 elite A league. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16648. [PMID: 38223755 PMCID: PMC10787543 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity plyometric training (HIPT) on some parameters in elite soccer players in the U17. Volunteer soccer players were randomly divided into two groups according to their positions: the regular training (RT) group (age: 16.71 ± 0.47 years; stature: 163.46 ± 3.31 cm; body weight: 61.04 ± 1.59 kg) and the HIPT group (age: 16.64 ± 0.50 years; stature: 165.60 ± 3.03 cm; body weight: 59.76 ± 1.92 kg), and each group included five defenders, five midfielders, and four attackers. While the RT group did only routine soccer training, the HIPT group performed high-intensity plyometric training three days a week in addition to routine soccer training. In the study, body weight, stature, sprint (10 m, 30 m, and 40 m), jump (standing long jump, right and left-limb triple hop) and 5-0-5 change of direction speed test measurements of the soccer players were taken. Skewness and Kurtosis values obtained from the pre-test and post-test measurements were calculated to test whether the normality assumption of the study was met. A mixed measure two-way ANOVA test was used to determine the difference between the pre-test and post-test. The significance was set as p < 0.05. The results indicated that 8-week high- intensity plyometric training provided more improvement in measured performance parameters than routine soccer training. As a result, when the data obtained is examined, it can be said that HIPT had better values in sprint, jump, and change of direction parameters, so plyometric training was more beneficial for anaerobic parameters than routine soccer training in children. It is recommended that the trainers make their plans considering these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Söyler
- Vocational School of Social Sciences, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Türkiye
| | - Raif Zileli
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Türkiye
| | | | | | - İdris Kayantaş
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye
| | - Tolga Altuğ
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı, Türkiye
| | - Selim Asan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Musa Şahin
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Karabük University, Karabük, Türkiye
| | - Alper Cenk Gürkan
- Vocational School of Healthy Services, Gazi University Ankara, Ankara, Türkiye
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Li G, Wu W, Zhen K, Zhang S, Chen Z, Lv Y, Hou X, Yu L. Effects of different drop height training on lower limb explosive and change of direction performance in collegiate Sanda athletes. iScience 2023; 26:107972. [PMID: 37829202 PMCID: PMC10565765 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of 6 weeks of 40-, 60-, or 80-cm drop jump (DJ) training on lower limb explosive and change of direction (CoD) performance in collegiate Sanda athletes. Repeated-measure ANOVA revealed that there was a significant group × time interaction for standing long jump test (p = 0.006), counter movement jump test (p = 0.026), Illinois agility test (p = 0.003), square test (p = 0.018), Nebraska test (p = 0.027), t test (p = 0.032), and hexagon test (p = 0.012) due to the best performance observed at post-test compared with pre-test for DJ60 (effect size = 0.89-2.89), and the improvement was higher than that of the other groups. These findings suggest that 6 weeks of DJ training could improve the lower limb explosive and CoD performance in collegiate Sanda athletes and that 60 cm may be the optimal drop height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Wu
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhen
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyan Zhang
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhizhou Chen
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- School of Sport Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Laikang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Beato M, Datson N, Anderson L, Brownlee T, Coates A, Hulton A. Rationale and Practical Recommendations for Testing Protocols in Female Soccer: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1912-1922. [PMID: 37184978 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beato, M, Datson, N, Anderson, L, Brownlee, T, Coates, A, and Hulton, A. Rationale and practical recommendations for testing protocols in female soccer: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1912-1922, 2023-The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the presented literature on tests (aerobic, speed, changes of direction [COD], strength, power, jump, and anthropometry) of the varied components of female soccer and to draw attention to the most suitable protocols to allow practitioners to accurately track players' fitness status. The 2 most common field tests used to assess aerobic fitness are the Yo-Yo intermittent test (level 1 and level 2) and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test because of an ability to measure multiple players at once with a soccer-specific intermittent profile. The sprinting performance can be assessed on distances of <30 m; however, longer distances (e.g., 40 m) allow for achieving peak speed (flying sprint test), which can be assessed using global navigation satellite system. Changes-of-direction capacity has been found to be an important component of players testing and training programs, although there is no "gold standard" to assess COD or repeated sprint ability performance in female players. Lower-limb power can be assessed using jump tests that can use force platforms, jump mats, and optoelectronic devices, while maintaining a good reliability. Several in-direct tests are currently available for assessing anthropometry parameters, such as skinfold thickness, hydrodensitometry, and ultrasound. However, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is the most valid and reliable method for assessing body composition in team sport athletes, with the addition of bone health that is a key measure in female athletes. In conclusion, the evidence reported in this review will be able to aid practitioners, coaches, and researchers to decide which tests meet the requirements of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alex Coates
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Bianchi M, Anderson L, Brownlee TE, Bossi L, Beato M. The effect of two sessions of combined jump and sprint training per week on fitness parameters in soccer players. A randomized controlled trial. Biol Sport 2023; 40:699-706. [PMID: 37398964 PMCID: PMC10286599 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.119287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of a combined jump and sprint training program, two sessions a week for 6 weeks, on sprinting, change of directions (COD) and jumping performance in semi-professional soccer players. Twenty soccer players were enrolled in this randomized controlled trial (age 20 ± 2 years, body mass 74.3 ± 5.9 kg). Players were randomized into two groups such as training group (TG, n = 10 players) or control group (CG, n = 10 players). Physical tests were performed before and after 6 weeks of training such as sprint 10 m, sprint 30 m, 505-COD test and standing long jump (LJ). The two groups performed the same training except for the combined jump and sprint training performed twice a week by TG. After 6 weeks of training, between-group analysis reported statistical difference in favor of the TG in sprint 10 m (p = 0.015, η2 = 0.295, large), sprint 30 m (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.599, large), in 505-COD (p = 0.026, η2 = 0.154, large), and LJ (p = 0.025, η2 = 0.027, small). These data indicate that combined sprint and jump training, when performed twice a week, for the duration of 6 weeks, in addition to the regular team training, can improve specific physical performance in male soccer players. This study has shown that a volume increment of 10% after 3 weeks of training can be a suitable training dose progression and that a combination of 64-70 jumps and 675-738 m of sprinting training per session can yield benefits in sprint, COD and jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bianchi
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Bossi
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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10
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Qiao Z, Guo Z, Li B, Liu M, Miao G, Zhou L, Bao D, Zhou J. The effects of 8-week complex training on lower-limb strength and power of Chinese elite female modern pentathlon athletes. Front Psychol 2022; 13:977882. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.977882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex training (CT) is a combination training method that alternates between performing high-load resistance training (RT) and plyometric training within one single session. The study aimed to examine the effects of CT on lower-limb strength and power of elite female modern pentathlon athletes under the new modern pentathlon format and competition rules. Ten female participants (age: 23.55 ± 2.22 years, weight: 60.59 ± 3.87 kg, height: 169.44 ± 4.57 cm, and training experience: 6.90 ± 2.08 years) of the national modern pentathlon team completed 8 weeks of RT as followed by 8 weeks of CT, with 2 weeks of break. Then, the participants conducted 8 weeks of CT, which included RT combined with plyometric training (e.g., drop jump and continuous jump). All stages of training were designed by the linear strength training period theories, requiring participants to train twice for the first 4 weeks and three times for the second 4 weeks. The one-repetition maximum (1RM) of squat, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), counter-movement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), pre-stretch augmentation percentage (PSAP), and reaction strength index (RSI) were assessed before and after both RT and CT training. One-way repeated-measure ANOVA models revealed that the 1RM of squat was significantly improved (p < 0.001) after RT as compared to pre-RT. No significant improvement in IMTP (p = 0.055), CMJ (p = 0.194), SJ (p = 0.692), PSAP (p = 0.087), and RSI (p = 0.238) was not observed. After CT, 1RM of squat (p < 0.001), IMTP (p < 0.035), CMJ (p < 0.001), SJ (p < 0.008), RSI (p < 0.006) were significant improved as compared to pre-RT, post-RT and pre-CT, while significant improvements in PSAP were observed as compared to pre-RT (p = 0.003) and pre-CT (p = 0.027), but not to post-RT (p = 0.156). This pilot study showed the promise of CT following RT to improve lower-limb strength and power in elite female modern pentathlon athletes. The findings are worthwhile to be confirmed in future studies with larger sample size and randomized design.
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11
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Makaruk H, Starzak M, Płaszewski M, Winchester JB. Internal Validity in Resistance Training Research: A Systematic Review. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:308-331. [PMID: 35719235 PMCID: PMC9157516 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring internal validity is the key procedure when planning the study design. Numerous systematic reviews have demonstrated that considerations for internal validity do not receive adequate attention in the primary research in sport sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review methodological procedures in current literature where the effects of resistance training on strength, speed, and endurance performance in athletes were analyzed. A computer-based literature searches of SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Medline, and Web of Science was conducted. The internal validity of individual studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. Peer-reviewed studies were accepted only if they met all the following eligibility criteria: (a) healthy male and female athletes between the ages of 18-65 years; (b) training program based on resistance exercises; (c) training program lasted for at least 4 weeks or 12 training sessions, with at least two sessions per week; (d) the study reported maximum strength, speed, or endurance outcomes; and (e) systematic reviews, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies were excluded. Of the 6,516 articles identified, 133 studies were selected for rating by the PEDro scale. Sixty-eight percent of the included studies used random allocation to groups, but only one reported concealed allocation. Baseline data are presented in almost 69% of the studies. Thirty-eight percent of studies demonstrated adequate follow-up of participants. The plan to follow the intention-to-treat or stating that all participants received training intervention or control conditions as allocated were reported in only 1.5% of studies. The procedure of blinding of assessors was also satisfied in only 1.5% of the studies. The current study highlights the gaps in designing and reporting research in the field of strength and conditioning. Randomization, blinding of assessors, reporting of attrition, and intention-to-treat analysis should be more fully addressed to reduce threats to internal validity in primary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Makaruk
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Poland
| | - Marcin Starzak
- Department of Sports for All, Józef Piłsudski of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Poland
| | - Maciej Płaszewski
- Department of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Poland
| | - Jason B Winchester
- Division of Health Sciences & Human Performance, Concordia University Chicago, USA
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Guo Z, Huang Y, Zhou Z, Leng B, Gong W, Cui Y, Bao D. The Effect of 6-Week Combined Balance and Plyometric Training on Change of Direction Performance of Elite Badminton Players. Front Psychol 2021; 12:684964. [PMID: 34177740 PMCID: PMC8222543 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.684964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of combined balance and plyometric training on the change of direction (COD) performance of badminton athletes. Sixteen elite male badminton players volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to a balance-plyometric group (BP: n = 8) and plyometric group (PL: n = 8). The BP group performed balance combined with plyometric training three times a week over 6 weeks; while the PL group undertook only plyometric training three times a week during the same period. Meanwhile, both groups were given the same technical training. All participants were tested to assess the COD ability before and after the training period: Southeast Missouri (SEMO) test and 5-0-5 test, dynamic balance ability (Y-Balance test, YBT), and reactive strength index (RSI). Repeated-measure ANOVA revealed that after the intervention there was a significant time × group interaction for 5-0-5 COD test, YBT of both legs and RSI (p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.26–0.58) due to the better performance observed at post-test compared with a pre-test for the BP group [effect size (ES) = 1.20–1.76], and the improvement was higher than that of the PL group. The change in SEMO test did not differ between BP and PL (p < 0.159, partial η2= 0.137), but the magnitude of the with-group improvement for BP (ES = 1.55) was higher than that of PL (ES = 0.81). These findings suggest that combined training could further improve the COD performance of badminton athletes than plyometric training alone and might provide fitness trainers a more efficient COD training alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiang Guo
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,Department of Physical Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Beijing Research Institute of Sports Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Zhou
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Leng
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangcheng Gong
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiong Cui
- AI Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Bao
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Raya-González J, Castillo D, de Keijzer KL, Beato M. The effect of a weekly flywheel resistance training session on elite U-16 soccer players' physical performance during the competitive season. A randomized controlled trial. Res Sports Med 2021; 29:571-585. [PMID: 33401975 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1870978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a weekly flywheel resistance training session over a 10-week period on U16 soccer players' physical performance with special attention to change of direction ability (e.g., deficit [CODdef]). Twenty elite young soccer players were assigned to an experimental (EG, n = 10) or control (CG, n = 10) group. Unilateral countermovement jumps with dominant (CMJd) and non-dominant (CMJnd) leg, 10, 20, and 30-m linear sprint test and change of direction sprint test in 5 + 5 (COD10) and 10 + 10 m (COD20) were performed before and after flywheel training period. Significant within-group differences were found in CG in COD10 (p = 0.01; effect size [ES] = large) and CODdef10 (p = 0.03; ES = small) with dominant leg, while differences in EG were observed in CMJ (p = 0.001-0.01; ES = moderate-large) and in all COD and CODdef variables (p = 0.001-0.04; ES = large). Between-groups analysis revealed differences in favour of the EG in CMJ (p = 0.03-0.05) and COD and CODdef variables (p = 0.001-0.05). These findings suggest a weekly flywheel training session is suitable for improving jumping and COD abilities in U16 elite soccer players in season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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Nicholson B, Dinsdale A, Jones B, Till K. The Training of Short Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2020; 51:1179-1207. [PMID: 33245512 PMCID: PMC8124057 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Short-sprint (≤ 20 m) performance is an important quality for success in the football codes. Therefore, developing an evidence base for understanding training methods to enhance short-sprint performance is key for practitioners. However, current systematic reviews are limited by (1) a lack of focus on football code athletes, (2) a lack of consideration of all training modalities and (3) a failure to account for the normal training practices undertaken by intervention groups within their analysis. Therefore, this review aimed to (1) conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature evaluating training interventions upon short-sprint performance within football code athletes, (2) undertake a meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of change of sport-sprint performance following training interventions and (3) identify how moderator variables affect the training response. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to establish standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals. This identified the magnitude and direction of the individual training effects of intervention subgroups (primary, secondary, combined-specific, tertiary and combined training methods) on short-sprint performance while considering moderator variables (i.e., football code, sex, age, playing standard, phase of season). Results 121 studies met the inclusion criteria, totalling 3419 athletes. Significant improvements (small-large) were found between pre- and post-training in short-sprint performance for the combined, secondary, tertiary and combined-specific training methods. No significant effect was found for primary or sport only training. No individual mode was found to be the most effective. Between-subgroup analysis identified that football code, age, playing standard and phase of season all moderated the overall magnitude of training effects. Conclusions This review provides the largest systematic review and meta-analysis of short-sprint performance development methods and the only one to assess football code athletes exclusively. Practitioners can apply combined, secondary and tertiary training methods to improve short-sprint performance within football code athletes. The application of sport only and primary methods does not appear to improve short-sprint performance. Regardless of the population characteristics, short-sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either or both the magnitude and the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action. Trial Registration OSF registration https://osf.io/kshqn/. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-020-01372-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Nicholson
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Room G08, Cavendish Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Leeds, UK.
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.
| | - Alex Dinsdale
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Room G08, Cavendish Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Room G08, Cavendish Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Room G08, Cavendish Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
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