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Presti N, Rideout TC, Temple JL, Bratta B, Hostler D. Recovery after Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Subjects Following a Vegetarian or Mixed Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:2711. [PMID: 39203847 PMCID: PMC11356960 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
It is unclear if following a vegetarian diet affects muscle recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Sixteen vegetarians (VEG) and sixteen mixed dieters (MIX) performed a vertical jump, quadriceps femoris maximal isometric, and isokinetic concentric strength tests prior to and five days following the EIMD protocol. The quadriceps muscle was injured by performing eccentric contractions. Diet: MIX consumed more g/kg of animal protein (p < 0.001) and EAA (p < 0.05) except for isoleucine. VEG consumed more plant protein (p = 0.001). Isometric strength: MIX recovered post-day 2, VEG recovered post-day 4 (group (p = 0.07), time (p < 0.001)). Concentric contractions at 60 degrees per second: Both recovered post-day 1 (group (p = 0.27), time (p = 0.05)); 180 degrees per second: MIX recovered post-day 2, VEG recovered post-day 5 (group (p = 0.10), time (p < 0.001)); and 240 degrees per second: MIX recovered post-day 1, VEG did not recover by post-day 5 (group (p = 0.01), time (p < 0.001)). Vertical jump: Both recovered post-day 3 (group (p = 0.45), time (p < 0.001)). MIX recovered isometric strength 2 days faster, concentric strength was up to 5 days faster, and soreness was 1-4 days faster when compared to VEG. Both groups had similar recovery time for power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Presti
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Exercise and Nutrition Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
| | - Todd C. Rideout
- Exercise and Nutrition Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (T.C.R.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Jennifer L. Temple
- Exercise and Nutrition Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (T.C.R.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Brian Bratta
- Athletics Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
| | - David Hostler
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Exercise and Nutrition Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
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Graham-Thiers P, Bowen K. Timing of feeding a protein supplement on nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids during exercise recovery in horses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 38953505 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Eight geldings weighing 544 ± 16 kg were used to evaluate feeding a postexercise protein meal on plasma amino acids during recovery. Horses were fed sweet feed, corn, grass hay and equal amounts of a protein pellet (32% CP) with meals (MP group) or postexercise (EP group). Horses exercised 1-2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 12 weeks. A pre and poststudy 4 days total urine and feces collection was conducted. Urine and fecal samples were analyzed for nitrogen (N) to calculate N balance. Blood samples were drawn immediately after and at 1 and 3 h postexercise at the start and end of the study for plasma amino acid concentrations. Absorbed N and N retention were greater for the MP group compared to the EP group (p = 0.038, 0.033 respectively). An interaction revealed an increase in fecal N (p = 0.01) and decreased N digestibility for the MP group compared to the EP group at the end of the study. Plasma concentrations for 8 out of 14 amino acids were less for the EP group immediately after exercise compared to the MP group (p < 0.02). Plasma concentrations of lysine and arginine were greater for the EP group compared to the MP group at 1 and 3 h after exercise (p < 0.05 and 0.04 respectively). Changes were different for 8 out of the 14 amino acids immediately post exercise, 7 out of 14 amino acids at 1 h postexercise and 10 out of 14 amino acids at 3 h postexercise with positive changes for the EP group and negative changes for the MP group. The EP group had improved supply of plasma amino acids in the recovery period that sustained for 3 h postexercise and are indicative of better amino acid supply supporting muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen Bowen
- Department of Equine Studies, Emory & Henry College, Emory, Virginia, USA
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3
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Reitzner SM, Emanuelsson EB, Arif M, Kaczkowski B, Kwon AT, Mardinoglu A, Arner E, Chapman MA, Sundberg CJ. Molecular profiling of high-level athlete skeletal muscle after acute endurance or resistance exercise - A systems biology approach. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101857. [PMID: 38141850 PMCID: PMC10805945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term high-level exercise training leads to improvements in physical performance and multi-tissue adaptation following changes in molecular pathways. While skeletal muscle baseline differences between exercise-trained and untrained individuals have been previously investigated, it remains unclear how training history influences human multi-omics responses to acute exercise. METHODS We recruited and extensively characterized 24 individuals categorized as endurance athletes with >15 years of training history, strength athletes or control subjects. Timeseries skeletal muscle biopsies were taken from M. vastus lateralis at three time-points after endurance or resistance exercise was performed and multi-omics molecular analysis performed. RESULTS Our analyses revealed distinct activation differences of molecular processes such as fatty- and amino acid metabolism and transcription factors such as HIF1A and the MYF-family. We show that endurance athletes have an increased abundance of carnitine-derivates while strength athletes increase specific phospholipid metabolites compared to control subjects. Additionally, for the first time, we show the metabolite sorbitol to be substantially increased with acute exercise. On transcriptional level, we show that acute resistance exercise stimulates more gene expression than acute endurance exercise. This follows a specific pattern, with endurance athletes uniquely down-regulating pathways related to mitochondria, translation and ribosomes. Finally, both forms of exercise training specialize in diverging transcriptional directions, differentiating themselves from the transcriptome of the untrained control group. CONCLUSIONS We identify a "transcriptional specialization effect" by transcriptional narrowing and intensification, and molecular specialization effects on metabolomic level Additionally, we performed multi-omics network and cluster analysis, providing a novel resource of skeletal muscle transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling in highly trained and untrained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Reitzner
- Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eric B Emanuelsson
- Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bogumil Kaczkowski
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, 1 Chome-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Andrew Tj Kwon
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, 1 Chome-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Arner
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, 1 Chome-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1 Chome-3-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Department Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Integrated Engineering, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcalà Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Department Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
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Judge LW. Dr. David Pearson: A Legacy of Leadership, Education, and Inspiring Excellence in Strength and Conditioning. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2119-2121. [PMID: 37883392 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Judge, LW. Dr. David Pearson: A legacy of leadership, education, and inspiring excellence in strength and conditioning. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2119-2121, 2023-The field of strength and conditioning mourns the loss of a true pioneer and visionary, Dr. David Pearson. This memorial will commemorate his remarkable life and contributions to the field of strength and conditioning. His leadership left an indelible mark on the profession as a key figure at Ball State University (BSU) and the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA). This memorial delves into his pivotal role in the development of a pioneering master's degree in Sports Performance, his instrumental contributions to the NSCA, and his unwavering commitment to academic and administrative positions at Ball State University.
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Ide H, Akehi Y, Fukuhara S, Ohira S, Ogawa S, Kataoka T, Kumagai H, Kobayashi K, Komiya A, Shigehara K, Syuto T, Soh J, Tanabe M, Taniguchi H, Chiba K, Matsushita K, Mitsui Y, Yoneyama T, Shirakawa T, Fujii Y, Kumano H, Ueshiba H, Amano T, Sasaki H, Maeda S, Mizokami A, Suzuki K, Horie S. Summary of the clinical practice manual for late-onset hypogonadism. Int J Urol 2023; 30:422-430. [PMID: 36757880 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone plays an important role in maintaining both physical and mental function. Age-related testosterone depletion contributes to the development of angina, arteriosclerosis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, dementia, frailty, and a range of other conditions. A condition involving age-related testosterone depletion and the associated clinical symptoms is defined as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). LOH is treated by testosterone replacement therapy. Indications for testosterone replacement therapy are determined by evaluating symptoms and signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisamitsu Ide
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuko Akehi
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Ohira
- Department of Urology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sumito Ogawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kataoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kumagai
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ko Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Komiya
- Department of Urology, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Shigehara
- Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Syuto
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Jintetu Soh
- Department of Urology, Japanese Red Cross Society Kyoto Daini, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makito Tanabe
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hisanori Taniguchi
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Chiba
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yozo Mitsui
- Department of Urology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoneyama
- Department of Advanced Transplant and Regenerative Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Tomoya Shirakawa
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujii
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kumano
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hajime Ueshiba
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Amano
- Department of Urology, Nagano Red Cross Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - Haruaki Sasaki
- Department of Urology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizokami
- Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shigeo Horie
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsuchiya Y, Yanagimoto K, Sunagawa N, Ueda H, Tsuji K, Ochi E. Omega-3 fatty acids enhance the beneficial effect of BCAA supplementation on muscle function following eccentric contractions. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:565-579. [PMID: 36105122 PMCID: PMC9467596 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2117994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Meiji Gakuin University, Center for Liberal Arts, Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Hisashi Ueda
- Teikyo Heisei University, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tsuji
- Hosei University, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Hosei University, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Hosei University, Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Tokyo, Japan
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Martinho DV, Nobari H, Faria A, Field A, Duarte D, Sarmento H. Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:4002. [PMID: 36235655 PMCID: PMC9571679 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are oxidized in the muscle and result in stimulating anabolic signals-which in return may optimize performance, body composition and recovery. Meanwhile, among athletes, the evidence about BCAA supplementation is not clear. The aim of this study was to review the effects of BCAAs in athletic populations. The research was conducted in three databases: Web of Science (all databases), PubMed and Scopus. The inclusion criteria involved participants classified both as athletes and people who train regularly, and who were orally supplemented with BCAAs. The risk of bias was individually assessed for each study using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0). From the 2298 records found, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. Although BCAAs tended to activate anabolic signals, the benefits on performance and body composition were negligible. On the other hand, studies that included resistance participants showed that BCAAs attenuated muscle soreness after exercise, while in endurance sports the findings were inconsistent. The protocols of BCAA supplements differed considerably between studies. Moreover, most of the studies did not report the total protein intake across the day and, consequently, the benefits of BCAAs should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- Dietetics and Nutrition, Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic of Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory for Applied Health Research (LabinSaúde), 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
| | - Ana Faria
- Dietetics and Nutrition, Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic of Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory for Applied Health Research (LabinSaúde), 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adam Field
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Daniel Duarte
- N2i—Polytechnic Institute of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
- CIDESD—Maia University, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
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8
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Zhao L, Mohammad M. Testosterone and cortisol responses to ß-hydroxy ß-methylbutryate consumption and exercise: A meta-analysis. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:2815-2824. [PMID: 36171789 PMCID: PMC9469850 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β-hydroxy β-methylbutryate (HMB) is a metabolite of leucine amino acid and it has several ergogenic benefits. Previous studies also showed that it may affect beneficially the testosterone and cortisol concentration in athletes. Due to the contradiction results between studies, we aimed to conduct this meta-analysis to assess the HMB supplementation effect on testosterone and cortisol in trained athletes. Methods Scopus, Medline, and Google scholar were systematically searched up to August 2021. The Cochrane Collaboration tool for evaluating the risk of bias was applied for assessing the studies' quality. Random-effects model, weighted mean difference (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for estimating the overall effect. Between-study heterogeneity was evaluated applying the chi-squared and I2 statistic. Results Seven articles were included in the meta-analysis. Although the meta-analysis generally showed that HMB consumption did not have any effect on the cortisol and testosterone concentration (p > .05), subgroup analysis based on the exercise type showed a significant decrease in the cortisol concentration in resistance training exercises (WMD = -3.30; 95% CI: -5.50, -1.10; p = .003) and a significant increase in the testosterone concentration in aerobic and anaerobic combined sports (WMD = 1.56; 95% CI: 0.07, 3.05; p = .040). Conclusion The results indicate that HMB supplementation in athletes can reduce the concentration of cortisol in resistance exercises and increase the concentration of testosterone in aerobic and anaerobic combined exercises. Nevertheless, more studies are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- College of Physical EducationChengdu University of TCMChengduChina
| | - Mohamad Mohammad
- Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health ServicesYazdIran
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Curiel-Cervantes V, Solis-Sainz JC, Camacho-Barrón M, Aguilar-Galarza A, Valencia ME, Anaya-Loyola MA. Systematic training in master swimmer athletes increases serum insulin growth factor-1 and decreases myostatin and irisin levels. Growth Factors 2022; 40:1-12. [PMID: 35343347 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2022.2049262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
During ageing, anabolic status is essential to prevent the decrease in quantity and quality of skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Exercise modulates endocrine markers of muscle status. We studied the differences of endocrine markers for muscle status in 62 non-sarcopenic Mexican swimmer adults aged 30-70 y/o, allocated into two groups: the systematic training (ST) group including master athletes with a physical activity level (PAL) >1.6, and the non-systematic training group (NST) composed by subjects with a PAL <1.5. Body composition, diet, biochemical and endocrine markers were analyzed. The ST group showed lower myostatin (MSTN) and irisin (IRI) levels, two strong regulators of SMM. The insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was higher in the ST. This is consistent with most of the evidence in young athletes and resistance training programs, where IGF-1 and IRI seem to play a crucial role in maintaining anabolic status in master athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Curiel-Cervantes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - J C Solis-Sainz
- Departament of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - M Camacho-Barrón
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - A Aguilar-Galarza
- Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - M E Valencia
- Department of Chemical-Biological Sciences, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - M A Anaya-Loyola
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
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Bell L, Ruddock A, Maden-Wilkinson T, Rogerson D. “I Want to Create So Much Stimulus That Adaptation Goes Through the Roof”: High-Performance Strength Coaches' Perceptions of Planned Overreaching. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:893581. [PMID: 35585963 PMCID: PMC9108365 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.893581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional overreaching (FOR) occurs when athletes experience improved athletic capabilities in the days and weeks following short-term periods of increased training demand. However, prolonged high training demand with insufficient recovery may also lead to non-functional overreaching (NFOR) or the overtraining syndrome (OTS). The aim of this research was to explore strength coaches' perceptions and experiences of planned overreaching (POR); short-term periods of increased training demand designed to improve athletic performance. Fourteen high-performance strength coaches (weightlifting; n = 5, powerlifting; n = 4, sprinting; n = 2, throws; n = 2, jumps; n = 1) participated in semistructured interviews. Reflexive thematic analysis identified 3 themes: creating enough challenge, training prescription, and questioning the risk to reward. POR was implemented for a 7 to 14 day training cycle and facilitated through increased daily/weekly training volume and/or training intensity. Participants implemented POR in the weeks (~5–8 weeks) preceding competition to allow sufficient time for performance restoration and improvement to occur. Short-term decreased performance capacity, both during and in the days to weeks following training, was an anticipated by-product of POR, and at times used as a benchmark to confirm that training demand was sufficiently challenging. Some participants chose not to implement POR due to a lack of knowledge, confidence, and/or perceived increased risk of athlete training maladaptation. Additionally, this research highlights the potential dichotomy between POR protocols used by strength coaches to enhance athletic performance and those used for the purpose of inducing training maladaptation for diagnostic identification.
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Guimarães JC, Cordeiro A, Borbely KC, de Oliveira Barreto E, Scariot PM, Spineli H, Gobatto C, de Araujo G. Ergogenic effects of phosphatidylserine alone and combined with branched-chain amino acids in trained rats. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep210044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute phosphatidylserine (PS) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplements alone may have an adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol suppressive effect and increase the testosterone/cortisol ratio, but the associated effect of these supplements during a period of high-intensity physical stress is not yet known. The study investigated the effects of chronic PS supplementation alone and combined with BCAA during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on training volume tolerance, anabolic-catabolic balance and stress biomarkers in rats. Thirty-three rats were separated into: placebo (PLA, n=11), PS alone (n=11) and combined with BCAA (PSBCAA, n=11). Groups performed swimming sessions of HIIT (5 series × 1 min × 1 min recovery; external load equivalent to 13% of body mass) and nine recovery sessions of moderate-intensity training (30 min at 5% of body mass) alternately. One-way ANOVA was used to compare biochemical variables and two-way ANOVA was calculated to compare training volume. Training volume performed (TVP) was higher in first, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth HIIT sessions in the PS group in comparison to PLA (P<0.05). TVP was higher in the fourth session in PSBCAA compared to PLA. There were no differences in TVP during the sessions between PS and BCAA groups. Creatine kinase (CK) was lower in PSBCAA in comparison to PS alone (P=0.03) and PLA (P=0.04) after the experimental period. Testosterone concentration was enhanced in PSBCAA group compared to PLA (P=0.01); testosterone/corticosterone ratio was higher in PSBCAA compared to PS (P=0.05) and PLA (P=0.004) after protocol. PS combined with BCAA increases testosterone concentration and testosterone/corticosterone ratio, demonstrating an enhancement of anabolic state in trained rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Costa Guimarães
- Department of Physical Education, Applied Sciences in Sports Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Avenue Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Maceio, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - A.L. Cordeiro
- Department of Physical Education, Applied Sciences in Sports Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Avenue Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Maceio, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - K.S. Cruz Borbely
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Health Science, Federal University of Alagoas, Avenue Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Maceió, Alagoas, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - E. de Oliveira Barreto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Health Science, Federal University of Alagoas, Avenue Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Maceió, Alagoas, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - P.P. Menezes Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - H. Spineli
- Department of Physical Education, Applied Sciences in Sports Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Avenue Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Maceio, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - C.A. Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - G.G. de Araujo
- Department of Physical Education, Applied Sciences in Sports Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Avenue Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Maceio, 57072-900, Brazil
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Weber MG, Dias SS, de Angelis TR, Fernandes EV, Bernardes AG, Milanez VF, Jussiani EI, de Paula Ramos S. The use of BCAA to decrease delayed-onset muscle soreness after a single bout of exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1663-1678. [PMID: 34669012 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are used as a recovery method after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Although data suggest that BCAA may alleviate the delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) evoked by EIMD, there is no consensus about the most effective supplementation protocol. To investigate the effects of BCAA on DOMS after a single exercise session that caused EIMD, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on the effectiveness of BCAA supplementation to reduce DOMS symptoms in healthy subjects after a single session of EIMD. Randomized clinical trials (RCT) were searched in Medline, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, SciELO, LILACS, SciVerse Scopus, Springer Link journals, Wiley Online Library, and Scholar Google, until May 2021. Ten RCTs were included in the systematic review and nine in the meta-analysis. Seven studies demonstrated that BCAA reduced DOMS after 24 to 72 h. BCAA doses of up to 255 mg/kg/day, or in trained subjects, for mild to moderate EIMD, could blunt DOMS symptoms. However, high variability between studies due to training status, different doses, time of treatment, and severity of EIMD do not allow us to conclude whether BCAA supplementation is efficient in untrained subjects, applied acutely or during a period of pre to post days of EIMD, and at higher doses (> 255 mg/kg/day). The overall effects of BCAA on DOMS after a single session of exercise were considered useful for improving muscle recovery by reducing DOMS in trained subjects, at low doses, in mild to moderate EIMD, and should not be administered only after the EIMD protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martim Gomes Weber
- Research Group in Tissue Regeneration, Adaptation and Repair, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Silas Seolin Dias
- Research Group in Tissue Regeneration, Adaptation and Repair, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Tarlyson Regioli de Angelis
- Research Group in Tissue Regeneration, Adaptation and Repair, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Vignoto Fernandes
- Research Group in Tissue Regeneration, Adaptation and Repair, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Andrea Gomes Bernardes
- Research Group in Tissue Regeneration, Adaptation and Repair, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Solange de Paula Ramos
- Research Group in Tissue Regeneration, Adaptation and Repair, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid PR 445 km380, Londrina, Paraná, CEP: 89067-900, Brazil.
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13
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Doma K, Singh U, Boullosa D, Connor JD. The effect of branched-chain amino acid on muscle damage markers and performance following strenuous exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1303-1313. [PMID: 34612716 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis determined whether the ergogenic effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) ameliorated markers of muscle damage and performance following strenuous exercise. In total, 25 studies were included, consisting of 479 participants (age 24.3 ± 8.3 years, height 1.73 ± 0.06 m, body mass 70.8 ± 9.5 kg, females 26.3%). These studies were rated as fair to excellent following the PEDro scale. The outcome measures were compared between the BCAA and placebo conditions at 24 and 48 hours following muscle-damaging exercises, using standardised mean differences and associated p-values via forest plots. Our meta-analysis demonstrated significantly lower levels of indirect muscle damage markers (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and myoglobin) at 48 hours post-exercise (standardised mean difference [SMD] = -0.41; p < 0.05) for the BCAA than placebo conditions, whilst muscle soreness was significant at 24 hours post-exercise (SMD = -0.28 ≤ d ≤ -0.61; p < 0.05) and 48 hours post-exercise (SMD = -0.41 ≤ d≤ -0.92; p < 0.01). However, no significant differences were identified between the BCAA and placebo conditions for muscle performance at 24 or 48 hours post-exercise (SMD = 0.08 ≤ d ≤ 0.21; p > 0.05). Overall, BCAA reduced the level of muscle damage biomarkers and muscle soreness following muscle-damaging exercises. However, the potential benefits of BCAA for muscle performance recovery is questionable and warrants further investigation to determine the practicality of BCAA for ameliorating muscle damage symptoms in diverse populations. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020191248. Novelty: BCAA reduces the level of creatine kinase and muscle soreness following strenuous exercise with a dose-response relationship. BCAA does not accelerate recovery for muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- Sports Dynamix Private Limited, Chennai, Nadu, India
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.,INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Douglas Connor
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Arroyo-Cerezo A, Cerrillo I, Ortega Á, Fernández-Pachón MS. Intake of branched chain amino acids favors post-exercise muscle recovery and may improve muscle function: optimal dosage regimens and consumption conditions. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1478-1489. [PMID: 33586928 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous sportspeople consume nutritional ergogenic aids, including branched chain amino acids (BCAA), considered to favor post-exercise muscle recovery. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of BCAA on recovery from muscle damage produced by high-intensity exercise and muscle function. This allowed to define the optimal dosage regimen and consumption conditions taking into account the combination of BCAA with other products. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic review of the scientific literature published over the past 15 years using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases was carried out. Nineteen articles were selected. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The most optimal regimen for post-exercise muscle recovery and/or muscle function after high-intensity resistance exercise was 2-10 g BCAA/day (leucine: isoleucine: valine at 2:1:1), consumed as a supplement alone or combined with arginine and carbohydrates, 3 previous days before exercise, immediately before and after exercise, regardless of training level. This treatment can improve perceived muscle damage, fatigue, circumference of arm/leg, counter movement jump, maximum muscle strength and maximum voluntary contraction, and reduce creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels, mainly in young males. CONCLUSIONS Intake of BCAA favors post-exercise muscle recovery and may improve muscle function. The present review can serve as a guidance for high intensity endurance athletes who need to reduce post-exercise muscle damage and maintain or improve muscle function, especially in training periods and competition events planned with short rest periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Arroyo-Cerezo
- Area of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Cerrillo
- Area of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ángeles Ortega
- Area of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Soledad Fernández-Pachón
- Area of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain -
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15
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Del Coso J, Salinero JJ, Lara B, Gallo-Salazar C, Areces F, Herrero D, Puente C. Polygenic Profile and Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage by a Competitive Half-Ironman. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1400-1408. [PMID: 29140910 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Del Coso, J, Salinero, JJ, Lara, B, Gallo-Salazar, C, Areces, F, Herrero, D, and Puente, C. Polygenic profile and exercise-induced muscle damage by a competitive half-ironman. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1400-1408, 2020-To date, it is still unknown why some individuals develop higher levels of muscle damage than other individuals, despite participating in exercise with comparable levels of physical intensity. The aim of this investigation was to analyze 7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are candidates to explain individual variations in the level of muscle damage attained during a half-ironman competition. Using the model of Williams and Folland (2, 1, and 0 points for optimal, intermediate, and suboptimal genotype), we determined the total genotype score from the accumulated combination of 7 SNPs (ACE = 287bp Ins/Del; ACTN3 = p.R577X; creatine kinase, muscle type = NcoI; insulin-like growth factor 2 = C13790G; interleukin-6 = 174G>C; myosin light chain kinase = C37885A; and tumor necrosis factor-α = 308G>A) in 22 experienced triathletes. Before and after the race, a sample of venous blood was obtained to measure serum markers of muscle damage. Two groups of triathletes were established according to their postcompetition serum CK concentration: low CK responders (n = 10; 377 ± 86 U·L) vs. high CK responders (n = 12; 709 ± 136 U·L). At the end of the race, low CK responders had lower serum myoglobin concentrations (384 ± 243 vs. 597 ± 293 ng·ml, p = 0.04). Although the groups were similar in age, anthropometric characteristics, and training habits, total genotype score was higher in low CK responders than in high CK responders (7.7 ± 1.1 vs. 5.5 ± 1.1 point, p < 0.01). A favorable polygenic profile can contribute to reducing the level of muscle damage developed during endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Sports Sciences Department, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Lomenova A, Hroboňová K. Application of achiral-chiral two-dimensional HPLC for separation of phenylalanine and tryptophan enantiomers in dietary supplement. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4972. [PMID: 32840880 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study developed a two-dimensional heart-cutting LC method for the separation of amino acid enantiomers. Two approaches for achiral separation of amino acids, phenylalanine and tryptophan, were selected. Amino acids were separated on C18 or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) columns in first dimension after their enantiomer separation on a teicoplanin chiral column in second dimension. Mobile phases for both separation systems were optimized by testing different types of organic modifiers, concentrations of ion-pair agent (sodium 1-octanesulfonate), and ionic modifier (ammonium acetate). The resolution of enantiomers higher than 1.5 for both amino acids was achieved using a C18-teicoplanin coupled column separation system with mobile phases methanol/2 mM sodium 1-octanesulfonate (10:90 and 75:25, step gradient between achiral and chiral columns, respectively). The lower resolution of amino acid enantiomers (RS ˃ 0.9), but higher column efficiency, was achieved on a HILIC-teicoplanin separation system with mobile phases acetonitrile/50 mM ammonium acetate (90:10 and 80:20, step gradient between achiral and chiral columns, respectively). The developed heart-cutting 2D-LC methods were validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, and accuracy. The results suggested that the developed methods were applicable for the simultaneous determination of amino acid enantiomers in the dietary supplement. The sample contained l-phenylalanine and l-tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lomenova
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Hroboňová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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17
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Bell L, Ruddock A, Maden-Wilkinson T, Rogerson D. Overreaching and overtraining in strength sports and resistance training: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1897-1912. [PMID: 32602418 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1763077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To date, little is known about overreaching (OR) and the overtraining syndrome (OTS) in strength sports and resistance training (RT) populations. However, the available literature may elucidate the occurrence of both conditions in these populations. A scoping review was conducted. SPORTDiscus, Scopus and Web of Science were searched in a robust and systematic manner, with relevant articles analysed. 1170 records were retrieved during an initial search, with a total of 47 included in the review. Two broad themes were identified during data extraction: 1) overreaching in strength sports; 2) overreaching and overtraining syndrome in RT. Short-term periods of OR achieved with either high-volume or high-intensity RT can elicit functional OR (FOR) but there is also evidence that chronic high-volume and/or intensity RT can lead to non-functional overreaching (NFOR). There is minimal evidence to suggest that true OTS has occurred in strength sports or RT based on the studies entered during this review. More research is needed to develop robust guiding principles for practitioners. Additionally, due to the heterogeneous nature of the existing literature, future research would benefit from the development of practical tools to identify and diagnose the transition from FOR to NFOR, and subsequently OTS in strength athletes and RT populations. ABBREVIATIONS RT: Resistance training; OR: Overreaching; FOR: Functional overreaching; NFOR: Non-functional overreaching; OTS: Overtraining syndrome; WP: Weightlifting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Bell
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield, UK
| | - Alan Ruddock
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Maden-Wilkinson
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield, UK
| | - David Rogerson
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield, UK
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18
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Zhao J, Wang Y, Zhao D, Zhang L, Chen P, Xu X. Integration of metabolomics and proteomics to reveal the metabolic characteristics of high-intensity interval training. Analyst 2020; 145:6500-6510. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01287d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics and proteomics were integrated to research the molecular characterization of high-intensity interval training, revealing changes in biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Shanghai anti-doping laboratory
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shanghai anti-doping laboratory
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Shanghai anti-doping laboratory
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Lizhen Zhang
- Shanghai anti-doping laboratory
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Peijie Chen
- Shanghai anti-doping laboratory
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xin Xu
- Shanghai anti-doping laboratory
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Shanghai
- China
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19
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Fedewa MV, Spencer SO, Williams TD, Becker ZE, Fuqua CA. Effect of branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Muscle Soreness following Exercise: A Meta-Analysis. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 89:348-356. [DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a symptom of exercise-induced muscle damage that occurs following exercise. Previous research has indicated that branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation may attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage that causes delayed onset muscle soreness, however the results are inconsistent. The primary aim of this study was to examine the previous literature assessing the effect of BCAA supplementation on DOMS following an acute bout of exercise in adults. This review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses), and identified peer-reviewed articles comparing a BCAA supplement to a placebo non-BCAA supplement following an acute bout of exercise. An electronic search of three databases (EbscoHost, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) yielded 42 articles after duplicates were removed. All studies included in the current analyis were: 1) peer-reviewed publications; 2) available in English; 3) utilized a random control design that compared a BCAA group to a placebo control group following exercise; 4) and assessed soreness of muscle tissue during recovery. DOMS was assessed in 61 participants following ingestion of a BCAA supplement over the course of these interventions. The cumulative results of 37 effects gathered from 8 studies published between 2007 and 2017 indicated that BCAA supplementation reduced DOMS following exercise training (ES = 0.7286, 95% CI: 0.5017 to 0.9555, p < 0.001). A large decrease in DOMS occurs following BCAA supplementation after exercise compared to a placebo supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Fedewa
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States
| | - Steven O. Spencer
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States
| | - Tyler D. Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Zachery E. Becker
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States
| | - Collin A. Fuqua
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States
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20
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Estoche JM, Jacinto JL, Roveratti MC, Gabardo JM, Buzzachera CF, de Oliveira EP, Ribeiro AS, da Silva RA, Aguiar AF. Branched-chain amino acids do not improve muscle recovery from resistance exercise in untrained young adults. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1387-1395. [PMID: 31468208 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of BCAA supplementation on muscle recovery from resistance exercise (RE) in untrained young adults. Twenty-four young adults (24.0 ± 4.3 years old) were assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n = 12 per group): a placebo-supplement group or a BCAA-supplement group. The groups were supplemented for a period of 5 days. On day 1 and 3, both groups underwent a RE session involving two lower body exercises (hack squat and leg press) and then were evaluated for muscle recovery on the 3 subsequent moments after the RE session [30 min (day 3), 24 h (day 4), and 48 h (day 5)]. The following indicators of muscle recovery were assessed: number of repetitions, rating of perceived exertion in the last RE session, muscle soreness and countermovement jump (CMJ) during recovery period (30 min, 24 h, and 48 h after RE session). Number of repetitions remained unchanged over time (time, P > 0.05), while the rating of perceived exertion increased (time, P < 0.05) over 3 sets, with no difference between groups (group × time, P > 0.05). Muscle soreness increased (time, P < 0.05) and jumping weight decreased (time, P < 0.05) at 30 min post-exercise and then progressively returned to baseline at 24 and 48 h post-exercise, with no difference between groups (group × time, P > 0.05). The results indicate that BCAA supplementation does not improve muscle recovery from RE in untrained young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Maria Estoche
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Lucas Jacinto
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Mirela Casonato Roveratti
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Juliano Moro Gabardo
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Cosme Franklim Buzzachera
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86041-120, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Silva Ribeiro
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Rubens Alexandre da Silva
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86041-120, Brazil.,Département des Sciences de la Santé, Programme de Physiothérapie de L'université McGill Offert em Extension à l'université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) et Laboratoire de recherche BioNR, 555 boul. De L'université, ville du Saguenay, Québec, QC, G7H 5B8, Canada
| | - Andreo Fernando Aguiar
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86041-120, Brazil.
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21
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Menchetti L, Guelfi G, Speranza R, Carotenuto P, Moscati L, Diverio S. Benefits of dietary supplements on the physical fitness of German Shepherd dogs during a drug detection training course. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218275. [PMID: 31199843 PMCID: PMC6570027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A high standard of physical fitness is an essential characteristic of drug detection dogs because it affects not only their ability to sustain high activity levels but also their attention and olfaction efficiency. Nutritional supplements could improve physical fitness by modulating energy metabolism, oxidative processes, and perceived fatigue. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological and biochemical changes induced by submaximal exercise on drug detection dogs (German Shepherd breed) and to assess whether a dietary supplement improves their physical fitness. During a drug detection dog training course, seven dogs were fed with a basal diet (Control Group) for three-month period, while a further seven dogs were fed with a basal diet as well as a daily nutritional supplement containing branched-chain and limiting amino acids, carnitine, vitamins, and octacosanol (Treatment Group). At the end of this period, individual physical fitness was assessed by making each subject take a graded treadmill exercise test. A human heart rate monitor system was used to record the dog's heart rate (HR) during the treadmill exercise and the subsequent recovery period. The parameters related to HR were analysed using nonparametric statistics. Blood samples were collected before starting the nutritional supplement treatment, before and after the treadmill exercise and following recovery. Linear mixed models were used. The dietary supplements accelerated HR recovery, as demonstrated by the lower HR after recovery (P<0.05) and Time constants of HR decay (P<0.05), and by the higher Absolute HR Recovered (P<0.05) recorded in the Treatment group compared with the Control dogs. The supplemented dogs showed the lowest concentrations of creatine kinase (CK; P<0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, P<0.05) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA; P<0.01) suggesting a reduction in muscle damage and improvement of energy metabolism. These data suggest that this combined supplement can significantly enhance the physical fitness of drug detection dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Menchetti
- Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare (LEBA), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guelfi
- Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare (LEBA), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Speranza
- GdF (Military Force of Guardia di Finanza), Dog Breeding and Training Course, Castiglione Del Lago (PG), Italy
| | - Pasquale Carotenuto
- GdF (Military Force of Guardia di Finanza), Dog Breeding and Training Course, Castiglione Del Lago (PG), Italy
| | - Livia Moscati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvana Diverio
- Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare (LEBA), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
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22
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Effect of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Recovery Following Acute Eccentric Exercise. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101389. [PMID: 30275356 PMCID: PMC6212987 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation on recovery from eccentric exercise. Twenty males ingested either a BCAA supplement or placebo (PLCB) prior to and following eccentric exercise. Creatine kinase (CK), vertical jump (VJ), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), jump squat (JS) and perceived soreness were assessed. No significant (p > 0.05) group by time interaction effects were observed for CK, soreness, MVIC, VJ, or JS. CK concentrations were elevated above baseline (p < 0.001) in both groups at 4, 24, 48 and 72 hr, while CK was lower (p = 0.02) in the BCAA group at 48 hr compared to PLCB. Soreness increased significantly from baseline (p < 0.01) in both groups at all time-points; however, BCAA supplemented individuals reported less soreness (p < 0.01) at the 48 and 72 hr time-points. MVIC force output returned to baseline levels (p > 0.05) at 24, 48 and 72 hr for BCAA individuals. No significant difference between groups (p > 0.05) was detected for VJ or JS. BCAA supplementation may mitigate muscle soreness following muscle-damaging exercise. However, when consumed with a diet consisting of ~1.2 g/kg/day protein, the attenuation of muscular performance decrements or corresponding plasma CK levels are likely negligible.
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23
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Smith JW, Krings BM, Shepherd BD, Waldman HS, Basham SA, McAllister MJ. Effects of carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid beverage ingestion during acute upper body resistance exercise on performance and postexercise hormone response. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:504-509. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the individual and combined effects of ingesting carbohydrates (CHO) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) during high-volume upper body resistance exercise (RE) on markers of catabolism and performance. Thirteen resistance-trained males completed 4 experimental trials with supplementation, ingesting beverages containing CHO, BCAA, CHO+BCAA, or placebo (PLA) in a randomized, double-blind design. The beverages were ingested in 118-mL servings 6 times during an ∼60-min RE session consisting of bench press, bent-over row, incline press, and close-grip row. Each RE was performed with 5 sets of repetitions at 65% 1-repetition maximum until volitional fatigue. Blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately postexercise, and 60 min postexercise to assess glucose and insulin. Cortisol was assessed immediately and at 60 min postexercise. No significant performance benefits were observed for any RE. CHO+BCAA (152.4 ± 71.4 ng/mL) resulted in the lowest cortisol levels, which was lower than BCAA and PLA (193.7 ± 88.5, 182.8 ± 67.5 ng/mL, p < 0.05), but not different from CHO (165 ± 76.5 ng/mL, p = 0.342). Postexercise insulin concentrations were significantly higher with CHO (4.79 ± 3.4 mU/L) compared with BCAA and PLA (3.7 ± 2.0, 3.5 ± 1.8 mU/L, p < 0.05), but not different from CHO+BCAA (4.3 ± 2.5 mU/L, p = 0.339). There was no treatment effect for glucose, but glucose significantly increased from baseline to immediately postexercise and significantly decreased at 60 min postexercise. Ingesting beverages containing CHO with or without BCAA during upper body resistance exercise may promote a more favorable postexercise less catabolic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- JohnEric W. Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ben M. Krings
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Brandon D. Shepherd
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Hunter S. Waldman
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Steven A. Basham
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Matthew J. McAllister
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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The Physiological Mechanisms of Effect of Vitamins and Amino Acids on Tendon and Muscle Healing: A Systematic Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:294-311. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Aims/Objectives: To evaluate the current literature via systematic review to ascertain whether amino acids/vitamins provide any influence on musculotendinous healing and if so, by which physiological mechanisms. Methods: EBSCO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase Classic/Embase, and MEDLINE were searched using terms including “vitamins,” “amino acids,” “healing,” “muscle,” and “tendon.” The primary search had 479 citations, of which 466 were excluded predominantly due to nonrandomized design. Randomized human and animal studies investigating all supplement types/forms of administration were included. Critical appraisal of internal validity was assessed using the Cochrane risk of Bias Tool or the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation Risk of Bias Tool for human and animal studies, respectively. Two reviewers performed duel data extraction. Results: Twelve studies met criteria for inclusion: eight examined tendon healing and four examined muscle healing. All studies used animal models, except two human trials using a combined integrator. Narrative synthesis was performed via content analysis of demonstrated statistically significant effects and thematic analysis of proposed physiological mechanisms of intervention. Vitamin C/taurine demonstrated indirect effects on tendon healing through antioxidant activity. Vitamin A/glycine showed direct effects on extracellular matrix tissue synthesis. Vitamin E shows an antiproliferative influence on collagen deposition. Leucine directly influences signaling pathways to promote muscle protein synthesis. Discussion: Preliminary evidence exists, demonstrating that vitamins and amino acids may facilitate multilevel changes in musculotendinous healing; however, recommendations on clinical utility should be made with caution. All animal studies and one human study showed high risk of bias with moderate interobserver agreement (k = 0.46). Currently, there is limited evidence to support the use of vitamins and amino acids for musculotendinous injury. Both high-quality animal experimentation of the proposed mechanisms confirming the physiological influence of supplementation and human studies evaluating effects on tissue morphology and biochemistry are required before practical application.
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Liao YH, Chen CY, Chen CN, Wu CY, Tsai SC. An Amino Acids Mixture Attenuates Glycemic Impairment but not Affects Adiposity Development in Rats Fed with AGEs-containing Diet. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:176-187. [PMID: 29333102 PMCID: PMC5765731 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.22008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Unhealthy western dietary patterns lead to over-consumption of fat and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and these account for the developments of obesity, diabetes, and related metabolic disorders. Certain amino acids (AAs) have been recently demonstrated to improve glycemia and reduce adiposity. Therefore, our primary aims were to examine whether feeding an isoleucine-enriched AA mixture (4.5% AAs; Ile: 3.0%, Leu: 1.0%, Val: 0.2%, Arg: 0.3% in the drinking water) would affect adiposity development and prevent the impairments of glycemic control in rats fed with the fat/AGE-containing diet (FAD). Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into 1) control diet (CD, N = 8), 2) FAD diet (FAD, N = 8), and 3) FAD diet plus AA (FAD/AA, N = 8). After 9-weeks intervention, the glycemic control capacity (glucose level, ITT, and HbA1c levels), body composition, and spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) were evaluated, and the fasting blood samples were collected for analyzing metabolic related hormones (insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and corticosterone). The adipose tissues were also surgically collected and weighed. Results: FAD rats showed significant increases in weight gain, body fat %, blood glucose, HbA1c, leptin, and area under the curve of glucose during insulin tolerance test (ITT-glucose-AUC) in compared with the CD rats. However, the fasting levels of blood glucose, HbA1c, leptin, and ITT-glucose-AUC did not differ between CD and FAD/AA rats. FAD/AA rats also showed a greater increase in serum testosterone. Conclusion: The amino acid mixture consisting of Ile, Leu, Val, and Arg showed clear protective benefits on preventing the FAD-induced obesity and impaired glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hung Liao
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Nan Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Wu
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Chwen Tsai
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
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Branched-chain amino acids and arginine improve physical but not skill performance in two consecutive days of exercise. Sci Sports 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sterczala AJ, Fry AC, Chiu LZF, Schilling BK, Weiss LW, Nicoll JX. β2-adrenergic receptor maladaptations to high power resistance exercise overreaching. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119717040144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Smith JW, Krings BM, Peterson TJ, Rountree JA, Zak RB, McAllister MJ. Ingestion of an Amino Acid Electrolyte Beverage during Resistance Exercise Does Not Impact Fluid Shifts into Muscle or Performance. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5020036. [PMID: 29910396 PMCID: PMC5968991 DOI: 10.3390/sports5020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of ingesting an amino acid-electrolyte (AAE) beverage during upper body resistance exercise on transient muscle hypertrophy, exercise performance, markers of muscle damage, and recovery. Participants (n = 15) performed three sets of six repetitions—bench press, lat pull down, incline press, and seated row—followed by three sets of eight repetitions at 75% of the estimated 1 repetition maximum—triceps kickback, hammer curl, triceps push down, and preacher curl—with 90 s of rest between sets. The final set of the push down/preacher curl was performed to failure. Prior to and immediately post-exercise, as well as 24, 48, and 72 h post exercise, cross-sectional muscle thickness was measured. Blood samples were collected prior to exercise, as well as 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise for serum creatine kinase (CK) analysis. No treatment effect was found for muscle cross-sectional area, repetitions to failure, or serum CK. A main effect (p < 0.001) was observed in the change in serum CK levels in the days following the resistance exercise session. The findings of this study suggest that the acute ingestion of a AAE beverage does not alter acute muscle thickness, performance, perceived soreness and weakness, or markers of muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- JohnEric W Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Ben M Krings
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Timothy J Peterson
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Jaden A Rountree
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Roksana B Zak
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
| | - Matthew J McAllister
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Waldron M, Whelan K, Jeffries O, Burt D, Howe L, Patterson SD. The effects of acute branched-chain amino acid supplementation on recovery from a single bout of hypertrophy exercise in resistance-trained athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:630-636. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of acute branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation on recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage among experienced resistance-trained athletes. In a double-blind matched-pairs design, 16 resistance-trained participants, routinely performing hypertrophy training, were randomly assigned to a BCAA (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8) group. The BCAAs were administered at a dosage of 0.087 g/kg body mass, with a 2:1:1 ratio of leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The participants performed 6 sets of 10 full-squats at 70% 1-repetition maximum to induce muscle damage. All participants were diet-controlled across the study. Creatine kinase, peak isometric knee-extensor force, perceived muscle soreness, and countermovement jump (CMJ) height were measured immediately before (baseline) and at 1 h, 24 h, and 48 h postexercise. There were large to very large time effects for all measurements between baseline and 24–48 h. Between-group comparisons, expressed as a percentage of baseline, revealed differences in isometric strength at 24-h (placebo ∼87% vs. BCAA ∼92%; moderate, likely), CMJ at 24 h (placebo ∼93% vs. BCAA ∼96%; small, likely), and muscle soreness at both 24 h (placebo ∼685% vs. BCAA ∼531%; small, likely) and 48 h (placebo ∼468% vs. BCAA ∼350%; small, likely). Acute supplementation of BCAAs (0.087 g/kg) increased the rate of recovery in isometric strength, CMJ height, and perceived muscle soreness compared with placebo after a hypertrophy-based training session among diet-controlled, resistance-trained athletes. These findings question the need for longer BCAA loading phases and highlight the importance of dietary control in studies of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Waldron
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London TW1 4SX, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - Kieran Whelan
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Owen Jeffries
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Dean Burt
- Sport and Exercise Science, Brindley Building, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Louis Howe
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Stephen David Patterson
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, London TW1 4SX, UK
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Wells AJ, Jajtner AR, Varanoske AN, Church DD, Gonzalez AM, Townsend JR, Boone CH, Baker KM, Beyer KS, Mangine GT, Oliveira LP, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Hoffman JR. Post-resistance exercise ingestion of milk protein attenuates plasma TNFα and TNFr1 expression on monocyte subpopulations. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1415-1426. [PMID: 28555251 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attenuating TNFα/TNFr1 signaling in monocytes has been proposed as a means of mitigating inflammation. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a milk protein supplement on TNFα and monocyte TNFr1 expression. Ten resistance-trained men (24.7 ± 3.4 years; 90.1 ± 11.3 kg; 176.0 ± 4.9 cm) ingested supplement (SUPP) or placebo (PL) immediately post-exercise in a randomized, cross-over design. Blood samples were obtained at baseline (BL), immediately (IP), 30-min (30P), 1-h (1H), 2-h (2H), and 5-h (5H) post-exercise to assess plasma concentrations of myoglobin; tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα); and expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFr1) on classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes. Magnitude-based inferences were used to provide inferences on the true effects of SUPP compared to PL. Plasma TNFα concentrations were "likely attenuated" (91.6% likelihood effect) from BL to 30P in the SUPP group compared with PL (d = 0.87; mean effect: 2.3 ± 2.4 pg mL-1). TNFr1 expressions on classical (75.9% likelihood effect) and intermediate (93.0% likelihood effect) monocytes were "likely attenuated" from BL to 2H in the SUPP group compared with PL (d = 0.67; mean effect: 510 ± 670 RFU, and d = 1.05; mean effect: 2500 ± 2300 RFU, respectively). TNFr1 expression on non-classical monocytes was "likely attenuated" (77.6% likelihood effect) from BL to 1H in the SUPP group compared with PL (d = 0.69; mean effect: 330 ± 430 RFU). Ingestion of a milk protein supplement immediately post-exercise appears to attenuate both plasma TNFα concentrations and TNFr1 expression on monocyte subpopulations in resistance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Wells
- Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
| | - Adam R Jajtner
- School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - David D Church
- Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Adam M Gonzalez
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Jeremy R Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - Carleigh H Boone
- Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Kayla M Baker
- Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Kyle S Beyer
- Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Gerald T Mangine
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA
| | - Leonardo P Oliveira
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David H Fukuda
- Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
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George M, Azhar G, Pangle A, Peeler E, Dawson A, Coker R, Coleman KS, Schrader A, Wei J. Feasibility of Conducting a 6-month long Home-based Exercise Program with Protein Supplementation in Elderly Community-dwelling Individuals with Heart Failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2. [PMID: 29226282 DOI: 10.4172/2573-0312.1000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Cardiac cachexia is a condition associated with heart failure, particularly in the elderly, and is characterized by loss of muscle mass with or without the loss of fat mass. Approximately 15% of elderly heart failure patients will eventually develop cardiac cachexia; such a diagnosis is closely associated with high morbidity and increased mortality. While the mechanism(s) involved in the progression of cardiac cachexia is incompletely established, certain factors appear to be contributory. Dietary deficiencies, impaired bowel perfusion, and metabolic dysfunction all contribute to reduced muscle mass, increased muscle wasting, increased protein degradation, and reduced protein synthesis. Thus slowing or preventing the progression of cardiac cachexia relies heavily on dietary and exercise-based interventions in addition to standard heart failure treatments and medications. Methods The aim of the present study was to test the feasibility of an at-home exercise and nutrition intervention program in a population of elderly with heart failure, in an effort to determine whether dietary protein supplementation and increased physical activity may slow the progression, or prevent the onset, of cardiac cachexia. Frail elderly patients over the age of 55 with symptoms of heart failure from UAMS were enrolled in one of two groups, intervention or control. To assess the effect of protein supplementation and exercise on the development of cardiac cachexia, data on various measures of muscle quality, cardiovascular health, mental status, and quality of life were collected and analyzed from the two groups at the beginning and end of the study period. Results More than 50% of those who were initially enrolled actually completed the 6-month study. While both groups showed some improvement in their study measures, the protein and exercise group showed a greater tendency to improve than the control group by the end of the six months. Conclusion These findings suggest that with a larger cohort, this intervention may show significant positive effects for elderly patients who are at risk of developing cardiac cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masil George
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Gohar Azhar
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Amanda Pangle
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Eric Peeler
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Amanda Dawson
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Robert Coker
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kellie S Coleman
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Amy Schrader
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jeanne Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Effect of Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation Prior to Resistance Exercise on Metabolic Hormones, Plasma Amino Acids, and Serum Indices of Muscle Damage in the Recovery Period. TOP CLIN NUTR 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/tin.0000000000000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rindom E, Nielsen MH, Kececi K, Jensen ME, Vissing K, Farup J. Effect of protein quality on recovery after intense resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2225-2236. [PMID: 27650605 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the effects of high- versus low-quality protein supplementation on the regain of exercise performance during recovery from a period of high-intensity resistance training. METHODS In a diet-controlled crossover study, 12 resistance-trained participants performed two identical training periods, with each training period including four sessions of high-intensity resistance exercise during 5 days, while receiving either high- or low-quality protein. Prior to and at 3, 24 and 48 h after the training periods, performance was evaluated in knee extensor and flexor isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), counter-movement jumping height (CMJ), and peak and mean anaerobic power. In addition, prior to and at 48 h after the training periods, performance in time-to-exhaustion at 70 % of VO2max (TTE) was evaluated. RESULTS After the intense training periods, decrements in the order of 4-24 % were observed for MVCext, CMJ, mean anaerobic power, and TTE. In particular for TTE, this decrement in exercise performance did not attain full recovery at 48 h post-exercise. The regain of exercise performance was not dictated by type of protein supplement. CONCLUSION The regain of muscle strength as well as anaerobic or aerobic performances were not markedly influenced by the type of protein supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rindom
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M H Nielsen
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K Kececi
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M E Jensen
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K Vissing
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Farup
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, bldg. 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Dong HJ, Wu D, Xu SY, Li Q, Fang ZF, Che LQ, Wu CM, Xu XY, Lin Y. Effect of dietary supplementation with amino acids on boar sperm quality and fertility. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 172:182-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kephart WC, Mumford PW, McCloskey AE, Holland AM, Shake JJ, Mobley CB, Jagodinsky AE, Weimar WH, Oliver GD, Young KC, Moon JR, Roberts MD. Post-exercise branched chain amino acid supplementation does not affect recovery markers following three consecutive high intensity resistance training bouts compared to carbohydrate supplementation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:30. [PMID: 27468258 PMCID: PMC4962429 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amino acid supplementation has been shown to potentially reduced exercise-induced muscle soreness. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine if branched chain amino acid and carbohydrate (BCAACHO) versus carbohydrate-only sports drink (CHO) supplementation attenuated markers of muscle damage while preserving performance markers following 3 days of intense weight training. METHODS Healthy resistance-trained males (n = 30) performed preliminary testing (T1) whereby they: 1) donated a baseline blood draw, 2) performed knee extensor dynamometry to obtain peak quadriceps isometric and isokinetic torque as well as electromyography (EMG) activity at 60°/s and 120°/s, and 3) performed a one repetition maximum (1RM) barbell back squat. The following week participants performed 10 sets x 5 repetitions at 80 % of their 1RM barbell back squat for 3 consecutive days and 48 h following the third lifting bout participants returned for (T2) testing whereby they repeated the T1 battery. Immediately following and 24 h after the three lifting bouts, participants were randomly assigned to consume one of two commercial products in 600 mL of tap water: 1) BCAAs and CHO (3 g/d L-leucine, 1 g/d L-isoleucine and 2 g/d L-valine with 2 g of CHO; n = 15), or 2) 42 g of CHO only (n = 15). Additionally, venous blood was drawn 24 h following the first and second lifting bouts and 48 h following the third bout to assess serum myoglobin concentrations, and a visual analog scale was utilized prior, during, and after the 3-d protocol to measure subjective perceptions of muscular soreness. RESULTS There were similar decrements in 1RM squat strength and isokinetic peak torque measures in the BCAA-CHO and CHO groups. Serum myoglobin concentrations (p = 0.027) and perceived muscle soreness (p < 0.001) increased over the intervention regardless of supplementation. A group*time interaction was observed for monocyte percentages (p = 0.01) whereby BCAA-CHO supplementation attenuated increases in this variable over the duration of the protocol compared to CHO supplementation. CONCLUSION BCAA-CHO supplementation did not reduce decrements in lower body strength or improve select markers of muscle damage/soreness compared to CHO supplementation over three consecutive days of intense lower-body training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Kephart
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Petey W Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Anna E McCloskey
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - A Maleah Holland
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Joshua J Shake
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Adam E Jagodinsky
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Wendi H Weimar
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Gretchen D Oliver
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA ; Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Jordan R Moon
- American Public University System, School of Health Sciences, Charles Town, WV USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA ; Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL USA
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The Effect of Post-Resistance Exercise Amino Acids on Plasma MCP-1 and CCR2 Expression. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070409. [PMID: 27384580 PMCID: PMC4963885 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment and infiltration of classical monocytes into damaged muscle is critical for optimal tissue remodeling. This study examined the effects of an amino acid supplement on classical monocyte recruitment following an acute bout of lower body resistance exercise. Ten resistance-trained men (24.7 ± 3.4 years; 90.1 ± 11.3 kg; 176.0 ± 4.9 cm) ingested supplement (SUPP) or placebo (PL) immediately post-exercise in a randomized, cross-over design. Blood samples were obtained at baseline (BL), immediately (IP), 30-min (30P), 1-h (1H), 2-h (2H), and 5-h (5H) post-exercise to assess plasma concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), myoglobin, cortisol and insulin concentrations; and expressions of C-C chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2), and macrophage-1 antigen (CD11b) on classical monocytes. Magnitude-based inferences were used to provide inferences on the true effects of SUPP compared to PL. Changes in myoglobin, cortisol, and insulin concentrations were similar between treatments. Compared to PL, plasma MCP-1 was “very likely greater” (98.1% likelihood effect) in SUPP at 2H. CCR2 expression was “likely greater” at IP (84.9% likelihood effect), “likely greater” at 1H (87.7% likelihood effect), “very likely greater” at 2H (97.0% likelihood effect), and “likely greater” at 5H (90.1% likelihood effect) in SUPP, compared to PL. Ingestion of SUPP did not influence CD11b expression. Ingestion of an amino acid supplement immediately post-exercise appears to help maintain plasma MCP-1 concentrations and augment CCR2 expression in resistance trained men.
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Landi F, Calvani R, Tosato M, Martone AM, Ortolani E, Savera G, D'Angelo E, Sisto A, Marzetti E. Protein Intake and Muscle Health in Old Age: From Biological Plausibility to Clinical Evidence. Nutrients 2016; 8:E295. [PMID: 27187465 PMCID: PMC4882708 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The provision of sufficient amounts of dietary proteins is central to muscle health as it ensures the supply of essential amino acids and stimulates protein synthesis. Older persons, in particular, are at high risk of insufficient protein ingestion. Furthermore, the current recommended dietary allowance for protein (0.8 g/kg/day) might be inadequate for maintaining muscle health in older adults, probably as a consequence of "anabolic resistance" in aged muscle. Older individuals therefore need to ingest a greater quantity of protein to maintain muscle function. The quality of protein ingested is also essential to promoting muscle health. Given the role of leucine as the master dietary regulator of muscle protein turnover, the ingestion of protein sources enriched with this essential amino acid, or its metabolite β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, is thought to offer the greatest benefit in terms of preservation of muscle mass and function in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Landi
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Matteo Tosato
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Martone
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Elena Ortolani
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Giulia Savera
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Emanuela D'Angelo
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Alex Sisto
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
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Fouré A, Nosaka K, Gastaldi M, Mattei JP, Boudinet H, Guye M, Vilmen C, Le Fur Y, Bendahan D, Gondin J. Effects of branched-chain amino acids supplementation on both plasma amino acids concentration and muscle energetics changes resulting from muscle damage: A randomized placebo controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:83-94. [PMID: 25886707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Feng L, Luo JB, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Wu P, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ. Changes in barrier health status of the gill for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during valine deficiency: Regulation of tight junction protein transcript, antioxidant status and apoptosis-related gene expression. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:239-249. [PMID: 25917968 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary valine on tight junction protein transcription, antioxidant status and apoptosis on grass carp gills (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were fed six different experimental diets containing graded levels of valine (4.3, 8.0, 10.6, 13.1, 16.7, 19.1 g/kg). The results indicated that valine deficiency decreased Claudin b, Claudin 3, Occludin and ZO-1 transcription and increased Claudin 15 expression in the fish gill (P < 0.05). These effects were partly due to the down-regulation of interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and IκB α and the up-regulation of relative mRNA expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor κB P65 (NF-κB P65) (P < 0.05). However, valine deficiency and valine supplementation did not have a significant effect on Claudin c and Claudin 12 expression in grass carp gills (P > 0.05). Valine deficiency also disrupted antioxidant status in the gill by decreasing anti-superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radical capacity, glutathione contents and the activities and mRNA levels of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (P < 0.05). These results may be ascribed to the down-regulation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), target of rapamycin (TOR) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and the up-regulation of Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) (P < 0.05). Additionally, valine deficiency induced DNA fragmentation via the up-regulation of Caspase 3, Caspase 8 and Caspase 9 expressions (P < 0.05). These results may be ascribed to the improvement in ROS levels in the fish gill (P < 0.05). Taken together, the results showed that valine deficiency impaired the structural integrity of fish gill by disrupted fish antioxidant defenses and regulating the expression of tight junction protein, cytokines, antioxidant enzymes, NF-κB p65, IκBα, TOR, Nrf2, Keap1 and apoptosis-related genes in the fish gill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jian-Bo Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Goebel RT, Kleinöder H, Yue Z, Gosh R, Mester J. Effect of Segment-Body Vibration on Strength Parameters. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2015; 1:14. [PMID: 26258006 PMCID: PMC4526247 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background In this study, we examine the biomechanical advantage of combining localized vibrations to hamstring muscles involved in a traditional resistance training routine. Methods Thirty-six male and female participants with at least 2 years of experience in resistance training were recruited from the German Sport University Cologne. The participants were randomized into two training groups: vibration training group (VG) and traditional training group (TTG). Both groups underwent a 4-week training phase, where each participant worked out at 70 % of the individual 1 repeat maximum (RM—maximum load capacity of a muscle for one lift to fatigue) (4 sets with 12 repetitions each). For participants in the VG group, local vibration was additionally applied directly to hamstring muscles during exercise. A 2-week examination phase preceded the pretests. After the pretests, the subjects underwent a prescribed training for 4 weeks. At the conclusion of the training, a 2-week detraining was imposed and then the study concluded with posttests and retest. Results The measured parameters were maximum isometric force of the hamstrings and maximum range of motion and muscle tension at maximum knee angle. The study revealed a significant increase in maximum isometric force in both training groups (VG = 21 %, TTG = 14 %). However, VG groups showed an increase in their range of motion by approximately 2 %. Moreover, the muscle tension at maximum knee angle increased less in VG (approximately 35 %) compared to TG (approximately 46 %). Conclusions We conclude that segment-body vibrations applied in resistance training can offer an effective tool to increase maximum isometric force, compared to traditional training. The cause for these findings can be attributed to the additional local vibration stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heinz Kleinöder
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zengyuan Yue
- The German Research Center, Center of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ranajay Gosh
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Joachim Mester
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Chlíbková D, Knechtle B, Rosemann T, Tomášková I, Chadim V, Shortall M. Nutrition habits in 24-hour mountain bike racers. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 3:715. [PMID: 25674455 PMCID: PMC4320206 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We investigated seventy-four ultra-mountain bikers (MTBers) competing in the solo category in the first descriptive field study to detail nutrition habits and the most common food before during and after the 24 hour race using questionnaires. During the race, bananas (86.5%), energy bars (50.0%), apples (43.2%) and cheese (43.2%) were the most commonly consumed food, followed by bread (44.6%), rice (33.8%) and bananas (33.8%) after the race. Average fluid intake was 0.5 ± 0.2 l/h. The main beverage was isotonic sports drink (82.4%) during and pure water (66.2%) after the race. The most preferred four supplements in the four weeks before, the day before, during and after the race were vitamin C (35.1%), magnesium (44.6%), magnesium (43.2%) and branched-chain amino acids (24.3%), respectively. Total frequency of food intake (30.6 ± 10.5 times/24 hrs) was associated with fluid intake (r = 0.43, P = 0.04) and both were highest at the beginning of the race and lower during the night hours and the last race segment in a subgroup of twenty-three ultra-MTBers. Supplement intake frequency (6.8 ± 8.4 times/24 hrs) was highest during the night hours and lower at the beginning and end of the race. Elevated food and fluid intake among participants tracked across all race segments (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the nutrition strategy employed by ultra-MTBers was similar to those demonstrated in previous studies of ultra-cyclists with some exceptions among selected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Chlíbková
- Centre of Sports Activities, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Facharzt FMH für Allgemeinmedizin, Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivana Tomášková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Chadim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Novel insights on nutrient management of sarcopenia in elderly. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:524948. [PMID: 25705670 PMCID: PMC4326274 DOI: 10.1155/2015/524948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is defined as a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass and strength. The more rationale approach to delay the progression of sarcopenia is based on the combination of proper nutrition, possibly associated with the use of dietary supplements and a regular exercise program. We performed a narrative literature review to evaluate the till-now evidence regarding (1) the metabolic and nutritional correlates of sarcopenia; (2) the optimum diet therapy for the treatment of these abnormalities. This review included 67 eligible studies. In addition to the well recognized link between adequate intake of proteins/amino acids and sarcopenia, the recent literature underlines that in sarcopenic elderly subjects there is an unbalance in vitamin D synthesis and in omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio. Given the detrimental effect of these metabolic abnormalities, a change in the lifestyle must be the cornerstone in the treatment of sarcopenia. The optimum diet therapy for the sarcopenia treatment must aim at achieving specific metabolic goals, which must be reached through accession of the elderly to specific personalized dietary program aimed at achieving and/or maintaining muscle mass; increasing their intake of fish (4 times/week) or taking omega-3 PUFA supplements; taking vitamin D supplementation, if there are low serum levels.
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Effects of protein supplements on muscle damage, soreness and recovery of muscle function and physical performance: a systematic review. Sports Med 2014; 44:655-70. [PMID: 24435468 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein supplements are frequently consumed by athletes and recreationally-active individuals, although the decision to purchase and consume protein supplements is often based on marketing claims rather than evidence-based research. OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic and comprehensive analysis of literature examining the hypothesis that protein supplements enhance recovery of muscle function and physical performance by attenuating muscle damage and soreness following a previous bout of exercise. DATA SOURCES English language articles were searched with PubMed and Google Scholar using protein and supplements together with performance, exercise, competition and muscle, alone or in combination as keywords. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria required studies to recruit healthy adults less than 50 years of age and to evaluate the effects of protein supplements alone or in combination with carbohydrate on performance metrics including time-to-exhaustion, time-trial or isometric or isokinetic muscle strength and markers of muscle damage and soreness. Twenty-seven articles were identified of which 18 dealt exclusively with ingestion of protein supplements to reduce muscle damage and soreness and improve recovery of muscle function following exercise, whereas the remaining 9 articles assessed muscle damage as well as performance metrics during single or repeat bouts of exercise. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Papers were evaluated based on experimental design and examined for confounders that explain discrepancies between studies such as dietary control, training state of participants, sample size, direct or surrogate measures of muscle damage, and sensitivity of the performance metric. RESULTS High quality and consistent data demonstrated there is no apparent relationship between recovery of muscle function and ratings of muscle soreness and surrogate markers of muscle damage when protein supplements are consumed prior to, during or after a bout of endurance or resistance exercise. There also appears to be insufficient experimental data demonstrating ingestion of a protein supplement following a bout of exercise attenuates muscle soreness and/or lowers markers of muscle damage. However, beneficial effects such as reduced muscle soreness and markers of muscle damage become more evident when supplemental protein is consumed after daily training sessions. Furthermore, the data suggest potential ergogenic effects associated with protein supplementation are greatest if participants are in negative nitrogen and/or energy balance. LIMITATIONS Small sample numbers and lack of dietary control limited the effectiveness of several investigations. In addition, studies did not measure the effects of protein supplementation on direct indices of muscle damage such as myofibrillar disruption and various measures of protein signaling indicative of a change in rates of protein synthesis and degradation. As a result, the interpretation of the data was often limited. CONCLUSIONS Overwhelmingly, studies have consistently demonstrated the acute benefits of protein supplementation on post-exercise muscle anabolism, which, in theory, may facilitate the recovery of muscle function and performance. However, to date, when protein supplements are provided, acute changes in post-exercise protein synthesis and anabolic intracellular signaling have not resulted in measureable reductions in muscle damage and enhanced recovery of muscle function. Limitations in study designs together with the large variability in surrogate markers of muscle damage reduced the strength of the evidence-base.
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Luo JB, Feng L, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Wu P, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ. The impaired intestinal mucosal immune system by valine deficiency for young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is associated with decreasing immune status and regulating tight junction proteins transcript abundance in the intestine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:197-207. [PMID: 25014314 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary valine on the growth, intestinal immune response, tight junction proteins transcript abundance and gene expression of immune-related signaling molecules in the intestine of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six iso-nitrogenous diets containing graded levels of valine (4.3-19.1 g kg(-)(1) diet) were fed to the fish for 8 weeks. The results showed that percentage weight gain (PWG), feed intake and feed efficiency of fish were the lowest in fish fed the valine-deficient diet (P < 0.05). In addition, valine deficiency decreased lysozyme, acid phosphatase activities and complement 3 content in the intestine (P < 0.05), down-regulated mRNA levels of interleukin 10, transforming growth factor β1, IκBα and target of rapamycin (TOR) (P < 0.05), and up-regulated tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 8 and nuclear factor κB P65 (NF-κB P65) gene expression (P < 0.05). Additionally, valine deficiency significantly decreased transcript of Occludin, Claudin b, Claudin c, Claudin 3, and ZO-1 (P < 0.05), and improved Claudin 15 expression in the fish intestine (P < 0.05). However, valine did not have a significant effect on expression of Claudin 12 in the intestine of grass carp (P > 0.05). In conclusion, valine deficiency decreased fish growth and intestinal immune status, as well as regulated gene expression of tight junction proteins, NF-κB P65, IκBα and TOR in the fish intestine. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of lysozyme activity or PWG, the dietary valine requirement of young grass carp (268-679 g) were established to be 14.47 g kg(-1) diet (4.82 g 100 g(-1) CP) or 14.00 g kg(-1) diet (4.77 g 100 g(-1) CP), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Outlaw JJ, Wilborn CD, Smith-Ryan AE, Hayward SE, Urbina SL, Taylor LW, Foster CA. Acute effects of a commercially-available pre-workout supplement on markers of training: a double-blind study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:40. [PMID: 25302053 PMCID: PMC4190923 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-workout supplements containing numerous ingredients claim to increase performance and strength. Product-specific research is important for identifying efficacy of combined ingredients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a proprietary pre-workout dietary supplement containing creatine monohydrate, beta-alanine, L-Tarurine, L-Leucine, and caffeine, on anaerobic power, muscular strength, body composition, and mood states. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, matched-pair design, twenty male subjects (mean ± SD; 22.4 ± 9.5 yrs, 76.9 ± 11.2 kg, 22.7 ± 9.5% body fat), consumed either 30 g of a pre-workout supplement (SUP) or maltodextrin placebo (PLC) 30 minutes before a resistance training workout, after completing baseline testing. Body composition was determined via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Subjects completed 12 vertical jumps for height (VJ) and one repetition maximum (1RM) and repetitions to failure lifts on bench (BPM) and leg press (LPM). Finally, subjects completed a Wingate power test on a cycle ergometer [mean power (WMP) and peak power (WPP)]. After baseline testing, participants completed eight days of supplementation and four split-body resistance-training bouts. Side effect questionnaires were completed daily 30 minutes after consuming the supplement. Subjects completed post-supplement testing on Day 8. Data were analyzed utilizing a 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA [treatment (PLC vs SUP) × time (T1 vs T2)] and ninety-five percent confidence intervals. RESULTS There were no significant treatment × time interactions (p > 0.05). There were no significant changes in %body fat (%BF; ∆-0.43 ± 0.58; p = 0.920), fat mass (∆-2.45 ± 5.72; p = 0.988), or lean body mass (LBM; 10.9 ± 12.2; p = 0.848). 95% CI demonstrated significant LBM increases for both groups. There was a main effect for time for WPP (∆100.5 ± 42.7W; p = 0.001), BPM (∆8.0 ± 12.9 lbs; p = 0.001), and LPM (∆80.0 ± 28.8 lbs; p = 0.001), with no significant differences between treatments. There was no significant difference in mood states between groups or over time. CONCLUSION The proprietary pre-workout blend combined with eight days of training did not significantly (ANOVA) improve body composition or performance. While not significant, greater gains in LPM were demonstrated in the SUP group for lean body mass and lower body strength. Future studies should evaluate more chronic effects of proprietary pre-workout blends on total training volume and performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Outlaw
- Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton 76513, TX, USA
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton 76513, TX, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill 27599, NC, USA
| | - Sara E Hayward
- Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton 76513, TX, USA
| | - Stacie L Urbina
- Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton 76513, TX, USA
| | - Lem W Taylor
- Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton 76513, TX, USA
| | - Cliffa A Foster
- Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton 76513, TX, USA
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McLellan TM. Protein supplementation for military personnel: a review of the mechanisms and performance outcomes. J Nutr 2013; 143:1820S-1833S. [PMID: 24027180 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.176313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein supplement use is common among athletes, active adults, and military personnel. This review provides a summary of the evidence base that either supports or refutes the ergogenic effects associated with different mechanisms that have been proposed to support protein supplementation. It was clear that if carbohydrate delivery was optimal either during or after an acute bout of exercise that additional protein will not increase exercise capacity. Evidence was also weak to substantiate use of protein supplements to slow the increase in brain serotonin and onset of central fatigue. It was also evident that additional research is warranted to test whether the benefits of protein supplements for enhancing recovery of fluid balance after exercise will affect subsequent work in the heat. In contrast, with repeated exercise, use of protein supplementation was associated with reductions in muscle soreness and often a faster recovery of muscle function due to reductions in protein degradation. There was also good supportive evidence for long-term benefits of protein supplementation for gains in muscle mass and strength through accelerated rates of protein synthesis, as long as the training stimulus was of sufficient intensity, frequency, and duration. However, studies have not examined the impact of protein supplements under the combined stress of a military environment that includes repeated bouts of exercise with little opportunity for feeding and recovery, lack of sleep, and exposure to extreme environments. Both additional laboratory and field research is warranted to help provide evidence-based guidance for the choice of protein supplements to enhance soldier performance.
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Lynch S. The differential effects of a complex protein drink versus isocaloric carbohydrate drink on performance indices following high-intensity resistance training: a two arm crossover design. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2013; 10:31. [PMID: 23758838 PMCID: PMC3685561 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-workout nutrient timing and macronutrient selection are essential for recovery, glycogen replenishment and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Performance repeatability, particularly after strenuous activity, can be influenced by substrate availability, recovery markers and perceived rate of exertion. This study compared the differential effects of a complex protein ready-to-drink beverage (VPX) and isocaloric carbohydrate beverage (iCHO) on performance—agility T-test, push-up test, 40-yard sprint, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE), following high-intensity resistance training (HIRT). Methods In a randomized, double blind two-arm crossover controlled trial, 15 subjects performed a 15–18 minute (2:1 work to rest) HIRT and then immediately drank one of the two treatments. After a 2-hour fast, subjects returned to execute the field tests and report RPE. The protocol was repeated one week later with the other treatment. Results There were no significant main effect differences in the agility T-test (p = 0.83), push-up (p = 0.21) sprint (p = 0.12), average agility RPE (p = 0.83), average push-up RPE (p = 0.81) or average sprint RPE (p = 0.66) between the two trials and the two treatments. The multivariate analysis yielded a cumulative significant interaction effect amongst the three performance variables after consuming VPX (p < 0.01). These results suggest a complex protein beverage is a better post-workout choice compared to an isocaloric carbohydrate beverage for repeated performance for activities that require multiple energy demands and athletic skills; however, this outcome was not observed for each single performance event or RPE. Conclusion When considering the collective physical effects of the agility T-test, push-up and sprint tests, a complex protein beverage may provide a recovery advantage as it relates to repeated-bout performance compared to an iCHO-only beverage. Additional research examining the chronic effects of post-exercise protein versus iCHO beverages on performance repeatability, particularly in special populations (e.g. tactical and elite athletes), is warranted to further develop these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannan Lynch
- Trident University, 5757 Plaza Drive #100, Cypress, CA, USA
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Ormsbee MJ, Thomas DD, Mandler WK, Ward EG, Kinsey AW, Panton LB, Scheett TP, Hooshmand S, Simonavice E, Kim JS. The effects of pre- and post-exercise consumption of multi-ingredient performance supplements on cardiovascular health and body fat in trained men after six weeks of resistance training: a stratified, randomized, double-blind study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:39. [PMID: 23680036 PMCID: PMC3662597 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cardiovascular (CV) and metabolic health benefits or risks associated with consumption of multi-ingredient performance supplements (MIPS) in conjunction with periodized resistance training (RT) in resistance-trained men are unknown. This population is a major target audience for performance supplements, and therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effect of RT and commercially available pre- and post-exercise performance supplements on CV health and body fat in resistance-trained men. Methods Twenty-four resistance-trained men completed six weeks (three times/week) of periodized RT while either ingesting SHOT 15-min pre-exercise and SYN immediately post-exercise (multi-ingredient performance supplement group: MIPS) or an isocaloric maltodextrin placebo 15-min pre-exercise and immediately post-exercise (Placebo group). Before and after six weeks of RT and supplementation, resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), total body fat, android fat, gynoid fat, fat-free mass (FFM) and fasting blood measures of glucose, lipids, nitrate/nitrite (NOx), cortisol and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured. Statistical analysis was conducted using a one-way ANOVA for baseline differences and a 2 × 2 (group × time) repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests where appropriate. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results There was no group × time interaction for HR, BP, blood glucose, lipids, NOx, hs-CRP, cortisol concentrations or body fat. However, there was a time effect where significant decreases in body fat (mean ± SD; MIPS: -1.2 ± 1.2%; Placebo: -0.9 ± 1.1%), android fat (MIPS: -1.8 ± 2.1%; Placebo: -1.6 ± 2.0%), and gynoid fat (MIPS: -1.3 ± 1.6%; Placebo: -1.0 ± 1.4%) for both groups were observed. FFM increased in both groups, and a group × time interaction was observed with MIPS increasing significantly more than the Placebo group (4.2% vs. 1.9%). Conclusions Six weeks of MIPS ingestion and periodized RT does not alter CV health parameters or blood indices of health or body fat more than a Placebo treatment in healthy, resistance-trained men. However, MIPS significantly increased FFM more than Placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsbee
- Dept, of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, The Florida State University, 120 Convocation Way, 430 Sandels Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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