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Jaeggi JS, Achermann B, Lorenzetti SR. Female Lower Body Muscle Forces: A Musculoskeletal Modeling Comparison of Back Squats, Split Squats and Good Mornings. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:68. [PMID: 38651426 PMCID: PMC11036218 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze lower leg muscle forces during strength exercises such as back squats, good mornings and split squats, with a particular emphasis on females. By focusing on females, who are more vulnerable to anterior cruciate ligament injuries, we aimed to better understand muscle engagement and its role in injury prevention. Eight participants were monitored during exercises with a barbell load of 25% of body weight and, during the back squat, an additional 50% load. The analysis was conducted using personalized musculoskeletal models, electromyography (EMG) and Vicon motion capture systems to assess various muscle groups, including the m. gluteus maximus and m. gluteus medius, as well as the hamstring and quadriceps muscles. The back squat produced the highest forces for the quadriceps muscles, particularly the rectus femoris (>25 N/kg), as well as in the back leg during the split squat (>15 N/kg). The gluteal muscles were most active during good mornings and in the front leg of the split squat, especially the m. gluteus maximus medial part (>20 N/kg). The hamstrings generated the highest muscle forces in the front leg of the split squat, with the greatest forces observed in the m. semimembranosus. Our research highlights how musculoskeletal modeling helps us to understand the relationship among muscles, joint angles and anterior cruciate ligament injury risks, especially in strength training females. The results emphasize the need for personalized exercise guidance and customized models to make strength training safer and more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Jaeggi
- Section Performance Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland (B.A.)
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Basil Achermann
- Section Performance Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland (B.A.)
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio R. Lorenzetti
- Section Performance Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland (B.A.)
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Song Q, Ma M, Liu H, Wei X, Chen X. Effects of step lengths on biomechanical characteristics of lower extremity during split squat movement. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1277493. [PMID: 38026855 PMCID: PMC10667687 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1277493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To quantify the effects of increasing the step length of the split squat on changes in kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation of the lower extremity. Methods: Twenty male college students participated in the test (age: 23.9 ± 3.7, height: 175.1 ± 4.9). Data on kinematics, kinetics, and EMG were collected during split squat exercise at four different step lengths in a non-systematic manner. One-way repeated measurements ANOVA were used to compare characteristic variables of peak angle, moment, and RMS among the four step length conditions. Results: The step length significantly changes the peak angles of the hip (p = 0.011), knee (p = 0.001), ankle (p < 0.001) joint, and the peak extension moment of the hip (p < 0.001), knee (p = 0.002) joint, but does not affect the ankle peak extension moment (p = 0.357) during a split squat. Moreover, a significant difference was observed in the EMG of gluteus maximus (p < 0.001), vastus medialis (p = 0.013), vastus lateralis (p = 0.020), biceps femoris (p = 0.003), Semitendinosus (p < 0.001), medialis gastrocnemius (p = 0.035) and lateralis gastrocnemius (p = 0.005) during four step lengths, but no difference in rectus femoris (p = 0.16). Conclusion: Increases in step length of split squat had a greater activation on the hip extensor muscles while having a limited impact on the knee extensor muscles. The ROM, joint moment, and muscle activation of the lead limb in the split squat all should be considered in cases of individual preventative or rehabilitative prescription of the exercise. Moreover, the optimal step length for strength training in healthy adults appears to be more suitable when it is equal to the length of the individual lower extremity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Song
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Mujia Ma
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Wei
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Centre for Sports Research, China Institute of Sport Science science, Beijing, China
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Lin Z, Blazevich AJ, Abbiss CR, Wilkie JC, Nosaka K. Neuromuscular fatigue and muscle damage following a simulated singles badminton match. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1229-1240. [PMID: 36763122 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05148-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand muscle damage in badminton, changes in neuromuscular function were investigated after simulated badminton singles matches performed by ten state-level male players. METHODS Each participant played eight matches and measurements were taken before, immediately after, and 1 and 24 h after each match. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque of the knee extensors and flexors, voluntary activation (VA) during MVC and torques generated by doublet (TDoublet), 20 (T20) and 80 Hz (T80) electrical stimulations of the knee extensors were measured from the dominant leg (the racket-hold arm side). Muscle soreness was assessed by a 100-mm visual analogue scale from both legs. The number of lunges performed by each participant in each match was analysed by videos, and its relations to other measures were examined. RESULTS Pre-match knee extensor and flexor MVC torques were 278.4 ± 50.8 Nm and 143.0 ± 36.2 Nm, respectively. Knee extensor MVC torque of the dominant leg decreased immediately (12.0 ± 2.9%) and 1 h post-match (16.0 ± 3.2%), but returned to baseline at 24 h post-match. VA (11.4 ± 2.9%), TDoublet (13.1 ± 6.0%), T20 (31.1 ± 12.3%) and T80 (25.5 ± 7.9%) decreased (p < 0.01) immediately post-match but recovered by 24 h post-match. A significant correlation (r = - 0.64, p < 0.01) was observed between the total number of lunges performed in a match (160-240 times) and the magnitude of decrease in MVC torque (6.4-14.7%). Muscle soreness developed more (p < 0.05) for the dominant (51.5 ± 11.6 mm) than the non-dominant leg (18.8 ± 8.6 mm). CONCLUSION Muscle damage induced by singles badminton matches was minimal, but the more the lunges are performed, the greater the neuromuscular fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyuan Lin
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
- The Badminton Association of Western Australia, 130 Kingsway, Madeley, WA, 6065, Australia.
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Jodie Cochrane Wilkie
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Schneider C, Van Hooren B, Cronin J, Jukic I. The Effects of Training Interventions on Modifiable Hamstring Strain Injury Risk Factors in Healthy Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rudisill SS, Varady NH, Kucharik MP, Eberlin CT, Martin SD. Evidence-Based Hamstring Injury Prevention and Risk Factor Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Sports Med 2022:3635465221083998. [PMID: 35384731 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221083998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring injuries are common among athletes. Considering the potentially prolonged recovery and high rate of recurrence, effective methods of prevention and risk factor management are of great interest to athletes, trainers, coaches, and therapists, with substantial competitive and financial implications. PURPOSE To systematically review the literature concerning evidence-based hamstring training and quantitatively assess the effectiveness of training programs in (1) reducing injury incidence and (2) managing injury risk factors. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS A computerized search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and SPORTDiscus with manual screening of selected reference lists was performed in October 2020. Randomized controlled trials investigating methods of hamstring injury prevention and risk factor management in recreational, semiprofessional, and professional adult athletes were included. RESULTS Of 2602 articles identified, 108 were included. Eccentric training reduced the incidence of hamstring injury by 56.8% to 70.0%. Concentric hamstring strength increased with eccentric (mean difference [MD], 14.29 N·m; 95% CI, 8.53-20.05 N·m), concentric, blood flow-restricted, whole-body vibration, heavy back squat, FIFA 11+ (Fédération Internationale de Football Association), and plyometric training methods, whereas eccentric strength benefited from eccentric (MD, 26.94 N·m; 95% CI, 15.59-38.30 N·m), concentric, and plyometric training. Static stretching produced greater flexibility gains (MD, 10.89°; 95% CI, 8.92°-12.86°) than proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (MD, 9.73°; 95% CI, 6.53°-12.93°) and dynamic stretching (MD, 6.25°; 95% CI, 2.84°-9.66°), although the effects of static techniques were more transient. Fascicle length increased with eccentric (MD, 0.90 cm; 95% CI, 0.53-1.27 cm) and sprint training and decreased with concentric training. Although the conventional hamstring/quadriceps (H/Q) ratio was unchanged (MD, 0.03; 95% CI, -0.01 to 0.06), the functional H/Q ratio significantly improved with eccentric training (MD, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03-0.16). In addition, eccentric training reduced limb strength asymmetry, while H/Q ratio and flexibility imbalances were normalized via resistance training and static stretching. CONCLUSION Several strategies exist to prevent hamstring injury and address known risk factors. Eccentric strengthening reduces injury incidence and improves hamstring strength, fascicle length, H/Q ratio, and limb asymmetry, while stretching-based interventions can be implemented to improve flexibility. These results provide valuable insights to athletes, trainers, coaches, and therapists seeking to optimize hamstring training and prevent injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Rudisill
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Partners Health System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Rush Medical College of Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nathan H Varady
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Partners Health System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael P Kucharik
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Partners Health System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher T Eberlin
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Partners Health System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott D Martin
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Partners Health System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Huq AKO, Bazlur Rahim ANM, Moktadir SMG, Uddin I, Manir MZ, Siddique MAB, Islam K, Islam MS. Integrated Nutritional Supports for Diabetic Patients During COVID-19 Infection: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e022821191889. [PMID: 33645486 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210301103233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine metabolic disorder, which affects the major organs in human and comorbid with others. Besides, diabetic patients are more prone to various infectious diseases as well as COVID-19 sporadic infection which is a high risk for patients with diabetes mellitus. To combat these infections and comorbid situations, an integrated balanced nutritional supportive could help in maintaining sound health and increase immunity for prevention and management of such type of viral infections. OBJECTIVES While information regarding nutritional supports in COVID-19 pandemic in diabetic patients is not available, this review aimed to accumulate the evidence from previous publications where studied about nutrition-based supports or interventions for viral diseases with special emphasis on respiratory infections. METHODS For reviewing, searches are done for getting journal articles into Google Scholar, Pub Med/Medline, Database of Open Access Journal and Science Direct for relevant data and information. RESULTS Integrated nutritional supports of both macronutrients and micronutrients guidelines, including home-based physical exercise schedule, is summarized in this comprehensive review for possible prevention and management of diabetic patients in COVID-19 infections. The immuneboosting benefits of some vitamins, trace elements, nutraceuticals and probiotics in viral infections of diabetic patients are also included. CONCLUSION There is an urgent need for a healthy diet and integrated nutritional supports with home-based physical activities for diabetic patients during the self-isolation period of COVID-19 Infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Obidul Huq
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Naim Mohammad Bazlur Rahim
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - S M Golam Moktadir
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Ielias Uddin
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Zahidul Manir
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Abu Bakr Siddique
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Khaleda Islam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sirajul Islam
- Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
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Effects of different ischemic preconditioning occlusion pressures on muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise: a study protocol for a randomized controlled placebo clinical trial. Trials 2021; 22:326. [PMID: 33952329 PMCID: PMC8097904 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Due to its greater generation of muscle strength and less metabolic demand, eccentric exercise has been widely used in rehabilitation and for improving physical fitness. However, eccentric exercise can induce muscle damage by providing structural changes and reduced muscle function, so even with the protection caused by the repeated bout effect from eccentric exercise, it is necessary to seek alternatives to reduce this damage caused by stress. Thus, ischemic preconditioning could represent an aid to reduce the damage muscle or increase the protective effect caused by eccentric exercise. Objectives To compare the effects of ischemic preconditioning, using different occlusion pressures, on acute and delayed responses to perceptual outcomes, markers of muscle damage, and performance in post-eccentric exercise recovery. Methods A randomized controlled placebo clinical trial will be carried out with 80 healthy men aged 18 to 35 years who will be randomly divided into four groups: ischemic preconditioning using total occlusion pressure, ischemic preconditoning with 40% more than total occlusion pressure, placebo (10 mmHg), and control. The ischemic preconditioning protocol will consist of four cycles of ischemia and reperfusion of five minutes each. All groups will perform an eccentric exercise protocol, and assessments will be carried out before, immediately after, and 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after the end of the eccentric exercise to evaluate creatine kinase, blood lactate, perception of recovery using the Likert scale, being sequentially evaluated, pain by the visual analog scale, pain threshold using a pressure algometer, muscle thickness by ultrasound, muscle tone, stiffness and elasticity by myotonometry, vectors of cell integrity through electrical bioimpedance, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction using the isokinetic dynamometer. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04420819). Discussion The present study aims to present an alternative technique to reduce muscle damage caused by eccentric exercise, which is easy to apply and low cost. If the benefits are proven, ischemic preconditioning could be used in any clinical practice that aims to minimize the damage caused by exercise, presenting an advance in the prescription of eccentric exercise and directly impacting on the results of post-exercise recovery. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04420819. Registered on 19 May 2020; Last update 24 March 2021. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05285-7.
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Gabriel EH, McCann RS, Hoch MC. Use of Social or Behavioral Theories in Exercise-Related Injury Prevention Program Research: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:1515-1528. [PMID: 31187453 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of social or behavioral theories within exercise-related injury prevention program (ERIPP) research may lead to a better understanding of why adherence to the programs is low and inform the development of interventions to improve program adherence. There is a need to determine which theories have been used within the literature and at what level theory was used to further the field. OBJECTIVE To determine which social or behavioral science theories have been incorporated within ERIPP research and assess the level at which the theories were used. The key question guiding the search was "What social or behavioral theories have been used within ERIPP research?" METHODS A systematic review of the literature was completed with an appraisal of bias risk using a custom critical appraisal tool. An electronic search of EBSCOhost (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Medline, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection) and PubMed was completed from inception to October 2018. Studies investigating attitudes towards ERIPP participation with the use of a social or behavioral theoretical model or framework were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS The electronic search returned 7482 results and two articles were identified though a hand search, which resulted in ten articles meeting inclusion criteria. Four different behavioral or social theoretical models or frameworks were identified including the health action process approach model, health belief model, self-determination theory, and theory of planned behavior. Six studies utilized the theory at a B level meaning a theoretical construct was measured while four utilized the theory at the C level meaning the theory was tested. The mean critical appraisal score was 78%, indicating a majority of the studies were higher quality. CONCLUSION There has been an increase in the use of theory within literature that is specific to ERIPP participation. Additionally, the use of theory has shifted from guiding program design to the measurement of theoretical constructs and testing of the theoretical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Gabriel
- College of Health Professions, Mercer University, Macon, GA, 31207, USA.
| | - Ryan S McCann
- School of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Matthew C Hoch
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Hammami A, Harrabi B, Mohr M, Krustrup P. Physical activity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): specific recommendations for home-based physical training. MANAGING SPORT AND LEISURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23750472.2020.1757494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amri Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
- International Maarif Schools of Tunisia, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Basma Harrabi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Zellmer M, Kernozek TW, Gheidi N, Hove J, Torry M. Patellar tendon stress between two variations of the forward step lunge. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:235-241. [PMID: 31193251 PMCID: PMC6523035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patellar tendinopathy (PT) or "jumper's knee" is generally found in active populations that perform jumping activities. Graded exposure of patellar tendon stress through functional exercise has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of PT. However, no studies have compared how anterior knee displacement variations during the commonly performed forward step lunge (FSL) affect patellar tendon stress. METHODS Twenty-five subjects (age: 22.69 ± 0.74 years; height: 169.39 ± 6.44 cm; mass: 61.55 ± 9.74 kg) performed 2 variations of an FSL with the anterior knee motion going in front of the toes (FSL-FT) and the knee remaining behind the toes (FSL-BT). Kinematic and kinetic data were used with an inverse-dynamics based static optimization technique to estimate individual muscle forces to determine patellar tendon stress during both lunge techniques. A repeated measures multivariate analysis was used to analyze these data. RESULTS The peak patellar tendon stress, stress impulse, quadriceps force, knee moment, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion angle were significantly greater (p < 0.001) during the FSL-FT as compared to the FSL-BT. The peak patellar tendon stress rate did not differ between the FSL-FT and FSL-BT. CONCLUSION The use of an FSL-FT as compared to an FSL-BT increased the load and stress on the patellar tendon. Because a graded exposure of patellar tendon loading with other closed kinetic chain exercises has proven to be effective in treating PT, consideration for the prescription of variations of the FSL and further clinical evaluation of this exercise is warranted in individuals with PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zellmer
- La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Professions, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Thomas W. Kernozek
- La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Professions, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Naghmeh Gheidi
- La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Professions, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Jordan Hove
- La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Professions, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Michael Torry
- Department of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61761, USA
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Schellenberg F, Taylor WR, Lorenzetti S. Towards evidence based strength training: a comparison of muscle forces during deadlifts, goodmornings and split squats. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2017; 9:13. [PMID: 28725437 PMCID: PMC5513080 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-017-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To ensure an efficient and targeted adaptation with low injury risk during strength exercises, knowledge of the participant specific internal loading conditions is essential. The goal of this study was to calculate the lower limb muscles forces during the strength exercises deadlifts, goodmornings and splits squats by means of musculoskeletal simulation. METHODS 11 participants were assessed performing 10 different variations of split squats by varying the step length as well as the maximal frontal tibia angle, and 13 participants were measured performing deadlift and goodmorning exercises. Using individualised musculoskeletal models, forces of the Quadriceps (four parts), Hamstrings (four parts) and m. gluteus maximus (three parts) were computed. RESULTS Deadlifts resulted highest loading for the Quadriceps, especially for the vasti (18-34 N/kg), but not for the rectus femoris (8-10 N/kg), which exhibited its greatest loading during split squats (13-27 N/kg) in the rear limb. Hamstrings were loaded isometrically during goodmornings but dynamically during deadlifts. For the m. gluteus maximus, the highest loading was observed during split squats in the front limb (up to 25 N/kg), while deadlifts produced increasingly, large loading over large ranges of motion in hip and knee. CONCLUSIONS Acting muscle forces vary between exercises, execution form and joint angle. For all examined muscles, deadlifts produced considerable loading over large ranges of motion, while split squats seem to be highly dependent upon exercise variation. This study provides key information to design strength-training programs with respect to loading conditions and ranges of motion of lower extremity muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schellenberg
- Institute for Biomechanics, HCP H 16.3, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - William R Taylor
- Institute for Biomechanics, HCP H 16.3, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Lorenzetti
- Institute for Biomechanics, HCP H 16.3, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Machado AF, Micheletti JK, Vanderlei FM, Nakamura FY, Leal-Junior ECP, Netto Junior J, Pastre CM. Effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and light-emitting diodes (LEDT) applied during combined training on performance and post-exercise recovery: protocol for a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Braz J Phys Ther 2017; 21:296-304. [PMID: 28579190 PMCID: PMC5537481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown positive results of phototherapy for improving performance and accelerating recovery; however, the effects of phototherapy during training and after a primary adaptation remain unclear. The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to analyze the effects of phototherapy and combined training on clinical, functional, and psychological outcomes and on vascular endothelial growth factor. METHODS This randomized placebo-controlled trial by stratified sample will involve 45 healthy male participants. In phase 1, the participants will undergo six weeks of combined training (sprints and squats). In phase 2, participants will be allocated through stratified randomization (based on adaptation capacity) into three groups: active phototherapy group (AG), placebo group (PG), and non-treatment control group (CG). A new six-week training program will then start and the participants will receive the recovery strategy between sprints and squats. The primary outcome will be maximal isometric contraction. The secondary outcomes include strength and power testing, maximal incremental test, squat jump, sprint test, muscle soreness, pain threshold, perceptions of exertion and recovery, psychological questionnaire, and vascular endothelial growth factor. CONCLUSIONS This will be the first trial to include phototherapy during training. We believe that this strategy will combine the ergogenic and prophylactic effects in the same session. Furthermore, an application protocol performed after primary adaptation may reflect the real effect of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryane Flauzino Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Kirsch Micheletti
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Franciele Marques Vanderlei
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jayme Netto Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Marcelo Pastre
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Woods CT, McKeown I, Keogh J, Robertson S. The association between fundamental athletic movements and physical fitness in elite junior Australian footballers. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:445-450. [PMID: 28406356 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1313996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the associations between fundamental athletic movement and physical fitness in junior Australian football (AF). Forty-four under 18 players performed a fundamental athletic movement assessment consisting of an overhead squat, double lunge, single leg Romanian deadlift and a push up. Movements were scored on three assessment criterions using a three-point scale. Additionally, participants performed five physical fitness tests commonly used for talent identification in AF. A Spearman's nonparametric correlation matrix was built, with correlation coefficients being visualised using a circularly rendered correlogram. Score on the overhead squat was moderately positively associated with dynamic vertical jump height on left (rs = 0.40; P ≤ 0.05) and right (rs = 0.30; P ≤ 0.05) leg take-off, stationary vertical jump (rs = 0.32; P ≤ 0.05) and negatively associated with 20-m sprint time (rs = -0.35; P ≤ 0.05). Score on the double lunge (left/right side) was moderately positively associated with the same physical fitness tests as well as score on the multistage fitness test. Results suggest that improvements in physical fitness qualities may occur through concurrent increases in fundamental athletic movement skill, namely the overhead squat and double lunge movements. These findings may assist with the identification and development of talent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl T Woods
- a Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science , James Cook University , Townsville , Queensland , Australia
| | - Ian McKeown
- b High Performance Department , Port Adelaide Football Club , Adelaide , South Australia
| | - Justin Keogh
- c Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine , Bond University , Gold Coast , Australia.,d Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand , AUT University , Auckland , New Zealand.,e Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science , Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast , Sunshine Coast , Australia
| | - Sam Robertson
- f Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living (ISEAL) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
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Machado AF, Almeida AC, Micheletti JK, Vanderlei FM, Tribst MF, Netto Junior J, Pastre CM. Dosages of cold-water immersion post exercise on functional and clinical responses: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1356-1363. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Machado
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - A. C. Almeida
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Federal de São Carlos; São Carlos Brazil
| | - J. K. Micheletti
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - F. M. Vanderlei
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - M. F. Tribst
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - J. Netto Junior
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - C. M. Pastre
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
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15
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Acute effects of static active or dynamic active stretching on eccentric-exercise-induced hamstring muscle damage. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 10:346-52. [PMID: 25229605 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether an acute bout of active or dynamic hamstring-stretching exercises would reduce the amount of muscle damage observed after a strenuous eccentric task and to determine whether the stretching protocols elicit similar responses. DESIGN A randomized controlled clinical trial. METHODS Thirty-six young male students performed 5 min of jogging as a warm-up and were allocated to 1 of 3 groups: 3 min of static active stretching (SAS), 3 min of dynamic active stretching (DAS), or control (CON). All subjects performed eccentric exercise immediately after stretching. Heart rate, core temperature, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, passive hip flexion, passive hamstring stiffness (PHS), plasma creatine kinase activity, and myoglobin were recorded at prestretching, at poststretching, and every day after the eccentric exercises for 5 d. RESULTS After stretching, the change in hip flexion was significantly higher in the SAS (5°) and DAS (10.8°) groups than in the CON (-4.1°) group. The change in PHS was significantly higher in the DAS (5.6%) group than in the CON (-5.7%) and SAS (-6.7%) groups. Furthermore, changes in muscle-damage markers were smaller in the SAS group than in the DAS and CON groups. CONCLUSIONS Prior active stretching could be useful for attenuating the symptoms of muscle damage after eccentric exercise. SAS is recommended over DAS as a stretching protocol in terms of strength, hamstring range of motion, and damage markers.
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Goode AP, Reiman MP, Harris L, DeLisa L, Kauffman A, Beltramo D, Poole C, Ledbetter L, Taylor AB. Eccentric training for prevention of hamstring injuries may depend on intervention compliance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2014; 49:349-56. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Joint Angles of the Ankle, Knee, and Hip and Loading Conditions During Split Squats. J Appl Biomech 2014; 30:373-80. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2013-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify how step length and the front tibia angle influence joint angles and loading conditions during the split squat exercise. Eleven subjects performed split squats with an additional load of 25% body weight applied using a barbell. Each subject’s movements were recorded using a motion capture system, and the ground reaction force was measured under each foot. The joint angles and loading conditions were calculated using a cluster-based kinematic approach and inverse dynamics modeling respectively. Increases in the tibia angle resulted in a smaller range of motion (ROM) of the front knee and a larger ROM of the rear knee and hip. The external flexion moment in the front knee/hip and the external extension moment in the rear hip decreased as the tibia angle increased. The flexion moment in the rear knee increased as the tibia angle increased. The load distribution between the legs changed < 25% when split squat execution was varied. Our results describing the changes in joint angles and the resulting differences in the moments of the knee and hip will allow coaches and therapists to adapt the split squat exercise to the individual motion and load demands of athletes.
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18
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Mendiguchia J, Arcos AL, Garrues MA, Myer GD, Yanci J, Idoate F. The Use of MRI to Evaluate Posterior Thigh Muscle Activity and Damage During Nordic Hamstring Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:3426-35. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828fd3e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Muscular lesions represent the most common form of sports injury. The four large muscle groups hamstrings, adductors, gastrocnemius and knee extensor muscles are most often affected. Most injuries occur during excentric tension impact. Diagnostics begin with an exact medical history and detailed clinical investigations. Imaging with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are important to differentiate between structural lesions and functional disorders and to determine the extent of the injury. Most frequently treatment remains conservative and is oriented to the three phases of the healing process. In most cases (leisure sports) the rest, ice, compression and elevation (RICE) concept with subsequent pain-adapted load increase suffices for a return to sport activities. Infiltration therapy including platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an additional therapy option but should not be used to accelerate the healing process. Surgical treatment only rarely becomes necessary for treatment of muscular injuries.
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20
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Isner-Horobeti ME, Dufour SP, Vautravers P, Geny B, Coudeyre E, Richard R. Eccentric Exercise Training: Modalities, Applications and Perspectives. Sports Med 2013; 43:483-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Chaouachi A, Manzi V, Chaalali A, Wong DP, Chamari K, Castagna C. Determinants analysis of change-of-direction ability in elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 26:2667-76. [PMID: 22124358 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318242f97a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the components of 2 change-of-direction (COD) ability (CODA) tests in elite-level male soccer players (n = 23, age 19 ± 1 years, height 181 ± 5.7 cm, body mass 73.2 ± 4.1 kg, % body fat 11 ± 2.4). As CODA paradigms, the T-test and 5-m shuttle run-sprint (5mSS) test assumed as describing the opposing ends of the COD complexity in soccer (i.e., general and specific tests, respectively) were considered. Results showed that the anthropometric and muscular performance variables were able to account for ~45% (p < 0.04) of the common variance of CODA. The T-test performance was explained by 8 variables (adjusted R2 = 0.45, p = 0.026), with 5mSS, height, knee extensors isokinetic concentric strength at 60°·per second, and right-to-left knee extensors eccentric strength deficit reaching a level of significance in the provided model (p ≤ 0.02). The best-fitting equation for 5mSS performance included 10 variables (adjusted R2 = 0.48, p = 0.036) of which T-test performance, height, percentage of body fat, and peak power during the countermovement jump resulted significantly affecting the common shared variance (p ≤ 0.03). This study finding showed that the affecting variables of CODA differ according to the test characteristics. Furthermore, the magnitude of the reported associations suggests that currently CODA should be regarded mainly as a task-specific fitness attribute. Further studies are warranted to detect more relevant performance variables to describe CODA. Meanwhile, soccer coaches and fitness trainers are advised to improve players' CODA using training drills that mimic crucial match actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory Sport Performance Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
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22
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Mendiguchia J, Garrues MA, Cronin JB, Contreras B, Los Arcos A, Malliaropoulos N, Maffulli N, Idoate F. Nonuniform Changes in MRI Measurements of the Thigh Muscles After Two Hamstring Strengthening Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:574-81. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31825c2f38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Alkjaer T, Wieland MR, Andersen MS, Simonsen EB, Rasmussen J. Computational modeling of a forward lunge: towards a better understanding of the function of the cruciate ligaments. J Anat 2012; 221:590-7. [PMID: 23057673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the function of the cruciate ligaments during a forward lunge movement. The mechanical roles of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament (ACL, PCL) during sagittal plane movements, such as forward lunging, are unclear. A forward lunge movement contains a knee joint flexion and extension that is controlled by the quadriceps muscle. The contraction of the quadriceps can cause anterior tibial translation, which may strain the ACL at knee joint positions close to full extension. However, recent findings suggest that it is the PCL rather than the ACL which is strained during forward lunging. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to establish a musculoskeletal model of the forward lunge to computationally investigate the complete mechanical force equilibrium of the tibia during the movement to examine the loading pattern of the cruciate ligaments. A healthy female was selected from a group of healthy subjects who all performed a forward lunge on a force platform, targeting a knee flexion angle of 90°. Skin-markers were placed on anatomical landmarks on the subject and the movement was recorded by five video cameras. The three-dimensional kinematic data describing the forward lunge movement were extracted and used to develop a biomechanical model of the lunge movement. The model comprised two legs including femur, crus, rigid foot segments and the pelvis. Each leg had 35 independent muscle units, which were recruited according to a minimum fatigue criterion. This approach allowed a full understanding of the mechanical equilibrium of the knee joint, which revealed that the PCL had an important stabilizing role in the forward lunge movement. In contrast, the ACL did not have any significant mechanical function during the lunge movement. Furthermore, the results showed that m. gluteus maximus may play a role as a knee stabilizer in addition to the hamstring muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Alkjaer
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Rocha CS, Lanferdini FJ, Kolberg C, Silva MF, Vaz MA, Partata WA, Zaro MA. Interferential therapy effect on mechanical pain threshold and isometric torque after delayed onset muscle soreness induction in human hamstrings. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:733-42. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.672025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Mendiguchia J, Brughelli M. A return-to-sport algorithm for acute hamstring injuries. Phys Ther Sport 2010; 12:2-14. [PMID: 21256444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute hamstring injuries are the most prevalent muscle injuries reported in sport. Despite a thorough and concentrated effort to prevent and rehabilitate hamstring injuries, injury occurrence and re-injury rates have not improved over the past 28 years. This failure is most likely due to the following: 1) an over-reliance on treating the symptoms of injury, such as subjective measures of "pain", with drugs and interventions; 2) the risk factors investigated for hamstring injuries have not been related to the actual movements that cause hamstring injuries i.e. not functional; and, 3) a multi-factorial approach to assessment and treatment has not been utilized. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to introduce a model for progression through a return-to-sport rehabilitation following an acute hamstring injury. This model is developed from objective and quantifiable tests (i.e. clinical and functional tests) that are structured into a step-by-step algorithm. In addition, each step in the algorithm includes a treatment protocol. These protocols are meant to help the athlete to improve through each phase safely so that they can achieve the desired goals and progress through the algorithm and back to their chosen sport. We hope that this algorithm can serve as a foundation for future evidence based research and aid in the development of new objective and quantifiable testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurdan Mendiguchia
- Head of Rehabilitation Department at Athletic Club de Bilbao, Garaioltza 147 CP:48196, Lezama (Bizkaia), Spain.
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