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Kassiano W, Costa BDDV, Kunevaliki G, Lisboa F, Tricoli I, Francsuel J, Lima L, Stavinski N, Cyrino ES. Bigger Calves from Doing Higher Resistance Training Volume? Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:739-747. [PMID: 38684187 DOI: 10.1055/a-2316-7885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
We compared the effects of different weekly calf training sets on muscle size changes. Sixty-one untrained young women performed a calf training program for 6 weeks, 3 d·wk-1, with differences in resistance training volume. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: 6-SET, 9-SET, and 12-SET weekly calf training sets. The calf raise exercise was performed in sets of 15-20 repetitions maximum. The muscle thickness measurements of medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and soleus (SOL) were taken via B-mode ultrasound. We used the sum of the three-muscle thickness as a proxy for the triceps surae (TSSUM). The 12-SET group elicited greater increases than the 6-SET in LG (6-SET=+ 8.1% vs. 12-SET=+ 14.3%; P=0.017), SOL (6-SET=+ 6.7% vs. 12-SET=+ 12.7%; P=0.024), and TSSUM (6-SET=+ 6.9% vs. 12-SET=+ 12.0%; P=0.005), but there was no significant difference in MG changes (6-SET=+ 6.6% vs. 12-SET=+ 9.9%; P=0.067). There were no significant differences when comparing 9-SET vs. 6-SET and 12-SET (P≥0.099). Although all groups experienced calf muscle hypertrophy, our results suggest that the higher dose range may optimize triceps surae muscle size gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Centre of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Kunevaliki
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Centre of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Brazil
| | - Felipe Lisboa
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Centre of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ian Tricoli
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Centre of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Brazil
| | - Jarlisson Francsuel
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Centre of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Brazil
| | - Luis Lima
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Centre of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Brazil
| | - Natã Stavinski
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Centre of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Brazil
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Centre of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Brazil
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Nunes JP, Blazevich AJ, Schoenfeld BJ, Kassiano W, Costa BDV, Ribeiro AS, Nakamura M, Nosaka K, Cyrino ES. Determining Changes in Muscle Size and Architecture After Exercise Training: One Site Does Not Fit all. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:787-790. [PMID: 38513182 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nunes, JP, Blazevich, AJ, Schoenfeld, BJ, Kassiano, W, Costa, BDV, Ribeiro, AS, Nakamura, M, Nosaka, K, and Cyrino, ES. Determining changes in muscle size and architecture after exercise training: One site does not fit all. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 787-790, 2024-Different methods can be used to assess muscle hypertrophy, but the effects of training on regional changes in muscle size can be detected only using direct muscle measurements such as muscle thickness, cross-sectional area, or volume. Importantly, muscle size increases vary across regions within and between muscles after resistance training programs (i.e., heterogeneous, or nonuniform, muscle hypertrophy). Muscle architectural changes, including fascicle length and pennation angle, after resistance and stretch training programs are also region-specific. In this paper, we show that the literature indicates that a single-site measure of muscle shape does not properly capture the effects achieved after exercise training interventions and that conclusions concerning the magnitude of muscle adaptations can vary substantially depending on the muscle site to be examined. Thus, we propose that measurements of muscle size and architecture should be completed at multiple sites across regions between the agonist muscles within a muscle group and along the length of the muscles to provide an adequate picture of training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bruna D V Costa
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alex S Ribeiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
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Androulakis Korakakis P, Wolf M, Coleman M, Burke R, Piñero A, Nippard J, Schoenfeld BJ. Optimizing Resistance Training Technique to Maximize Muscle Hypertrophy: A Narrative Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 9:9. [PMID: 38249086 PMCID: PMC10801605 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Regimented resistance training (RT) has been shown to promote increases in muscle size. When engaging in RT, practitioners often emphasize the importance of appropriate exercise technique, especially when trying to maximize training adaptations (e.g., hypertrophy). This narrative review aims to synthesize existing evidence on what constitutes proper RT exercise technique for maximizing muscle hypertrophy, focusing on variables such as exercise-specific kinematics, contraction type, repetition tempo, and range of motion (ROM). We recommend that when trying to maximize hypertrophy, one should employ a ROM that emphasizes training at long muscle lengths while also employing a repetition tempo between 2 and 8 s. More research is needed to determine whether manipulating the duration of either the eccentric or concentric phase further enhances hypertrophy. Guidelines for body positioning and movement patterns are generally based on implied theory from applied anatomy and biomechanics. However, existing research on the impact of manipulating these aspects of exercise technique and their effect on hypertrophy is limited; it is therefore suggested that universal exercise-specific kinematic guidelines are followed and adopted in accordance with the above recommendations. Future research should investigate the impact of stricter versus more lenient exercise technique variations on hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patroklos Androulakis Korakakis
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (P.A.K.); (M.W.); (M.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Milo Wolf
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (P.A.K.); (M.W.); (M.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Max Coleman
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (P.A.K.); (M.W.); (M.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Ryan Burke
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (P.A.K.); (M.W.); (M.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Alec Piñero
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (P.A.K.); (M.W.); (M.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Jeff Nippard
- STRCNG Incorporated OA Jeff Nippard Fitness, Oakville, ON L6L 1W4, Canada;
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (P.A.K.); (M.W.); (M.C.); (A.P.)
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Kinoshita M, Maeo S, Kobayashi Y, Eihara Y, Ono M, Sato M, Sugiyama T, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Triceps surae muscle hypertrophy is greater after standing versus seated calf-raise training. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1272106. [PMID: 38156065 PMCID: PMC10753835 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1272106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The triceps surae muscle plays important roles in fundamental human movements. However, this muscle is relatively unresponsive to resistance training (difficult to hypertrophy) but prone to atrophy with inactivity compared with other muscles. Thus, identifying an effective training modality for the triceps surae is warranted. This study compared triceps surae muscle hypertrophy after standing/knee-extended versus seated/knee-flexed plantarflexion (calf-raise) training, where the gastrocnemius is lengthened and shortened, respectively. Methods: Fourteen untrained adults conducted calf-raise training with one leg in a standing/knee-extended position and the other leg in a seated/knee 90°-flexed position at 70% of one-repetition maximum. Each leg performed 10 repetitions/set, 5 sets/session, 2 sessions/week for 12 weeks. Before and after the intervention, magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained to assess muscle volume of each and the whole triceps surae. Results: Muscle volume significantly increased in all three muscles and the whole triceps surae for both legs (p ≤ 0.031), except for the gastrocnemius muscles of the seated condition leg (p = 0.147-0.508). The changes in muscle volume were significantly greater for the standing than seated condition leg in the lateral gastrocnemius (12.4% vs. 1.7%), medial gastrocnemius (9.2% vs. 0.6%), and whole triceps surae (5.6% vs. 2.1%) (p ≤ 0.011), but similar between legs in the soleus (2.1% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.410). Conclusion: Standing calf-raise was by far more effective, therefore recommended, than seated calf-raise for inducing muscle hypertrophy of the gastrocnemius and consequently the whole triceps surae. This result and similar between-condition hypertrophy in the soleus collectively suggest that training at long muscle lengths promotes muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoka Kinoshita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Sumiaki Maeo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yuuto Kobayashi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yuuri Eihara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Munetaka Ono
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Mauto Sato
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- Department of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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Joseph TM, Al-Hazmi HE, Śniatała B, Esmaeili A, Habibzadeh S. Nanoparticles and nanofiltration for wastewater treatment: From polluted to fresh water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117114. [PMID: 37716387 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution poses significant threats to both ecosystems and human health. Mitigating this issue requires effective treatment of domestic wastewater to convert waste into bio-fertilizers and gas. Neglecting liquid waste treatment carries severe consequences for health and the environment. This review focuses on intelligent technologies for water and wastewater treatment, targeting waterborne diseases. It covers pollution prevention and purification methods, including hydrotherapy, membrane filtration, mechanical filters, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and copper-zinc cleaning. The article also highlights domestic purification, field techniques, heavy metal removal, and emerging technologies like nanochips, graphene, nanofiltration, atmospheric water generation, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)-based cleaning. Emphasizing water cleaning's significance for ecosystem protection and human health, the review discusses pollution challenges and explores the integration of wastewater treatment, coagulant processes, and nanoparticle utilization in management. It advocates collaborative efforts and innovative research for freshwater preservation and pollution mitigation. Innovative biological systems, combined with filtration, disinfection, and membranes, can elevate recovery rates by up to 90%, surpassing individual primary (<10%) or biological methods (≤50%). Advanced treatment methods can achieve up to 95% water recovery, exceeding UN goals for clean water and sanitation (Goal 6). This progress aligns with climate action objectives and safeguards vital water-rich habitats (Goal 13). The future holds promise with advanced purification techniques enhancing water quality and availability, underscoring the need for responsible water conservation and management for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomy Muringayil Joseph
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Bogna Śniatała
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Amin Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering Technology, and Industrial Trades, College of the North Atlantic-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1599637111, Iran.
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Song J, Duivenvoorde LPM, Grefte S, Kuda O, Martínez-Ramírez F, van der Stelt I, Mastorakou D, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J. Normobaric hypoxia shows enhanced FOXO1 signaling in obese mouse gastrocnemius muscle linked to metabolism and muscle structure and neuromuscular innervation. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1265-1281. [PMID: 37656229 PMCID: PMC10567817 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle relies on mitochondria for sustainable ATP production, which may be impacted by reduced oxygen availability (hypoxia). Compared with long-term hypoxia, the mechanistic in vivo response to acute hypoxia remains elusive. Therefore, we aimed to provide an integrated description of the Musculus gastrocnemius response to acute hypoxia. Fasted male C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice, fed a 40en% fat diet for six weeks, were exposed to 12% O2 normobaric hypoxia or normoxia (20.9% O2) for six hours (n = 12 per group). Whole-body energy metabolism and the transcriptome response of the M. gastrocnemius were analyzed and confirmed by acylcarnitine determination and Q-PCR. At the whole-body level, six hours of hypoxia reduced energy expenditure, increased blood glucose and tended to decreased the respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of forkhead box-O (FOXO) signalling, including an increased expression of tribbles pseudokinase 3 (Trib3). Trib3 positively correlated with blood glucose levels. Upregulated carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A negatively correlated with the RER, but the significantly increased in tissue C14-1, C16-0 and C18-1 acylcarnitines supported that β-oxidation was not regulated. The hypoxia-induced FOXO activation could also be connected to altered gene expression related to fiber-type switching, extracellular matrix remodeling, muscle differentiation and neuromuscular junction denervation. Our results suggest that a six-hour exposure of obese mice to 12% O2 normobaric hypoxia impacts M. gastrocnemius via FOXO1, initiating alterations that may contribute to muscle remodeling of which denervation is novel and warrants further investigation. The findings support an early role of hypoxia in tissue alterations in hypoxia-associated conditions such as aging and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Song
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander Grefte
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Laboratory of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Felipe Martínez-Ramírez
- Laboratory of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Inge van der Stelt
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Mastorakou
- Laboratory of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kassiano W, Costa B, Kunevaliki G, Soares D, Zacarias G, Manske I, Takaki Y, Ruggiero MF, Stavinski N, Francsuel J, Tricoli I, Carneiro MAS, Cyrino ES. Greater Gastrocnemius Muscle Hypertrophy After Partial Range of Motion Training Performed at Long Muscle Lengths. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1746-1753. [PMID: 37015016 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kassiano, W, Costa, B, Kunevaliki, G, Soares, D, Zacarias, G, Manske, I, Takaki, Y, Ruggiero, MF, Stavinski, N, Francsuel, J, Tricoli, I, Carneiro, MAS, and Cyrino, ES. Greater gastrocnemius muscle hypertrophy after partial range of motion training performed at long muscle lengths. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1746-1753, 2023-Whether there is an optimal range of motion (ROM) to induce muscle hypertrophy remains elusive, especially for gastrocnemius. This study aimed to compare the changes in gastrocnemius muscle thickness between calf raise exercise performed with full ROM (FULL ROM ), partial ROM performed in the initial (INITIAL ROM ), and final (FINAL ROM ) portions of the ROM. Forty-two young women performed a calf training program for 8 weeks, 3 days·week -1 , with differences in the calf raise ROM configuration. The calf raise exercise was performed in a pin-loaded, horizontal, leg-press machine, in 3 sets of 15-20 repetition maximum. The subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups: FULL ROM (ankle: -25° to +25°), INITIAL ROM (ankle: -25° to 0°), and FINAL ROM (ankle: 0° to +25°), where 0° was defined as an angle of 90° of the foot with the tibia. The muscle thickness measurements of medial and lateral gastrocnemius were taken by means of B-mode ultrasound. INITIAL ROM elicited greater medial gastrocnemius increases than FULL ROM and FINAL ROM (INITIAL ROM = +15.2% vs. FULL ROM = +6.7% and FINAL ROM = +3.4%; p ≤ 0.009). Furthermore, INITIAL ROM elicited greater lateral gastrocnemius increases than FINAL ROM (INITIAL ROM = +14.9% vs. FINAL ROM = +6.2%; p < 0.024) but did not significantly differ from FULL ROM (FULL ROM = +7.3%; p = 0.060). The current results suggest that calf training performed at longer muscle lengths may optimize gastrocnemius muscle hypertrophy in young women. Therefore, when prescribing hypertrophy-oriented training, the inclusion of the calf raise exercise performed with partial ROM in the initial portion of the excursion should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Kassiano W, Costa B, Kunevaliki G, Soares D, Stavinski N, Francsuel J, Carneiro MAS, Tricoli I, Nunes JP, Ribeiro AS, Cyrino ES. Muscle Swelling of the Triceps Surae in Response to Straight-Leg and Bent-Leg Calf Raise Exercises in Young Women. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e438-e443. [PMID: 37015022 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kassiano, W, Costa, B, Kunevaliki, G, Soares, D, Stavinski, N, Francsuel, J, Carneiro, MAS, Tricoli, I, Nunes, JP, Ribeiro, AS, and Cyrino, ES. Muscle swelling of the triceps surae in response to straight-leg and bent-leg calf raise exercises in young women. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): e438-e443, 2023-Triceps surae muscle swelling in response to different resistance exercises remains to be determined. This study compared the effects of straight-leg (STRA-leg) calf raise vs. bent-leg (BENT-leg) calf raise exercises on triceps surae muscle swelling. Seventeen young women (23.7 ± 4.0 years; 67.4 ± 16.0 kg; and 163.5 ± 7.2 cm) performed 2 resistance training sessions; in one, they performed the STRA-leg calf raise, and in another, they performed the BENT-leg calf raise. A randomized, cross-over, and counterbalanced design was adopted for this investigation. The subjects performed 4 sets of 20 repetitions maximum until concentric muscular failure. The muscle thickness of the gastrocnemius medial (GM), gastrocnemius lateral (GL), and soleus (SOL) was taken through B-mode ultrasound before and immediately after the calf raise exercises. STRA-leg calf raise elicited greater increases in muscle thickness of GM (+8.8% vs. -0.9%, p < 0.001) and GL (+14.5% vs. +7.0%, p < 0.001) than BENT-leg calf raise. Conversely, BENT-leg calf raise elicited greater increases in SOL muscle thickness than STRA-leg calf raise (+15.4% vs. +7.7%, p < 0.001). From a practical perspective, the STRA-leg calf raise should be preferred if the aim is stimulating the 3 muscles that comprise the triceps surae, whereas the BENT-leg calf raise should be prioritized if the target muscle is the SOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Bruna Costa
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Gabriel Kunevaliki
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Danrlei Soares
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Natã Stavinski
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Jarlisson Francsuel
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Marcelo A S Carneiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Ian Tricoli
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | | | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
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Earp JE, Angelino D, Hatfield DL, Colantuono V, Jackson ER, Morgan KD, Adami A, Melanson KJ, Blazevich AJ. Differing hypertrophy patterns from open and closed kinetic chain training affect quadriceps femoris center of mass and moment of inertia. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1074705. [PMID: 36998986 PMCID: PMC10043166 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1074705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine whether kinetic chain pattern during knee extensor strength training influences quadriceps femoris center of mass and moment of inertia about the hip in a predictable manner as such changes can affect running economy.Methods: Twelve participants completed 8 weeks of both unilateral open (OKC) and closed (CKC) kinetic chain resistance training on opposing legs. Changes in quadriceps femoris muscle volume (VOLQF), center of mass location (CoMQF), and moment of inertia (IQF) about the hip were determined from magnetic resonance images scans. Regional hemodynamics of the vastus lateralis taken at 30% and 70% of muscle length during OKC and CKC bouts early in the training program were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and used post hoc to predict changes in CoMQF.Results: While increases in VOLQF were similar between OKC (Δ79.5 ± 87.9 cm3) and CKC (Δ60.2 ± 110.5 cm3, p = 0.29), the patterns of hypertrophy differed; a distal shift in CoMQF (Δ2.4 ± 0.4 cm, p < 0.001) and increase in IQF (Δ0.017 ± 0.014 kg m2, p < 0.001) occurred in OKC but not in CKC (CoMQF: Δ-2.2 ± 2.0 cm, IQF: Δ-0.022 ± 0.020 kg m2, p > 0.05). Regional hemodynamics assessed by NIRS during a single training session displayed similar exercise and regional differences and predicted 39.6% of observed changes in CoMQF.Conclusions: Exercise selection influences muscle shape sufficiently to affect CoMQF and IQF, and these changes may be predicted in part from NIRS measurements during a single workout. Given IQF is inversely related to running economy and since CKC exercise provides a more proximal pattern of hypertrophy than OKC, it may be more preferential for running. The results from the present study also highlight the potential of NIRS as a tool for predicting patterns of hypertrophy between different exercises and exercise conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Earp
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: Jacob E. Earp,
| | - Domenic Angelino
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Disa L. Hatfield
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Vincent Colantuono
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Euan R. Jackson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Kristin D. Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Alessandra Adami
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Kathleen J. Melanson
- Department of Nutrition, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Anthony J. Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Lower motor unit discharge rates in gastrocnemius lateralis, but not in gastrocnemius medialis or soleus, in runners with Achilles tendinopathy: a pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:633-643. [PMID: 36418751 PMCID: PMC9684880 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deficits in muscle performance could be a consequence of a reduced ability of a motor neuron to increase the rate in which it discharges. This study aimed to investigate motor unit (MU) discharge properties of each triceps surae muscle (TS) and TS torque steadiness during submaximal intensities in runners with Achilles tendinopathy (AT). METHODS We recruited runners with (n = 12) and without (n = 13) mid-portion AT. MU discharge rate was analysed for each of the TS muscles, using high-density surface electromyography during 10 and 20% isometric plantar flexor contractions. RESULTS MU mean discharge rate was lower in the gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) in AT compared to controls. In AT, GL MU mean discharge rate did not increase as torque increased from 10% peak torque, 8.24 pps (95% CI 7.08 to 9.41) to 20%, 8.52 pps (7.41 to 9.63, p = 0.540); however, in controls, MU discharge rate increased as torque increased from 10%, 8.39 pps (7.25-9.53) to 20%, 10.07 pps (8.89-11.25, p < 0.001). There were no between-group difference in gastrocnemius medialis (GM) or soleus (SOL) MU discharge rates. We found no between-group differences in coefficient of variation of MU discharge rate in any of the TS muscles nor in TS torque steadiness. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that runners with AT may have a lower neural drive to GL, failing to increase MU discharge rate to adjust for the increase in torque demand. Further research is needed to understand how interventions focussing on increasing neural drive to GL would affect muscle function in runners with AT.
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11
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Bonilla DA, Cardozo LA, Vélez-Gutiérrez JM, Arévalo-Rodríguez A, Vargas-Molina S, Stout JR, Kreider RB, Petro JL. Exercise Selection and Common Injuries in Fitness Centers: A Systematic Integrative Review and Practical Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12710. [PMID: 36232010 PMCID: PMC9565175 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Weight resistance training (RT) is an essential component of physical conditioning programs to improve the quality of life and physical fitness in different ages and populations. This integrative review aimed to analyze the scientific evidence on the relationship between exercise selection and the appearance of musculoskeletal injuries in physical fitness centers (PFC). The PubMed or Medline, EMBASE or Science Direct, Google Scholar and PEDro databases were selected to examine the available literature using a Boolean algorithm with search terms. The review process was performed using the five-stage approach for an integrative review and it was reported according to the PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Sports Science (PERSiST) guidelines. A total of 39 peer-reviewed articles (Price index = 71.7%) met the inclusion criteria and evaluated the link between exercise selection and the incidence of injuries in exercisers who regularly attend PFC. Most injuries occur to the shoulders, elbows, vertebrae of the spine, and knees. Although the injury etiologies are multifactorial, the findings of the reviewed articles include the impacts of overuse, short post-exercise recovery periods, poor conditioning in the exercised body areas, frequent use of heavy loads, improper technique in certain exercises, and the abuse of performance- and image-enhancing drugs. Practical recommendations addressed to clinical exercise physiologists, exercise professionals, and health professionals are given in this paper. The exercise selection in RT programs requires professional supervision and adhering to proper lifting techniques and training habits that consider the anatomical and biomechanical patterns of the musculoskeletal structures, as well as genetic, pedagogical, and methodological aspects directly related to the stimulus-response process to mitigate the occurrence of RT-related injuries in PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences—GICAFS, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Education, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Sport Genomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Luis A. Cardozo
- Research and Measurement Group in Sports Training (IMED), Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Jorge M. Vélez-Gutiérrez
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- ARTHROS Centro de Fisioterapia y Ejercicio, Medellín 050012, Colombia
| | - Adrián Arévalo-Rodríguez
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Centro de Capacitación en Acondicionamiento y Preparación Física (CCAPF), Bogotá 111511, Colombia
| | - Salvador Vargas-Molina
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 29018 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jorge L. Petro
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences—GICAFS, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
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12
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External rotation of the foot position during plantarflexion increases non-uniform motions of the Achilles tendon. J Biomech 2022; 141:111232. [PMID: 35905508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The medial (GM) and lateral gastrocnemius (GL) muscles enroll to different subparts of the Achilles tendon to form their respective subtendons. The relative gastrocnemii activations during submaximal plantarflexion contraction depend on the position of the foot in the horizontal plane: with toes-in, GL activation increases and GM activation decreases, compared to toes-out. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether horizontal foot position during submaximal isometric plantarflexion contraction differently affects the subtendons within the Achilles tendon in terms of their (i) length at rest, and (ii) elongations and distal motions. Twenty healthy subjects (12 females/8 males) participated in the study. Three-dimensional ultrasound images were taken to capture subtendon lengths at rest and during isometric contraction. Ultrasound images were recorded at the distal end of Achilles tendon (sagittal plane) during ramped contractions and analyzed using a speckle tracking algorithm. All tasks were conducted twice, ones with toes-in and ones with toes-out. At rest, subtendons were shorter with toes-out compared to toes-in. During contraction, the GM subtendon lengthened more in toes-out, compared to the GL, and vice versa (all p <.01). The relative motions within the Achilles tendon (middle minus top layers displacements) were smaller in toes-in compared to toes-out (p =.05) for higher contraction intensity. Our results demonstrated that the horizontal foot position during plantarflexion contraction impacts Achilles tendon motions. Such findings may be relevant in a clinical context, for example in pathologies affecting Achilles tendon motions such as Achilles tendinopathy.
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Kassiano W, Nunes JP, Costa B, Ribeiro AS, Schoenfeld BJ, Cyrino ES. Does Varying Resistance Exercises Promote Superior Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gains? A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1753-1762. [PMID: 35438660 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kassiano, W, Nunes, JP, Costa, B, Ribeiro, AS, Schoenfeld, BJ, and Cyrino, ES. Does varying resistance exercises promote superior muscle hypertrophy and strength gains? A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1753-1762, 2022-Fitness professionals routinely employ a variety of resistance training exercises in program design as a strategy to enhance muscular adaptations. However, it remains uncertain whether such an approach offers advantages over a fixed-exercise selection. The objective of this review was to review the effects of exercise variation on muscle hypertrophy and strength. A search of the literature was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Eight studies were identified as meeting inclusion criteria. The combined total sample of the studies was N = 241, comprising all young men. The methodological quality of included studies was considered "good" and "excellent" based on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale. The available studies indicate that varying exercise selection can influence muscle hypertrophy and strength gains. Some degree of systematic variation seems to enhance regional hypertrophic adaptations and maximize dynamic strength, whereas excessive, random variation may compromise muscular gains. We conclude that exercise variation should be approached systematically with a focus on applied anatomical and biomechanical constructs; on the contrary, employing different exercises that provide a redundant stimulus, as well as excessive rotation of different exercises (i.e., high frequency of change), may actually hinder muscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bruna Costa
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alex S Ribeiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern of Paranà, Londrina, Brazil ; and
| | | | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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14
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Costa BDDV, Kassiano W, Nunes JP, Kunevaliki G, Castro-E-Souza P, Sugihara Junior P, Fernandes RR, Cyrino ES, Fortes LDS. Does Varying Resistance Exercises for the Same Muscle Group Promote Greater Strength Gains? J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3032-3039. [PMID: 35481889 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Costa, BDV, Kassiano, W, Nunes, JP, Kunevaliki, G, Castro-E-Souza, P, Sugihara-Junior, P, Fernandes, RR, Cyrino, ES, and de Fortes, LS. Does varying resistance exercises for the same muscle group promote greater strength gains? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-Two of the foremost principles of progression are progressive overload and variation. A way to vary within a resistance training (RT) program is to perform different exercises for the same muscle group; however, this strategy is still overlooked. The purpose of the present study was to compare strength adaptations between an RT routine that maintained the exercises fixed (N-VAR) and another that varied the exercises for the same muscle group during the weekly sessions (VAR). Twenty-three young men (23.3 ± 4.1 years) were randomly allocated to N-VAR (n = 11) and VAR (n = 12) conditions. The RT was performed 3 times a week for 9 weeks and consisted of a whole-body routine (3 sets of 8-12 repetitions). Maximum dynamic strength was assessed using the 1-repetition maximum test (1RM), and the isometric strength was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer, before and after training. Following the training period, both groups increased the 1RM values in all exercises (p ≤ 0.002), without significant differences between them (p ≥ 0.20). In contrast, a greater increase (p = 0.02) in isometric knee extension strength was showed to N-VAR (+12%) compared with VAR (+7%). There was no significant increase in both groups for isometric knee flexion strength (N-VAR, p = 0.10; VAR, p = 0.18). Our findings indicate that maintaining or varying the exercises for the same muscle group promotes similar adaptations in the maximum dynamic strength. In contrast, for the isometric strength in knee extension, maintaining the fixed exercises seems to be more interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Witalo Kassiano
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Gabriel Kunevaliki
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Pâmela Castro-E-Souza
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Paulo Sugihara Junior
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Rodrigo R Fernandes
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Edilson Serpeloni Cyrino
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Leonardo de Sousa Fortes
- Graduate Program in Physical Education of Federal, University of Paraíba (UFPB), Paraíba, Brazil
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15
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Nakamura M, Yoshida R, Sato S, Yahata K, Murakami Y, Kasahara K, Fukaya T, Takeuchi K, Nunes JP, Konrad A. Cross-education effect of 4-week high- or low-intensity static stretching intervention programs on passive properties of plantar flexors. J Biomech 2022; 133:110958. [PMID: 35078021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.110958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the cross-education effect of unilateral stretching intervention programs with two different intensities (high- vs. low-intensity) on dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM), muscle stiffness, and muscle architecture following a 4-week stretching intervention. Twenty-eight healthy males were randomly allocated into two groups: a high-intensity static stretching (HI-SS) intervention group (n = 14; stretch intensity 6-7 out of 10) and a low-intensity static stretching (LI-SS) intervention group (n = 14; stretch intensity 0-1 out of 10). The participants were asked to stretch their dominant leg (prefer to kick a ball) for 4 weeks (3 × week for 3 × 60 s). Before and after the intervention, the non-trained leg passive properties (DF ROM, passive torque, and muscle stiffness) of the plantar flexors and the muscle architecture of the gastrocnemius medialis (muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length) were measured. Non-trained DF ROM and passive torque at DF ROM were significantly increased in the HI-SS group (p < 0.01, d = 0.64, 50.6%, and p = 0.044, d = 0.36, 18.2%, respectively), but not in the LI-SS group. Moreover, there were no significant changes in muscle stiffness and muscle architecture in both groups. For rehabilitation settings, a high-intensity SS intervention is required to increase the DF ROM of the non-trained limb. However, the increases in DF ROM seem to be related to changes in stretch tolerance and not to changes in muscle architecture or muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Matsumura General Hospital, 1-1 Kotaroumachi, Taira, Iwaki City, Fukushima 970-8026, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yahata
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kasahara
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kyoto Kujo Hospital, 10 Karahashirajoumoncho, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8453, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Kobe City, Hyogo 658-0032, Japan
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Brazil
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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16
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Nakamura M, Yoshida R, Sato S, Yahata K, Murakami Y, Kasahara K, Fukaya T, Takeuchi K, Nunes JP, Konrad A. Comparison Between High- and Low-Intensity Static Stretching Training Program on Active and Passive Properties of Plantar Flexors. Front Physiol 2022; 12:796497. [PMID: 34975544 PMCID: PMC8718681 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.796497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare two static stretching (SS) training programs at high-intensity (HI-SS) and low-intensity (LI-SS) on passive and active properties of the plantar flexor muscles. Forty healthy young men were randomly allocated into three groups: HI-SS intervention group (n = 14), LI-SS intervention group (n = 13), and non-intervention control group (n = 13). An 11-point numerical scale (0–10; none to very painful stretching) was used to determine SS intensity. HI-SS and LI-SS stretched at 6–7 and 0–1 intensities, respectively, both in 3 sets of 60 s, 3×/week, for 4 weeks. Dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), gastrocnemius muscle stiffness, muscle strength, drop jump height, and muscle architecture were assessed before and after SS training program. The HI-SS group improved more than LI-SS in ROM (40 vs. 15%) and decreased muscle stiffness (−57 vs. −24%), while no significant change was observed for muscle strength, drop jump height, and muscle architecture in both groups. The control group presented no significant change in any variable. Performing HI-SS is more effective than LI-SS for increasing ROM and decreasing muscle stiffness of plantar flexor muscles following a 4-week training period in young men. However, SS may not increase muscle strength or hypertrophy, regardless of the stretching discomfort intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Matsumura General Hospital, Iwaki, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yahata
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kasahara
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kyoto Kujo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Kobe, Japan
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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17
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Carr JC, Gerstner GR, Voskuil CC, Harden JE, Dunnick D, Badillo KM, Pagan JI, Harmon KK, Girts RM, Beausejour JP, Stock MS. The Influence of Sonographer Experience on Skeletal Muscle Image Acquisition and Analysis. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:91. [PMID: 34842750 PMCID: PMC8628927 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The amount of experience with ultrasonography may influence measurement outcomes while images are acquired or analyzed. The purpose of this study was to identify the interrater reliability of ultrasound image acquisition and image analysis between experienced and novice sonographers and image analysts, respectively. Following a brief hands-on training session (2 h), the experienced and novice sonographers and analysts independently performed image acquisition and analyses on the biceps brachii, vastus lateralis, and medial gastrocnemius in a sample of healthy participants (n = 17). Test-retest reliability statistics were computed for muscle thickness (transverse and sagittal planes), muscle cross-sectional area, echo intensity and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness. The results show that image analysis experience generally has a greater impact on measurement outcomes than image acquisition experience. Interrater reliability for measurements of muscle size during image acquisition was generally good-excellent (ICC2,1: 0.82-0.98), but poor-moderate for echo intensity (ICC2,1: 0.43-0.77). For image analyses, interrater reliability for measurements of muscle size for the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii was poor-moderate (ICC2,1: 0.48-0.70), but excellent for echo intensity (ICC2,1: 0.90-0.98). Our findings have important implications for laboratories and clinics where members possess varying levels of ultrasound experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Carr
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA; (J.C.C.); (C.C.V.)
- Department of Medical Education, TCU & UNTHSC School of Medicine, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Gena R. Gerstner
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA; (G.R.G.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Caleb C. Voskuil
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA; (J.C.C.); (C.C.V.)
| | - Joel E. Harden
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA; (G.R.G.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Dustin Dunnick
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, AR 72801, USA;
| | - Kristin M. Badillo
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.I.P.); (K.K.H.); (R.M.G.); (J.P.B.)
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Jason I. Pagan
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.I.P.); (K.K.H.); (R.M.G.); (J.P.B.)
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Kylie K. Harmon
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.I.P.); (K.K.H.); (R.M.G.); (J.P.B.)
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Ryan M. Girts
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.I.P.); (K.K.H.); (R.M.G.); (J.P.B.)
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Beausejour
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.I.P.); (K.K.H.); (R.M.G.); (J.P.B.)
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Matt S. Stock
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.I.P.); (K.K.H.); (R.M.G.); (J.P.B.)
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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18
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Nunes JP, Kassiano W, Costa BDV, Mayhew JL, Ribeiro AS, Cyrino ES. Equating Resistance-Training Volume Between Programs Focused on Muscle Hypertrophy. Sports Med 2021; 51:1171-1178. [PMID: 33826122 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calculating resistance-training volume in programs focused on muscle hypertrophy is an attempt to quantify the external workload carried out, then to estimate the dose of stimulus imposed on targeted muscles. The volume is usually expressed in some variables that directly affected the total training work, such as the number of sets, repetitions, and volume-load. These variables are used to try to quantify the training work easily, for the subsequent organization and prescription of training programs. One of the main uses of measures of volume quantification is seen in studies in which the purpose is to compare the effects of different training protocols on muscle growth in a volume-equated format. However, it seems that not all measures of volume are always appropriate for equating training protocols. In the current paper, it is discussed what training volume is and the potentials and shortcomings of each one of the most common ways to equate it between groups depending on the independent variable to be compared (e.g., weekly frequency, intensity of load, and advanced techniques).
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil.
| | - Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bruna D V Costa
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Jerry L Mayhew
- Exercise Science Program, Truman State University, Kirksville, USA
| | - Alex S Ribeiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil.,Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
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19
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Kassiano W, de Vasconcelos Costa BD, Nunes JP, Aguiar AF, de Salles BF, Ribeiro AS. Are We Exploring the Potential Role of Specialized Techniques in Muscle Hypertrophy? Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:494-496. [PMID: 33506444 DOI: 10.1055/a-1342-7708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Specialized resistance training techniques (e.g., drop-set, rest-pause) are commonly used by well-trained subjects for maximizing muscle hypertrophy. Most of these techniques were designed to allow a greater training volume (i.e., total repetitions×load), due to the supposition that it elicits greater muscle mass gains. However, many studies that compared the traditional resistance training configuration with specialized techniques seek to equalize the volume between groups, making it difficult to determine the inherent hypertrophic potential of these advanced strategies, as well as, this equalization restricts part of the practical extrapolation on these findings. In this scenario, the objectives of this manuscript were 1) to present the nuance of the evidence that deals with the effectiveness of these specialized resistance training techniques and - primarily - to 2) propose possible ways to explore the hypertrophic potential of such strategies with greater ecological validity without losing the methodological rigor of controlling possible intervening variables; and thus, contributing to increasing the applicability of the findings and improving the effectiveness of hypertrophy-oriented resistance training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Belmiro F de Salles
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alex Silva Ribeiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil.,University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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20
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Costa BDDV, Kassiano W, Nunes JP, Kunevaliki G, Castro-E-Souza P, Rodacki A, Cyrino LT, Cyrino ES, Fortes LDS. Does Performing Different Resistance Exercises for the Same Muscle Group Induce Non-homogeneous Hypertrophy? Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:803-811. [PMID: 33440446 DOI: 10.1055/a-1308-3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to compare the effect of performing the same or different exercises for a muscle group on resistance training (RT) sessions on muscle hypertrophy at different sites along muscle length. Twenty-two detrained men (23.3±4.1 years) were randomly allocated to the following groups: a group that performed the same exercises in all training sessions (N-VAR=11) or one that varied the exercises for the same muscle groups (VAR=11). All were submitted to 3 weekly sessions for nine weeks. Muscle thickness was assessed at the proximal, middle, and distal sites of the lateral and anterior thigh, elbow flexors, and extensors by B-mode ultrasound. The VAR group significantly increased all the sites analyzed (P<0.05). Furthermore, the proximal site of the lateral thigh showed a larger relative increase when compared to the middle site (P<0.05). In contrast, the N-VAR group were not revealed significant improvements only for the middle site of the lateral thigh and the proximal site of the elbow flexors (P>0.05). Our results suggest that to perform different resistance exercises can induce hypertrophy of all sites assessed in detrained young men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Kunevaliki
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Castro-E-Souza
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Andre Rodacki
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Letícia Trindade Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
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21
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Placing Greater Torque at Shorter or Longer Muscle Lengths? Effects of Cable vs. Barbell Preacher Curl Training on Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy in Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165859. [PMID: 32823490 PMCID: PMC7460162 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Muscular strength and hypertrophy following resistance training may be obtained in different degrees depending on the approach performed. This study was designed to compare the responses of the biceps brachii to two preacher curl exercises, one performed on a cable-pulley system (CAB; in which a greater torque was applied during the exercise when elbows were flexed and biceps shortened) and one performed with a barbell (BAR; in which greater torque was applied when the elbows were extended and biceps stretched). Thirty-five young adults (CAB: 13 men, 5 women; BAR: 12 men, 5 women; age = 24 ± 5 years) performed a resistance training program three times per week for 10 weeks, with preacher curl exercises performed in three sets of 8–12 repetitions. Outcomes measured included elbow flexion peak isokinetic torque at angles of 20°, 60°, and 100° (considering 0° as elbow extended), and biceps brachii thickness (B-mode ultrasound). Following the training period, there were significant increases for both groups in elbow flexion peak torque at the 20° (CAB: 30%; BAR = 39%; p = 0.046), 60° (CAB: 27%; BAR = 32%; p = 0.874), and 100° (CAB: 17%; BAR = 19%; p = 0.728), and biceps brachii thickness (CAB: 7%; BAR = 8%; p = 0.346). In conclusion, gains in muscular strength were greater for BAR only at longer muscle length, whereas hypertrophy was similar regardless of whether torque emphasis was carried out in the final (CAB) or initial (BAR) degrees of the range of motion of the preacher curl in young adults.
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