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Zhao P, Chen K, Zhu G, Li H, Chen S, Hu J, Huang L, Liu X, Guo L. Effects of aquatic exercise intervention on executive function and brain-derived neurotrophic factor of children with autism spectrum disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2024; 150:104759. [PMID: 38795553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited knowledge exists regarding the effectiveness of aquatic exercise intervention for improving executive function (EF) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Additionally, the impact of aquatic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in children with ASD requires further investigation. AIMS This study aimed to explore the effects of a 12-week aquatic exercise intervention on core EF and BDNF levels in children with ASD. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Thirty children with ASD were assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group underwent a 12-week aquatic exercise intervention, while the control group engaged in supervised free activities. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured EF and BDNF levels. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The experimental group showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in inhibition control, cognitive flexibility, and BDNF levels. However, working memory did not significantly improve. The control group exhibited no significant changes in EF or BDNF levels. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Aquatic exercise appears to be a beneficial intervention for cognitive development in children with ASD, as it enhances inhibition control, cognitive flexibility, and BDNF levels in children with ASD. Furthermore, the observed improvements in EF following aquatic exercise intervention in children with ASD may be associated with increased BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiting Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Gaohui Zhu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hansen Li
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Sha Chen
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinge Hu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Huang
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liya Guo
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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2
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Minetto MA, Pietrobelli A, Ferraris A, Busso C, Magistrali M, Vignati C, Sieglinger B, Bruner D, Shepherd JA, Heymsfield SB. Equations for smartphone prediction of adiposity and appendicular lean mass in youth soccer players. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20734. [PMID: 38007571 PMCID: PMC10676389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital anthropometry by three-dimensional optical imaging systems and smartphones has recently been shown to provide non-invasive, precise, and accurate anthropometric and body composition measurements. To our knowledge, no previous study performed smartphone-based digital anthropometric assessments in young athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the reproducibly and validity of smartphone-based estimation of anthropometric and body composition parameters in youth soccer players. A convenience sample of 124 male players and 69 female players (median ages of 16.2 and 15.5 years, respectively) was recruited. Measurements of body weight and height, one whole-body Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan, and acquisition of optical images (performed in duplicate by the Mobile Fit app to obtain two avatars for each player) were performed. The reproducibility analysis showed percent standard error of measurement values < 10% for all anthropometric and body composition measurements, thus indicating high agreement between the measurements obtained for the two avatars. Mobile Fit app overestimated the body fat percentage with respect to DXA (average overestimation of + 3.7% in males and + 4.6% in females), while it underestimated the total lean mass (- 2.6 kg in males and - 2.5 kg in females) and the appendicular lean mass (- 10.5 kg in males and - 5.5 kg in females). Using data of the soccer players, we reparameterized the equations previously proposed to estimate the body fat percentage and the appendicular lean mass and we obtained new equations that can be used in youth athletes for body composition assessment through conventional anthropometrics-based prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Minetto
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Angelo Pietrobelli
- Pennington Biomedical Research Centre, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, Paediatric Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferraris
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Busso
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - John A Shepherd
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Häfele MS, Alberton CL, Schaun GZ, Nunes GN, Brasil B, Alves MM, Andrade LS, Pinto SS. Aerobic and combined water-based trainings in older women: effects on strength and cardiorespiratory outcomes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:177-183. [PMID: 34664907 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to investigate the muscular and cardiorespiratory adaptations of two water-based training programs in older women. METHODS Volunteers were divided between a water-based aerobic training (WBA; n=13), water-based combined training (WBC; n=11) or an active control group (CG; n=9) and those assigned to WBA and WBC exercised twice a week for 12 weeks. All outcomes of interest were assessed prior and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE), and Bonferroni post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Aerobic training was performed at the percentage of the heart rate corresponding to the anaerobic threshold and resistance training during WBC was performed with sets at maximal effort. RESULTS Improvements were observed for the maximal knee extension dynamic strength (1RM) and oxygen uptake (VO2) corresponding to the second ventilatory threshold for both WBA and WBC (1RM: 16 ± 12% vs. 15 ± 16%; VO2: 20 ± 24% vs. 23 ± 13%, respectively), whereas VO2 peak improved in all three groups (WBA: 23 ± 21%; WBC: 18 ± 9%; CG: 7 ± 16%). No increase was found for horizontal chest press 1RM (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that WBA, WBC and CG are effective to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, however, only water-based training programs (WBA and WBC) appear capable of improving the maximal strength of the lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Häfele
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil -
| | - Cristine L Alberton
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Z Schaun
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela N Nunes
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Brasil
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Melissa M Alves
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana S Andrade
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Stephanie S Pinto
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Holmberg PM, Gorman AD, Jenkins DG, Kelly VG. Lower-Body Aquatic Training Prescription for Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:859-869. [PMID: 33470596 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Holmberg, PM, Gorman, AD, Jenkins, DG, and Kelly, VG. Lower-body aquatic training prescription for athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 859-869, 2021-Traditionally prescribed to manage various medical ailments and promote healing, aquatic immersion may provide a favorable environment to undertake preparatory training tasks given its profound biological effects that extend across most homeostatic systems. In addition to understanding these effects, which are related to the fundamental principles of hydrodynamics, there is a need to consider the acute physiomechanical responses to alterations of key constraints associated with particular preparatory tasks. Evidence suggests that the manipulation of different constraints during aquatic training can enable a unique setting to complement, supplement, or supplant land-based programming to maintain or improve physical capacities in athletes without exacerbating physiological stress. Thus, this article focuses on the interplay of constraints and their associated outcomes to provide information that can be used to program lower-body aquatic training for athletes. In addition, the aim of the article is to summarize the literature on aquatic training to highlight the outcomes that occur when certain constraints are manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Holmberg
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam D Gorman
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David G Jenkins
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Vincent G Kelly
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Effects of hydrotherapy with massage on serum nerve growth factor concentrations and balance in middle aged diabetic neuropathy patients. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39:101141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moura E, Nunes W, Pinto L, Santos N, V de Oliveira G, Gross D. Effects of hydrogymnastics practice for 45 weeks on the lipid, hemodynamic and anthropometry profile of elderly when untrained for 30 days in the intervention. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Louder TJ, Bressel E, Nardoni C, Dolny DG. Biomechanical Comparison of Loaded Countermovement Jumps Performed on Land and in Water. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:25-35. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Güeita-Rodríguez J, García-Muro F, Rodríguez-Fernández ÁL, Lambeck J, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña D. What areas of functioning are influenced by aquatic physiotherapy? Experiences of parents of children with cerebral palsy. Dev Neurorehabil 2018; 21:506-514. [PMID: 28933572 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2017.1368728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the experiences regarding aquatic physiotherapy among parents of children with cerebral palsy and to identify a list of relevant intervention categories for aquatic physiotherapy treatments. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews and focus groups using the components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a frame of reference to explore and code experiences regarding aquatic physiotherapy. A non-probabilistic purposive sampling strategy was used. Content analysis methods and ICF linking processes were used to analyze data. RESULTS From the parents' perspective (n = 34), both the Body Functions and Activities and Participation components were mainly influenced by aquatic physiotherapy. Also, parents described Environmental Factors acting as barriers affecting progress during therapy. CONCLUSIONS Parents identified a wide range of categories influenced by aquatic physiotherapy. Social and contextual aspects were highlighted, as well as a series of changes related to the illness as a result of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Güeita-Rodríguez
- a Department of Physiotherapy , Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University , Alcorcón , Madrid , Spain
| | - Francisco García-Muro
- b Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy , School of Medicine, CEU-San Pablo University , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Johan Lambeck
- c International Aquatic Therapy Faculty , Valens , Switzerland
| | - Cesar Fernández-de-Las-Peñas
- a Department of Physiotherapy , Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University , Alcorcón , Madrid , Spain
| | - Domingo Palacios-Ceña
- a Department of Physiotherapy , Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University , Alcorcón , Madrid , Spain
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Costa RR, Kanitz AC, Reichert T, Prado AKG, Coconcelli L, Buttelli ACK, Pereira LF, Masiero MPB, Meinerz AP, Conceição MO, Sbeghen IL, Kruel LFM. Water-based aerobic training improves strength parameters and cardiorespiratory outcomes in elderly women. Exp Gerontol 2018; 108:231-239. [PMID: 29730330 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of water-based aerobic training and water-based resistance training on muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in older women. Sixty-nine individuals were randomized into the following three groups: the water-based aerobic training (WA, n = 23) group, the water-based resistance training (WR, n = 23) group, and the control group (CG, n = 23). Participants were trained two times per week for 10 weeks. The trainings presented a linear periodization with an increase in the volume-intensity relation. Maximal dynamic muscular strength and the cardiorespiratory fitness were evaluated before the start of training and after 10 weeks of training. Only the WA group showed an increase in maximal oxygen consumption (13.8%) and oxygen consumption at the second ventilatory threshold (16.4%). Maximal dynamic strength of knee extensors improved in 10.6% of WA, 8.0% of WR, and 4.7% of CG participants, without any difference between the groups. Maximal dynamic strength of knee flexors was increased in 14.1% of WA and in 17.7% of WR participants; however, it remains unchanged in CG participants. No differences were observed in resting heart rate, peak heart rate, heart rate at the second ventilatory threshold and maximal dynamic strength of shoulder horizontal flexors. It was concluded that WA seems to be more efficient for improvement in cardiorespiratory responses, and both WA and WR were efficient for development of maximal dynamic strength of knee flexion and extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Rocha Costa
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Kanitz
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, 1286 Benjamin Constant Street, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thais Reichert
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Konig Garcia Prado
- Federal University of Mato Grosso, Faculty of Physical Education, 2367 Fernando Corrêa Avenue, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Leandro Coconcelli
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Laura Frances Pereira
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos Paulo Bienert Masiero
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Pellegrini Meinerz
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Oliveira Conceição
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Isadora Loch Sbeghen
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Pereira Neiva H, Brandão Faíl L, Izquierdo M, Marques MC, Marinho DA. The effect of 12 weeks of water-aerobics on health status and physical fitness: An ecological approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198319. [PMID: 29851998 PMCID: PMC5978883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of the present study was to verify the effects of a 12-week water aerobics program in a real-life context on health indicators and physical fitness in adults and older adults. Fifteen volunteers (58.80 ± 14.32 years old) were part of an experimental group (Exercise), and eight volunteers (59.00 ± 12.26 years old) were part of the control group (Control). The Exercise performed 45 min of water aerobics twice a week for 12 weeks; no physical exercise was permitted for the Control during the same period. The evaluations were performed the week before (pre-training) and after the training program (post-training). The primary outcomes were the strength and cardiorespiratory fitness variables and the secondary outcomes included body anthropometry, lipid profile and blood pressure. Adjusted analysis for age and baseline values showed no differences between Exercise and Control in post-training moment. However, there was a moderated tendency for increased explosive strength of the upper limbs (ηp2 = 0.17), reduced body fat (ηp2 = 0.17), reduced systolic blood pressure (ηp2 = 0.14) and triglycerides (ηp2 = 0.19) in Exercise. Within groups changes showed that the training program caused an increase mainly in explosive strength in the upper limbs (0.26 m, 95% CI, 0.03, 0.49; ES = 0.63) In addition, there was a significant decrease in fat mass (-0.89%, 95% CI, -1.74, -0.03; ES = 0.61) and in the systolic blood pressure (-0.83 mmHg, -1.46, -0.19; ES = 0.71). Nonetheless, no significant changes were observed for the lipid profile. These results suggest that 12 weeks of water aerobics performed twice a week in a real-life context seem to benefit the explosive strength, body composition, and blood pressure of adults and older adults but is insufficient to alter cardiorespiratory fitness and lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Pereira Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Brandão Faíl
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES; CB16/10/00315), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
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11
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Biomechanical Comparison of Countermovement Jumps Performed on Land and in Water: Age Effects. J Sport Rehabil 2018; 27:249-256. [DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2016-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Context:The aquatic environment provides a low-impact alternative to land-based exercise and rehabilitation in older adults.Objective:Evaluate the biomechanics of older adults and young adults performing jumping movements on land and in water.Design and Setting:Cross-sectional, mixed-factorial experiment; adjustable-depth pool at sports medicine research facility.Participants:Fifty-six young adults (age = 22.0 [3.9] y) and 12 healthy older adults (age = 57.3 [4.4] y).Interventions:Each participant performed 6 maximal effort countermovement jumps: 3 jumps were performed on land, and 3 other jumps were performed with participants immersed in chest-deep water.Main Outcome Measures:Using data from the amortization and propulsive phases of jumping, the authors computed the following kinetic and kinematic measures: peak and mean mechanical power, peak force, amortization time and rate, unweighting and propulsive times, and lower-extremity segment kinematics.Results:Mechanical power outputs were greater in younger adults (peak: 7322 [4035] W) versus older adults (peak: 5661.65 [2639.86] W) and for jumps performed in water (peak: 9387 [3981] W) versus on land (peak: 4545.84 [1356.53] W). Peak dorsiflexion velocities were greater for jumps performed in water (66 [34] deg/s) versus on land (4 [7] deg/s). The amortization rate was 26% greater in water versus on land. The amortization time was 20% longer in older adults versus young adults.Conclusions:Countermovement jumps performed in water are mechanically specific from those performed on land. Older adults jumped with longer unweighting times and increased mechanical power in water. These results suggest that aquatic-based exercise and rehabilitation programs that feature jumping movements may benefit older adults.
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12
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Schaun GZ, Pinto SS, Praia ABDC, Alberton CL. Energy expenditure and EPOC between water-based high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training sessions in healthy women. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2053-2060. [PMID: 29400623 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1435967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared the energy expenditure (EE) during and after two water aerobics protocols, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate continuous training (CONT). A crossover randomized design was employed comprising 11 healthy young women. HIIT consisted of eight 20s bouts at 130% of the cadence associated with the maximal oxygen consumption (measured in the aquatic environment) with 10s passive rest. CONT corresponded to 30 min at a heart rate equivalent to 90-95% of the second ventilatory threshold. EE was measured during and 30 min before and after the protocols and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was calculated. Total EE during session was higher in CONT (227.62 ± 31.69 kcal) compared to HIIT (39.91 ± 4.24 kcal), while EE per minute was greater in HIIT (9.98 ± 1.06 kcal) than in CONT (7.58 ± 1.07 kcal). Post-exercise EE (64.48 ± 3.50 vs. 63.65 ± 10.39 kcal) and EPOC (22.53 ± 4.98 vs.22.10 ± 8.00 kcal) were not different between HIIT and CONT, respectively. Additionally, oxygen uptake had already returned to baseline fifteen minutes post-exercise. These suggest that a water aerobics CONT session results in post-exercise EE and EPOC comparable to HIIT despite the latter supramaximal nature. Still, CONT results in higher total EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Zaccaria Schaun
- a Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
| | - Stephanie Santana Pinto
- a Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
| | | | - Cristine Lima Alberton
- a Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
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13
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Abdul Jabbar K, Kudo S, Goh KW, Goh MR. Comparison in three dimensional gait kinematics between young and older adults on land and in shallow water. Gait Posture 2017; 57:102-108. [PMID: 28599157 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated in three-dimensional space, firstly whether the aquatic medium and secondly ageing, had any effect on the lower limb's joint angles during aquatic-based gait. Three-dimensional joint kinematics of the lower limb of 51 healthy male participants [25 young group (24.6±4.9 years, 172.1±5.5cm, 69.8±10.3kg) and 26 older group (58.5±5.1 years, 167.9±5.1cm, 70.8±12.1kg)] were quantified during land and shallow water walking. Participants walked at their self-selected comfortable speed in both mediums. The results suggested that the properties of water - hydrodynamic drag, and buoyancy - affected the gait kinematics for both groups. Both age groups used more of their hip flexion in the aquatic environment to help them propel forward instead of using the ankle plantarflexion. The effect of age during the aquatic-based gait was identified in ankle adduction angle and knee abduction/adduction angle at initial contact. Only the older group elicited a significantly smaller ankle adduction angle during the aquatic-based gait when compared to the land-based gait. Only the young group elicited a significantly larger knee abduction/adduction angle at initial contact during the aquatic-based gait when compared to the land-based gait. These findings can facilitate professionals in the area of aquatic rehabilitation to better customise aquatic-based walking exercise programmes to suit their client's specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shigetada Kudo
- School of Sports, Health and Leisure, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore.
| | - Kee Wee Goh
- School of Sports, Health and Leisure, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Ming Rong Goh
- Rehabilitative Services, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
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14
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Nagle EF, Sanders ME, Franklin BA. Aquatic High Intensity Interval Training for Cardiometabolic Health: Benefits and Training Design. Am J Lifestyle Med 2017; 11:64-76. [PMID: 30202315 PMCID: PMC6124844 DOI: 10.1177/1559827615583640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional continuous exercise training (CT) programs for clinical and healthy populations who find that they can achieve equal or greater fitness benefits in less time. Land-based HIIT may not be an appropriate choice for some participants. Few studies have explored the acute responses and chronic adaptations of HIIT in an aquatic environment, and no study has compared the cardiometabolic responses of an aquatic-based program to a land-based HIIT program. Shallow-water aquatic exercise (AE) programs utilizing HIIT have elicited comparable and, in some cases, greater physiological responses compared with constant-intensity or continuous AE regimens. Factors that may explain why HIIT routines evoke greater cardiometabolic responses than CT protocols may be based on the types of exercises and how they are cued to effectively manipulate hydrodynamic properties for greater intensities. Favorable aquatic HIIT protocols such as the S.W.E.A.T. system may serve as a beneficial alternative to land-based HIIT programs for clinical, and athletic populations, potentially reducing the likelihood of associated musculoskeletal and orthopedic complications. Hence, the purpose of this review is to examine the role of AE as an alternative safe and effective HIIT modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F. Nagle
- Elizabeth F. Nagle, PhD, Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, 140 Trees Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; e-mail:
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15
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Prado AKG, Reichert T, Conceição MO, Delevatti RS, Kanitz AC, Kruel LFM. Effects of aquatic exercise on muscle strength in young and elderly adults. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 36:1468-1483. [PMID: 27575248 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre K G Prado
- School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Faculty of National Campaign for Community Schools, Osório, RS, Brazil
| | - Thais Reichert
- School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus O Conceição
- School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Delevatti
- School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Sogipa Faculty of Physical Education, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; and
| | - Ana C Kanitz
- School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz F M Kruel
- School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Louder TJ, Searle CJ, Bressel E. Mechanical parameters and flight phase characteristics in aquatic plyometric jumping. Sports Biomech 2016; 15:342-56. [PMID: 27125295 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1162840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plyometric jumping is a commonly prescribed method of training focused on the development of reactive strength and high-velocity concentric power. Literature suggests that aquatic plyometric training may be a low-impact, effective supplement to land-based training. The purpose of the present study was to quantify acute, biomechanical characteristics of the take-off and flight phase for plyometric movements performed in the water. Kinetic force platform data from 12 young, male adults were collected for counter-movement jumps performed on land and in water at two different immersion depths. The specificity of jumps between environmental conditions was assessed using kinetic measures, temporal characteristics, and an assessment of the statistical relationship between take-off velocity and time in the air. Greater peak mechanical power was observed for jumps performed in the water, and was influenced by immersion depth. Additionally, the data suggest that, in the water, the statistical relationship between take-off velocity and time in air is quadratic. Results highlight the potential application of aquatic plyometric training as a cross-training tool for improving mechanical power and suggest that water immersion depth and fluid drag play key roles in the specificity of the take-off phase for jumping movements performed in the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talin J Louder
- a Biomechanics Laboratory, Health, Physical Education and Recreation Department , Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA
| | - Cade J Searle
- a Biomechanics Laboratory, Health, Physical Education and Recreation Department , Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA
| | - Eadric Bressel
- a Biomechanics Laboratory, Health, Physical Education and Recreation Department , Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA.,b Sport Performance Research Institute , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
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17
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Water-based training enhances both physical capacities and body composition in healthy young adult women. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Buttelli ACK, Pinto SS, Schoenell MCW, Almada BP, Camargo LK, de Oliveira Conceição M, Kruel LFM. Effects of Single Vs. Multiple Sets Water-Based Resistance Training on Maximal Dynamic Strength in Young Men. J Hum Kinet 2015; 47:169-77. [PMID: 26557201 PMCID: PMC4633252 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of single vs. multiple sets water-based resistance training on maximal dynamic strength in young men. Twenty-one physically active young men were randomly allocated into 2 groups: a single set group (SS, n=10) and a multiple sets group (MS, n=11). The single set program consisted of only 1 set of 30 s, whereas the multiple sets comprised 3 sets of 30 s (rest interval between sets equaled 1 min 30 s). All the water-based resistance exercises were performed at maximal effort and both groups trained twice a week for 10 weeks. Upper (bilateral elbow flexors and bilateral elbow extensors, peck deck and inverse peck deck) as well as lower-body (bilateral knee flexors and unilateral knee extensors) one-repetition maximal tests (1RM) were used to assess changes in muscle strength. The training-related effects were assessed using repeated measures two-way ANOVA (α=5%). Both SS and MS groups increased the upper and lower-body 1RM, with no differences between groups. Therefore, these data show that the maximal dynamic strength significantly increases in young men after 10 weeks of training in an aquatic environment, although the improvement in the strength levels is independent of the number of sets performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Santana Pinto
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil. ; Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Pereira Almada
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Pendergast DR, Moon RE, Krasney JJ, Held HE, Zamparo P. Human Physiology in an Aquatic Environment. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1705-50. [PMID: 26426465 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Water covers over 70% of the earth, has varying depths and temperatures and contains much of the earth's resources. Head-out water immersion (HOWI) or submersion at various depths (diving) in water of thermoneutral (TN) temperature elicits profound cardiorespiratory, endocrine, and renal responses. The translocation of blood into the thorax and elevation of plasma volume by autotransfusion of fluid from cells to the vascular compartment lead to increased cardiac stroke volume and output and there is a hyperperfusion of some tissues. Pulmonary artery and capillary hydrostatic pressures increase causing a decline in vital capacity with the potential for pulmonary edema. Atrial stretch and increased arterial pressure cause reflex autonomic responses which result in endocrine changes that return plasma volume and arterial pressure to preimmersion levels. Plasma volume is regulated via a reflex diuresis and natriuresis. Hydrostatic pressure also leads to elastic loading of the chest, increasing work of breathing, energy cost, and thus blood flow to respiratory muscles. Decreases in water temperature in HOWI do not affect the cardiac output compared to TN; however, they influence heart rate and the distribution of muscle and fat blood flow. The reduced muscle blood flow results in a reduced maximal oxygen consumption. The properties of water determine the mechanical load and the physiological responses during exercise in water (e.g. swimming and water based activities). Increased hydrostatic pressure caused by submersion does not affect stroke volume; however, progressive bradycardia decreases cardiac output. During submersion, compressed gas must be breathed which introduces the potential for oxygen toxicity, narcosis due to nitrogen, and tissue and vascular gas bubbles during decompression and after may cause pain in joints and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Pendergast
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Richard E Moon
- Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John J Krasney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Heather E Held
- Biomedical Hyperbarics Research Laboratory, Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Paola Zamparo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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20
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Mills C, Ayres B, Scurr J. Breast Support Garments are Ineffective at Reducing Breast Motion During an Aqua Aerobics Jumping Exercise. J Hum Kinet 2015; 46:49-58. [PMID: 26240648 PMCID: PMC4519221 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The buoyant forces of water during aquatic exercise may provide a form of ‘natural’ breast support and help to minimise breast motion and alleviate exercise induced breast pain. Six larger-breasted females performed standing vertical land and water-based jumps, whilst wearing three breast support conditions. Underwater video cameras recorded the motion of the trunk and right breast. Trunk and relative breast kinematics were calculated as well as exercised induced breast pain scores. Key results showed that the swimsuit and sports bra were able to significantly reduce the superioinferior breast range of motion by 0.04 and 0.05 m, respectively, and peak velocity by 0.23 and 0.33 m/s, respectively, during land-based jumping when compared to the bare-breasted condition, but were ineffective at reducing breast kinematics during water-based jumping. Furthermore, the magnitude of the swimsuit superioinferior breast range of motion during water-based jumping was significantly greater than land-based jumping (0.13 m and 0.06 m), yet there were no significant differences in exercise induced breast pain, thus contradicting previously published relationships between these parameters on land. Furthermore, the addition of an external breast support garment was able to reduce breast kinematics on land but not in water, suggesting the swimsuit and sports bras were ineffective and improvements in swimwear breast support garments may help to reduce excessive breast motion during aqua aerobic jumping exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mills
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Spinnaker Building, University of Portsmouth, PO1 2ER
| | - Bessie Ayres
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Spinnaker Building, University of Portsmouth, PO1 2ER
| | - Joanna Scurr
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Spinnaker Building, University of Portsmouth, PO1 2ER
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21
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Kanitz AC, Delevatti RS, Reichert T, Liedtke GV, Ferrari R, Almada BP, Pinto SS, Alberton CL, Kruel LFM. Effects of two deep water training programs on cardiorespiratory and muscular strength responses in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2015; 64:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Pinto SS, Alberton CL, Cadore EL, Zaffari P, Baroni BM, Lanferdini FJ, Radaelli R, Pantoja PD, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Wolf Schoenell MC, Vaz MA, Kruel LFM. Water-Based Concurrent Training Improves Peak Oxygen Uptake, Rate of Force Development, Jump Height, and Neuromuscular Economy in Young Women. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1846-54. [PMID: 25559906 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of different intrasession exercise sequences on the cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular adaptations induced by water-based concurrent training in young subjects. Twenty-six healthy young women (25.1 ± 2.9 years) were placed into 2 water-based concurrent training groups: resistance before (RA, n = 13) or after (AR, n = 13) aerobic training. Subjects trained resistance and aerobic training during 12 weeks, 2 times per week performing both exercise types in the same training session. Peak oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak), rate of force development (RFD) obtained during an isometric peak torque knee extension protocol, jump height, and neuromuscular economy (normalized electromyography at 80% of pretraining knee extension isometric peak torque) in young women were determined. After training, there was a significant increase (p < 0.001) in both RA and AR in the V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak, with no differences between groups (7 vs. 5%). The maximal isometric knee extension RFD showed significant increases (p = 0.003) after training (RA: 19 vs. AR: 30%), and both groups presented similar gains. In addition, the countermovement jump height also increased (p = 0.034) after training (RA: 5% vs. AR: 6%), with no difference between groups. After training, there were significant improvements on vastus lateralis (p < 0.001) (RA: -13% vs. AR: -20%) and rectus femoris (p = 0.025) (RA: -17% vs. AR: -7%) neuromuscular economy, with no difference between groups. In conclusion, 12 weeks of water-based concurrent training improved the peak oxygen uptake, RFD, jump height, and neuromuscular economy in young women independent from the intrasession exercise sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Pinto
- 1Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; 2Neuromuscular Evaluation Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; and 3Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Abstract
The biological effects of immersion in water, which are related to the fundamental principles of hydrodynamics, may be beneficial in certain training contexts. The effects and physical properties of water, such as density, hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy are highly useful resources for training, when used as a counterbalance to gravity, resistance, a compressor and a thermal conductor. Not only does the aquatic medium enable a wider range of activities to be used in a context of low joint impact, but it also constitutes a useful tool in relation to sports rehabilitation, since it allows the athlete to return to training earlier or to continue with high-intensity exercise while ensuring both low joint impact and greater comfort for the individual concerned. Moreover, this medium enables the stimulation of metabolic and neuromuscular systems, followed by their corresponding physiological adaptations allowing both to maintain and improve athletic performance. Hydrotherapy can also play a beneficial role in an athlete’s recovery, helping to prevent as well as treat muscle damage and soreness following exercise.
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24
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Chronic effects of strength training vs. Hydro aerobics on functional and cardiorespiratory ability in postmenopausal women. J Hum Kinet 2014; 43:57-66. [PMID: 25713645 PMCID: PMC4332185 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to compare the effects of two exercise programs (Strength Training and Hydro Gymnastics) on the functional and cardiorespiratory abilities of Portuguese postmenopausal women. The study population consisted of 38 volunteers (age: 66.9 ± 6.1 years, body mass: 73.70 ± 10.38 kg, and body height: 1.55 ± 0.10 m). Subjects were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group: one group performed 24 weeks of strength training (GST; n = 14), another performed 24 weeks of hydro gymnastics (GH; n = 17) and a control group (CG; n = 7), where the subjects continued with their regular daily activities without involvement in any physical exercise program. Three assessments were performed: before the beginning of the program, 12 weeks after the start of the training program and 24 weeks after the start of the program. To assess the functional ability of the participants, several tests proposed by Jones and Rikli (2002) were performed. To evaluate the cardiorespiratory ability of the participants, a modified treadmill Bruce test was applied. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between the two training methods in the tests, which primarily demanded muscular strength. Body mass and the body mass index showed significant differences during the three stages of assessment in the GST group (p<0.05). With respect to the values that represent the variables of cardiorespiratory ability, positive and significant changes were observed in the two experimental groups. It was concluded that both exercise programs promoted improvements in some indicators of the functional and cardiorespiratory abilities of Portuguese postmenopausal women.
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Borreani S, Colado JC, Calatayud J, Pablos C, Moya-Nájera D, Travis Triplett N. Aquatic Resistance Training. Strength Cond J 2014. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Borreani S, Colado JC, Furio J, Martin F, Tella V. Muscle activation in young men during a lower limb aquatic resistance exercise with different devices. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2014; 42:80-7. [PMID: 24875975 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2014.05.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Little research has been reported on the effects of using different devices with resistance exercises in a water environment. This study compared muscular activation of lower extremity and core muscles during leg adduction performed at maximum velocity with drag and floating devices of different sizes. A total of 24 young men (mean age 23.20 ± 1.18 years) performed 3 repetitions of leg adduction at maximum velocity using 4 different devices (ie, large/small and drag/floating). The maximum amplitude of the electromyographic root mean square of the adductor longus, rectus abdominis, external oblique on the dominant side, external oblique on the nondominant side, and erector lumbar spinae were recorded. Electromyographic signals were normalized to the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Unexpectedly, no significant (P > 0.05) differences were found in the neuromuscular responses among the different devices used; the average activation of agonist muscle adequate for neuromuscular conditioning was 40.95% of MVIC. In addition, external oblique activation is greater on the contralateral side to stabilize the body (average, 151.74%; P < 0.05). Therefore, if maximum muscle activation is required, the kind of device is not relevant. Thus, the choice should be based on economic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Borreani
- Research Group in Sport and Health, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Yazigi F, Pinto S, Colado J, Escalante Y, Armada-da-Silva PAS, Brasil R, Alves F. The cadence and water temperature effect on physiological responses during water cycling. Eur J Sport Sci 2013; 13:659-65. [PMID: 24175730 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2013.770924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the maximal physiological responses during three protocols: maximal test on land cycle ergometer, maximal test on water cycling in an indoor pool at 27 °C (WC27) and at 31 °C (WC31). Moreover, the submaximal physiological responses were compared according cycling cadences and water temperatures during the water protocols. Ten young men were included and performed the protocols in separate days. Blood lactate (BL) concentration, heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE) and thermal comfort (TC) were collected during the exercise. The maximal HR and VO2 showed no significant differences between the protocols: HRmax: 189 ± 7 (Land), 188 ± 14 (WC27), 185 ± 9 bpm (WC31) and VO2max: 4.2 ± 0.4 (Land), 4.1 ± 0.5 (WC27) and 4.3 ± 0.5 l min(-1) (WC31). However, the maximal BL demonstrated significant lower values during the water protocols compared to the land protocol (p=0.018). All the submaximal physiological responses showed significant differences between the cadences (60, 70, 80 and 90 rpm). The effect of water temperature was significant for TC response (p=0.001) showing higher values at 31 °C than 27 °C (TCW27: 7 ± 1 and TCW31:9 ± 1). In conclusion, higher physiological responses were showed by increasing the cadence by 10 rpm and the subjects were more comfortable when cycling in the lower water temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Yazigi
- a Univ Tecn Lisboa , Fac Motricidade Humana, CIPER , Lisbon , Portugal
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28
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Nagle EF, Sanders ME, Shafer A, Barone Gibbs B, Nagle JA, Deldin AR, Franklin BA, Robertson RJ. Energy expenditure, cardiorespiratory, and perceptual responses to shallow-water aquatic exercise in young adult women. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2013; 41:67-76. [PMID: 24113704 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2013.09.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aquatic exercise (AE) is a popular form of physical activity, yet few studies have assessed the individual's energy expenditure (EE) associated with a continuous bout of AE. Studies using indirect calorimetry to measure EE have reported limitations associated with test methodology and the ability to control individual's exercise intensity or tempo. PURPOSE To evaluate EE and cardiorespiratory (CR) responses during a 40-minute shallow-water AE session in young adult women. METHODS Twenty-one healthy women (aged 21.7 ± 3.4 years) completed an orientation practice session and a 40-minute shallow-water AE session using a traditional exercise class format and the SWEAT video-based instructional cuing program. The high-intensity interval format included the following segments: 1) warm-up (3 minutes); 2) CR segment ( 22 minutes); 3) muscular endurance segment (ME; 10 minutes); and 4) cool-down (5 minutes). Subject oxygen consumption (VO2; mL/kg/min), heart rate (HR) and OMNI overall ratings of perceived exertion (RPE-O) were assessed each minute. Average kcal/min1, metabolic equivalents (METs; 1 MET = 3.5 mL/kg/min), and total kcals per segment and for the overall session were calculated. RESULTS The total subject EE throughout the 40-minute trial (including warm-up and cool-down segments) was 264 kcals, with an overall average of 6.3 kcals/min (5.6 METs).The average kcals/min expended throughout CR segments 2 through 6 was 8.05 (7.1 METs), with the Hoverjog segment producing the greatest average kcals/min at 8.3 (7.3 METs). The CR portion (22 min) contributed 65% of the total EE (171 kcals) of the 40-minute AE trial. For the overall AE trial, the highest and average subject VO2 achieved were 33.3 and 19.7 mL/kg/min, respectively. The average highest subject heart rate achieved was 177 beats per minute (bpm), equivalent to 90% of the participant's age-predicted HRmax. CONCLUSION Energy expenditure during a 40-minute AE session met national recommendations for a daily moderate-to-vigorous bout of physical activity offering a viable alternative to land-based exercise. Because AE serves as a partial-weight bearing modality, future studies are needed to clarify the EE of shallow-water AE in apparently healthy and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Nagle
- Assistant Professor, Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Effects of aquatic and dry land resistance training devices on body composition and physical capacity in postmenopausal women. J Hum Kinet 2012; 32:185-95. [PMID: 23487349 PMCID: PMC3590866 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-012-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of a supervised strength training program on body composition and physical capacity of older women using three different devices: weight machines, elastic bands, and aquatic devices that increase drag forces (ADIDF). Four groups were formed: control group, weight machine group (WMG), elastic band group (EBG) and a group that used ADIDF (ADIDFG). Body composition and physical capacity were assessed before and after the intervention period. The ADIDFG showed improvements in fat mass (FM), fat-free mass of the left arm (FFM-LA) and right arm (FFM-RA), knee push-up test (KPT), squat test (ST) and crunch test (CT) (p <0.05). Individuals in the EBG and WMG also improved their FM, fat free mass (FFM), FFM-LA, FFM-RA, KPU, ST and CT. ADIDF training improves body composition and physical capacity of postmenopausal women as does performing land-based training programs.
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30
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Different methods for monitoring intensity during water-based aerobic exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:125-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Exercise intensity of head-out water-based activities (water fitness). Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:829-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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TRIPLETT NTRAVIS, COLADO JUANC, BENAVENT JUAN, ALAKHDAR YASSER, MADERA JOAQUIN, GONZALEZ LUISM, TELLA VICTOR. Concentric and Impact Forces of Single-Leg Jumps in an Aquatic Environment versus on Land. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1790-6. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a252b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Colado JC, Triplett NT. Monitoring the Intensity of Aquatic Resistance Exercises With Devices That Increase the Drag Force: An Update. Strength Cond J 2009. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e3181a605b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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