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Blechschmied R, Hermse M, Gäbler M, Elferink-Gemser M, Hortobágyi T, Granacher U. Sequencing Effects of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training on Selected Measures of Physical Fitness in Young Male Soccer Players: A Randomized Matched-Pairs Trial. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:62. [PMID: 38782805 PMCID: PMC11116357 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various physical fitness qualities such as muscle strength, speed and endurance are related to soccer performance. Accordingly, the combination of strength and endurance training (i.e., concurrent training [CT]) is an often-encountered training regimen in soccer. Less is known about the effects of CT sequencing on performance in young soccer players. The aim of this study was to assess the sequencing effects of strength and intermittent endurance training applied within the same training session (intrasession) on measures of physical fitness and soccer performance in young soccer players. METHODS Fifty male adolescent soccer players volunteered to participate in this study which was conducted in the Netherlands in 2019. Players were randomly assigned to a strength-endurance (SE) or an endurance-strength (ES) group in matched pairs based on their countermovement jump (CMJ) performance at baseline. Both groups completed a 12-weeks in-season training program with two weekly CT sessions. Training sessions consisted of 15 min plyometric exercises and 15 min soccer-specific intermittent endurance training. Both groups performed the same training volumes and the only difference between the groups was the CT intrasession sequencing scheme (SE vs. ES). Pre and post intervention, proxies of muscle power (CMJ, squat jump [SJ]), linear sprint speed (30-m sprint test), agility (Illinois test with / without ball), and soccer performance (ball kicking velocity) were tested. RESULTS Data from 38 players aged 14.8 ± 1.0 years (body height 172.9 ± 8.1 cm, body mass: 57.0 ± 7.2 kg, soccer experience: 8.8 ± 2.8 years, age from peak-height-velocity [PHV]: +1.2 ± 1.0 years) were included. Significant main time effects were found for CMJ (p = 0.002, d = 0.55), SJ (p = 0.004, d = 0.51), the Illinois agility test with ball (p = 0.016, d = 0.51), and ball kicking velocity (p = 0.016, d = 0.51). Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for 30-m linear sprint speed (p < 0.001, d = 0.76) with ES showing greater improvements (p = 0.006, d = 0.85, Δ-5%). CONCLUSIONS Both CT-sequencing types improved performance in the tests administered. The intrasession CT sequencing (SE vs. ES) appears not to have a major impact on physical fitness adaptations, except for linear sprint speed which was in favor of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Blechschmied
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Sandfangweg 4, 79102, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthijs Hermse
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Gäbler
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marije Elferink-Gemser
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, 1123, Hungary
- Department of Sport Biology, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7622, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Somogy County Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
- Institute of Sport Research, Sports University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Sandfangweg 4, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
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Zuo C, Ma X, Yang Y, Cui Y, Ye C. School-based high-intensity interval exercise program in children with overweight induce a greater improvements in body composition and physical fitness than moderate-intensity continuous exercise. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2210. [PMID: 37946224 PMCID: PMC10633982 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval running exercise (HIIE) is emerging as a time-efficient exercise modality for improving body composition and fitness in comparison with moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise (MICE); however, existing evidence is still unclear in children with overweight and thus we compared the effects of HIIE and MICE on body composition, muscular, and cardiorespiratory fitness in children with overweight. METHODS In this randomized study, 40 male children with overweight aged 7-10 years were divided into an 8-week exercise regime: (1) HIIE group [n = 20; 2 sets of 15 × 20s at 85-95% maximal aerobic speed (MAS) separated by 15 × 20s recovery at 50% MAS, 3 days per week] and (2) MICE group [n = 20; 30 min at 60-70% MAS, 3 days per week]. Body composition, muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed before and after the 8-week intervention at similar times and conditions of the day. RESULTS Following the 8-week HIIE protocol, weight, BMI, and fat mass decreased significantly (weight: - 1.4% vs. 0.2%, p < 0.05; BMI: - 3.1% vs. - 0.7%, p < 0.05; fat mass: - 7.7% vs. - 1.6%, p < 0.01) as compared with MICE; while the VO2peak and MAS increased significantly in both groups, the increase in HIIE group was significantly greater than that of MICE group (VO2peak: 10.3% vs. 3.5%, p < 0.01; MAS:7.7% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.05). Although significant improvements in muscular fitness were observed in HIIE and MICE groups [counter movement jump (CMJ): 7.8% vs. 5.4%; sprinting ability: - 3.7% vs. - 1.7%], no significant differences were seen between them (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that school-based HIIE intervention was highly in improving body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of children with overweight than the MICE regime; however, MICE still provided improvements over time that were just not to the same magnitude of HIIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwen Zuo
- Air Force Medical Center of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100142, China
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yupeng Cui
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chaoqun Ye
- Air Force Medical Center of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100142, China.
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İpek Dongaz Ö, Başer Y, Bayar K. The Effect of Core Stabilization Exercises on Physical Fitness Parameters in Child Gymnasts: Randomized Controlled Assessor-blind Study. Sports Health 2023:19417381231205301. [PMID: 37861214 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231205301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The improvement of physical fitness parameters is beneficial for child gymnasts to maximize functionality. Core stability exercises (CSEs) help maintain spinal stabilization during athletic performance. Thus, they contribute to enhancing gymnasts' performance on various movements and planes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8-week CSEs training on the physical fitness parameters of child gymnasts. HYPOTHESIS An 8-week CSEs intervention could be beneficial for improving the various physical parameters in child gymnasts. STUDY DESIGN Randomized trial. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS Thirty-six child gymnasts (aged 7-12 years) were allocated randomly into a training group (TG) and control group (CG). Participants in the TG received CSEs in addition to the traditional program for 8 weeks. The physical fitness parameters of all participants were assessed twice before and after training. RESULTS The results showed that all participants' scores of balance, endurance, sprint, and jumping parameters improved after exercise programs (P < 0.05). The muscle strength and flexibility scores of the TG showed a statistically significant difference compared with the CG (P < 0.05). However, compared with other parameters, there were no significant changes seen in the scores between groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The CSEs training contributed to the improvement of all physical fitness parameters in child gymnasts. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The addition of CSEs to traditional training could help improve athletic performance in child gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge İpek Dongaz
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Yaprak Başer
- Private Çağrı Special Education and Rehabilitation Center, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Kılıçhan Bayar
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
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Di Domenico F, D’Isanto T, Esposito G, Aliberti S, Raiola G. Exploring the Influence of Cognitive and Ecological Dynamics Approaches on Countermovement Jumping Enhancement: A Comparative Training Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:133. [PMID: 37754966 PMCID: PMC10532369 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Countermovement jumping (CMJ) and free-arm countermovement jumping (CMJFA) express the explosive-elastic force of the lower limbs. Strategies to enhance performance in both types of jumping can be categorized into cognitive and ecological-dynamic approaches. However, the effectiveness of these approaches in improving CMJ and CMJFA remains incompletely understood. This study aims to investigate the impact of training protocols based on the two approaches to improving CMJ. Thirty-six subjects with an average age of 26 years were selected and divided into two groups: the ecological-dynamic group (EDG) and the cognitive group (CG). For 12 weeks, both groups followed separate protocols of three weekly one-hour sessions. EDG group followed a protocol focused on circle time. The CG group followed an instructor-led training protocol. Incoming and outgoing flight heights were measured. Pre and post-intervention differences within and between groups were assessed using t-tests for dependent and independent samples, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). CG demonstrated a 12.2% increase in CMJ and a 7.8% improvement in CMJFA, while EDG showed a 10.2% increase in CMJ and 19.5% progress in CMJFA. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the groups in the improvement of CMJ; statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in the improvement of CMJFA in favor of EDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Di Domenico
- Department of Human, Philosophical and Education Sciences, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (F.D.D.); (T.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Tiziana D’Isanto
- Department of Human, Philosophical and Education Sciences, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (F.D.D.); (T.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Human, Philosophical and Education Sciences, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (F.D.D.); (T.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Sara Aliberti
- Department of Human, Philosophical and Education Sciences, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (F.D.D.); (T.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Gaetano Raiola
- Faculty of Human, Educational and Sports Sciences, Pegaso University of Naples, 80143 Naples, Italy;
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Abade E, Brito J, Gonçalves B, Saura L, Coutinho D, Sampaio J. Using Deadlifts as a Postactivation Performance Enhancement Strategy in Warm-ups in Football. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1821-1827. [PMID: 37078830 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Abade, E, Brito, J, Gonçalves, B, Saura, L, Coutinho, D, and Sampaio, J. Using deadlifts as a postactivation performance enhancement strategy in warm-ups in football. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1821-1827, 2023-Postactivation performance enhancement activities may be relevant warm-up strategies aiming to improve subsequent physical performance. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of adding barbell deadlift or hex-bar deadlift exercises to current warm-up routines on running and jumping performances in football players. Ten highly trained male football players participated in the study during the competitive phase of the season. All players performed 3 protocols in the same week: a standard warm-up that included players' regular routines and 2 other protocols with the addition of barbell or hex-bar deadlift, after the end of the warm-up (3 sets of 3 reps, progressing set by set from 60% to 85% repetition maximum). All protocols had the same time interval between pretest (immediately after the warm-up) and posttest (15 minutes after the warm-up). Vertical jumping (countermovement jump [CMJ]; Abalakov jump [AJ]) and running performances (505 test) were impaired 15 minutes after the standard warm-up (CMJ: -6.7 ± 4.2%; AJ: -8.1 ± 8.4%; and 505 time: 1.4 ± 2.5%). For warm-up with the addition of barbell deadlift, vertical jump increased by 4.3 ± 5.6% (Cohen's dunb : 0.23 [0.02-0.47]) and 505 time decreased by -5.9 ± 3.6% (Cohen's dunb : 0.97 [-1.68 to -0.43]). The warm-up with hex-bar deadlift led to trivial changes for CMJ and AJ, but 505 time decrease by -2.7 ± 2.6% (Cohen's dunb : -0.53 [-1.01 to -0.13]). The deadlift exercise can be added to warm-up routines to maintain or even enhance acute physical performance. However, coaches and practitioners should be aware that performance enhancements resultant from deadlift may vary according to individual physical profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Abade
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Sport and Health, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal; and
| | - Luís Saura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Beato M, Datson N, Anderson L, Brownlee T, Coates A, Hulton A. Rationale and Practical Recommendations for Testing Protocols in Female Soccer: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1912-1922. [PMID: 37184978 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beato, M, Datson, N, Anderson, L, Brownlee, T, Coates, A, and Hulton, A. Rationale and practical recommendations for testing protocols in female soccer: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1912-1922, 2023-The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the presented literature on tests (aerobic, speed, changes of direction [COD], strength, power, jump, and anthropometry) of the varied components of female soccer and to draw attention to the most suitable protocols to allow practitioners to accurately track players' fitness status. The 2 most common field tests used to assess aerobic fitness are the Yo-Yo intermittent test (level 1 and level 2) and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test because of an ability to measure multiple players at once with a soccer-specific intermittent profile. The sprinting performance can be assessed on distances of <30 m; however, longer distances (e.g., 40 m) allow for achieving peak speed (flying sprint test), which can be assessed using global navigation satellite system. Changes-of-direction capacity has been found to be an important component of players testing and training programs, although there is no "gold standard" to assess COD or repeated sprint ability performance in female players. Lower-limb power can be assessed using jump tests that can use force platforms, jump mats, and optoelectronic devices, while maintaining a good reliability. Several in-direct tests are currently available for assessing anthropometry parameters, such as skinfold thickness, hydrodensitometry, and ultrasound. However, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is the most valid and reliable method for assessing body composition in team sport athletes, with the addition of bone health that is a key measure in female athletes. In conclusion, the evidence reported in this review will be able to aid practitioners, coaches, and researchers to decide which tests meet the requirements of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alex Coates
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Gómez EM, Atef H, Elsayed SH, Zakaria HM, Navarro MP, Sulé EM. Effects of high-intensity interval training with an eccentric hamstring exercise program in futsal players: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34626. [PMID: 37543767 PMCID: PMC10402967 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiotherapy protocols based on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or eccentric hamstring exercises like Nordic Curl (NC) have been scarcely studied in futsal players. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a HIIT combined with an NC exercise program versus a HIIT-only program in futsal players. METHODS Twenty-one futsal players were divided into (1) HIIT + NC group (n = 11, mean age = 21.55 [4.25]); and (2) HIIT group (n = 10, mean age = 20.90 [1.29]). The HIIT + NC group performed a HIIT circuit combined with 3 sets of 10 NC repetitions for 4 weeks, while the HIIT group performed the same protocol without NC exercise. Body mass index, intermittent work performance, vertical jump performance without and with arms, isometric strength of quadriceps and hamstrings, and the isometric hamstrings/quadriceps (H/Q) ratio, were assessed before and after the interventions. RESULTS The HIIT + NC group and the HIIT group showed a significant improvement in intermittent work performance after the intervention (P = .04 and P = .01, respectively). Also, both groups showed a trend of increasing quadriceps and hamstring isometric strength, although no significant changes were found (P > .05). In addition, neither the HIIT + NC protocol nor the HIIT protocol was sufficient to yield changes in body mass index nor to improve the vertical jump performance (P > .05). CONCLUSION Both an isolated HIIT protocol and HIIT in combination with NC exercise improved intermittent work performance in futsal players. The present study's findings may guide futsal players' physical preparation and injury prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muñoz Gómez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hady Atef
- School of Allied Health Professions, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Physical Therapy for Cardiovascular/Respiratory Disorders and Geriatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Hamed Elsayed
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hoda M Zakaria
- Department of Physical Therapy for Neurology, College of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Miguel Pérez Navarro
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Marqués Sulé
- Physiotherapy in Motion, Multi-Speciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Perroni F, Castagna C, Amatori S, Gobbi E, Vetrano M, Visco V, Guidetti L, Baldari C, Rocchi MBL, Sisti D. Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis to Assess the Fitness Performance of Youth Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e430-e437. [PMID: 36786870 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Perroni, F, Castagna, C, Amatori, S, Gobbi, E, Vetrano, M, Visco, V, Guidetti, L, Baldari, C, Luigi Rocchi, MB, and Sisti, D. Use of exploratory factor analysis to assess the fitness performance of youth football players. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): e430-e437, 2023-Football performance involves several physical abilities that range in aerobic, anaerobic, and neuromuscular domains; however, little is known about their interplay in profiling individual physical attributes. This study aimed to profile physical performance in youth football players according to their training status. One hundred seven young male soccer players (age 13.5 ± 1.4 years; height 168 ± 7 cm; body mass 57.4 ± 9.6 kg; and body mass index 20.2 ± 2.1 kg·m -2 ) volunteered for this study. Players' physical performance was assessed with football-relevant field tests for sprinting (10 m sprint), vertical jump (countermovement jump), intermittent high-intensity endurance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, YYIRT1), and repeated sprint ability (RSA). The training status was assumed as testosterone and cortisol saliva concentrations; biological maturation was estimated using the Pubertal Development Scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed 3 main variables depicting anthropometric (D1, 24.9%), physical performance (D2, 18.8%), and training status (D3, 13.3%), accounting for 57.0% of total variance altogether. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. The RSA and YYIRT1 performances were largely associated with D2, suggesting the relevance of endurance in youth football. This study revealed that for youth football players, a 3-component model should be considered to evaluate youth soccer players. The EFA approach may help to disclose interindividual differences useful to talent identification and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Perroni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
- Museum of Football F.I.G.C., Italian Football Federation, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Castagna
- Fitness Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Technical Department of the Italian Football Federation, Coverciano, Florence, Italy
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, School of Sport of Exercise and Sport Science, Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | - Stefano Amatori
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Erica Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Mario Vetrano
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Visco
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; and
| | | | - Carlo Baldari
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | - Marco Bruno Luigi Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Sortwell A, Moran J, Afonso J, Clemente FM, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Pedley J, Granacher U. Plyometric-Jump Training Effects on Physical Fitness and Sport-Specific Performance According to Maturity: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:23. [PMID: 37036542 PMCID: PMC10086091 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among youth, plyometric-jump training (PJT) may provide a safe, accessible, and time-efficient training method. Less is known on PJT effectiveness according to the maturity status. OBJECTIVE This systematic review with meta-analysis set out to analyse the body of peer-reviewed articles assessing the effects of PJT on measures of physical fitness [i.e., maximal dynamic strength; change of direction (COD) speed; linear sprint speed; horizontal and vertical jump performance; reactive strength index] and sport-specific performance (i.e., soccer ball kicking and dribbling velocity) according to the participants' maturity status. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted in three electronic databases using the following inclusion criteria: (i) Population: healthy participants aged < 18 years; (ii) Intervention: PJT program including unilateral and/or bilateral jumps; (iii) Comparator: groups of different maturity status with control groups; (iv) Outcomes: at least one measure of physical fitness and/or sport-specific performance before and after PJT; (v) experimental design with an active or passive control group, and two or more maturity groups exposed to the same PJT. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models were used to compute the meta-analysis. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro checklist. GRADE was applied to assess certainty of evidence. RESULTS From 11,028 initially identified studies across three electronic databases, 11 studies were finally eligible to be meta-analysed (n total = 744; seven studies recruited males; four studies recruited females). Three studies were rated as high quality (6 points), and eight studies were of moderate quality (5 points). Seven studies reported the maturity status using age at peak height velocity (PHV; pre-PHV values up to - 2.3; post-PHV up to 2.5). Another four studies used Tanner staging (from Tanner I to V). The training programmes ranged from 4 to 36 weeks, using 1-3 weekly training sessions. When compared to controls, pre-PHV and post-PHV participants obtained small-to-moderate improvements (ES = 0.35 - 0.80, all p < 0.05) in most outcomes (i.e., sport-specific performance; maximal dynamic strength; linear sprint; horizontal jump; reactive strength index) after PJT. The contrast of pre-PHV with post-PHV youth revealed that PJT was similarly effective in both maturity groups, in most outcome measures except for COD speed (in favour of pre-PHV). PJT induces similar physical fitness and sport-specific performance benefits in males and females, with a minimal exercise dosage of 4 weeks (8 intervention sessions), and 92 weekly jumps. Results of this meta-analysis are based on low study heterogeneity, and low to very low certainty of evidence (GRADE analysis) for all outcomes. CONCLUSION Compared to control participants, PJT resulted in improved maximal dynamic strength, linear sprint speed, horizontal jump performance, reactive strength index, and sport-specific performance (i.e., soccer ball kicking and dribbling velocity). These effects seem to occur independently of the maturity status, as both pre-PHV and post-PHV participants achieved similar improvements after PJT interventions for most outcomes. However, several methodological issues (e.g., low sample sizes and the pooling of maturity categories) preclude the attainment of more robust recommendations at the current time. To address this issue, consistency in maturity status reporting strategies must be improved in future studies with the general youth population and youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew Sortwell
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO43SQ, UK
| | - José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Jason Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Sandfangweg 4, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
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Countermovement Jumps Detect Subtle Motor Deficits in People with Multiple Sclerosis below the Clinical Threshold. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030774. [PMID: 36979753 PMCID: PMC10044802 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS), there are currently no sensitive assessments to evaluate complex motor functions. The countermovement jump (CMJ), a high-challenge task in form of a maximal vertical bipedal jump, has already been investigated as a reliable assessment in healthy subjects for lower extremity motor function. The aim was to investigate whether it is possible to use CMJ to identify subthreshold motor deficits in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). All participants (99 pwMS and 33 healthy controls) performed three maximal CMJs on a force plate. PwMS with full motor function and healthy controls (HC) did not differ significantly in age, disease duration, Body Mass Index and the Expanded Disability Scale Score. In comparison to HC, pwMS with full motor function demonstrated a significantly decreased CMJ performance in almost all observed kinetic, temporal and performance parameters (p < 0.05). With increasing disability in pwMS, it was also observed that jump performance decreased significantly. This study showed that the CMJ, as a high challenge task, could detect motor deficits in pwMS below the clinical threshold of careful neurological examination. Longitudinal studies are pending to evaluate whether the CMJ can be used as a standardized measure of disease progression.
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A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Plyometric-Jump Training on the Physical Fitness of Combat Sport Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020033. [PMID: 36828318 PMCID: PMC9965890 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the athletic performance changes in combat sport athletes (CoSAs) after plyometric-jump training (PJT), compared to control conditions, through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Following PRISMA guidelines, three electronic databases were searched for includable articles, according to a PICOS approach. Using a random-effects model, Hedges' g effects sizes (ES) were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, with values of <25%, 25-75%, and >75% representing low, moderate, and high levels of heterogeneity, respectively. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Twelve eligible articles were identified for systematic review, seven of high quality and five of moderate quality, according to the PEDro scale. The studies recruited taekwondo, silat, wrestling, judo, fencing, and karate athletes (292 total participants), including specific-active and active controls. Most participants had a mean age of <18 years and were males (n = 225). Compared to the control, PJT programmes, involving 4-12 weeks and 2-3 sessions per week, induced small to moderate improvements (ES = 0.47 to 1.04) in athletes' maximal strength (e.g., 1RM squat), vertical jump height, change-of-direction speed, and specific performance (e.g., fencing movement velocity), although without meaningful effects on body mass, fat mass, and muscle mass (ES = 0.02 to -0.06). Most (7 of 8) outcomes attained low heterogeneity. The outcome-level GRADE analysis indicated a certainty of evidence from low to moderate. In conclusion, PJT, when compared to control conditions, may improve CoSA athletic performance.
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12
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Hughes T, Riley R, Callaghan MJ, Sergeant JC. Can prognostic factors for indirect muscle injuries in elite football (soccer) players be identified using data from preseason screening? An exploratory analysis using routinely collected periodic health examination records. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e052772. [PMID: 36693686 PMCID: PMC9884927 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In elite football, periodic health examination (PHE) may be useful for injury risk prediction. OBJECTIVE To explore whether PHE-derived variables are prognostic factors for indirect muscle injuries (IMIs) in elite players. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING An English Premier League football club. PARTICIPANTS 134 outfield elite male players, over 5 seasons (1 July 2013-19 May 2018). OUTCOME AND ANALYSIS The outcome was any time-loss, lower extremity index IMI (I-IMI). Prognostic associations were estimated using odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding statistical significance for 36 variables, derived from univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Missing data were handled using multiple imputation. Non-linear associations were explored using fractional polynomials. RESULTS During 317 participant-seasons, 138 I-IMIs were recorded. Univariable associations were determined for previous calf IMI frequency (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.97), hamstring IMI frequency (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.09), if the most recent hamstring IMI occurred >12 months but <3 years prior to PHE (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.51 to 5.73) and age (OR 1.12 per 1-year increase, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.18). Multivariable analyses showed that if a player's most recent previous hamstring IMI was >12 months but <3 years prior to PHE (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.11 to 4.53), this was the only variable with added prognostic value over and above age, which was a confirmed prognostic factor (OR 1.12 per 1-year increase, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.18). Allowing non-linear associations conferred no advantage over linear associations. CONCLUSION PHE has limited use for injury risk prediction. Most variables did not add prognostic value over and above age, other than if a player experienced a hamstring IMI >12 months but <3 years prior to PHE. However, the precision of this prognostic association should be confirmed in future. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03782389.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hughes
- Football Medicine and Science Department, Manchester United Football Club, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Riley
- Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Michael J Callaghan
- Football Medicine and Science Department, Manchester United Football Club, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jamie C Sergeant
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Biostatistics, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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13
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Theodorou AS, Rizou HP, Zacharakis E, Ktistakis I, Bekris E, Panoutsakopoulos V, Strouzas P, Bourdas DI, Kostopoulos N. Pivot Step Jump: A New Test for Evaluating Jumping Ability in Young Basketball Players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040116. [PMID: 36547662 PMCID: PMC9783850 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Jumping ability in basketball is usually assessed using standardized vertical jump tests. However, they lack specificity and do not consider the player’s basketball skills. Several studies have suggested performing specific jump tests, which are tailored to the movement patterns and requirements of a basketball game. The pivot step jump test (PSJT) is a novel test designed to evaluate the specific jumping abilities of basketball players by combining a pivot step on one leg with a maximum bilateral vertical jump. This study had two aims: to determine the reliability and validity of the PSJT using typical jump tests as the criterion measure and to demonstrate the PSJT as a practical test to evaluate specific jumping ability in young male and female basketball players. Twenty female (EGA; 14.0 ± 0.7 years, 59.3 ± 7.9 kg, 162.1 ± 5.5 cm) and fifteen male (EGB; 14.0 ± 0.7 years, 58.1 ± 7.7 kg, 170.3 ± 6.4 cm) basketball players participated in the study. The test−retest reliability of the PSJT within sessions (intrasession reliability) and across sessions (intersession reliability) was assessed within EGA. For the evaluation of validity, EGB performed the PSJT and a series of criterion jumping tests. For EGA, no changes (p > 0.05) were found in PSJT performance between test sessions and excellent intra- and intersession reliability was observed (ICCs > 0.75). Correlation coefficients indicated high factorial validity between the jumping tests and PSJT (r = 0.71−0.91, p < 0.001). The PSJT appears to offer a valid assessment of jumping ability in basketball and is a practical test for assessing sport-specific jumping skills in young basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos S. Theodorou
- School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences (TEFAA), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, 17237 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-727-6175
| | - Hariklia-Parthenia Rizou
- School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences (TEFAA), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Zacharakis
- School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences (TEFAA), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ktistakis
- School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences (TEFAA), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Bekris
- School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences (TEFAA), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Strouzas
- School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences (TEFAA), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I. Bourdas
- School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences (TEFAA), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kostopoulos
- School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences (TEFAA), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, 17237 Athens, Greece
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Influence of maximal strength performance in front squat and deadlift on linear sprint and jump performance in male youth elite basketball players. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Strength and speed are two major factors that determine performance in basketball players especially sprinting, jumping and change of direction. This study examined relationships of maximal strength in the front squat and the deadlift with basketball-specific sprint and jump performance tests that are commonly used in test batteries of athletic diagnostics.
Materials and methods
In all, 42 youth male elite basketball players (age: 14.7 ± 2.4 years, age range: 13–18 years, height: 179.1 ± 15.3 cm, weight: 69.8 ± 19.2 kg) volunteered to take part in the present study. The one repetition maximum (1 RM) in the front squat and deadlift were used to determine maximum strength. Countermovement jump (CMJ) and standing long jump were evaluated to determine jump performance and 5, 10, and 20 m linear sprint as well as agility T‑test were performed to determine sprint performance. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships between strength and jump and sprint performance.
Results
Strong positive correlations were found between maximal strength and jump heights (r = 0.85–0.91, p < 0.001) and strong negative correlations were determined between maximal strength and measured sprint times r = (−0.71 to −0.85, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The measured maximal strength in the front squat and deadlift seem to be good predictors for basketball-specific jump and sprint performance. From this, it seems to be beneficial to include training of maximal strength via front squat and deadlift into training routines as well as performance diagnostics.
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Perez-Castilla A, Thapa RK, Afonso J, Clemente FM, Colado JC, de Villarreal ES, Chaabene H. Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Measures of Physical Fitness and Sport-Specific Performance of Water Sports Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:108. [PMID: 36036301 PMCID: PMC9424421 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A growing body of literature is available regarding the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on measures of physical fitness (PF) and sport-specific performance (SSP) in-water sports athletes (WSA, i.e. those competing in sports that are practiced on [e.g. rowing] or in [e.g. swimming; water polo] water). Indeed, incoherent findings have been observed across individual studies making it difficult to provide the scientific community and coaches with consistent evidence. As such, a comprehensive systematic literature search should be conducted to clarify the existent evidence, identify the major gaps in the literature, and offer recommendations for future studies.
Aim
To examine the effects of PJT compared with active/specific-active controls on the PF (one-repetition maximum back squat strength, squat jump height, countermovement jump height, horizontal jump distance, body mass, fat mass, thigh girth) and SSP (in-water vertical jump, in-water agility, time trial) outcomes in WSA, through a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized controlled studies.
Methods
The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to January 2022. According to the PICOS approach, the eligibility criteria were: (population) healthy WSA; (intervention) PJT interventions involving unilateral and/or bilateral jumps, and a minimal duration of ≥ 3 weeks; (comparator) active (i.e. standard sports training) or specific-active (i.e. alternative training intervention) control group(s); (outcome) at least one measure of PF (e.g. jump height) and/or SSP (e.g. time trial) before and after training; and (study design) multi-groups randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was used to compute the meta-analyses, reporting effect sizes (ES, i.e. Hedges’ g) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Certainty or confidence in the body of evidence for each outcome was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE), considering its five dimensions: risk of bias in studies, indirectness, inconsistency, imprecision, and risk of publication bias.
Results
A total of 11,028 studies were identified with 26 considered eligible for inclusion. The median PEDro score across the included studies was 5.5 (moderate-to-high methodological quality). The included studies involved a total of 618 WSA of both sexes (330 participants in the intervention groups [31 groups] and 288 participants in the control groups [26 groups]), aged between 10 and 26 years, and from different sports disciplines such as swimming, triathlon, rowing, artistic swimming, and water polo. The duration of the training programmes in the intervention and control groups ranged from 4 to 36 weeks. The results of the meta-analysis indicated no effects of PJT compared to control conditions (including specific-active controls) for in-water vertical jump or agility (ES = − 0.15 to 0.03; p = 0.477 to 0.899), or for body mass, fat mass, and thigh girth (ES = 0.06 to 0.15; p = 0.452 to 0.841). In terms of measures of PF, moderate-to-large effects were noted in favour of the PJT groups compared to the control groups (including specific-active control groups) for one-repetition maximum back squat strength, horizontal jump distance, squat jump height, and countermovement jump height (ES = 0.67 to 1.47; p = 0.041 to < 0.001), in addition to a small effect noted in favour of the PJT for SSP time-trial speed (ES = 0.42; p = 0.005). Certainty of evidence across the included studies varied from very low-to-moderate.
Conclusions
PJT is more effective to improve measures of PF and SSP in WSA compared to control conditions involving traditional sport-specific training as well as alternative training interventions (e.g. resistance training). It is worth noting that the present findings are derived from 26 studies of moderate-to-high methodological quality, low-to-moderate impact of heterogeneity, and very low-to-moderate certainty of evidence based on GRADE.
Trial registration The protocol for this systematic review with meta-analysis was published in the Open Science platform (OSF) on January 23, 2022, under the registration doi https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NWHS3 (internet archive link: https://archive.org/details/osf-registrations-nwhs3-v1).
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Cabre HE, Gordon AN, Patterson ND, Smith-Ryan AE. Evaluation of pre-workout and recovery formulations on body composition and performance after a 6-week high-intensity training program. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1016310. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1016310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionActivities such as high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be more time-efficient modes to stimulate rapid changes in performance and body composition. There is little research evaluating the combined effects of HIRT and HIIT on body composition and strength, particularly when paired with nutritional supplementation.PurposeTo evaluate the chronic effects of pre- and post-workout supplementation on body composition and strength, and to understand sex-specific responses.Materials and methods64 untrained males (n = 23) and females (n = 41) (mean ± standard deviation; age: 33.2 ± 10.0 years; %fat: 31.6 ± 7.4%) were randomized to either (1) pre-post supplementation [SUP (n = 25); pre = multi-ingredient caffeine/HMB/vit D; post = whey protein/carbohydrates/glucosamine/vitamins], (2) placebo [PL (n = 24); non-caloric], or (3) control [CON (n = 15)]. All participants completed one repetition max (1RM) strength testing for leg press and bench press at baseline and week 6. Estimates of fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) were measured via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Participants in the SUP or PL group completed a 6-week supervised exercise intervention consisting of a full-body HIRT workout (3 × 6–8 reps) followed by a HIIT treadmill run (6 × 1 min run: 1 min rest) twice per week. Outcomes were evaluated by separate repeated measure ANOVAs (2 × 3).ResultsThere were no differences in FM between groups or sex (p = 0.133–0.851). LM increased from baseline to post-testing for all groups [Mean difference [MD(Post-Pre) ± Standard Error (SE) = 0.78 ± 0.12 kg; p < 0.001]. While not significant (p = 0.081), SUP gained more LM compared to PL [MD(SUP-PL) ± SE = 3.5 ± 3.3 kg] and CON [MD(SUP-CON) ± SE = 5.2 ± 3.8 kg]. LM increased over time for both males (0.84 ± 0.24 kg; p = 0.003) and females (0.73 ± 0.14 kg; p < 0.001). The SUP group resulted in a significant increase in 1RM leg press compared to the CON group (89.9 ± 30.8 kg; p = 0.015), with no significant differences compared to PL (p = 0.409). The SUP group had greater increases in 1RM bench press compared to the CON group (9.8 ± 1.8 kg; p < 0.001), with no significant differences compared to PL (p = 0.99). Both sexes increased upper- (5.5 ± 0.7 kg; p < 0.001) and lower-body strength (69.8 ± 4.5 kg p < 0.001) with training.ConclusionNutrient supplementation timing appears to augment body composition changes and strength compared to control. Pre-/post-nutrient timing may support greater increases in LM and lower- and upper-body strength in both men and women.Clinical trial registration[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04230824?cond=NCT04230824&draw=2&rank=1], identifier [NCT04230824].
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Test–Retest Reliability and Sensitivity of Common Strength and Power Tests over a Period of 9 Weeks. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10110171. [DOI: 10.3390/sports10110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the reliability and sensitivity of a set of different common strength and power tests in a healthy adult population in a span of 9 weeks. Seventeen subjects (24.2 ± 2.2 years, 1.75 ± 0.10 m, 68.6 ± 14.2 kg, seven women) participated in the study. We tested countermovement jumps, reactive hops, and the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of handgrip and isometric knee extension. The tests were conducted in three separate sessions across a nine-week period, with one week between the first two sessions and eight weeks between the second and the third. Reliability and sensitivity statistics for each test were calculated for both the average of three trials and the best result during each session. The MVC of isometric knee extension and handgrip, as well as the countermovement jump test, demonstrated very high reliability and sensitivity over the nine-week period. The peak force of the reactive hops demonstrated high reliability but high sensitivity only for the average but not for the best result. The average contact time of reactive hops was neither a sensitive nor reliable measurement. In conclusion, isometric maximal knee extension and handgrip tests, as well as countermovement jumps and peak force of reactive hops, can be used as reliable and sensitive measurements of isometric and reactive strength and power over time periods of up to eight weeks. We recommend the use of the average results of three trials instead of the best performance value for longitudinal studies, as this procedure produces more consistent results and a lower measurement error.
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Ramirez-Campillo R, García-Hermoso A, Moran J, Chaabene H, Negra Y, Scanlan AT. The effects of plyometric jump training on physical fitness attributes in basketball players: A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:656-670. [PMID: 33359798 PMCID: PMC9729929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing body of experimental evidence examining the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on physical fitness attributes in basketball players; however, this evidence has not yet been comprehensively and systematically aggregated. Therefore, our objective was to meta-analyze the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes in basketball players, in comparison to a control condition. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, up to July 2020. Peer-reviewed controlled trials with baseline and follow-up measurements investigating the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes (muscle power, i.e., jumping performance, linear sprint speed, change-of-direction speed, balance, and muscle strength) in basketball players, with no restrictions on their playing level, sex, or age. Hedge's g effect sizes (ES) were calculated for physical fitness variables. Using a random-effects model, potential sources of heterogeneity were selected, including subgroup analyses (age, sex, body mass, and height) and single training factor analysis (program duration, training frequency, and total number of training sessions). Computation of meta-regression was also performed. RESULTS Thirty-two studies were included, involving 818 total basketball players. Significant (p < 0.05) small-to-large effects of PJT were evident on vertical jump power (ES = 0.45), countermovement jump height with (ES = 1.24) and without arm swing (ES = 0.88), squat jump height (ES = 0.80), drop jump height (ES = 0.53), horizontal jump distance (ES = 0.65), linear sprint time across distances ≤10 m (ES = 1.67) and >10 m (ES = 0.92), change-of-direction performance time across distances ≤40 m (ES = 1.15) and >40 m (ES = 1.02), dynamic (ES = 1.16) and static balance (ES = 1.48), and maximal strength (ES = 0.57). The meta-regression revealed that training duration, training frequency, and total number of sessions completed did not predict the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes. Subgroup analysis indicated greater improvements in older compared to younger players in horizontal jump distance (>17.15 years, ES = 2.11; ≤17.15 years, ES = 0.10; p < 0.001), linear sprint time >10 m (>16.3 years, ES = 1.83; ≤16.3 years, ES = 0.36; p = 0.010), and change-of-direction performance time ≤40 m (>16.3 years, ES = 1.65; ≤16.3 years, ES = 0.75; p = 0.005). Greater increases in horizontal jump distance were apparent with >2 compared with ≤2 weekly PJT sessions (ES = 2.12 and ES = 0.39, respectively; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Data from 32 studies (28 of which demonstrate moderate-to-high methodological quality) indicate PJT improves muscle power, linear sprint speed, change-of-direction speed, balance, and muscle strength in basketball players independent of sex, age, or PJT program variables. However, the beneficial effects of PJT as measured by horizontal jump distance, linear sprint time >10 m, and change-of-direction performance time ≤40 m, appear to be more evident among older basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 7500000, Chile.
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 9170020, Chile
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany; High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, La Manouba 8189, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR 17JS01, Sport Performance, Health & Society), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Rockhampton 2037, Tunisia
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, QLD 4702, Australia
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O'Riordan SF, Bishop DJ, Halson SL, Broatch JR. Compression-induced improvements in post-exercise recovery are associated with enhanced blood flow, and are not due to the placebo effect. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16762. [PMID: 36202885 PMCID: PMC9537593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological effects of compression tights on blood flow following exercise and to assess if the placebo effect is responsible for any acute performance or psychological benefits. Twenty-two resistance-trained participants completed a lower-body resistance exercise session followed by a 4 h recovery period. Participants were assigned a post-exercise recovery intervention of either compression tights applied for 4 h (COMP), placebo tablet consumed every hour for 4 h (PLA) or control (CON). Physiological (markers of venous return, muscle blood flow, blood metabolites, thigh girth), performance (countermovement jump, isometric mid-thigh pull), and psychological measures (perceived muscle soreness, total quality of recovery) were collected pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, at 30 (markers of venous return and muscle blood flow) and 60 min (blood metabolites, thigh girth and psychological measures) intervals during 4 h of recovery, and at 4 h, 24 h and 48 h post-exercise. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were observed between interventions. However, effect size analysis revealed COMP enhanced markers of venous return, muscle blood flow, recovery of performance measures, psychological measures and reduced thigh girth compared to PLA and CON. There were no group differences in blood metabolites. These findings suggest compression tights worn after resistance exercise enhance blood flow and indices of exercise recovery, and that these benefits were not due to a placebo effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane F O'Riordan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia. .,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James R Broatch
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
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Branco BHM, Marcondes VA, de Paula Ramos S, Badilla PV, Andreato LV. Effects of Supplementary Strength Program on Generic and Specific Physical Fitness in Cadet Judo Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2816-2823. [PMID: 36135031 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Branco, BHM, Marcondes, VA, de Paula Ramos, S, Badilla, PV, and Andreato, LV. Effects of supplementary strength program on generic and specific physical fitness in cadet judo athletes. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2816-2823, 2022-This study aimed to investigate the effects of a supplementary strength program on general and specific physical fitness in under-18 judo athletes. In total, 21 athletes were randomized into 2 groups: experimental group (EG: aged = 15.5 ± 1.2 years; body mass = 71.3 ± 10.6 kg; practice time = 5.1 ± 1.2 years) and control group (aged = 16.6 ± 0.5 years; body mass = 71.7 ± 11.0 kg; practice time = 5.6 ± 0.8 years). Athletes were submitted to anthropometry, generic physical fitness tests (countermovement jump, one-repetition maximum in bench-press, row, and half-squat machine), and specific field tests (isometric and dynamic judogi chin-up and Special Judo Fitness Test [SJFT]). All measurements were presented at baseline, and 8 athletes per group completed pre-training and post-training assessments. Both groups performed the same judo training routine, and the EG also performed 3/weekly/sessions of strength training for 8 weeks. All measurements were conducted during the competitive season. There were no differences in body mass, height, and body fat percentage after the training period (p > 0.05). Improvements were observed in maximal strength for bench press (26.6%), row (17.7%), half-squat machine (29%), dynamic judogi chin-up (33%), and the following SJFT responses: block A (16.7%), block B (11.3%), sum of 3 blocks (8.3%), heart rate after 1 minute (-7.0%), and index (-12.5%), representing performance improvement for the EG. It was concluded that 8 weeks of strength training was positive for general and specific performance. Finally, this strength program may help coaches to develop strength without changes in body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio H M Branco
- Research Group in Physical Education, Physiotherapy, Sports, Nutrition and Performance of the University Center of Maringá (GEFFEND/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion (PPGPS/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise Physiology (PPEP/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pablo V Badilla
- Physical Education Pedagogy, Faculty of Education. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile ; and
| | - Leonardo V Andreato
- Research Group in Physical Education, Physiotherapy, Sports, Nutrition and Performance of the University Center of Maringá (GEFFEND/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise Physiology (PPEP/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, State University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis-SC, Brazil
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21
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Perroni F, Cardinali L, Cignitti L, Amatori S, Rocchi MBL, Stocchi V, Piccoli G, Baldari C, Sisti D, Guidetti L, Vetrano M, Nusca SM. Sex differences in muscle quality of firefighter recruits: a new exploratory approach to evaluation. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-01005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Singh U, Ramachandran AK, Ramirez-Campillo R, Perez-Castilla A, Afonso J, Manuel Clemente F, Oliver J. Jump rope training effects on health- and sport-related physical fitness in young participants: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1801-1814. [PMID: 36121177 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2099161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to assess the available body of published peer-reviewed articles related on the effects of jump rope training (JRT) compared with active/passive controls on health- and sport-related physical fitness outcomes. Searches were conducted in three databases, including studies that satisfied the following criteria: i) healthy participants; ii) a JRT programprogramme; iii) active or traditional control group; iv) at least one measure related to health- and sport-related physical fitness; v) multi-arm trials. The random-effects model was used for the meta-analyses. Twenty-one moderate-high quality (i.e., PEDro scale) studies were meta-analysed, involving 1,021 participants (male, 50.4%). Eighteen studies included participants with a mean age <18 years old. The duration of the JRT interventions ranged from 6 to 40 weeks. Meta-analyses revealed improvements (i.e., p = 0.048 to <0.001; ES = 0.23-1.19; I2 = 0.0-76.9%) in resting heart rate, body mass index, fat mass, cardiorespiratory endurance, lower- and upper-body maximal strength, jumping, range of motion, and sprinting. No significant JRT effects were noted for systolic-diastolic blood pressure, waist-hip circumference, bone or lean mass, or muscle endurance. In conclusion, JRT, when compared to active and passive controls, provides a range of small-moderate benefits that span health- and sport-related physical fitness outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Singh
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Ramachandran
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory. School of Physical Therapy. Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto E Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial E Comercial de Nun'álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jon Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.,Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Abstract
Analyzing asymmetry from biomechanical parameters of the lower extremities has become a standard practice for accurate assessment of athletic performance, injury prevention, and rehabilitation. The aims of this study were (1) to determine differences between explosive strength and asymmetry of the lower extremities using kinetic parameters of the CMJ jump test in young female athletics, and (2) to investigate correlation between speed and asymmetry, as speed and kinetic parameters. The two groups of nine female sprinters (mean ± SD; G1-age 15.6 ± 1.34 years, height 170.1 ± 0.57 cm, body mass 62.54 ± 7.73 kg, and BMI 21.6 ± 2.05; G2-age 16.2 ± 1.3 years, height 168.4 ± 0.61 cm, body mass 57.69 ± 3.12 kg, and BMI 20.37 ± 1.38) performed the CMJ test without using an arm swing, as well as a 100 m test. Two tensiometric platforms were used for the kinetic parameters and asymmetry. Asymmetry was calculated by an AI equation, and the values of the takeoff velocities and jump height parameters were obtained by integral formula and the trapezoidal rule of impulse-momentum methods. The results show differences in four kinetic parameters: height (G1- 26.82 ± 3.56 cm, vs. G2- 17.45 ± 2.01 cm), concentric impulse, (G1- 96.05 ± 16.95 N⋅s, vs. G2- 68.41 ± 4.77 N⋅s), takeoff velocity, (G1- 2.29 ± 0.14 m/s, vs. 1.83 ± 0.12 m/s), and concentric velocity, m/s (G1- 1.5 ± 0.175 m/s, vs. 1.17 ± 0.122 m/s), as well as a negative strong and very strong correlation between asymmetry and kinetic parameters for three parameters: Peak Force (G1- r = −0.878, and all subjects r = −0.633), Eccentric Impulse of left leg (G1- r = −0.865) and Concentric Impulse of right leg (G2- r = −0.878), (p <.05). The younger sprinters did not show the principle of muscle activation in the form of a longer preparatory phase of contact time, eccentric and concentric phase, as well as a force impulse that is optimal. There was no correlation between asymmetry and sprint performance.
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24
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Malmborg JS, Bremander A, Bergman S, Haglund E, Olsson MC. Musculoskeletal pain and its association with health status, maturity, and sports performance in adolescent sport school students: a 2-year follow-up. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:43. [PMID: 35313966 PMCID: PMC8939173 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Musculoskeletal pain and its risk factors are rarely assessed in studies on adolescent athletes. The aim was to identify risk factors at baseline that were associated with the persistence or development of musculoskeletal pain at a two-year follow-up in adolescent sport school students, and to study cross-sectional associations at follow-up between musculoskeletal pain and sports performance.
Methods Sport school students (79 boys and 52 girls, aged 14 years at baseline) were divided into infrequent (never–monthly) or frequent (weekly–almost daily) pain groups, based on frequency of pain using a pain mannequin. Logistic regression analyses were performed to study longitudinal associations between frequent pain at follow-up and baseline variables: pain group, number of regions with frequent pain, health status by EQ-5D, maturity offset (pre, average, or post peak height velocity), and sports (contact or non-contact). Linear regression analyses were used to study cross-sectional associations between pain groups and 20-m sprint, agility T-test, counter-movement jump, and grip strength at follow-up. Results were stratified by sex. Results A higher percentage of girls than boys reported frequent pain at follow-up (62% vs. 37%; p = 0.005). In boys, frequent pain at follow-up was associated with being pre peak height velocity at baseline (OR 3.884, CI 1.146–13.171; p = 0.029) and participating in non-contact sports (OR 3.429, CI 1.001–11.748; p = 0.050). In girls, frequent pain at follow-up was associated with having frequent pain in two or more body regions at baseline (OR 3.600, CI 1.033–12.542; p = 0.044), having a worse health status at baseline (OR 3.571, CI 1.026–12.434; p = 0.045), and participating in non-contact sports (OR 8.282, CI 2.011–34.116; p = 0.003). In boys, frequent pain was associated with worse performances in 20-m sprint and counter-movement jump, but not in agility T-test and grip strength. Conclusions Baseline risk factors for having frequent pain at follow-up were late maturation in boys, frequent pain and worse health status in girls, and participation in non-contact sports in both sexes. Boys with pain performed worse in sports tests. Coaches and school health-care services should pay attention to the risk factors and work towards preventing pain from becoming persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Malmborg
- Department of Environmental and Biosciences, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18, Halmstad, Sweden. .,Spenshult Research and Development Center, FoU Spenshult, Bäckagårdsvägen 47, 302 74, Halmstad, Sweden.
| | - Ann Bremander
- Department of Environmental and Biosciences, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18, Halmstad, Sweden.,Spenshult Research and Development Center, FoU Spenshult, Bäckagårdsvägen 47, 302 74, Halmstad, Sweden.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløvsparken 19.3, 5000, Odense, Denmark.,Danish Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Engelshøjgade 9A, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Bergman
- Spenshult Research and Development Center, FoU Spenshult, Bäckagårdsvägen 47, 302 74, Halmstad, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Primary Health Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 454, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Haglund
- Department of Environmental and Biosciences, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18, Halmstad, Sweden.,Spenshult Research and Development Center, FoU Spenshult, Bäckagårdsvägen 47, 302 74, Halmstad, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Charlotte Olsson
- Department of Environmental and Biosciences, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18, Halmstad, Sweden
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25
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Effects of Small-Sided Games Training versus High-Intensity Interval Training Approaches in Young Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052931. [PMID: 35270619 PMCID: PMC8910324 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the 6-week small-sided games training (SSGs) vs. high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the psychophysiological and performance responses, and technical skills of young basketball players. Thirty-two male players (age: 14.5 ± 0.5 years of age) were randomly divided into SSGs group (n = 16) and HIIT group (n = 16) training methods thrice per week for 6 weeks. The players in the SSGs group performed two 5-8 min of 2 vs. 2 with 2 min rest periods, while the players in HIIT performed 12-18 min of runs at intensities (90 to 95%) related to the velocity obtained in the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT). Pre-testing and post-testing sessions involved assessments of Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1, 30-15 intermittent fitness test, 5 and 30 m sprint times, vertical jump height, repeated sprint ability, defensive and offensive agility, and technical skills. The SSGs group demonstrated significantly higher agility-based technical responses in terms of the control dribbling and shooting skills (d = 1.71 vs. 0.20, d = 1.41 vs. 0.35, respectively) compared with the HIIT group. Conversely, the HIIT induced greater improvements in 30 m sprint times (d = 3.15 vs. 0.68). These findings provided that SSGs in youth basketball players may allow similar positive physical adaptations to HIIT, with an extra advantage of improving technical skills while improving enjoyability.
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26
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Fílter A, Olivares J, Molina A, Morente-Sánchez J, Robles J, Nakamura FY, Santalla A, Loturco I, Requena B. Reliability and usefulness of maximum soccer-specific jump test: a valid and cost-effective system to measure on soccer field. Sports Biomech 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35001857 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2024244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (a) to assess intra-session reliability and usefulness of the soccer-specific maximum vertical jump (heading test, HT) and (b) to analyse the validity of the easy-to-use and cost-effective instrument (smartphone camera, MOB) compared with gold-standard instrument (3D motion capture system, MOCAP) to obtain the vertical jump performance during HT. Twelve semi-professional high-level and fifteen amateur soccer male players (23.9 ± 3.6 years) performed three HT attempts, and kinematic data were recorded with MOB and MOCAP. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were used as measures of intra-session reliability. T-test with Cohen's effect size (ES), Pearson's product moment and Bland-Altman analysis were used to obtain MOB validity. Regarding intra-session reliability, the CV was 1.13%, and ICC was 0.98, considered acceptable. Respecting validity criteria did not reveal significant differences (p < 0.05; effect size = 0.06, considered trivial), 'almost perfect' correlation (Pearson) (r = 0.98; p < 0.05), and strong agreement were obtained between MOB and MOCAP. This finding showed a test (HT) with a specific character, using cost-effective instrument and applicable to all soccer fields (adjusted to the standardised lines in the soccer field), all of them backed-up by reliability, usefulness and validity criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fílter
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Sport Research Lab, Football Science Institute - FSI®, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Olivares
- Sport Research Lab, Football Science Institute - FSI®, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Molina
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - José Robles
- Faculty of Sport, Psychology and Sports Science, University of Huelva (UHU), Huelva, Spain
| | - Fabio Y Nakamura
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Santalla
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Sport Research Lab, Football Science Institute - FSI®, Granada, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Requena
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Sport Research Lab, Football Science Institute - FSI®, Granada, Spain
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27
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Allam HH, Muhsen A, Al-walah MA, Alotaibi AN, Alotaibi SS, Elsayyad LK. Effects of Plyometric Exercises versus Flatfoot Corrective Exercises on Postural Control and Foot Posture in Obese Children with a Flexible Flatfoot. Appl Bionics Biomech 2021; 2021:3635660. [PMID: 34754329 PMCID: PMC8572602 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3635660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity contributes to the acquired flatfoot deformity which in turn impairs balance. AIM The purpose of the current study was to compare the effect of plyometric exercises with flatfoot corrective exercises on balance, foot posture, and functional mobility in obese children with a flexible flatfoot. METHODS Forty-seven children participated in the study. Their age ranged from 7 to 11 years. Participants were randomly divided into 3 groups: experimental group I (EGI), experimental group II (EGII), and the control group (CG). The EGI received plyometric exercises and the EGII received corrective exercises, 2 sessions weekly for 10 weeks. The control group did not perform any planned physical activities. The Prokin system was used to assess balance, the timed up and go test (TUG) was used to assess functional mobility, and the navicular drop test (NDT) was used to assess foot posture. RESULTS EGI showed significant improvement in all balance parameters, foot posture, and TUG. EGII showed improvement in the ellipse area and perimeter in addition to foot posture and TUG. CONCLUSION Plyometric exercises and foot correction exercises had a positive effect on foot posture, balance, and functional mobility in obese children with flatfeet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem H. Allam
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Misr University for Sciences and Technology, Egypt
| | - Alsufiany Muhsen
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mosfer A. Al-walah
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shayek S. Alotaibi
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamiaa K. Elsayyad
- Department of Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt
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Antonio Paoli A, Mancin L, Caprio M, Monti E, Narici MV, Cenci L, Piccini F, Pincella M, Grigoletto D, Marcolin G. Effects of 30 days of ketogenic diet on body composition, muscle strength, muscle area, metabolism, and performance in semi-professional soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:62. [PMID: 34530857 PMCID: PMC8447662 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional approach, usually adopted for weight loss, that restricts daily carbohydrates under 30 g/day. KD showed contradictory results on sport performance, whilst no data are available on team sports. We sought to investigate the influence of a KD on different parameters in semi-professional soccer players. METHODS Subjects were randomly assigned to a iso-protein (1.8 g/Kg body weight/day) ketogenic diet (KD) or western diet (WD) for 30 days. Body weight and body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), cross sectional area (CSA) and isometric muscle strength of quadriceps, counter movement jump (CMJ) and yoyo intermittent recovery test time were measured. RESULTS There was a significantly higher decrease of body fat (p = 0.0359), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (p = 0.0018), waist circumference (p = 0.0185) and extra-cellular water (p = 0.0060) in KD compared to WD group. Lean soft tissue, quadriceps muscle area, maximal strength and REE showed no changes in both groups. RER decreased significantly in KD (p = 0.0008). Yo-yo intermittent test improved significantly (p < 0.0001) in both groups without significant differences between groups. CMJ significantly improved (p = 0.0021) only in KD. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study investigating the effects of a KD on semi-professional soccer players. In our study KD athletes lost fat mass without any detrimental effects on strength, power and muscle mass. When the goal is a rapid weight reduction in such athletes, the use of a KD should be taken into account. TRIAL REGISTRATION registered retrospectively on Clinical Trial registration number NCT04078971 .
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Affiliation(s)
- A Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131, Padua, Italy. .,Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain. .,Human Inspired Technology Research Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Laura Mancin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technology Research Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cenci
- Human Inspired Technology Research Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Pincella
- Inter FC., Milan, Italy.,FIGC Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (Italian Football Federation), Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Grigoletto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
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Albuquerque MR, Tavares LD, Longo AR, Caldeira Mesquita PH, Franchini E. Relationship between Indirect Measures of Aerobic and Muscle Power with Frequency Speed of Kick Test Multiple Performance in Taekwondo Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:254-261. [PMID: 34388844 DOI: 10.1055/a-1546-9221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship between indirect measures of aerobic power and muscular power with Frequency Speed of Kick Test performance using multiple sets (FSKTmult) in high-level taekwondo athletes. We used a known-group method to test differences in FSKTmult performance between two groups designated as lower and higher performance in both aerobic power and muscular power. In total, 42 international or national taekwondo athletes of both sexes performed the FSKTmult, Progressive Specific Taekwondo Test (PSTT), and countermovement jump (CMJ). Our results showed that average of the three CMJ was moderately correlated with FSKTmult performance (r=0.44); whereas PSTT and FSKTmult were highly correlated (r=0.83). Moreover, the groups formed by lower and higher performance of time to exhaustion in PSTT, as well as the average of CMJ were able to discriminate performance in the FSKTmult (p ≤0.05). The present study thus suggests that aerobic and muscle power are important for FSKTmult performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque
- Combat Sports Laboratory, Department of Sports - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Centro de Treinamento Esportivo - CTE, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Duarte Tavares
- Neuromuscular adaptations to Strength Training Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariel Roberth Longo
- Neuromuscular adaptations to Strength Training Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Anthropometric and performance profile of elite Gaelic football players comparing position and role. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThere is currently no information available on the variation in anthropometric and performance characteristics of starters and non-starters in elite Gaelic football. The aim of the current study was to determine if variations exist for elite male Gaelic football players with respect to position and playing role (starter or non-starter). One-hundred-and-sixty-two footballers from six elite teams underwent anthropometric and performance assessments. Players were categorised into six positional groups (goalkeeper, full back, half back, midfield, half forward and full forward) and two playing role groups (starter and non-starter). A significant position × role interaction was observed for Yo-YoIRT1 distance (p = 0.031, pη2 = 0.078), with starters covering a greater distance in all positions when compared to non-starters (all p < 0.05), except for half backs. Goalkeepers covered a significantly lower Yo-YoIRT1 distance compared to all other positions (p ≤ 0.001, pη2 = 0.35), while half backs completed a significantly greater distance compared to full backs (p = 0.014, pη2 = 0.35) and full forwards (p ≤ 0.001, pη2 = 0.35). Starters had a significantly greater CMJ height (p ≤ 0.001, pη2 = 0.082) and CMJ PP (p = 0.001, pη2 = 0.08) compared to non-starters. This research is the first of its kind within Gaelic football to provide anthropometric and performance values with respect to playing role. The data obtained may aid coaches to individualize training regimes to enhance role-specific preparation for competitive match-play.
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Gloeckl R, Schneeberger T, Leitl D, Reinold T, Nell C, Jarosch I, Kenn K, Koczulla AR. Whole-body vibration training versus conventional balance training in patients with severe COPD-a randomized, controlled trial. Respir Res 2021; 22:138. [PMID: 33947416 PMCID: PMC8097810 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-body vibration training (WBV) performed on a vibration platform can significantly improve physical performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It has been suggested that an important mechanism of this improvement is based on an improvement in balance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of WBV compared to conventional balance training. METHODS 48 patients with severe COPD (FEV1: 37 ± 7%predicted) and low exercise performance (6 min walk distance (6MWD): 55 ± 10%predicted) were included in this randomized controlled trial during a 3 week inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. All patients completed a standardized endurance and strength training program. Additionally, patients performed 4 different balance exercises 3x/week for 2 sets of 1 min each, either on a vibration platform (Galileo) at varying frequencies (5-26 Hz) (WBV) or on a conventional balance board (BAL). The primary outcome parameter was the change in balance performance during a semi tandem stance with closed eyes assessed on a force measurement platform. Muscular power during a countermovement jump, the 6MWD, and 4 m gait speed test (4MGST) were secondary outcomes. Non-parametric tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Static balance performance improved significantly more (p = 0.032) in favor of WBV (path length during semi-tandem stand: - 168 ± 231 mm vs. + 1 ± 234 mm). Muscular power also increased significantly more (p = 0.001) in the WBV group (+ 2.3 ± 2.5 W/kg vs. - 0.1 ± 2.0 W/kg). 6MWD improved to a similar extent in both groups (WBV: 48 ± 46 m, p < 0.001 vs. BAL: 38 ± 32 m; p < 0.001) whereas the 4MGST increased significantly only in the WBV-group (0.08 ± 0.14 m/s2, p = 0.018 vs. 0.01 ± 0.11 m/s2, p = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS WBV can improve balance performance and muscular power significantly more compared to conventional balance training. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical-Trials registration number: NCT03157986; date of registration: May 17, 2017. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=&term=NCT03157986&cntry=&state=&city=&dist = .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Gloeckl
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Philipps-University of Marburg, German Center for Lung Research, Malterhoeh 1, 83471 Schoenau Am Koenigssee, Marburg, Germany. .,Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Research, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land - Schoenau am Koenigssee, Königsee, Germany.
| | - Tessa Schneeberger
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Philipps-University of Marburg, German Center for Lung Research, Malterhoeh 1, 83471 Schoenau Am Koenigssee, Marburg, Germany.,Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Research, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land - Schoenau am Koenigssee, Königsee, Germany
| | - Daniela Leitl
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Philipps-University of Marburg, German Center for Lung Research, Malterhoeh 1, 83471 Schoenau Am Koenigssee, Marburg, Germany.,Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Research, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land - Schoenau am Koenigssee, Königsee, Germany
| | - Tobias Reinold
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Nell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Inga Jarosch
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Philipps-University of Marburg, German Center for Lung Research, Malterhoeh 1, 83471 Schoenau Am Koenigssee, Marburg, Germany.,Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Research, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land - Schoenau am Koenigssee, Königsee, Germany
| | - Klaus Kenn
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Philipps-University of Marburg, German Center for Lung Research, Malterhoeh 1, 83471 Schoenau Am Koenigssee, Marburg, Germany.,Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Research, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land - Schoenau am Koenigssee, Königsee, Germany
| | - Andreas R Koczulla
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Philipps-University of Marburg, German Center for Lung Research, Malterhoeh 1, 83471 Schoenau Am Koenigssee, Marburg, Germany.,Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Research, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land - Schoenau am Koenigssee, Königsee, Germany.,Teaching Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Perroni F, Cardinali L, Cignitti L, Gobbi E, Grugni F, Amatori S, Rocchi MBL, Grandinetti L, Lunetta F, Stocchi V, Baldari C, Sisti D, Guidetti L. Are there sex differences in physiological parameters and reaction time responses to overload in firefighters? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249559. [PMID: 33939690 PMCID: PMC8092788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Male and female firefighters work side-by-side in the same in strenuous and risky conditions. Anthropometrics, physiological, and reaction time (mean of reaction time -MRT-, and errors made -E) parameters of 12 Female and 13 Male firefighters were compared. Effect of overload (step test with and without equipment) on the MRT and E were analyzed on 3 trials (T1 = 1-1s, T2 = 0.5-1s, T3 = 0.5–0.5s), compared with a pre-test condition (basal). T-test between males and females was applied to assess differences (p<0.05) in all parameters. ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni on 3 conditions of step test between males and females was applied in reaction time variables. Between MRT and E, in T1, T2 and T3 trials and the 3 test conditions, ANCOVA models with interactions were used. Differences (p<0.05) in anthropometric, physiological and reaction time data emerged across groups, and on the 3rd trials (T3 vs T1 and T2) in reaction time parameters of each group. ANCOVA showed differences (p<0.001) in E among trials. Post hoc showed significant differences in T1vsT3 and T1vsT2. MRT x trial interaction was extremely significant (P<0.001). Implementing fitness and reaction time exercise programs is important to decrease the injury risk and increase work capacity in firefighters with reference to female workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Perroni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Ludovica Cardinali
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Erica Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Amatori
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Bruno Luigi Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | | | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
- Department Unicusano, University "Niccolò Cusano", Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Okholm Kryger K, Mutamba K, Mitchell S, Miller SC, Forrester S. Physical performance and perception of foot discomfort during a soccer-specific match simulation. A comparison of football boots. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1046-1054. [PMID: 33432889 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1856461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Football boots are marketed with emphasis on a single key performance characteristic (e.g. speed). Little is known on how design parameters impact players' performance. This study investigated the impact of boot design on performance maintenance and perceived foot comfort during a 90-minute match simulation drill. Eleven male university football players tested two commercially available "sprint boots" known to generate significantly different plantar pressures (high=Boot H and low=Boot L) . Players completed a modified Soccer-specific Aerobic Field Test on a 3G pitch. Heart rate, rated perceived exertion and perceived foot discomfort were assessed for each 15-min interval. Power generation was assessed pre- and post-match simulation. A significantly higher mean heart rate was seen for Boot L in the 60th-75th and 75th-90th minute intervals (P = 0.017, P = 0.012 respectively). Perceived exertion did not differ between boots (P ≥ 0.302). Power generation significantly decreased in Boot H between pre- and post-match (P = 0.042). Both boots increased discomfort with significantly more plantar discomfort felt in the last 30 min in Boot H (75th min: P = 0.037; 90th min: P = 0.048). The results imply that a comfortable boot design may improve maintenance of performance during match-play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Okholm Kryger
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, UK
- Sport and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Sports Technology Institute, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kumbirai Mutamba
- Sports Technology Institute, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Séan Mitchell
- Sports Technology Institute, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Steph Forrester
- Sports Technology Institute, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Castillo D, Raya-González J, Moran J, de Villarreal ES, Lloyd RS. Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Jump and Sprint Performance in Young Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 50:2125-2143. [PMID: 32915430 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even from a young age, modern soccer requires high levels of physical fitness development, particularly jumping and sprinting. Plyometric jump training (PJT), combined with young athletes' regular soccer sessions, has the potential to improve jumping and sprinting. However, studies exploring the effects of PJT are generally limited by small sample sizes. This problem of underpowered studies may, thus, be resolved by pooling study results in a meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was to assess the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on jumping and sprinting among young male soccer players. METHODS The SRMA included peer-reviewed articles that incorporated PJT in healthy players (i.e., < 23 years of age), a control group, and a measure of jumping or sprinting. Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to Hedges' g effect sizes (ES), using the inverse variance random-effects model. Moderator analyses were conducted for PJT duration, frequency, total number of sessions, participants' chronological age, and FIFA age categories (i.e., U-17 vs. U-20 vs. U-23). A multivariate random-effects meta-regression was also conducted. RESULTS Thirty-three studies were included, comprising 1499 participants. PJT improved vertical jump tests (ES = 0.60-0.98; all p < 0.01) and linear sprint performance (ES = 0.60-0.98; p < 0.03). Interventions of > 7 weeks and > 14 PJT sessions induced greater effects compared to PJT with ≤ 7 weeks and ≤ 14 total sessions on 10-m sprint performance (between group p = 0.038). CONCLUSION PJT is effective in improving jumping and sprinting performance among young male soccer players. Greater 10-m linear sprinting improvements were noted after interventions > 7-week duration and > 14 sessions, suggesting a greater return from exposure to longer PJT interventions, partially in support for the adoption of a long-term approach to athletic development in young athletes. However, with reference to the findings of the meta-regression, and those from the remaining subgroup and single factors analysis, a robust confirmation regarding the moderator role of participant's age or PJT configuration effects on young soccer player's fitness qualities needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile. .,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.,Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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35
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Baseball performance via the lens of anthropometric testing, fitness metrics, and statistics: a longitudinal cross-sectional study. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0000000000000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Dasa MS, Kristoffersen M, Ersvær E, Bovim LP, Bjørkhaug L, Moe-Nilssen R, Sagen JV, Haukenes I. The Female Menstrual Cycles Effect on Strength and Power Parameters in High-Level Female Team Athletes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:600668. [PMID: 33692699 PMCID: PMC7937612 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.600668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The female menstrual cycle (MC) is characterized by hormonal fluctuations throughout its different phases. However, research regarding its effect on athletic performance in high level athletes is sparse. The aim of this study was to (i) investigate the female MCs effect on strength and power performance in highly trained female team athletes throughout the MC and (ii) examine whether eumenorrheic participants with natural hormonal fluctuations displayed enhanced performance in the follicular phase (FP) versus the luteal phase (LP), compared to controls using hormonal contraceptives. Materials and Methods A total of 29 athletes (Age 21.2 ± 3.3 years; weight 65.6 ± 8.7 kg; height 170.2 ± 8.0 cm; and fat free mass 52.7 ± 7.1) completed the study after a 6-week testing period (8 eumenorrheic participants and 21 hormonal contraceptive controls). Participants were recruited from the team sports soccer, handball and volleyball. Testing protocol consisted of maximal voluntary isometric grip strength, 20-m sprint, countermovement jump and pneumatic leg-press. Based on self-reported use of hormonal contraceptives, participants were divided into non-hormonal contraceptive group and hormonal contraceptive group, the latter working as a control group. Differences in performance between the FP and LP were investigated. MC phase was confirmed by serum hormonal levels through venous blood samples in the non-hormonal contraceptive group. Results There were no statistically significant changes for the two different phases of the MC, in terms of physical performance for the whole group. Further, there was no significant difference between groups during the MC for any of the outcome variables, maximal voluntary isometric grip strength F(3.29) = 0.362; 20-m sprint F(3.24) = 0.710; countermovement jump F(3.26) = 2.361; and leg-press F(3.26) = 1.746. Conclusion In high level female team athletes, no difference in performance was observed based on hormonal contraceptive status. This suggests that the MC does not alter acute strength and power performance on a group level in high level team athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus S Dasa
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Morten Kristoffersen
- Department of Sport, Food, and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Ersvær
- Department of Safety, Chemistry, and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Peder Bovim
- Department of Health and Functioning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lise Bjørkhaug
- Department of Safety, Chemistry, and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Moe-Nilssen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jørn V Sagen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Haukenes
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
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Identifying Reliable and Relatable Force-Time Metrics in Athletes-Considerations for the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull and Countermovement Jump. Sports (Basel) 2020; 9:sports9010004. [PMID: 33396304 PMCID: PMC7824153 DOI: 10.3390/sports9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate intrasession reliability of countermovement jump (CMJ) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) force-time characteristics, as well as relationships between CMJ and IMTP metrics. Division I sport and club athletes (n = 112) completed two maximal effort CMJ and IMTP trials, in that order, on force plates. Relative and absolute reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) > 0.80 and coefficients of variation (CVs) < 10%. Intrasession reliability was acceptable for the majority of the CMJ force-time metrics except for concentric rate of force development (RFD), eccentric impulse and RFD, and lower limb stiffness. The IMTP's time to peak force, instantaneous force at 150 ms, instantaneous net force, and RFD measures were not reliable. Statistically significant weak to moderate relationships (r = 0.20-0.46) existed between allometrically scaled CMJ and IMTP metrics, with the exception of CMJ eccentric mean power not being related with IMTP performances. A majority of CMJ and IMTP metrics met acceptable reliability standards, except RFD measures which should be used with caution. Provided CMJs and IMTPs are indicative of distinct physical fitness capabilities, it is suggested to monitor athlete performance in both tests via changes in those variables that demonstrate the greatest degree of reliability.
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Uysal Ö, Delioğlu K, Firat T. The effects of hamstring training methods on muscle viscoelastic properties in healthy young individuals. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:371-379. [PMID: 33084051 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of hamstring training methods on the passive viscoelastic properties of hamstring and quadriceps muscles and the relationship of these properties to lower extremity power, hamstring flexibility, and agility. A total of forty healthy individuals were recruited for this study. Participants performed Nordic hamstring exercises (n = 14), hamstring curl exercises (n = 14), or received neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES; n = 13) for eight weeks. Measurements were taken both before and one week after the interventions of the viscoelastic properties of hamstring and quadriceps muscles, strength, flexibility, agility, and lower extremity power. Nordic hamstring exercises increased hamstring muscle elasticity while decreasing quadriceps and hamstring muscle stiffness; whereas leg curl exercises increased quadriceps and hamstring muscle stiffness while decreasing quadriceps muscle tone (P < .05). Both strengthening methods increased agility, hamstring flexibility, and vertical jump. NMES produced no noticeable effects. Eccentric and concentric training methods had inverse effects on both hamstring and quadriceps muscles' viscoelastic parameters, but had similar improvements on performance parameters. Since changes in viscoelastic parameters of muscle could affect musculotendinous systems' compliance, clinicians should consider viscoelastic properties over performance parameters, when prescribing concentric or eccentric exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgün Uysal
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kıvanç Delioğlu
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tüzün Firat
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
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Kirkland MC, Wadden KP, Ploughman M. Bipedal hopping as a new measure to detect subtle sensorimotor impairment in people with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 44:1544-1555. [PMID: 32955951 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1820585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipedal hopping has the potential to detect subtle multiple sclerosis (MS)-related impairments, especially among patients who "pass" typical movement tests. In this narrative review, we outline the biomechanics of bipedal hopping and propose its usefulness as a novel outcome measure for people with MS having mild disability. METHODS We summarize articles that (1) examined the biomechanics of jumping or hopping and (2) tested the validity and/or reliability of hopping tests. We consolidated consistencies and gaps in research and opportunities for future development of the bipedal hop test. RESULTS Bipedal hopping requires immense power, coordination, balance, and ability to reduce co-contraction; movement components typically affected by MS. These impairments can be measured and differentiated by examining specific variables, such as hop length (power), symmetry (coordination), center of pressure (balance), and coefficient of variability (co-contraction/spasticity). Bipedal hopping challenges these aspects of movement and exposes sensorimotor impairments that may not have been apparent during walking. CONCLUSIONS Testing of bipedal hopping on an instrumented walkway may detect and monitor sensorimotor control in people with MS who do not currently present with clinical deficits. Early measurement is imperative for precise rehabilitation prescription to slow disability progression prior to onset of measurable gait impairment.Implications for rehabilitationJumping and hopping tests detect lower limb and balance impairments in children, athletes, and older adults.Bipedal hop test measures multiple domains: power, coordination, balance, and muscle timing.Bipedal hop test may expose subtle sensorimotor impairments in people with multiple sclerosis.Multiple variables measured can discern type of sensorimotor impairment to direct personalized rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Kirkland
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Katie P Wadden
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Heishman AD, Daub BD, Miller RM, Freitas EDS, Frantz BA, Bemben MG. Countermovement Jump Reliability Performed With and Without an Arm Swing in NCAA Division 1 Intercollegiate Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:546-558. [PMID: 30138237 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heishman, AD, Daub, BD, Miller, RM, Freitas, EDS, Frantz, BA, and Bemben, MG. Countermovement jump reliability performed with and without an arm swing in NCAA Division 1 intercollegiate basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 546-558, 2020-The countermovement jump (CMJ) is routinely used in athlete performance to quantify adaptions to training, as well as monitor neuromuscular readiness and fatigue. However, controversy remains in whether to incorporate an arm swing during the CMJ (CMJ AS) or keep the hands placed on the hips (CMJ NAS). Incorporating the arms provides a higher degree of sport-specificity that may yield improved reliability, especially in skilled jumpers. By contrast, the hands-on-hips approach isolates lower extremity force production and eliminates potential arm-swing variation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the reliability of CMJ typical (CMJ-TYP), CMJ concentric alternative (CMJ-Conc-ALT), and CMJ eccentric alternative (CMJ-Ecc-ALT) variables obtained during the CMJ AS and CMJ NAS. Twenty-two (men = 14, women = 8) NCAA Division 1 collegiate basketball players performed 3 CMJ AS and 3 CMJ NAS on a force plate, in a randomized order. To assess the test-retest reliability, participants returned 1 week later to perform 3 additional CMJ AS and 3 CMJ NAS. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were used to assess intersession and intrasession reliability for the various CMJ variables. A majority of CMJ-TYP and several CMJ-Conc-ALT and CMJ-Ecc-ALT variables exhibited adequate intersession and intrasession reliability (ICC > 0.700 and CV <10%) during both the CMJ AS and the CMJ NAS. Countermovement jump AS may provide more pertinent information about long-term changes in sport-specific performance, whereas the CMJ NAS may be more beneficial for detecting acute changes in neuromuscular fatigue and athlete readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Heishman
- Departmetn of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma; and.,Department of Athletics, Basketball Strength and Performance, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Bryce D Daub
- Department of Athletics, Basketball Strength and Performance, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Ryan M Miller
- Departmetn of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma; and
| | - Eduardo D S Freitas
- Departmetn of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma; and
| | - Brett A Frantz
- Department of Athletics, Basketball Strength and Performance, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Michael G Bemben
- Departmetn of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma; and
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Ewertowska P, Trzaskoma Z, Sitarski D, Gromuł B, Haponiuk I, Czaprowski D. Muscle strength, muscle power and body composition in college-aged young women and men with Generalized Joint Hypermobility. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236266. [PMID: 32726351 PMCID: PMC7390387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was an evaluation of the musculoskeletal system in women and men with Generalized Joint Hypermobility (GJH). The study included 87 participants– 40 with Generalized Joint Hypermobility (aged 21.2 ±1.8 years) and 47 (aged 21.0 ±1.3 years) in the control group (CG). The study included the Beighton score, the measurements of body composition, muscle flexibility (Straight Leg Raise test, Popliteal Angle test, Modified Thomas Test), and the measurements of muscle strength and muscle power. T-test and Mann-Whitney U Test were applied to assess the differences between independent groups. The study showed that there were no significant differences (p>.05) in the assessed body composition and the muscle flexibility between both women and men with GJH and the participants in the CG. Under isokinetic conditions for the non-dominant lower extremity, men from the CG received significantly higher (p = .02) flexion peak torque at 180°/s angular velocity. Women from the CG received a statistically significantly lower (p = .04) F/E ratio at 180°/s velocity. Under isometric conditions for both women and men with GJH, there were no statistically significant differences (p>.05) in the maximum torques in knee extension and flexion compared to the CG. For women and men with GJH, the maximum power in the lower extremities and jumping ability were not significantly different (p>.05) compared to the CG participants. The body composition, muscle flexibility, muscle strength, and muscle power of adults with Generalized Joint Hypermobility did not differ compared to healthy participants. The fact that there are no differences does not exclude the efficacy of strength training in increasing levels of muscle strength and its impact on body posture and proprioception or coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Ewertowska
- Department of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Zbigniew Trzaskoma
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Sitarski
- Department of Physiotherapy, Józef Rusiecki University College, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Gromuł
- Department of Physiotherapy, Józef Rusiecki University College, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Haponiuk
- Department of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dariusz Czaprowski
- Department of Physiotherapy, Józef Rusiecki University College, Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Pereira LA, Andrade DC, Mendez-Rebolledo G, De La Fuente CI, Castro-Sepulveda M, Garcia-Pinillos F, Freitas TT, Loturco I. Tapering strategies applied to plyometric jump training: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:53-62. [PMID: 32674540 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the effect of plyometric jump training (PJT) applied in conjunction with tapering strategies on the jump performance of team-sport athletes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The meta-analysis included: 1) randomized-controlled studies that incorporated a PJT program; 2) cohorts of team-sport athletes; 3) jump performance assessments; and 4) studies that incorporated a programmed taper. A systematic search was conducted in distinct electronic databases for relevant studies. Aside from jump performance, the extracted data included characteristics of the participants, PJT, and tapering. Means and standard deviations were used to calculate the effect sizes (ES). To assess the effects of moderator variables, subgroup analyses were performed. The statistical significance level was set as P<0.05. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS From 7020 records initially identified, 14 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Across all included studies, there was a moderate, significant improvement in jump performance (ES=0.73; P<0.001). Additionally, the subgroup analysis demonstrated that the duration and intensity of the taper and the volume of the PJT induced similar improvements in jump performance (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In summary, PJT interventions that included a programmed taper induced significant improvements in jump performance in team-sport athletes. These effects were observed after different tapering strategies in terms of volume, taper duration, and the type of PJT prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.,Center for Research in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - David C Andrade
- Center for Research in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Physiology and High Altitude Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Antofagasta University, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Carlos I De La Fuente
- Department of Sciences and Health, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Sports Health, Santa Maria Clinic, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Felipe Garcia-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil - .,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.,University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
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43
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Romero-Moraleda B, Yanci J, García-Hermoso A, Manuel Clemente F. Effects of plyometric jump training in female soccer player's vertical jump height: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1475-1487. [PMID: 32255389 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1745503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) in female soccer player's vertical jump height, a review was conducted using the data sources PubMed, MEDLINE, Web Of Science and SCOPUS. Only peer-review articles were included. To qualify for inclusion in the meta-analysis, studies must have included (i) a PJT programme of at least 2 weeks, (ii) cohorts of healthy female soccer players with no restriction for age, (iii) a control group, (iv) a measure of countermovement jump (CMJ). The inverse variance random-effects model for meta-analyses was used. From 7,136 records initially identified through database searching, 8 were eligible for meta-analysis, comprising 9 training groups (n = 99) and 9 control groups (n = 94). The magnitude of the main effect was moderate (ES = 1.01 [95%CI = 0.36-1.66], Z = 3.04, p = 0.002). Sub-group analyses were performed (i.e., PJT frequency, duration and total number of sessions), revealing no significant subgroup differences (p = 0.34-0.96). Among the studies included in this review, none reported injury or other adverse effects. In conclusion, PJT is effective in female soccer players for the improvement of vertical jump height. In future, research must identify specific dose-response relationships following PJT, particularly in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos , Osorno, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor , Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
| | - Blanca Romero-Moraleda
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country , UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) , Pamplona, Spain.,Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH , Santiago, Chile
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares , 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã , Portugal
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44
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Relative Age Effect of Sport Academy Adolescents, a Physiological Evaluation. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8010005. [PMID: 31936102 PMCID: PMC7022851 DOI: 10.3390/sports8010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between birth quarter distribution and physiological characteristics related to athletic skills, in adolescent sport academy students has not been fully investigated. In a cross-sectional study, we recruited 86 boys and 52 girls aged 12–14 years during their first term at a sport academy school. We measured body size, cardiac size, pulmonary function, body composition, lower body power, cardiorespiratory fitness parameters, and running endurance by standard methods and analyzed these estimates in relation to birth quarter by ANOVA. Birth quarter distribution in our cohort was compared with birth quarter distribution in the same ages in the whole of Sweden and analyzed by logistic regression. The academy had an overrepresentation of students born in the first quartile of the year compared to those born in the last quartile (odds ratio 2.3 (95% CI: 1.1–4.7)). When comparing the physiological characteristics between birth quarters, uniformity is prominent since out of 26 performed physiological and anthropometric tests only four showed statistically significant group differences. We thus believe that the selection process to the sport academy favours athletes with higher chronological age, i.e., a so-called relative age effect is present.
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Perroni F, Fittipaldi S, Falcioni L, Ghizzoni L, Borrione P, Vetrano M, Del Vescovo R, Migliaccio S, Guidetti L, Baldari C. Effect of pre-season training phase on anthropometric, hormonal and fitness parameters in young soccer players. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225471. [PMID: 31765396 PMCID: PMC6876839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the study were to investigate 1) the effect of 8 weeks of PSP training on anthropometrics, salivary hormones and fitness parameters in youth soccer players, 2) the correlations between fitness and hormonal parameters, and 3) the impact of the experience of the coach and his methodology of training on these parameters. Weight, height, BMI, pubertal development (PDS), salivary Cortisol (sC), salivary Testosterone (sT), salivary sDHEAS, intermittent tests (VO2max), and countermovement jump test (CMJ) modifications of 35 youth soccer players (age: 14±0 yrs; BMI: 20.8±1.8 k/m2) from two Italian clubs (“Lupa Frascati” -LF-; “Albalonga” -AL) were analysed. A significant (p<0.05) time by club effect was observed in sC (F(1,31) = 9.7, ES = 1.13), sT (F(1,31) = 4.2, ES = 0.74), CMJ (F(1,28) = 26.5, ES = 1.94), and VO2max (F(1,28) = 8.5, ES = 1.10). Statistical differences (p<0.05) in weight (F(1,32) = 25.5, ES = 0.11), sC (F(1,31) = 32.1, ES = 1.43), sT/sC ratio (F(1,31) = 10.1, ES = 0.97), sDHEAS/sC ratio (F(1,31) = 6.3, ES = 0.70), and VO2max (F(1,28) = 64.3, ES = 1.74) were found within time factor. Between clubs, differences (p<0.05) in sC (F(1,32) = 8.5, ES = 1.17), sT (F(1,31) = 4.2, ES = 0.74), CMJ (F(1,28) = 26.5, ES = 1.50), and VO2max (F(1,28) = 8.5, ES = 1.10) were found. CMJ was inversely correlated with sDHEAS (r = -0.38) before PSP, while Δ of CMJ showed significant correlations with Δ of sC (r = 0.43) and ΔVO2max was inversely correlated with ΔBMI (r = -0.54) and ΔsC (r = -0.37) in all subjects. Considering each single club, ΔVO2max showed correlations with ΔBMI (r = -0.45) in AL, while ΔCMJ showed correlations with ΔPDS (r = 0.72) in LF club. Since the PSP is often limited training time to simultaneously develop physical, technical and tactical qualities, an efficient method to distribute the training load is important in youth soccer players to increase the performance and to avoid injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Perroni
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | | | - Lavinia Falcioni
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ghizzoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Borrione
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Vetrano
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
- * E-mail:
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46
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Moran J, Clark CCT, Ramirez-Campillo R, Davies MJ, Drury B. A Meta-Analysis of Plyometric Training in Female Youth: Its Efficacy and Shortcomings in the Literature. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1996-2008. [PMID: 30052601 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Moran, J, Clark, CCT, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Davies, MJ, and Drury, B. A meta-analysis of plyometric training in female youth: its efficacy and shortcomings in the literature. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1996-2008, 2019-This meta-analysis characterized female youths' adaptability to plyometric training (PT). A second objective was to highlight the limitations of the body of literature with a view to informing future research. Fourteen studies were included in the final analysis. The effect size (ES = Hedges' g) for the main effect of vertical jump performance was "small" (ES = 0.57, 95% confidence interval: 0.21-0.93). Effect sizes were larger in younger (<15 years; ES = 0.78 [0.25-1.30] vs. 0.31 [-0.18 to 0.80]), shorter (<163 cm; ES = 1.03 [0.38-1.68] vs. 0.25 [-0.20 to 0.70]), and lighter (<54 kg; ES = 1.14 [0.39-1.89] vs. 0.26 [-0.15 to 0.67]) participants. Programming variables seemed to influence adaptive responses with larger effects in interventions which were longer (8 weeks; ES = 1.04 [0.35-1.72] vs. 0.24 [-0.11 to 0.59]), had greater weekly training frequency (>2; ES = 1.22 [0.18-2.25] vs. 0.37 [0.02-0.71]), and whose sessions were of longer duration (≥30 minutes ES = 1.16 [0.14-2.17] vs. 0.33 [0.03-0.63]). More than 16 sessions per program (0.85 [0.18-1.51]) was more effective than exactly 16 sessions (0.46 [0.08-0.84]) which, in turn, was more effective than less than 16 (0.37 [-0.44 to 1.17]). These findings can inform the prescription of PT in female youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cain C T Clark
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael J Davies
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Drury
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
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47
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Influence of the Nordic Walking Intervention Program on the Improvement of Functional Parameters in Older Women. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0000000000000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion is associated with kinematic but not kinetic variables related to bilateral drop-landing performance at various drop heights. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 64:320-328. [PMID: 30836206 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Limited evidence is available concerning ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM) and its relationship with landing performance from varying drop heights. The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationship between ankle DF ROM and both kinetic and kinematic variables measured during bilateral drop-landings from 50%, 100% and 150% of countermovement jump height. Thirty-nine participants were measured for their ankle DF ROM using the weight-bearing lunge test, after which five bilateral drop-landings were performed from 50%, 100% and 150% of maximal countermovement jump height. Normalized peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), time to peak vGRF and loading rate was calculated for analysis, alongside sagittal-plane initial contact angles, peak angles and joint displacement for the hip, knee and ankle. Frontal-plane projection angles were also calculated. Ankle DF ROM was not related to normalized peak vGRF, time to peak vGRF or loading rate (P > 0.05), regardless of the drop height. However, at drop heights of 100% and 150% of countermovement jump height, there were numerous significant (P < 0.05) moderate to large correlations between ankle DF ROM and initial contact angles (r = -0.34 to -0.40) and peak angles (r = -0.42 to -0.52) for the knee and ankle joint. Knee joint displacement (r = 0.39-0.47) and frontal-plane projection angle (r = 0.37-0.40) had a positive relationship with ankle DF ROM, which was consistent across all drop heights. Ankle DF ROM influences coordination strategies that allow for the management of vGRF during bilateral drop-landings, with alterations in alignment for the knee and ankle joints at both initial contact and peak angles.
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49
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Baggen RJ, Van Roie E, Verschueren SM, Van Driessche S, Coudyzer W, van Dieën JH, Delecluse C. Bench stepping with incremental heights improves muscle volume, strength and functional performance in older women. Exp Gerontol 2019; 120:6-14. [PMID: 30797825 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Task-specific exercises such as bench stepping can improve functional ability and reduce falling incidents in older adults. However, such exercises are often not optimized to improve muscle volume and force-velocity characteristics. This study determined the effects of a 12-week stepping program using incremental step heights (STEEP), on muscle volume, strength, power, functional ability and balance performance in older women. METHODS Forty-five community-dwelling women (69y ± 4) were randomly assigned to the STEEP group or a non-training CONTROL group. Training intensity was primarily determined by step height, while training volume remained equal. Thigh muscle volume (CT-scan), force-velocity characteristics of the knee extensors (Biodex dynamometer) and functional ability (Short Physical Performance Battery, timed stair ascent, 10-m walk test and countermovement jump height) were determined pre- and post-intervention. In addition, 3D trunk accelerations were recorded at the lower back to assess balance during the Short Physical Performance Battery balance tests. RESULTS Two-way ANOVA showed that the STEEP program increased thigh muscle volume, knee extensor isometric peak torque, dynamic peak power, unloaded rate of velocity development and improved performance on all functional tests to a greater extent than CONTROL (p < .05), except the countermovement jump. No improvements were found for peak velocity and balance performance (p > .05). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that bench step training with incremental step heights simultaneously improves functional ability, thigh muscle volume and force-velocity characteristics of the knee extensors in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco J Baggen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Evelien Van Roie
- Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine M Verschueren
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Group for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Van Driessche
- Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Walter Coudyzer
- Department of Morphology and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Radiology Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christophe Delecluse
- Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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50
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Heishman A, Brown B, Daub B, Miller R, Freitas E, Bemben M. The Influence of Countermovement Jump Protocol on Reactive Strength Index Modified and Flight Time: Contraction Time in Collegiate Basketball Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7020037. [PMID: 30759731 PMCID: PMC6410267 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate differences in Reactive Strength Index Modified (RSIMod) and Flight Time to Contraction Time Ratio (FT:CT) during the countermovement jump (CMJ) performed without the arm swing (CMJNAS) compared to the CMJ with the arm swing (CMJAS), while exploring the relationship within each variable between jump protocols. A secondary purpose sought to explore the relationship between RSIMod and FT:CT during both jump protocols. Twenty-two collegiate basketball players performed both three CMJNAS and three CMJAS on a force plate, during two separate testing sessions. RSIMod was calculated by the flight-time (RSIModFT) and impulse-momentum methods (RSIModIMP). CMJ variables were significantly greater during the CMJAS compared to CMJNAS (p < 0.001). There were large to very large correlations within each variable between the CMJAS and CMJNAS. There were significant positive correlations among RSIModFT, RSIModIMP, and FT:CT during both the CMJAS (r ≥ 0.864, p < 0.001) and CMJNAS (r ≥ 0.960, p < 0.001). These findings identify an increase in RSIMod or FT:CT during the CMJAS, that may provide independent information from the CMJNAS. In addition, either RSIMod or FT:CT may be utilized to monitor changes in performance, but simultaneous inclusion may be unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Heishman
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
- Department of Athletics, Basketball Strength and Performance, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Brady Brown
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
- Department of Athletics, Basketball Strength and Performance, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Bryce Daub
- Department of Athletics, Basketball Strength and Performance, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Ryan Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Eduardo Freitas
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Michael Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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