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Vlachopoulos SP, Lane AM, Terry PC. A Greek Translation of the Brunel Mood Scale: Initial Validation among Exercise Participants and Inactive Adults. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:234. [PMID: 38133101 PMCID: PMC10748169 DOI: 10.3390/sports11120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to provide initial validity evidence of a Greek translation of the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale, referred to as the BRUMS-Greek, a measure of anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. Data were collected from 1417 Greek adult exercise participants and 369 physically inactive adults, totaling 1786 adults (male = 578, female = 1208) aged 18-64 years (M = 34.73 ± 11.81 years). Given the large univariate and multivariate non-normality, a confirmatory factor analyses treating responses as ordered categorical variables was conducted which supported the hypothesised six-correlated factor measurement model. The internal consistency reliability of the BRUMS-Greek subscales was supported via Cronbach alpha coefficients. The construct validity of the scales was supported (a) via correlations in the hypothesised direction with trait positive and negative affect, (b) with more positive and less negative moods reported immediately after participation in a single exercise class compared to pre-exercise mood, and (c) with exercise participants reporting more positive and less negative mood states compared to physically inactive adults. Women reported higher tension and lower vigour scores than men. Tension scores were higher and confusion scores lower among younger participants (≤35 years) than older participants (≥36 years). Participants with obesity reported higher negative mood scores than those who were underweight or normal weight. In sum, the BRUMS-Greek demonstrated acceptable psychometric characteristics, and is proposed to be a suitable measure for use with exercise participants, physically inactive adults, and other Greek populations to explore research questions related to mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symeon P. Vlachopoulos
- Laboratory of Social Research on Physical Activity, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece;
| | - Andrew M. Lane
- School of Psychology, Psychological Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall WS1 3BD, UK
| | - Peter C. Terry
- School of Psychology & Wellbeing, Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
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Hammer E, Sanfilippo JL, Johnson G, Hetzel S. Association of in-competition injury risk and the degree of rapid weight cutting prior to competition in division I collegiate wrestlers. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:160-165. [PMID: 36261252 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Weight cutting is thought to offer a competitive advantage in wrestling. Dehydration has deleterious effects on physical and cognitive function, which may increase the risk of injury. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the degree of weight cutting was associated with injury risk. METHODS Data were collected prospectively in a cohort of collegiate wrestlers over seven seasons. Changes in weight, body fat and lean mass were measured during the preseason, at midseason and before competition. Cox proportional-hazard ratios were calculated for risk of in-competition injury. RESULTS Among 67 unique division 1 collegiate wrestlers (163 athlete seasons), there were 53 unique injuries affecting 46 athletes. There was no difference in absolute weight change, per cent weight change, per cent body fat change or per cent lean mass change between injured and non-injured wrestlers from the preseason to midseason measurements. From midseason to competition weight, change in body weight was -7.0%±3.2% (-5.3 kg±2.6) in injured athletes compared with -5.7%±3.3% (-4.3 kg±2.5) in non-injured athletes. For every kilogram of body weight lost, wrestlers had a 14% increased hazard of injury (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.25, p=0.004). For every 1% of body weight lost, wrestlers had an 11% increased hazard of injury (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.19, p=0.005). CONCLUSION Rapid weight cutting was associated with a higher risk of in-competition injuries in division 1 collegiate wrestlers. For every per cent in body weight lost, wrestlers had an 11% increased hazard of injury during competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hammer
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer L Sanfilippo
- Badger Athletic Performance, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gary Johnson
- Division of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott Hetzel
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Bueno JCA, Silva RB, Diotaiuti P, Andreato LV, Andrade A. Effect of rapid weight loss on mood states and burnout of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a competitive process. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1114816. [PMID: 37205078 PMCID: PMC10185838 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1114816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to analyze the psychological alterations resulting from rapid weight loss in the mood states and burnout of male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. For the purpose of this study, 31 Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes participated, divided into two groups (RWLG: rapid weight loss group and CG: control group). Data collections were performed at three moments (1: baseline, before weight loss; 2: weigh-in, during the official competition; and 3: recovery, 7 to 10 days after the competition), with application of the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Considering the outcomes, for body mass, the athletes from RWLG presented mean reductions of 3.5 kg (4.2% of the initial body mass). For mood states, both groups (RWLG and CG) presented a moment effect for tension and confusion, with higher levels during weigh-in compared to baseline and recovery (p < 0.05). For burnout, both groups showed low levels of burnout, with no effect of moment, group, or interaction in the analyses (p > 0.05). Based on these results, it is concluded that weight loss, in the magnitude performed in this study, did not generate an additional impact on mood or level of burnout in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a competitive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos Alves Bueno
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Center of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- *Correspondence: João Carlos Alves Bueno,
| | - Rodrigo Batalha Silva
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Center of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Pierluigi Diotaiuti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Leonardo Vidal Andreato
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Center of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences, University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Center of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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The effects of body mass reduction on the anaerobic power and selected somatic characteristics of Greco-Roman wrestlers. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2023-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study aim: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of body weight loss on the levels of somatic features and peak power of senior Greco-Roman wrestlers from the Polish national team.
Material and methods: The study included 14 males, i.e. 7 wrestlers reducing their body weight and 7 wrestlers not changing their body weight. Seven days prior to a competition, the study participants began a 5-day process of losing body weight. The process involved reducing caloric intake from 3460 ± 683.1 kcal to 2160.0 ± 423.5 kcal per day.
Results: Over the period of 5 days, the participants reduced their body weight by 3.1 ± 0.7 kg (p < 0.001). There occurred a decrease in the value of endomorphy (p < 0.01) and mesomorphy (p < 0.05) and an increase in the value of ectomorphy (p < 0.001). Peak power did not change (1296 ± 100.9 W on day 5 of the examination), nor did relative peak power (19.9 ± 1.1W/kg).
Conclusions: In wrestlers 5-day rapid weight loss protocol may result in decrease of body circumferences and consecutive changes in somatic type without concurrent loss in lower-limb peak power.
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Rossi C, Roklicer R, Tubic T, Bianco A, Gentile A, Manojlovic M, Maksimovic N, Trivic T, Drid P. The Role of Psychological Factors in Judo: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042093. [PMID: 35206281 PMCID: PMC8871700 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Psychological parameters are relevant in the practice of judo. Previous studies have shown that parameters such as anxiety or motivation can have a negative or positive impact on the athlete’s performance and general well-being, depending on the athlete’s perception. This systematic review aimed to summarize the studies examining the influence of various psychological parameters on well-being and performance in judo athletes; (2) Methods: We followed preferred reporting elements for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We searched the Web of Science database for studies that explained the role of these parameters in elite athletes. Of the 286 articles initially identified, 17 met our eligibility criteria and were included in the review. In total, we analyzed data from 721 judo athletes; (3) Results: The studies found have demonstrated the impact of various psychological parameters during high-level performance and how these parameters can influence and lead an athlete to win or lose a competition. The feelings of tension, anger, anxiety, and nervousness were significantly increased in athletes who were facing defeat, while a decrease in the same segments and an increase in motivation among athletes who were experiencing better performance was observed. Further research under standardized conditions is needed to better understand the effects of these parameters on judo athletes; (4) Conclusions: Considering the athlete’s psychological state can affect performance, and it is therefore important to monitor and train these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Rossi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (C.R.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (N.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Tatjana Tubic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (N.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (C.R.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Ambra Gentile
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (C.R.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Marko Manojlovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (N.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Nemanja Maksimovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (N.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Tatjana Trivic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (N.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (N.M.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Brandt R, Bevilacqua GG, Crocetta TB, Monteiro CBDM, Guarnieri R, Hobold E, Flores LJF, Miarka B, Andrade A. Comparisons of Mood States Associated With Outcomes Achieved by Female and Male Athletes in High-Level Judo and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Championships: Psychological Factors Associated With the Probability of Success. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2518-2524. [PMID: 31453945 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Brandt, R, Bevilacqua, GG, Crocetta, TB, Monteiro, CBdM, Guarnieri, R, Hobold, E, Flores, LJF, Miarka, B, and Andrade, A. Comparisons of mood states associated with outcomes achieved by female and male athletes in high-level judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu championships: psychological factors associated with the probability of success. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2518-2524, 2019-Moods can be used to predict the performance of athletes in various sports; accordingly, we selected the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) to evaluate mood states of high-level judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes. The aims of this study were (a) to compare the mood states of high-level female and male athletes in BJJ and judo championships in relation to their performance outcomes and (b) to verify associations between psychological factors and performance in estimating their probability of success. The subjects were 173 grappling athletes (judo, n = 85 and BJJ, n = 88), separated into male (n = 129, 40 winners and 89 nonwinners) and female (n = 44, 23 winners and 21 nonwinners) groups. Each subject's mood state was assessed 60 minutes before the first match using the BRUMS (tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and mental confusion dimensions). Descriptive and inferential statistics (including logistic regression and variance analysis) were used to evaluate relations between mood states and performance (i.e., winning/losing), with p ≤ 0.05. Analysis showed significant differences between male and female athletes in vigor and fatigue, and differences between male judo and male BJJ athletes in tension, vigor, confusion, and fatigue. Female judo and female BJJ athletes showed significant differences in depression and vigor. Logistic regression revealed that higher levels of anger and tension increased athletes' chances of performing well in a match by 23 and 13%, respectively. In addition, lower levels of depression increased athletes' chances of better performance by up to 32%. Overall, we observed a significant relationship between mood state and sports performance. Thus, coaching staff and athletes should monitor athletes' mood states before competitions to ensure that they are in optimal condition to perform and use psychological interventions to support judo and BJJ preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Brandt
- Physical Education Department, Western Parana State University, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Bevilacqua
- Center of Health and Sports Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tânia B Crocetta
- Center of Health and Sports Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carlos B D M Monteiro
- Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, São Paulo, Brazil ; and
| | - Regiani Guarnieri
- Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, São Paulo, Brazil ; and
| | - Edilson Hobold
- Physical Education Department, Western Parana State University, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil
| | - Lucinar J F Flores
- Physical Education Department, Western Parana State University, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Fights, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Center of Health and Sports Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Castor-Praga C, Lopez-Walle JM, Sanchez-Lopez J. Multilevel Evaluation of Rapid Weight Loss in Wrestling and Taekwondo. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2021; 6:637671. [PMID: 33898554 PMCID: PMC8062768 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2021.637671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The practice of strategies for rapid weight loss (RWL) involve diverse factors, such as individual expectations, social interactions, structural elements, etc., conforming to a "culture" of RWL, which must be evaluated and understood in a broad sense. Based on the need of a comprehensive evaluation of the use of RWL in practitioners of combat sports, an ad hoc questionnaire designed for this study, which includes the types and detailed descriptions of RWL strategies, that athletes currently use, the prevalence and frequency of use, the physiological and psychological consequences, the perception of the effect of RWL on their own performance and finally, the individuals who influence the adoption of this practice. One hundred and sixty combat athletes from wrestling and taekwondo disciplines, from Mexico, filled out this questionnaire. Data collected for their statistical analyses. Results revealed a RWL strategies prevalence of 96% across the participants. Our results revealed that 57% of those athletes using RWL lose more than 5% of their body mass. Across the athletes, the most commonly used RWL strategies and with higher intensity were increased exercise and training with plastic or thick clothes. The greater the relative weight loss, the greater the presence of physiological symptoms in athletes, such as rapid breathing and blood pressure. Athletes also mentioned mood states such as tiredness, sadness, confusion, fatigue and vigor, these last two positive and negative mood states are associated with the relative weight loss, respectively. Finally, the people who most influenced the adoption of RWL strategies were the coaches, parents and nutritionists. In conclusion, the questionnaire prepared for this study allowed us to obtain valuable information about the several factors, and their interactions, involved in the practice of RWL in combat athletes. This type of practice could increase health risks and decrease their performance. Therefore, here we state the importance of a comprehensive evaluation of RWL strategies that allows the development of psycho-educational and social-based interventions and programs for the promotion of proper weight maintenance, and prevention against RWL strategies, involving the individuals who influence the adoption of these practices and supporting it with the help of communication technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Castor-Praga
- Facultad de Organización Deportiva, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Jeanette M. Lopez-Walle
- Facultad de Organización Deportiva, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Javier Sanchez-Lopez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Burke LM, Slater GJ, Matthews JJ, Langan-Evans C, Horswill CA. ACSM Expert Consensus Statement on Weight Loss in Weight-Category Sports. Curr Sports Med Rep 2021; 20:199-217. [PMID: 33790193 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Weight-category sports are defined by the requirement of a weigh-in before competition to provide performance equity and reduced injury risks by eliminating size discrepancies. Athletes in these sports try to gain a theoretical advantage by competing in weight divisions that are lower than their day-to-day body mass (BM), using a combination of chronic strategies (body-fat losses) and acute manipulations over a period of hours to days before weigh-in ("making weight"). Strategies to support safer practices include minimal competition weight classification based on preseason body composition, reductions in the period between weigh-in and competition, and prohibition of unhealthy weight loss techniques. At an individual level, expert guidance by a sports nutrition professional can help an athlete to establish a pragmatic and long-term approach to BM management, recognizing the nuances of their sport, to achieve favorable outcomes for both health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic, AUSTRALIA
| | - Gary J Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Carl Langan-Evans
- Applied Sport Physiology and Nutrition Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool, Merseyside, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Craig A Horswill
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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9
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Changes in mood states of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during training and competition. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Weight Regain, but not Weight Loss, Is Related to Competitive Success in Real-Life Mixed Martial Arts Competition. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:1-8. [PMID: 29757051 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to describe the nutritional and behavioral strategies for rapid weight loss (RWL), investigate the effects of RWL and weight regain in winners and losers, and verify mood state and technical-tactical/time-motion parameters in mixed martial arts. The sample consisted of mixed martial arts athletes after a single real match and was separated into two groups: winners (n = 8; age: 25.4 ± 6.1 years, height: 173.9 ± 0.2 cm, habitual body mass: 89.9 ± 17.3 kg) and losers (n = 7; age: 24.4 ± 6.8 years, height: 178.4 ± 0.9 cm, habitual body mass: 90.8 ± 19.5 kg). Both groups exhibited RWL and weight regain, verified their macronutrient intake, underwent weight and height assessments, and completed two questionnaires (Profile of Mood States and RWL) at (a) 24 hr before weigh-in, (b) weigh-in, (c) postbout, and (d) during a validated time-motion and technical-tactical analysis during the bout. Variance analysis, repeated measures, and a logistic regression analysis were used. The main results showed significant differences between the time points in terms of total caloric intake as well as carbohydrate, protein, and lipid ingestion. Statistical differences in combat analysis were observed between the winners and losers in terms of high-intensity relative time (58 [10-98] s and 32 [1-60] s, respectively), lower limb sequences (3.5 [1.0-7.5] sequences and 1.0 [0.0-1.0] sequences, respectively), and ground and pound actions (2.5 [0.0-4.5] actions and 0.0 [0.0-0.5] actions, respectively), and logistic regression confirmed the importance of high-intensity relative time and lower limb sequences on mixed martial arts performance. RWL and weight regain strategies were related to technical-tactical and time-motion patterns as well as match outcomes. Weight management should be carefully supervised by specialized professionals to reduce health risks and raise competitive performance.
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Brandt R, Bevilacqua GG, Coimbra DR, Pombo LC, Miarka B, Lane AM. Body Weight and Mood State Modifications in Mixed Martial Arts: An Exploratory Pilot. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2548-2554. [PMID: 29927894 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Brandt, R, Bevilacqua, GG, Coimbra, DR, Pombo, LC, Miarka, B, and Lane, AM. Body weight and mood state modifications in mixed martial arts: An exploratory pilot. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2548-2554, 2018-Mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters typically use rapid weight loss (RWL) as a strategy to make competition weight. The aim of the present study was to compare body weight and mood changes in professional male MMA athletes who used strategies to rapidly lose weight (n = 9) and with MMA athletes who did not (n = 3). Body mass and mood states of anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigor and total mood disturbance were assessed (a) 30 days before competition, (b) at the official weigh-in 1 day before competition, (c) 10 minutes before competition, and (d) 10 minutes postcompetition. Results indicated that RWL associated with reporting higher confusion and greater total mood disturbance at each assessment point. Rapid weight loss also associated with high anger at the official weigh-in. However, in performance, RWL did not have deleterious effects on performance. The RWL group also reported greater total mood disturbance at all assessment points with a moderate difference effect size. Research supports the notion that RWL associates with potentially dysfunctional mood states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Brandt
- Physical Education Department, Western Paraná State University, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Bevilacqua
- Center of Health and Sports Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Danilo R Coimbra
- Center of Health and Sports Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Pombo
- Physical Education Department, Western Paraná State University, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Department of Physical Education, Juiz de Fora Federal University, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Andrew M Lane
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Education Health and Well-being University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, England
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12
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Morales J, Ubasart C, Solana-Tramunt M, Villarrasa-Sapiña I, González LM, Fukuda D, Franchini E. Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on Balance and Reaction Time in Elite Judo Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1371-1377. [PMID: 29809054 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Balance, reaction time, and strength are key factors affecting judo performance. Although ample research has been done examining potential strength changes caused by weight loss prior to competition, changes in balance and reaction time have been overlooked. PURPOSE To examine the effects of rapid and progressive weight loss (RWL and PWL) on balance, reaction time, and strength in a group of elite judo athletes. METHODS A total of 38 female and male judo athletes (age = 20.6 [2.6] y) completed balance, reaction-time, and strength assessments 1 wk prior to an official weigh-in (pretest) and immediately after the weigh-in (posttest). The athletes were divided into 3 groups, 1 control group who maintained regular training and eating habits, 1 experimental group who engaged in PWL (<3% reductions in body mass), and a second experimental group who used RWL techniques (>3% reductions in body mass). RESULTS The RWL group showed significant decreases (P < .05) in balance performance (ellipse area: 4.83 [0.87] vs 6.31 [1.39] mm2 with eyes closed; mean mediolateral velocity: 2.07 [0.2] vs 2.52 [0.45] mm·s-1 with eyes closed; and mean anteroposterior velocity: 2.25 [0.20] vs 2.51 [0.32] mm·s-1 with eyes open and 2.44 [0.26] vs 3.06 [0.56] mm·s-1 with eyes closed) and reaction time (0.38 [0.04] vs 0.42 [0.06] s) with no changes in strength from pretesting to posttesting. The athletes in the PWL and control groups maintained performance in all variables. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate negative effects on perceptual motor-skill performance in judo athletes engaging in RWL strategies prior to competition.
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13
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Artioli GG, Saunders B, Iglesias RT, Franchini E. It is Time to Ban Rapid Weight Loss from Combat Sports. Sports Med 2018; 46:1579-1584. [PMID: 27102173 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most competitions in combat sports are divided into weight classes, theoretically allowing for fairer and more evenly contested disputes between athletes of similar body size, strength and agility. It has been well documented that most athletes, regardless of the combat sports discipline, reduce significant amounts of body weight in the days prior to competition to qualify for lighter weight classes. Rapid weight loss is characterised by the reduction of a significant amount of body weight (typically 2-10 %, although larger reductions are often seen) in a few days prior to weigh-in (mostly in the last 2-3 days) achieved by a combination of methods that include starvation, severe restriction of fluid intake and intentional sweating. In doing so, athletes try to gain a competitive advantage against lighter, smaller and weaker opponents. Such a drastic and rapid weight reduction is only achievable via a combination of aggressive strategies that lead to hypohydration and starvation. The negative impact of these procedures on health is well described in the literature. Although the impact of rapid weight loss on performance is debated, there remains robust evidence showing that rapid weight loss may not impair performance, and translates into an actual competitive advantage. In addition to the health and performance implications, rapid weight loss clearly breaches fair play and stands against the spirit of the sport because an athlete unwilling to compete having rapidly reduced weight would face unfair contests against opponents who are 'artificially' bigger and stronger. The World Anti-Doping Agency Code states that a prohibited method must meet at least two of the following criteria: (1) enhances performance; (2) endangers an athlete's health; and (3) violates the spirit of the sport. We herein argue that rapid weight loss clearly meets all three criteria and, therefore, should be banned from the sport. To quote the World Anti-Doping Agency Code, this would "protect the athletes' fundamental right to participate in a doping-free sport and thus promote health, fairness and equality".
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme G Artioli
- Applied Physiology in Nutrition, Exercise and Genetics Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof Mello Moraes, 65 Cidade Universitaria, Butanta, São Paulo, 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology in Nutrition, Exercise and Genetics Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof Mello Moraes, 65 Cidade Universitaria, Butanta, São Paulo, 05508-030, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Naharudin MNB, Yusof A. The effect of 10 days of intermittent fasting on Wingate anaerobic power and prolonged high-intensity time-to-exhaustion cycling performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:667-676. [PMID: 29485326 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1438520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Many physically active individuals have undertaken intermittent fasting to reduce their daily caloric intake. However, abstaining from meals for a specific length of time may lead to the acute disturbance of highly carbohydrate-dependent exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of 10 days of intermittent fasting on high-intensity type exercises, Wingate anaerobic (WT) and prolonged high-intensity time-to-exhaustion (HIT) cycling test. Twenty participants were randomised into an intermittent fasting (FAS) and a control group (CON). One day after baseline data collection on Day-0 where participants consumed their recommended daily caloric intake (FAS = 2500 ± 143 kcal day-1; CON = 2492 ± 20 kcal day-1) served over a course of five meals, the FAS group consumed only four meals where 40% was restricted by the omission of lunch (FAS = 1500 ± 55 kcal day-1). This diet was then continued for 10 days. Data on exercise performance and other dependent variables were collected on Day-2, -4, -6, -8 and -10. A reduction in WT power in the FAS group was observed on Day-2 (821.74 ± 66.07 W) compared to Day-0 (847.63 ± 95.94 W) with a moderate effect size (p < .05, ES = 0.4), while HIT time-to-exhaustion performance declined over the 10 days with a trend of recovery from a large to a minimum effect size (p < .05, ES = 0.8-0.3). Body weight and triglyceride were consistently reduced in the FAS group (p < .01). The present study suggests that intermittent fasting must exceed 10 days to ensure that high-intensity performance does not deteriorate because this length of time seems to be required for effective adaptation to the new dietary regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashril Yusof
- a Sports Centre, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Durguerian A, Filaire E, Drogou C, Sauvet F, Bougard C, Chennaoui M. Hyperactivity of the Sympatho-Adrenomedullary System Without Any Modification of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis After Food Restriction Among High-Level Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:1643-1655. [PMID: 29194183 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Durguerian, A, Filaire, E, Drogou, C, Sauvet, F, Bougard, C, and Chennaoui, M. Hyperactivity of the sympatho-adrenomedullary system without any modification of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis after food restriction among high-level weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1643-1655, 2018-We examined the effects of 6 days of food restriction on salivary α-amylase (sAA), cortisol and dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA) awakening responses, psychological parameters and performance among 11 international weightlifters. Assessments were made at baseline (T1) and 6 days after a normal period of training while maintaining body weight (T2). Then, participants were assigned to 2 groups depending on whether they lost (Diet group) or maintained (Control group) their body mass. Anthropometric, psychological, physical, and physiological assessments were also realized 6 days (T3) after the restricted dietary period for the Diet group. Food restriction (T3) induced a significant rise of sAA awakening response (364.6%, p ≤ 0.05), whereas no significant variations were observed among the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (cortisol and DHEA). Significant alterations of the general Recovery Score and General stress Score, evaluated through the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for athletes, were noted after food restriction. Weightlifting performance, evaluated during a simulated weightlifting competition, was maintained after the 6-day food restriction; we even noted an increased weightlifting performance related to body mass (Sinclair coefficient). Our findings support the hypothesis that food restriction induces a challenging situation to the organism, resulting in an asymmetry between the 2 stress systems activation. These results reinforce the necessity to cautiously plan and monitor the weight regulation process before competition to avoid potential negative outcomes on psychophysiological parameters. In this regard, the psychobiological approach, especially the awakening responses, seems a useful tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Durguerian
- Research laboratory CIAMS, EA 4532, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Research laboratory CIAMS, EA 4532, University of Orleans, France
| | - Edith Filaire
- Research laboratory CIAMS, EA 4532, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Research laboratory CIAMS, EA 4532, University of Orleans, France.,Team Research ECRIN, CLARA, CRNH Auvergne, INRA, UMR, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine Drogou
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.,Research laboratory VIFASOM, EA 7330, University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Sauvet
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.,Research laboratory VIFASOM, EA 7330, University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Clément Bougard
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.,Research laboratory VIFASOM, EA 7330, University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.,Research laboratory VIFASOM, EA 7330, University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
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16
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McKenna ZJ, Gillum TL. Effects of Exercise Induced Dehydration and Glycerol Rehydration on Anaerobic Power in Male Collegiate Wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:2965-2968. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Carl RL, Johnson MD, Martin TJ, LaBella CR, Brooks MA, Diamond A, Hennrikus W, LaBotz M, Logan K, Loud KJ, Moffatt KA, Nemeth B, Pengel B, Peterson A. Promotion of Healthy Weight-Control Practices in Young Athletes. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2017-1871. [PMID: 28827381 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Children and adolescents may participate in sports that favor a particular body type. Some sports, such as gymnastics, dance, and distance running, emphasize a slim or lean physique for aesthetic or performance reasons. Participants in weight-class sports, such as wrestling and martial arts, may attempt weight loss so they can compete at a lower weight class. Other sports, such as football and bodybuilding, highlight a muscular physique; young athletes engaged in these sports may desire to gain weight and muscle mass. This clinical report describes unhealthy methods of weight loss and gain as well as policies and approaches used to curb these practices. The report also reviews healthy strategies for weight loss and weight gain and provides recommendations for pediatricians on how to promote healthy weight control in young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Carl
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miriam D. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas J. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
- Central Pennsylvania Clinic for Special Children and Adults, Belleville, Pennsylvania
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18
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Durguerian A, Filaire E, Drogou C, Bougard C, Chennaoui M. Food restriction alters salivary cortisol and α-amylase responses to a simulated weightlifting competition without significant performance modification. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:536-544. [PMID: 28475465 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1322708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of a 6-day food restriction period on the physiological responses and performance of 11 high-level weightlifters. After a period of weight maintenance (T2), they were assigned into two groups depending on whether they lost (Diet group, n = 6) or maintained their body weight (Control group, n = 5) during the course of those 6 days. An evaluation of performance and the measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations and salivary α-amylase (sAA) activity were performed during a simulated weightlifting competition which took place at T2, after a 6-day period of food restriction (T3). Dietary data were collected using a 6-day diet record. We noted a 41.8% decrease in mean energy intake during the dietary restriction period, leading to a 4.34% weight loss for the Diet group. Dietary restriction did not modify absolute performance levels, whilst a significant improvement was noted for the Control group. Furthermore, we noted a response of decreased salivary cortisol and increased sAA activity to the simulated competition stress at T3 for the Diet group. These results may indicate that dietary reduction led to a dissociation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympatho-adreno-medullary system, which could impair training adaptations and absolute performance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Durguerian
- a CIAMS , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay Cedex , France.,b CIAMS , Université d'Orléans , Orléans , France
| | - Edith Filaire
- a CIAMS , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay Cedex , France.,b CIAMS , Université d'Orléans , Orléans , France.,c Equipe ECRIN, CLARA, CRNH Auvergne , INRA, UMR, UNH, CRNH Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Catherine Drogou
- d Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Unité Fatigue et Vigilance , Brétigny-sur-Orge , France.,e Université Paris Descartes, VIFASOM EA 7330, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Clément Bougard
- d Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Unité Fatigue et Vigilance , Brétigny-sur-Orge , France.,e Université Paris Descartes, VIFASOM EA 7330, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- d Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Unité Fatigue et Vigilance , Brétigny-sur-Orge , France.,e Université Paris Descartes, VIFASOM EA 7330, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
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19
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Abstract
Low-carbohydrate-high-fat (LCHF) diets have been used as a means of weight loss and control of symptoms in several clinical conditions. There is emerging evidence that the metabolic changes induced by LCHF diets enhance endurance performance. The aims of this review are to examine the evidence of LCHF diets in improving various aspects of athletic performance. Long-term LCHF dietary intake may help control body weight and fat mass while maintaining lean body mass in athletes in weight-sensitive sports. LCHF-adapted endurance athletes can reach the maximal fat oxidation rate of approximately 1.5 g/min, with a lower carbohydrate oxidation rate and similar muscle glycogen content and a resynthesis rate compared to their counterparts consuming high-carbohydrate-low-fat (HCLF) diets. The elevated fat oxidation rate and glycogen sparing effect may improve performance in ultra-endurance events. These metabolic changes may also prevent the decline in performance in later stages of repeated high-intensity movements, in which the aerobic metabolism becomes more important. However, elevated blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and ammonia during exercise after LCHF diets may lead to early development of central fatigue. It appears that at least several months of adaptation to a LCHF diet are required for the metabolic changes and restoration of muscle glycogen to occur. Further investigations on LCHF diets are needed regarding (1) performance after weight loss in weight-categorized sports; (2) repeated high-intensity exercise performance; (3) development of central fatigue during endurance events; (4) perceptual-motor performance during prolonged intermittent sports; and (5) ideal dietary fatty acid compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Kang Chang
- Sport Science Research Center, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Katarina Borer
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Po-Ju Lin
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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20
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Boldizsár D, Soós I, Whyte I, Hamar P. An investigation into the relationship between pre-competition mood states, age, gender and a national ranking in artistic gymnastics. J Hum Kinet 2016; 51:243-252. [PMID: 28149388 PMCID: PMC5260568 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between pre-competition mood state factors in gymnastics by gender, age and a national ranking. Participant-gymnasts (total n=116, male n=49, female n=67) completed a Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) one day prior to their main competition of the year. Information was also gathered from gymnasts of gender, age and a national ranking. Consistent with theoretical predictions, results confirmed that a number of pre-competition mood states differed by age with both juniors and seniors having a higher level of anger than children (p<.05 respectively). Also, seniors demonstrated higher tension than children (p<.001). However, only anger showed significant differences by gender with male gymnasts demonstrating higher levels of anger than female gymnasts (p<.05), and with international gymnasts registering higher levels of anger compared with second class gymnasts (p<.05). Authors suggest that future research should investigate relationships between the pre-competition mood in other gymnastics-related disciplines and sports, as well as competitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pál Hamar
- University of Physical Education, Hungary
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21
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Pallarés JG, Martínez-Abellán A, López-Gullón JM, Morán-Navarro R, De la Cruz-Sánchez E, Mora-Rodríguez R. Muscle contraction velocity, strength and power output changes following different degrees of hypohydration in competitive olympic combat sports. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:10. [PMID: 26957952 PMCID: PMC4782333 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is habitual for combat sports athletes to lose weight rapidly to get into a lower weight class. Fluid restriction, dehydration by sweating (sauna or exercise) and the use of diuretics are among the most recurrent means of weight cutting. Although it is difficult to dissuade athletes from this practice due to the possible negative effect of severe dehydration on their health, athletes may be receptive to avoid weight cutting if there is evidence that it could affect their muscle performance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate if hypohydration, to reach a weight category, affects neuromuscular performance and combat sports competition results. Methods We tested 163 (124 men and 39 woman) combat sports athletes during the 2013 senior Spanish National Championships. Body mass and urine osmolality (UOSM) were measured at the official weigh-in (PRE) and 13–18 h later, right before competing (POST). Athletes were divided according to their USOM at PRE in euhydrated (EUH; UOSM 250–700 mOsm · kgH2O−1), hypohydrated (HYP; UOSM 701–1080 mOsm · kgH2O−1) and severely hypohydrated (S-HYP; UOSM 1081–1500 mOsm · kgH2O−1). Athletes’ muscle strength, power output and contraction velocity were measured in upper (bench press and grip) and lower body (countermovement jump - CMJ) muscle actions at PRE and POST time-points. Results At weigh-in 84 % of the participants were hypohydrated. Before competition (POST) UOSM in S-HYP and HYP decreased but did not reach euhydration levels. However, this partial rehydration increased bench press contraction velocity (2.8-7.3 %; p < 0.05) and CMJ power (2.8 %; p < 0.05) in S-HYP. Sixty-three percent of the participants competed with a body mass above their previous day’s weight category and 70 of them (69 % of that sample) obtained a medal. Conclusions Hypohydration is highly prevalent among combat sports athletes at weigh-in and not fully reversed in the 13–18 h from weigh-in to competition. Nonetheless, partial rehydration recovers upper and lower body neuromuscular performance in the severely hypohydrated participants. Our data suggest that the advantage of competing in a lower weight category could compensate the declines in neuromuscular performance at the onset of competition, since 69 % of medal winners underwent marked hypohydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain ; Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - A Martínez-Abellán
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J M López-Gullón
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - R Morán-Navarro
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain ; Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - E De la Cruz-Sánchez
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - R Mora-Rodríguez
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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23
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Cengiz A. Effects of self-selected dehydration and meaningful rehydration on anaerobic power and heart rate recovery of elite wrestlers. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:1441-4. [PMID: 26157236 PMCID: PMC4483414 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to verify the effects of self-directed weight loss on lower-
and upper-body power, fatigue index, and heart rate recovery immediately before a
meaningful competition (12 hours of recovery). In addition, this study tested the
hypothesis that weight loss provides advantages in strength and power, as the relative
power of the wrestlers is higher than that of opponents in the same weight class who do
not reduce weight. [Subjects and Methods] Eleven well-trained wrestlers volunteered for
the study. At baseline, their mean ± SD age, body mass, and height were 20.45 ±
2.69 years, 74.36 ± 9.22 kg, and 177 ± 5.71 cm, respectively. Repeated-measures one-way
analysis of variance was performed to analyze differences. [Results] Rapid weight loss
achieved by restriction of energy and fluid intake resulted in exercise-impaired decreases
in peak power and increased fatigue index. Moreover, weight loss by dehydration negatively
affected cardiovascular stability. [Conclusion] Most of the negative effects of rapid
weight loss disappear after a 12-hour recovery period, and relative peak power increases
after weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Cengiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
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Cutrufello PT, Dixon CB. The effect of acute fluid consumption following exercise-induced fluid loss on hydration status, percent body fat, and minimum wrestling weight in wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:1928-36. [PMID: 24343328 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acute fluid consumption (approximately 1 L) has been shown to reduce urine specific gravity (Usg) among subjects after an overnight fast, yet it is unknown if Usg may be reduced among subjects who have experienced exercise-induced fluid loss. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute fluid consumption on Usg, body mass, percent body fat (%BF), and minimum wrestling weight (MWW) following an exercise-induced fluid loss protocol. National Collegiate Athletic Association coaches' perceptions of the weight certification program (WCP) were also evaluated. Twelve men wrestlers (19.8 ± 1.14 years) were tested prepractice (PRE), postpractice (POST), and 1 hour after consuming 1 L of water (PFC). Percent body fat was measured by skinfolds (SF), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), and multifrequency and leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance analysis to calculate MWW. Urine specific gravity measurements significantly increased above PRE (1.013 ± 0.006) at the POST (1.019 ± 0.007; p = 0.017) and PFC (1.022 ± 0.008; p = 0.025) assessments; however, POST and PFC were not significantly different (p = 0.978) from one another. The %BF values were similar (p > 0.05) at each assessment point when using SF and ADP. When compared with PRE, MWW significantly reduced at the POST assessment when using SF (67.2 ± 8.4 vs. 65.7 ± 8.2 kg; p < 0.001) and ADP (66.6 ± 9.1 vs. 64.8 ± 9.0 kg; p = 0.001), reflecting the reduction in body mass observed after exercise. Forty-seven National Collegiate Athletic Association coaches completed the questionnaire and 2 central themes emerged: (a) concerns with the 1.5% weight loss plan and (b) wrestlers using strategies in an attempt to circumvent the WCP. Exercise-induced fluid loss followed by acute fluid consumption equal to 1 L was ineffective in reducing Usg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Cutrufello
- 1Department of Exercise Science and Sport, The University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania; and 2Health Science Department, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, Pennsylvania
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Caffeine ingestion after rapid weight loss in judo athletes reduces perceived effort and increases plasma lactate concentration without improving performance. Nutrients 2014; 6:2931-45. [PMID: 25054553 PMCID: PMC4113770 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of caffeine on judo performance, perceived exertion, and plasma lactate response when ingested during recovery from a 5-day weight loss period. Six judokas performed two cycles of a 5-day rapid weight loss procedure to reduce their body weight by ~5%. After weigh-in, subjects re-fed and rehydrated over a 4-h recovery period. In the third hour of this "loading period", subjects ingested a capsule containing either caffeine (6 mg·kg-1) or placebo. One hour later, participants performed three bouts of a judo fitness test with 5-min recovery periods. Perceived exertion and plasma lactate were measured before and immediately after each test bout. Body weight was reduced in both caffeine and placebo conditions after the weight loss period (-3.9% ± 1.6% and -4.0% ± 2.3% from control, respectively, p < 0.05). At three hours after weigh-in, body weight had increased with both treatments but remained below the control (-3.0% ± 1.3% and -2.7% ± 2.2%). There were no significant differences in the number of throws between the control, caffeine or placebo groups. However, plasma lactate was systemically higher and perceived exertion lower in the subjects who ingested caffeine compared to either the control or placebo subjects (p < 0.05). In conclusion, caffeine did not improve performance during the judo fitness test after a 5-day weight loss period, but reduced perceived exertion and increased plasma lactate.
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Mendes SH, Tritto AC, Guilherme JPLF, Solis MY, Vieira DE, Franchini E, Lancha AH, Artioli GG. Effect of rapid weight loss on performance in combat sport male athletes: does adaptation to chronic weight cycling play a role? Br J Sports Med 2013; 47:1155-60. [PMID: 24047570 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies failing to show a negative effect of rapid weight loss (RWL) on performance have been conducted in athletes who have been cycling weight for years. It has been suggested that chronic weight cycling could lead combat athletes to become resistant to the stresses associated with weight loss. To investigate the effects of RWL up to 5% of body mass on high-intensity intermittent performance in weight cyclers (WC) and non-weight cyclers (non-WC). METHODS Eighteen male combat athletes (WC: n=10; non-WC: n=8) reduced up to 5% of their body mass in 5 days. Body composition, high-intensity performance and plasma lactate were assessed preweight loss and postweight loss. Athletes had 4 h to re-feed and rehydrate following the weigh-in. Food intake was recorded during the weight loss and the recovery periods. RESULTS Athletes significantly decreased body mass, lean body mass (most likely due to fluid loss) and fat mass following weight loss. No significant changes in performance were found from preweight loss to postweight loss in both groups. Plasma lactate was significantly elevated after exercise in both groups, but no differences were found between groups and in response to RWL. For all these variables no differences were observed between groups. Athletes from both groups ingested high amounts of energy and carbohydrates during the recovery period after the weigh-in. CONCLUSIONS Chronic weight cycling does not protect athletes from the negative impact of RWL on performance. The time to recover after weigh-in and the patterns of food and fluid ingestion during this period is likely to play the major role in restoring performance to baseline levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro H Mendes
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, , São Paulo, Brazil
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Natural bodybuilding competition preparation and recovery: a 12-month case study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 8:582-92. [PMID: 23412685 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.5.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bodybuilding is a sport in which competitors are judged on muscular appearance. This case study tracked a drug-free male bodybuilder (age 26-27 y) for the 6 mo before and after a competition. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to provide the most comprehensive physiological profile of bodybuilding competition preparation and recovery ever compiled. METHODS Cardiovascular parameters, body composition, strength, aerobic capacity, critical power, mood state, resting energy expenditure, and hormonal and other blood parameters were evaluated. RESULTS Heart rate decreased from 53 to 27 beats/min during preparation and increased to 46 beats/min within 1 mo after competition. Brachial blood pressure dropped from 132/69 to 104/56 mmHg during preparation and returned to 116/64 mmHg at 6 mo after competition. Percent body fat declined from 14.8% to 4.5% during preparation and returned to 14.6% during recovery. Strength decreased during preparation and did not fully recover during 6 months of recovery. Testosterone declined from 9.22 to 2.27 ng/mL during preparation and returned back to the baseline level, 9.91 ng/mL, after competition. Total mood disturbance increased from 6 to 43 units during preparation and recovered to 4 units 6 mo after competition. CONCLUSIONS This case study provides a thorough documentation of the physiological changes that occurred during natural bodybuilding competition and recovery.
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Ratamess NA, Hoffman JR, Kraemer WJ, Ross RE, Tranchina CP, Rashti SL, Kelly NA, Vingren JL, Kang J, Faigenbaum AD. Effects of a competitive wrestling season on body composition, endocrine markers, and anaerobic exercise performance in NCAA collegiate wrestlers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:1157-68. [PMID: 23114663 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Few data exist examining the body composition, endocrine, and anaerobic exercise performance changes over a competitive wrestling season. Eighteen NCAA wrestlers were tested for endocrine markers, body composition, hydration, grip strength, and power on four occasions: prior to pre-season training (T1); after pre-season training 3 days prior to the first seasonal meet (T2); mid-season one day prior to a meet (T3); and at the end of the season 2-3 days following the last meet (T4). Body mass, percent body fat (BF %), and fat mass were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) at T2 and T3 compared to T1 but were not different between T1 and T4. Lean body mass was significantly reduced at T2 only. Urine specific gravity was significantly elevated at T3 compared to T1, T2, and T4. Resting cortisol concentrations did not change but resting testosterone concentrations were significantly reduced at T2, T3, and T4. Maximal grip strength was significantly reduced at T2. Vertical jump peak power was significantly reduced at T2, T3, and T4. Wingate peak power was significantly reduced at T2 and T3. However, Wingate average power and total work did not significantly change. Fatigue rate during the Wingate test was significantly improved at T2, T3, and T4 compared to T1. In conclusion, body mass, BF %, and measures of peak force and power were reduced for most of the competitive wrestling season. Competitive wrestling reduces resting total testosterone concentrations throughout the entire season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA.
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Pettersson S, Pipping Ekström M, Berg CM. The food and weight combat. A problematic fight for the elite combat sports athlete. Appetite 2012; 59:234-42. [PMID: 22609334 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Weight reduction in athletes is motivated by optimisation of performance, aesthetic reasons or to achieve a pre-designated weight. Previous research has shown that dietary restraint and short term weight regulation frequently takes place among combat sports athletes such as wrestlers and judokas. The aim of this study was to explore negative experiences related to dietary strategies and weight-making practises used by elite combat sports athletes. Using semi-structured interviews, 14 Swedish national team athletes in wrestling, judo and taekwondo were asked about their dietary intake and their engagement in both long- and short-term weight regulation practises. Content analysis of the transcribed interviews, display a constant struggle regarding nutritional standpoints. Sport demands such as achieving an optimal weight and nutritional intake were considered as central in order for excellent performance. Adhering to these demands was found to be problematic however, primarily because of; (1) negative physiological responses and (2) opposing ideals of a non-sport related nature, such as the importance of the athletes to be healthy and social in their everyday lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pettersson
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 320, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden.
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