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An J, Su Z, Meng S. Effect of aerobic training versus resistance training for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in middle-aged to older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 126:105530. [PMID: 38878596 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the influence of aerobic training (AT) versus resistance training (RT) on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in middle-aged to older adults. Four electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and web of science, as well as reference lists of included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched from inception to April 2024. Data were pooled by the inverse-variance method and reported as mean differences (MDs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Thirty-eight RCTs, with a pooled sample of 1682 participants, met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis revealed that AT significantly improved VO2max/peak (MD = 1.80, 95 % CI: 0.96 to 2.64, p < 0.0001) and 6-MWT (MD = 18.58, 95 % CI: 10.38 to 26.78, p < 0.00001), and significantly decreased body mass (MD = -1.23, 95 % CI: -1.98 to -0.47, p = 0.001) versus RT. However, changes in lean body mass favored RT over AT. Moreover, changes in VO2max/peak and 6-MWT following AT were significant among both healthy and unhealthy participants, or men and women, after medium-term (< 24 weeks) and long-term (≥ 24 weeks) interventions, and among participants aged ≤65 and >65. Our results propose that AT should be considered an efficient approach to improving cardiorespiratory fitness and overall body composition with aging, particularly in terms of VO2max and 6-MWT performance. However, for improvements in lean body mass, RT may be more beneficial. Therefore, a combination of AT and RT might be optimal for comprehensive fitness and body composition improvements with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqun An
- College of Sports Science, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanguo Su
- Faculty of Physical Education, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, Anhui, China.
| | - Shangjie Meng
- International College, Krirk University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand
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Han M, Fang J, Zhang Y, Song X, Jin L, Ma Y. Associations of sleeping, sedentary and physical activity with phenotypic age acceleration: a cross-sectional isotemporal substitution model. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:165. [PMID: 36959562 PMCID: PMC10035275 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-03874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity was believed to be associated with reduced aging among adults, while the competing nature of the physical activity and sedentary behavior has mainly been neglected in studies. We aimed to estimate the association of sleeping, sedentary behavior, and physical activity with aging among adults, considering the competing nature between variables of activity status. METHODS A total of 5288 participants who were 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were involved. The questionnaire was used to collect data regarding sociodemographics (age, sex, ethnicity/race, and education), and lifestyle behaviors (smoking, drinking). The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to measure self-reported time for sedentary behavior, walking/bicycling, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The sleeping duration was obtained via interview. Phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel) was calculated as an aging index using nine chemistry biomarkers. Isotemporal substitution models using multivariable linear regression to examine the associations of sleeping, sedentary behavior, and physical activity with PhenoAgeAccel, stratified by MVPA (< 150 min/week, ≥ 150 min/week). RESULTS Thirty minutes per day spent on sedentary behavior was positively associated with PhenoAgeAccel (β = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.11), and 30 min/day spent on leisure-time MVPA was adversely associated with PhenoAgeAccel (β = - 0.55, 95% CI: - 0.73, - 0.38). Replacing 30 min/day sedentary behaviors with 30 min/day of MVPA (β = -3.98, 95% CI: -6.22, -1.74) or 30 min/day of walking/bicycling (β = -0.89, 95% CI: -1.10, -0.68) was adversely associated with PhenoAgeAccel. Substituting 30 min/day of walking/bicycling for 30 min/day of leisure-time MVPA was positively associated with PhenoAgeAccel (β = 3.09, 95% CI: 0.93, 5.25). CONCLUSION Sedentary behavior was positively associated with aging. Replacing sedentary behaviors with walking/bicycling or MVPA was adversely associated with aging among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Han
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Liaoning Province, 110122, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, No.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Liaoning Province, 110122, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xingxu Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, No.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Lina Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, No.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Yanan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Liaoning Province, 110122, Shenyang, P.R. China.
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Quantifying the Generality of Strength Adaptation: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:637-648. [PMID: 36396899 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isotonic exercise is the most common mode of strength training. Isotonic strength is often measured in the movement that was exercised, but isometric and isokinetic movements are also commonly used to quantify changes in muscular strength. Previous research suggests that increasing strength in one movement may not lead to an increase in strength in a different movement. Quantifying the increase in strength in a movement not trained may be important for understanding strength training adaptations and making recommendations for resistance exercise and rehabilitation programs. OBJECTIVE To quantify changes in non-specific strength relative to a control. DESIGN A systematic review and random effects meta-analysis was conducted investigating the effects of isotonic strength training on isotonic and isokinetic/isometric strength. SEARCH AND INCLUSION This systematic review was conducted in Google scholar, PubMed, Academic Search Premier, and MENDELEY. To be included in this review paper the article needed to meet the following criteria: (1) report sufficient data for our variables of interest (i.e., changes in isotonic strength and changes in isokinetic or isometric strength); (2) include a time-matched non-exercise control; (3) be written in English; (4) include healthy human participants over the age of 18 years; (5) the participants had to train and test isotonically; (6) the participants had to be tested isokinetically or isometrically on a device different from that they trained on; (7) the non-specific strength task had to test a muscle involved in the training (i.e., could not have trained chest press and test handgrip strength); and (8) the control group and the experimental group had to perform the same number of strength tests. RESULTS We completed two separate searches. In the original search a total of 880 papers were screened and nine papers met the inclusion criteria. In the secondary search a total of 2594 papers were screened and three additional papers were added (total of 12 studies). The overall effect of resistance training on changes in strength within a movement that was not directly trained was 0.8 (Cohen's d) with a standard error of 0.286. This overall effect was significant (t = 2.821, p = 0.01) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) is 0.22-1.4. The overall effect of resistance training on strength changes within a movement that was directly trained was 1.84 (Cohen's d) with a standard error of 0.296. This overall effect was significant (t = 6.221, p < 0.001) and the 95% CI is 1.23-2.4. CONCLUSION The results of our meta-analysis suggest that strength increases in both the specific and non-specific strength tests. However, the smaller effect size associated with non-specific strength suggests that it will be difficult for a single study to meaningfully investigate the transfer of strength training adaptions.
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Markov A, Hauser L, Chaabene H. Effects of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Healthy Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:437-455. [PMID: 36222981 PMCID: PMC9876872 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that in older adults the combination of strength training (ST) and endurance training (ET) (i.e., concurrent training [CT]) has similar effects on measures of muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE) compared with single-mode ST or ET, respectively. Therefore, CT seems to be an effective method to target broad aspects of physical fitness in older adults. OBJECTIVES The aim was to examine the effects of CT on measures of physical fitness (i.e., muscle strength, power, balance and CRE) in healthy middle-aged and older adults aged between 50 and 73 years. We also aimed to identify key moderating variables to guide training prescription. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. DATA SOURCES The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, MEDLINE and Google Scholar were systematically searched until February 2022. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES We included randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of CT versus passive controls on measures of physical fitness in healthy middle-aged and older adults aged between 50 and 73 years. RESULTS Fifteen studies were eligible, including a total of 566 participants. CT induced moderate positive effects on muscle strength (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.74) and power (SMD = 0.50), with a small effect on CRE (SMD = 0.48). However, no significant effects were detected for balance (p > 0.05). Older adults > 65 years (SMD = 1.04) and females (SMD = 1.05) displayed larger improvements in muscle strength compared with adults ≤ 65 years old (SMD = 0.60) and males (SMD = 0.38), respectively. For CRE, moderate positive effects (SMD = 0.52) were reported in those ≤ 65 years old only, with relatively larger gains in females (SMD = 0.55) compared with males (SMD = 0.45). However, no significant differences between all subgroups were detected. Independent single training factor analysis indicated larger positive effects of 12 weeks (SMD = 0.87 and 0.88) compared with 21 weeks (SMD = 0.47 and 0.29) of CT on muscle strength and power, respectively, while for CRE, 21 weeks of CT resulted in larger gains (SMD = 0.62) than 12 weeks (SMD = 0.40). For CT frequency, three sessions per week produced larger beneficial effects (SMD = 0.91) on muscle strength compared with four sessions (SMD = 0.55), whereas for CRE, moderate positive effects were only noted after four sessions per week (SMD = 0.58). A session duration of > 30-60 min generated larger improvements in muscle strength (SMD = 0.99) and power (SMD = 0.88) compared with > 60-90 min (SMD = 0.40 and 0.29, respectively). However, for CRE, longer session durations (i.e., > 60-90 min) seem to be more effective (SMD = 0.61) than shorter ones (i.e., > 30-60 min) (SMD = 0.34). ET at moderate-to-near maximal intensities produced moderate (SMD = 0.64) and small positive effects (SMD = 0.49) on muscle strength and CRE, respectively, with no effects at low intensity ET (p > 0.05). Finally, intra-session ST before ET produced larger gains in muscle strength (SMD = 1.00) compared with separate sessions (SMD = 0.55), whereas ET and ST carried out separately induced larger improvements in CRE (SMD = 0.58) compared with intra-session ET before ST (SMD = 0.49). CONCLUSIONS CT is an effective method to improve measures of physical fitness (i.e., muscle strength, power, and CRE) in healthy middle-aged and older adults aged between 50 and 73 years, regardless of sex. Results of independent single training factor analysis indicated that the largest effects on muscle strength were observed after 12 weeks of training, > 30-60 min per session, three sessions per week, higher ET intensities and when ST preceded ET within the same session. For CRE, the largest effects were noted after 21 weeks of training, four sessions per week, > 60-90 min per session, higher ET intensities and when ET and ST sessions were performed separately. Regarding muscle power, the largest effects were observed after 12 weeks of training and > 30-60 min per session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Markov
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Bldg. 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Lukas Hauser
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Bldg. 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
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James E, Nichols S, Goodall S, Hicks KM, O'Doherty AF. The influence of resistance training on neuromuscular function in middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Exp Gerontol 2021; 149:111320. [PMID: 33774145 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deterioration of neuromuscular function is a major mechanism of age-related strength loss. Resistance training (RT) improves muscle strength and mass. However, the effects of RT on neuromuscular adaptations in middle-aged and older adults are unclear. METHODS Randomised controlled RT interventions (≥2 weeks) involving adults aged ≥50 years were identified. Primary outcome measures were voluntary activation (VA), electromyographic (EMG) activity during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and antagonist coactivation. Data were pooled using a weighted random-effect model. Sub-analyses were conducted by muscle or muscle group and health status of participants. Sensitivity analysis was based on study quality. P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies were included. An effect was found for VA (standardised mean difference [SMD] 0.54, 0.01 to 1.07, P = 0.04), This result remained significant following sensitivity analysis involving only studies that were low risk of bias. Subgroup analyses showed an effect for plantar flexor VA (SMD 1.13, 0.20 to 2.06, P = 0.02) and VA in healthy participants (SMD 1.04, 0.32 to 1.76, P = 0.004). There was no effect for EMG activity or antagonist coactivation of any muscle group (P > 0.05). DISCUSSION Resistance training did not alter EMG activity or antagonist coactivation in older adults. Sensitivity analysis resulted in the effect for VA remaining significant, indicating that this finding was not dependent on study quality. Studies predominantly involved healthy older adults (78%), limiting the generalisability of these findings to clinical cohorts. Future research should determine the effects of RT on neuromuscular function in people with sarcopenia and age-related syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily James
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon Nichols
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair F O'Doherty
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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Comparisons of low-intensity versus moderate-intensity combined aerobic and resistance training on body composition, muscle strength, and functional performance in older women. Menopause 2019; 25:668-675. [PMID: 29406427 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the effects of exercise order of combined aerobic and low- or moderate-intensity resistance training into the same session on body composition, functional performance, and muscle strength in healthy older women. Furthermore, this study compared the effects of different (low- vs moderate-) intensity combined training. METHODS A total of 60 healthy older women (age 61-81 y) were randomly assigned to five groups that performed aerobic exercise before low-intensity resistance training (AR-L, n = 12) or after resistance training (RA-L, n = 12), performed aerobic exercise before moderate-intensity resistance training (AR-M, n = 12) or after resistance training (RA-M, n = 12), or nonintervention control conditions (CON, n = 12). Body composition, functional performance, and muscle strength were evaluated before and after the 10-week training. RESULTS No effects of exercise order of combined aerobic and low- or moderate-intensity resistance training (AR-L vs RA-L, AR-M vs RA-M) were observed in body composition, functional performance, or muscle strength, whereas the effects of training intensity of combined training (AR-L vs AR-M, RA-L vs RA-M) were observed on functional performance. All combined trainings significantly increased muscle strength and gait ability (P < 0.01, respectively). Functional reach test significantly increased in the AR-M and RA-M groups (P < 0.01, respectively), and there were significant group differences between AR-L and AR-M (P = 0.002), RA-L and RA-M (P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Preliminary findings suggest that combined aerobic and low- or moderate-intensity resistance training increases muscle strength and improves gait ability, regardless of the exercise order. Also, greater improvement in dynamic balance capacity, a risk factor associated with falling, is observed in moderate-intensity combined training.
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Timmons JF, Minnock D, Hone M, Cogan KE, Murphy JC, Egan B. Comparison of time-matched aerobic, resistance, or concurrent exercise training in older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2272-2283. [PMID: 29947107 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A supervised 12-week intervention of time-matched aerobic vs resistance versus concurrent exercise training was employed to investigate mode- and time course-specific effects of exercise training in older adults. Community-dwelling men and women (n = 84; M/F, 45/39; 69.3 ± 3.5 years; 26.4 ± 3.8 kg m-2 ) were randomly assigned (n = 21 each) to either non-exercise control (CON), aerobic exercise only (AER), resistance exercise only (RES), or concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise (CEX). Training groups trained three times per week, each performing 72 minutes of active exercise time per week. Body composition, physical and cognitive function, and markers of metabolic health were assessed before (PRE), and after 6 (MID) and 12 (POST) weeks of exercise training. Hand-grip strength, 1RM chest press, and arm LBM were improved by both RES and CEX, but not AER. Aerobic fitness increased in AER and RES, but not CEX. Cognitive function improved in all groups, but occurred earlier (ie, at MID) in AER. CEX improved gait speed and lower limb strength and reduced trunk fat compared to either AER or RES. Leg LBM was unchanged in any group. Temporal patterns were observed as early as 6 weeks of training (gait speed, upper and lower limb strength, aerobic fitness), whereas others were unchanged until 12 weeks (hand-grip strength, timed up-and-go, sit-to-stand). Compared to either aerobic or resistance exercise training alone, concurrent exercise training is as efficacious for improving a range of health-related parameters and is more efficacious for increasing gait speed and lower limb strength, and decreasing trunk fat in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Timmons
- Institute for Sport and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Medfit Proactive Healthcare, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dean Minnock
- Institute for Sport and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michelle Hone
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Karl E Cogan
- Institute for Sport and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Brendan Egan
- Institute for Sport and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.,National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Cadore EL, Pinto RS, Teodoro JL, da Silva LXN, Menger E, Alberton CL, Cunha G, Schumann M, Bottaro M, ZamboM-Ferraresi F, Izquierdo M. Cardiorespiratory Adaptations in Elderly Men Following Different Concurrent Training Regimes. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:483-490. [PMID: 29582887 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effects of different intra-session exercise orders during concurrent training (CT) on endurance performance in elderly men, as well as to verify its influence on individual responses in endurance performance. DESIGN Twenty-five healthy elderly men (64.7 ± 4.1 years) were placed into two groups: strength training prior to endurance training (SE, n=13), and one in the reverse order (ES, n=12). CT was performed three times a week during 12 weeks. Before and after training, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), maximal workload (Wmax), absolute and relative cycling economy at 25, 50, 75 and 100 W (i.e., average VO2 at different stages) were assessed. RESULTS Similar increases in VO2peak were observed in the SE and ES groups (SE: 8.1 ± 9.9%; ES: 9.3 ± 9.8%; P<0.001), as well as in Wmax (SE: 19.9 ± 19.3%; ES: 24.1 ± 24.0%; P<0.001). Moreover, significant reductions were observed in the absolute VO2 at 100 W (P<0.05) in the SE and ES groups. No difference between groups was observed. In the ES group, one subject did not respond positively in terms of both VO2max and Wmax, whereas 4 subjects did not respond positively in terms of both VO2max and Wmax in SE group. CONCLUSIONS CT improved maximal and submaximal endurance performance in elderly men, independent of intra-session exercise order. However, it seems that the ES order elicited more individual responsiveness in terms of maximal endurance performance than SE order.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Cadore
- Mikel Izquierdo, PhD, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra (Navarra) Spain, Campus of Tudela, Av. de Tarazona s/n. 31500 Tudela (Navarra) Spain, Tel.: + 34 948 417876, E-mail:
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Alves AR, Marta CC, Neiva HP, Izquierdo M, Marques MC. Does Intrasession Concurrent Strength and Aerobic Training Order Influence Training-Induced Explosive Strength and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max in Prepubescent Children? J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3267-3277. [PMID: 27870694 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alves, AR, Marta, C, Neiva, HP, Izquierdo, M, and Marques, MC. Does intrasession concurrent strength and aerobic training order influence training-induced explosive strength and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max in prepubescent children?. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3267-3277, 2016-The aim of this study was to analyze the interference of strength and aerobic training order over an 8-week period on explosive skills and maximal oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) in prepubescent children. One hundred twenty-eight prepubescent children aged 10-11 years (10.9 ± 0.5 years) were randomly selected and assigned to 1 of the 3 groups: intrasession concurrent aerobic before (GAS: n = 39) or after strength training (GSA: n = 45) or control group (GC: n = 44; no training program). The GC maintained their baseline level performance, and training-induced differences were found in the experimental groups. Increases were found in the 1-kg and 3-kg medicine ball throws: GAS: +3%, +5.5%, p ≤ 0.05, p < 0.001; GSA: +5.7%, +8.7%, p < 0.001, respectively; in the counter movement jump height and standing long jump length: GAS: +6.5%, +3.4%, p ≤ 0.05; GSA: +7%, +4.5%, p < 0.001, respectively; in the 20-m shuttle-run time: GAS: +2.3%; GSA: +4.6%, p < 0.001; and, in the V[Combining Dot Above]O2max: GAS: +7.3%, p < 0.001; GSA: +3.8%, p < 0.001 from pretraining to post-training. All programs were effective, but GSA produced better results than GAS for muscle strength variables, and GAS produced better results than GSA for aerobic capacity variables. The present study explored an unknown issue and added useful information to the literature in this area. These training methods should be taken into consideration to optimize explosive strength and cardiorespiratory fitness training in school-based programs and sports club programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Alves
- 1Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal;2Department of Sport Sciences, Guarda Polytechnique Institute, Guarda, Portugal;3Research Unit for Inland Development, UDI, Guarda, Portugal;4Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; and5Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain
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Ahtiainen JP, Walker S, Peltonen H, Holviala J, Sillanpää E, Karavirta L, Sallinen J, Mikkola J, Valkeinen H, Mero A, Hulmi JJ, Häkkinen K. Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:10. [PMID: 26767377 PMCID: PMC5005877 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity recommendations for public health include typically muscle-strengthening activities for a minimum of 2 days a week. The range of inter-individual variation in responses to resistance training (RT) aiming to improve health and well-being requires to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to quantify high and low responders for RT-induced changes in muscle size and strength and to examine possible effects of age and sex on these responses. Previously collected data of untrained healthy men and women (age 19 to 78 years, n = 287 with 72 controls) were pooled for the present study. Muscle size and strength changed during RT are 4.8 ± 6.1 % (range from -11 to 30 %) and 21.1 ± 11.5 % (range from -8 to 60 %) compared to pre-RT, respectively. Age and sex did not affect to the RT responses. Fourteen percent and 12 % of the subjects were defined as high responders (>1 standard deviation (SD) from the group mean) for the RT-induced changes in muscle size and strength, respectively. When taking into account the results of non-training controls (upper 95 % CI), 29 and 7 % of the subjects were defined as low responders for the RT-induced changes in muscle size and strength, respectively. The muscle size and strength responses varied extensively between the subjects regardless of subject's age and sex. Whether these changes are associated with, e.g., functional capacity and metabolic health improvements due to RT requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha P Ahtiainen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Simon Walker
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Heikki Peltonen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jarkko Holviala
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Elina Sillanpää
- Gerontology Research Center, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Laura Karavirta
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Janne Sallinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jussi Mikkola
- Physiology, Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heli Valkeinen
- Department of Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Mero
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Juha J Hulmi
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Čichoň R, Maszczyk A, Stastny P, Uhlíř P, Petr M, Doubrava O, Mostowik A, Gołaś A, Cieszczyk P, Żmijewski P. Effects of Krankcycle Training on Performance and Body Composition in Wheelchair Users. J Hum Kinet 2015; 48:71-8. [PMID: 26834875 PMCID: PMC4721625 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovation in training equipment is important for increasing training effectiveness, performance and changes in body composition, especially in wheelchair users with paraplegia. The main objective of a workout session is to induce an adaptation stimulus, which requires overload of involved muscles by voluntary effort, yet this overload may be highly influenced by the size of the spinal cord lesion. Krancykl construction is designed to allow exercise on any wheelchair and with adjustable height or width of crank handles, where even the grip handle may be altered. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in body composition, performance and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in paraplegics with a different level of paralyses after a 12 week training programme of a unilateral regime on Krankcycle equipment (a crank machine). The study sample included four men and one women at a different spine lesion level. The 12 weeks programme was successfully completed by four participants, while one subject got injured during the intervention process. Three participants were paraplegics and one was quadriplegic with innervation of the biceps humeri, triceps humeri and deltoideus. The Krankcycle 30 min programme was followed by four other exercises, which were performed after themselves rather than in a circuit training manner as the latter would result in much longer rest periods between exercises, because paraplegics have to be fixed by straps during exercise on hydraulic machines. The RPE after the workout decreased following the twelve week adaptation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostislav Čichoň
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Laboratory of Extreme Loading
| | - Adam Maszczyk
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sport, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Laboratory of Extreme Loading
| | - Petr Uhlíř
- Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture, Tr. Miru 115, post. 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Petr
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Laboratory of Extreme Loading
| | - Ondřej Doubrava
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Laboratory of Extreme Loading
| | - Aleksandra Mostowik
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sport, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - Artur Gołaś
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sport, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Cieszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Poland
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12
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13
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Elevated Circulating TNF-α in Fat-Free Mass Non-Responders Compared to Responders Following Exercise Training in Older Women. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:551-9. [PMID: 25198252 PMCID: PMC4192627 DOI: 10.3390/biology3030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine if differences in inflammatory cytokines exist between fat-free mass responders versus non-responders following a combined resistance/aerobic training program in older women. Fifty women over 60 years old, mean BMI 27 ± 4 (kg/m2) and physically untrained, participated in a combined training program for 16-weeks. Body composition, muscle strength, and serum inflammatory markers (TNF-α, CRP, and IL-6) were assessed at baseline and 16-weeks post-training. A significant time effect was observed for weight, %fat, fat mass, and all strength measures (p < 0.05). A group interaction was observed for TNF-α (p < 0.05), which revealed higher concentrations of circulating TNF-α at baseline (18%) and post-exercise training (24%) in non-responders compared to responders (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study revealed a significantly greater concentration of circulating TNF-α in older women that do not increase fat-free mass following training.
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14
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Cadore EL, Pinto RS, Bottaro M, Izquierdo M. Strength and endurance training prescription in healthy and frail elderly. Aging Dis 2014; 5:183-95. [PMID: 24900941 PMCID: PMC4037310 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with declines in the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems, resulting in an impaired capacity to perform daily activities. Frailty is an age-associated biological syndrome characterized by decreases in the biological functional reserve and resistance to stressors due to changes in several physiological systems, which puts older individuals at special risk of disability. To counteract the neuromuscular and cardiovascular declines associated with aging, as well as to prevent and treat the frailty syndrome, the strength and endurance training seems to be an effective strategy to improve muscle hypertrophy, strength and power output, as well as endurance performance. The first purpose of this review was discuss the neuromuscular adaptations to strength training, as well as the cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training in healthy and frail elderly subjects. In addition, the second purpose of this study was investigate the concurrent training adaptations in the elderly. Based on the results found, the combination of strength and endurance training (i.e., concurrent training) performed at moderate volume and moderate to high intensity in elderly populations is the most effective way to improve both neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory functions. Moreover, exercise interventions that include muscle power training should be prescribed to frail elderly in order to improve the overall physical status of this population and prevent disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain
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15
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Cadore EL, Pinto RS, Bottaro M, Izquierdo M. Strength and endurance training prescription in healthy and frail elderly. Aging Dis 2014; 35:891-903. [PMID: 24900941 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with declines in the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems, resulting in an impaired capacity to perform daily activities. Frailty is an age-associated biological syndrome characterized by decreases in the biological functional reserve and resistance to stressors due to changes in several physiological systems, which puts older individuals at special risk of disability. To counteract the neuromuscular and cardiovascular declines associated with aging, as well as to prevent and treat the frailty syndrome, the strength and endurance training seems to be an effective strategy to improve muscle hypertrophy, strength and power output, as well as endurance performance. The first purpose of this review was discuss the neuromuscular adaptations to strength training, as well as the cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training in healthy and frail elderly subjects. In addition, the second purpose of this study was investigate the concurrent training adaptations in the elderly. Based on the results found, the combination of strength and endurance training (i.e., concurrent training) performed at moderate volume and moderate to high intensity in elderly populations is the most effective way to improve both neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory functions. Moreover, exercise interventions that include muscle power training should be prescribed to frail elderly in order to improve the overall physical status of this population and prevent disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain ; College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil ; Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain
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16
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Fisher G, McCarthy JP, Zuckerman PA, Bryan DR, Bickel CS, Hunter GR. Frequency of combined resistance and aerobic training in older women. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 27:1868-76. [PMID: 22996024 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31827367e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the optimal frequency of combined aerobic and resistance training for improving muscular strength (MS), cardiovascular fitness (CF), and functional tasks (FTs) in women older than 60 years. Sixty-three women were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 exercise training groups. Group 1 performed 1 resistance exercise training (RET) and 1 aerobic exercise training (AET) session per week (AET/RET 1 × wk); group 2 performed 2 RET and 2 AET sessions per week (AET/RET 2 × wk); and group 3 performed 3 RET and 3 AET sessions per week (AET/RET 3 × wk). MS, CF, and FT measurements were made pretraining and 16 weeks posttraining. Repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated a significant time effect for changes in MS, CF, and FT, such that all improved after training. However, there were no significant training group or training group × time interactions. Sixteen weeks of combined AET/RET (1 × wk, 2 × wk, or 3 × wk) lead to significant improvements in MS, CF, exercise economy, and FT. However, there were no significant differences for MS, CF, or FT outcomes between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Fisher
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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17
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EL C, M I. How to simultaneously optimize muscle strength, power, functional capacity, and cardiovascular gains in the elderly: an update. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:2329-44. [PMID: 23288690 PMCID: PMC3825007 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to review the scientific literature that investigated concurrent training adaptations in elderly populations, with the aim of identifying the optimal combination of both training program variables (i.e., strength and endurance) to avoid or minimize the interference effect in the elderly. Scielo, Science Citation Index, MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and ScienceDirect databases were searched. Concurrent training is the most effective strategy by which to improve neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory functions as well as functional capacity in the elderly. The volume and frequency of training appears to play a critical role in concurrent training-induced adaptations in elderly subjects. Furthermore, new evidence indicates that the intra-session exercise order may influence the magnitude of physiological adaptations. Despite the interference effect on strength gains that is caused by concurrent training, this type of training is advantageous in that the combination of strength and endurance training produces both neuromuscular and cardiovascular adaptations in the elderly. The interference phenomenon may be observed in elderly subjects when a moderate weekly volume of concurrent training (i.e., three times per week) is performed. However, even with the occurrence of this phenomenon, the performance of three concurrent training sessions per week appears to optimize the strength gains in relative brief periods of training (12 weeks). Moreover, performing strength prior to endurance exercise may optimize both neuromuscular and cardiovascular gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadore EL
- />Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- />Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Campus of Tudela, Av. de Tarazona s/n, 31500 Tudela, Navarre Spain
| | - Izquierdo M
- />Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Campus of Tudela, Av. de Tarazona s/n, 31500 Tudela, Navarre Spain
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18
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New Strategies for the Concurrent Strength-, Power-, and Endurance-Training Prescription in Elderly Individuals. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 14:623-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cadore EL, Izquierdo M, Alberton CL, Pinto RS, Conceição M, Cunha G, Radaelli R, Bottaro M, Trindade GT, Kruel LFM. Strength prior to endurance intra-session exercise sequence optimizes neuromuscular and cardiovascular gains in elderly men. Exp Gerontol 2011; 47:164-9. [PMID: 22178632 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different intra-session exercise sequences in the cardiovascular and neuromuscular adaptations induced by concurrent training in elderly. Twenty-six healthy elderly men (64.7±4.1years), were randomly placed into two concurrent training groups: strength training prior to (SE, n=13) or after (ES, n=13) endurance training. Subjects trained strength and endurance training 3 times per week performing both exercise types in the same training session. The peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)), maximum aerobic workload (W(máx)), absolute (VT(1) and VT(2)) and relative (VT(1)% and VT(2)%) ventilatory thresholds, as well as workloads at VT(1) and VT(2) (W(VT1) and W(VT2)) were evaluated during a maximal incremental test on a cycle ergometer before and after the training. In addition, muscle quality (MQ) was evaluated by the quotient between maximal dynamic strength (one repetition maximum test) of the knee extensors and the quadriceps femoris muscle thickness determined by ultrasonography. There were no modifications after training in the VT(1), VT(2), VT(1)%, and VT(2)%. There was significant increase in the W(VT1) only in SE (P<0.05), as well as significant increase in the W(VT2) in both groups (P<0.001). There was significant increase in the VO(2peak), with both groups showing increases (P<0.001), with no difference between groups; as well significant increase in the W(máx) (P<0.001) with no difference between SE and ES. The force per unit of muscle mass of knee extensors increased in both groups (P<0.001), but the increase was significantly higher in SE than in ES (27.5±12.7 vs. 15.2±10.3%, P<0.02). Hence, the intra-session exercise sequence had no influence in the maximal endurance power adaptations to concurrent training, but had influence in the magnitude of the muscle quality enhancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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20
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Bowden MG, Embry AE, Gregory CM. Physical therapy adjuvants to promote optimization of walking recovery after stroke. Stroke Res Treat 2011; 2011:601416. [PMID: 22013549 PMCID: PMC3195278 DOI: 10.4061/2011/601416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke commonly results in substantial and persistent deficits in locomotor function. The majority of scientific inquiries have focused on singular intervention approaches, with recent attention given to task specific therapies. We propose that measurement should indicate the most critical limiting factor(s) to be addressed and that a combination of adjuvant treatments individualized to target accompanying impairment(s) will result in the greatest improvements in locomotor function. We explore training to improve walking performance by addressing a combination of: (1) walking specific motor control; (2) dynamic balance; (3) cardiorespiratory fitness and (4) muscle strength and put forward a theoretical framework to maximize the functional benefits of these strategies as physical adjuvants. The extent to which any of these impairments contribute to locomotor dysfunction is dependent on the individual and will undoubtedly change throughout the rehabilitation intervention. Thus, the ability to identify and measure the relative contributions of these elements will allow for identification of a primary intervention as well as prescription of additional adjuvant approaches. Importantly, we highlight the need for future studies as appropriate dosing of each of these elements is contingent on improving the capacity to measure each element and to titrate the contribution of each to optimal walking performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Bowden
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Department of Health Science and Research and Division of Physical Therapy, Medical University of South Carolina, 77 President Street, MSC 700, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Kanegusuku H, Queiroz ACC, Chehuen MR, Costa LAR, Wallerstein LF, Mello MT, Ugrinowitsch C, Forjaz CLM. Strength and power training did not modify cardiovascular responses to aerobic exercise in elderly subjects. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:864-70. [PMID: 21845341 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training increases muscle strength in older adults, decreasing the effort necessary for executing physical tasks, and reducing cardiovascular load during exercise. This hypothesis has been confirmed during strength-based activities, but not during aerobic-based activities. This study determined whether different resistance training regimens, strength training (ST, constant movement velocity) or power training (PT, concentric phase performed as fast as possible) can blunt the increase in cardiovascular load during an aerobic stimulus. Older adults (63.9 ± 0.7 years) were randomly allocated to: control (N = 11), ST (N = 13, twice a week, 70-90% 1-RM) and PT (N = 15, twice a week, 30-50% 1-RM) groups. Before and after 16 weeks, oxygen uptake (VO(2)), systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), and rate pressure product (RPP) were measured during a maximal treadmill test. Resting SBP and RPP were similarly reduced in all groups (combined data = -5.7 ± 1.2 and -5.0 ± 1.7%, respectively, P < 0.05). Maximal SBP, HR and RPP did not change. The increase in measured VO(2), HR and RPP for the increment in estimated VO(2) (absolute load) decreased similarly in all groups (combined data = -9.1 ± 2.6, -14.1 ± 3.9, -14.2 ± 3.0%, respectively, P < 0.05), while the increments in the cardiovascular variables for the increase in measured VO(2) did not change. In elderly subjects, ST and PT did not blunt submaximal or maximal HR, SBP and RPP increases during the maximal exercise test, showing that they did not reduce cardiovascular stress during aerobic tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kanegusuku
- Laboratório de Hemodinâmica da Atividade Motora, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Effects of strength, endurance and combined training on muscle strength, walking speed and dynamic balance in aging men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1335-47. [PMID: 21796409 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine effects of 21-week twice weekly strength (ST), endurance (ET) and combined (ST + ET 2 + 2 times a week) (SET) training on neuromuscular, endurance and walking performances as well as balance. 108 healthy men (56.3 ± 9.9 years) were divided into three training (ST; n = 30, ET; n = 26, SET; n = 31) groups and controls (C n = 21). Dynamic 1RM and explosive leg presses (1RMleg, 50%1RMleg), peak oxygen uptake using a bicycle ergometer (VO(2peak)), 10 m loaded walking time (10WALK) and dynamic balance distance (DYND) were measured. Significant increases were observed in maximal 1RMleg of 21% in ST (p < 0.001) and 22% in SET (p < 0.001) and in explosive 50%1RMleg of 7.5% in ST (p = 0.005) and 10.2% in SET (p < 0.001). VO(2peak) increased by 12.5% in ET (p = 0.001) and 9.8% in SET (p < 0.001). Significant decreases occurred in 10WALK in ST (p < 0.001) and SET (p = 0.003) and also in DYND of -10.3% in ST (p = 0.002) and -8% in SET (p = 0.028). The changes in C remained minor in all variables. In conclusion, ST and SET training produced significant improvements in maximal and explosive strength, walking speed and balance without any interference effect in SET. Significant but moderate relationships were observed between strength and dynamic balance and walking speed, while no corresponding correlations were found in the ET group.
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Petersen A, Payne W, Phillips M, Netto K, Nichols D, Aisbett B. Validity and relevance of the pack hike wildland firefighter work capacity test: a review. ERGONOMICS 2010; 53:1276-1285. [PMID: 20865610 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2010.513451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fighting wildland fire is a physically demanding occupation. Wildland firefighters need to be physically fit to work safely and productively. To determine whether personnel are fit for duty, many firefighting agencies employ physical competency tests, such as the pack hike test (PHT). The PHT involves a 4.83-km hike over level terrain carrying a 20.4-kg pack within a 45-min period. The PHT was devised to test the job readiness of US wildland firefighters but is also currently used by some fire agencies in Australia and Canada. This review discusses the history and development of the PHT with emphasis on the process of test validation. Research-based training advice for the PHT is given, as well as discussion of the risks associated with completing the PHT. Different versions and modifications to the PHT have emerged in recent years and these are discussed with regard to their validity. Finally, this review addresses the relevance and validity of the PHT for Australian and Canadian wildland firefighters. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This paper reviews the history, development and validity of the PHT, an internationally recognised and utilised wildland firefighter work capacity test. It is concluded that while the PHT has general content validity for US wildland firefighters, verification of its reliability, criterion and construct validity is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Petersen
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
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