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Kanniainen M, Pukkila T, Kuisma J, Molkkari M, Lajunen K, Räsänen E. Estimation of physiological exercise thresholds based on dynamical correlation properties of heart rate variability. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1299104. [PMID: 38179139 PMCID: PMC10765723 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1299104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aerobic and anaerobic thresholds of the three-zone exercise model are often used to evaluate the exercise intensity and optimize the training load. Conventionally, these thresholds are derived from the respiratory gas exchange or blood lactate concentration measurements. Here, we introduce and validate a computational method based on the RR interval (RRI) dynamics of the heart rate (HR) measurement, which enables a simple, yet reasonably accurate estimation of both metabolic thresholds. The method utilizes a newly developed dynamical detrended fluctuation analysis (DDFA) to assess the real-time changes in the dynamical correlations of the RR intervals during exercise. The training intensity is shown to be in direct correspondence with the time- and scale-dependent changes in the DDFA scaling exponent. These changes are further used in the definition of an individual measure to estimate the aerobic and anaerobic threshold. The results for 15 volunteers who participated in a cyclo-ergometer test are compared to the benchmark lactate thresholds, as well as to the ventilatory threshods and alternative HR-based estimates based on the maximal HR and the conventional detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). Our method provides the best overall agreement with the lactate thresholds and provides a promising, cost-effective alternative to conventional protocols, which could be easily integrated in wearable devices. However, detailed statistical analysis reveals the particular strengths and weaknessess of each method with respect to the agreement and consistency with the thresholds-thus underlining the need for further studies with more data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Kanniainen
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu Pukkila
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joonas Kuisma
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Molkkari
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Esa Räsänen
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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2
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Kaufmann S, Gronwald T, Herold F, Hoos O. Heart Rate Variability-Derived Thresholds for Exercise Intensity Prescription in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review of Interrelations and Agreement with Different Ventilatory and Blood Lactate Thresholds. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:59. [PMID: 37462761 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise intensities are prescribed using specific intensity zones (moderate, heavy, and severe) determined by a 'lower' and a 'higher' threshold. Typically, ventilatory (VT) or blood lactate thresholds (LT), and critical power/speed concepts (CP/CS) are used. Various heart rate variability-derived thresholds (HRVTs) using different HRV indices may constitute applicable alternatives, but a systematic review of the proximity of HRVTs to established threshold concepts is lacking. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to provide an overview of studies that determined HRVTs during endurance exercise in healthy adults in comparison with a reference VT and/or LT concept. METHODS A systematic literature search for studies determining HRVTs in healthy individuals during endurance exercise and comparing them with VTs or LTs was conducted in Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science (until January 2022). Studies claiming to describe similar physiological boundaries to delineate moderate from heavy (HRVTlow vs. VTlow and/or LTlow), and heavy from severe intensity zone (HRVThigh vs. VThigh and/or LThigh) were grouped and their results synthesized. RESULTS Twenty-seven included studies (461 participants) showed a mean difference in relative HR between HRVTlow and VTlow of - 0.6%bpm in weighted means and 0.02%bpm between HRVTlow and LTlow. Bias between HR at HRVTlow and VTlow was 1 bpm (limits of agreement (LoA): - 10.9 to 12.8 bpm) and 2.7 bpm (LoA: - 20.4 to 25.8 bpm) between HRVTlow and LTlow. Mean difference in HR between HRVThigh and VThigh was 0.3%bpm in weighted means and 2.9%bpm between HRVThigh and LThigh while bias between HR at HRVThigh and VThigh was - 4 bpm (LoA: - 17.9 to 9.9 bpm) and 2.5 bpm (LoA: - 12.1 to 17.1 bpm) between HRVThigh and LThigh. CONCLUSION HRVTlow seems to be a promising approach for the determination of a 'lower' threshold comparable to VTlow and potentially for HRVThigh compared to VThigh, although the latter needs further empirical evaluation. LoA for both intensity zone boundaries indicates bias of HRVTs on an individual level. Taken together, HRVTs can be a promising alternative for prescribing exercise intensity in healthy, male athletes undertaking endurance activities but due to the heterogeneity of study design, threshold concepts, standardization, and lack of female participants, further research is necessary to draw more robust and nuanced conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kaufmann
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland/Sports Center, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland/Sports Center, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Neves LNS, Gasparini Neto VH, Araujo IZ, Barbieri RA, Leite RD, Carletti L. Is There Agreement and Precision between Heart Rate Variability, Ventilatory, and Lactate Thresholds in Healthy Adults? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14676. [PMID: 36429395 PMCID: PMC9690603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the agreement and precision between heart rate variability thresholds (HRVT1/2) with ventilatory and lactate thresholds 1 and 2 (VT1/2 and LT1/2) on a treadmill. Thirty-four male students were recruited. Day 1 consisted of conducting a health survey, anthropometrics, and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPx). On Day 2, after 48 h, a second incremental test was performed, the Cardiopulmonary Stepwise Exercise Test consisting of 3 min stages (CPxS), to determine VT1/2, LT1/2, and HRVT1/2. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA and effect size (ηp2) were used, followed by Sidak's post hoc. The Coefficient of Variation (CV) and Typical Error (TE) were applied to verify the precision. Bland Altman and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were applied to confirm the agreement. HRVT1 showed different values compared to LT1 (lactate, RER, and R-R interval) and VT1 (V̇E, RER, V̇CO2, and HR). No differences were found in threshold 2 (T2) between LT2, VT2, and HRVT2. No difference was found in speed and V̇O2 for T1 and T2. The precision was low to T1 (CV > 12% and TE > 10%) and good to T2 (CV < 12% and TE < 10%). The agreement was good to fair in threshold 1 (VT1, LT1, HRVT1) and excellent to good in T2 (VT1, LT1, HRVT1). HRVT1 is not a valid method (low precision) when using this protocol to estimate LT1 and VT1. However, HRVT2 is a valid and noninvasive method that can estimate LT2 and VT2, showing good agreement and precision in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Nascimento Santos Neves
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (LAFEX), Physical Education and Sports Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo (CEFD-UFES), Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Gasparini Neto
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (LAFEX), Physical Education and Sports Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo (CEFD-UFES), Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Igor Ziviani Araujo
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (LAFEX), Physical Education and Sports Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo (CEFD-UFES), Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Barbieri
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (EEFERP-USP), São Paulo 05360-160, Brazil
| | - Richard Diego Leite
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (LAFEX), Physical Education and Sports Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo (CEFD-UFES), Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Luciana Carletti
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (LAFEX), Physical Education and Sports Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo (CEFD-UFES), Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
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4
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Schüttler D, Krammer S, von Stülpnagel L, Sams L, Bauer A, Hamm W, Brunner S. Estimation of anaerobic threshold by cardiac repolarization instability: a prospective validation study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:85. [PMID: 34362449 PMCID: PMC8344172 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Assessing lactate (LT) or anaerobic thresholds (AT) in athletes is an important tool to control training intensities and to estimate individual performance levels. Previously we demonstrated that ECG-based assessment of cardiac repolarization instability during exercise testing allows non-invasive estimation of AT in recreational athletes. Here, we validate this method in professional and amateur team sports athletes. Methods We included 65 team sports athletes (32 professionals and 33 amateur athletes; 51 men, 14 women, mean age 22.3 ± 5.2 years) undergoing a standardized incremental cycle exercise test. During exercise testing a high-resolution ECG (1000 Hz) was recorded in Frank-leads configuration and beat-to-beat vector changes of cardiac repolarization (dT°) were assessed by previously established technologies. Repolarization-based AT (ATdT°) was estimated by its typical dT°-signal pattern. Additionally, LT was detected in accordance to methods established by Mader (LTMader) and Dickhuth (LTDickhuth). Results All athletes performed exercise testing until exhaustion with a mean maximum workload of 262.3 ± 60.8 W (241.8 ± 64.4 W for amateur athletes and 283.4 ± 49.5 W for professional athletes). Athletes showed ATdT° at 187.6 ± 44.4 W, LTDickhuth at 181.1 ± 45.6 W and LTMader at 184.3 ± 52.4 W. ATdT° correlated highly significantly with LTDickhuth (r = 0.96, p < 0.001) and LTMader (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) in the entire cohort of athletes as well as in the subgroups of professional and amateur athletes (p < 0.001 for all). Conclusions ATdT°, defined by the maximal discordance between dT° and heart rate, can be assessed reliably and non-invasively via the use of a high-resolution ECG in professional and amateur athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schüttler
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Krammer
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas von Stülpnagel
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Medical University Innsbruck, University Hospital for Internal Medicine III, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lauren Sams
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Bauer
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany.,Medical University Innsbruck, University Hospital for Internal Medicine III, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hamm
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Brunner
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern and Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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5
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da Silva JKF, Sotomaior BB, Carneiro CF, Rodrigues P, Wharton L, Osiecki R. Predicting Lactate Threshold With Rate of Perceived Exertion in Young Competitive Male Swimmers. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1530-1548. [PMID: 33818161 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211005227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of the rate of perceived exertion threshold (RPET) for predicting young competitive swimmers' lactate threshold (LT) during incremental testing. We enrolled 13 male athletes (M age = 16, SD = 0.6 years) in an incremental test protocol consisting of eight repetitions of a 100-meter crawl with 2-minute intervals between each repetition. We collected data for blood lactate concentration ([La]) and Borg scale rate of perceived exertion (RPE) at the end of each repetition. The results obtained were: M RPET = 4.98, SD = 1.12 arbitrary units (A.U.) and M lactate threshold = 4.24, SD = 1.12 mmol.L-1, with [La] and RPE identified by the maximal deviation (Dmax) method without a significant difference (p > 0.05) and large correlations between DmaxLa and DmaxRPE at variables for time (r = 0.64), velocity (r = 0.67) and percentage of personal best time (PB) (r = 0.60). These results suggest that RPET is a good predictor of LT in young competitive swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonny K F da Silva
- Center of Physical Performance Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bruna B Sotomaior
- Center of Physical Performance Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Carolina F Carneiro
- Center of Physical Performance Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Patrick Rodrigues
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lee Wharton
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Raul Osiecki
- Center of Physical Performance Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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6
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Molkkari M, Angelotti G, Emig T, Räsänen E. Dynamical heart beat correlations during running. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13627. [PMID: 32788675 PMCID: PMC7423621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations of the human heart beat constitute a complex system that has been studied mostly under resting conditions using conventional time series analysis methods. During physical exercise, the variability of the fluctuations is reduced, and the time series of beat-to-beat RR intervals (RRIs) become highly non-stationary. Here we develop a dynamical approach to analyze the time evolution of RRI correlations in running across various training and racing events under real-world conditions. In particular, we introduce dynamical detrended fluctuation analysis and dynamical partial autocorrelation functions, which are able to detect real-time changes in the scaling and correlations of the RRIs as functions of the scale and the lag. We relate these changes to the exercise intensity quantified by the heart rate (HR). Beyond subject-specific HR thresholds the RRIs show multiscale anticorrelations with both universal and individual scale-dependent structure that is potentially affected by the stride frequency. These preliminary results are encouraging for future applications of the dynamical statistical analysis in exercise physiology and cardiology, and the presented methodology is also applicable across various disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Molkkari
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Giorgio Angelotti
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modèles Statistiques, CNRS UMR 8626, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Thorsten Emig
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modèles Statistiques, CNRS UMR 8626, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France.,Joint MIT-CNRS Laboratory (UMI 3466), MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Esa Räsänen
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland.,Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modèles Statistiques, CNRS UMR 8626, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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7
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Stergiopoulos DC, Kounalakis SN, Miliotis PG, Geladas ND. Second Ventilatory Threshold Assessed by Heart Rate Variability in a Multiple Shuttle Run Test. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:48-55. [PMID: 32770536 DOI: 10.1055/a-1214-6309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have focused on heart rate variability in association with ventilatory thresholds. The purpose of the current study was to consider the ECG-derived respiration and the high frequency product of heart rate variability as applicable methods to assess the second ventilatory threshold (VT2). Fifteen healthy young soccer players participated in the study. Respiratory gases and ECGs were collected during an incremental laboratory test and in a multistage shuttle run test until exhaustion. VΤ2 was individually calculated using the deflection point of ventilatory equivalents. In addition, VT2 was assessed both by the deflection point of ECG-derived respiration and high frequency product. Results showed no statistically significant differences between VT2, and the threshold as determined with high frequency product and ECG-derived respiration (F(2,28)=0.83, p=0.45, η2=0.05). A significant intraclass correlation was observed for ECG-derived respiration (r=0.94) and high frequency product (r=0.95) with VT2. Similarly, Bland Altman analysis showed a considerable agreement between VT2 vs. ECG-derived respiration (mean difference of -0.06 km·h-1, 95% CL: ±0.40) and VT2 vs. high frequency product (mean difference of 0.02 km·h-1, 95% CL: ±0.38). This study suggests that, high frequency product and ECG-derived respiration are indeed reliable heart rate variability indices determining VT2 in a field shuttle run test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Stergiopoulos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athinon, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis G Miliotis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athinon, Greece
| | - Nikolaos D Geladas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athinon, Greece
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8
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Clark NW, Herring CH, Goldstein ER, Stout JR, Wells AJ, Fukuda DH. Heart Rate Variability Behavior during Exercise and Short-Term Recovery Following Energy Drink Consumption in Men and Women. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082372. [PMID: 32784372 PMCID: PMC7468719 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the cardiac autonomic responses, as measured by heart rate variability (HRV), during cycling exercise and short-term rest after energy drink consumption. Seventeen participants (seven males and 10 females; age: 22.8 ± 3.5 years; BMI: 24.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2) completed this double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover design study. Participants received an energy drink formula containing 140 mg of caffeine and a placebo in a randomized order before completing a 10-min steady-state warm up (WUP) and a graded exercise test to exhaustion (GXT) followed by a 15-min short-term rest (STR) period. Heartbeat intervals were recorded using a heart rate monitor. Data were divided into WUP, GXT, and STR phases, and HRV parameters were averaged within each phase. Additionally, root mean square of the standard deviation of R–R intervals (RMSSD) during GXT was analyzed to determine the HRV threshold. Separate two-way (sex (male vs. female) x drink (energy drink vs. placebo)) repeated measures ANOVA were utilized. Significant increases in high frequency (HF) and RMSSD were shown during WUP after energy drink consumption, while interactions between drink and sex were observed for HRV threshold parameters (initial RMSSD and rate of RMSSD decline). No significant differences were noted during STR. Energy drink consumption may influence cardiac autonomic responses during low-intensity exercise, and sex-based differences in response to graded exercise to exhaustion may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas W. Clark
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (N.W.C.); (C.H.H.); (E.R.G.); (J.R.S.)
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Chad H. Herring
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (N.W.C.); (C.H.H.); (E.R.G.); (J.R.S.)
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Erica R. Goldstein
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (N.W.C.); (C.H.H.); (E.R.G.); (J.R.S.)
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (N.W.C.); (C.H.H.); (E.R.G.); (J.R.S.)
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Adam J. Wells
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (N.W.C.); (C.H.H.); (E.R.G.); (J.R.S.)
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-407-823-0442
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9
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Applicability of Dmax Method on Heart Rate Variability to Estimate the Lactate Thresholds in Male Runners. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2075371. [PMID: 31641671 PMCID: PMC6770371 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2075371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application of the Dmax method on heart rate variability (HRV) to estimate the lactate thresholds (LT), during a maximal incremental running test (MIRT). Methods Nineteen male runners performed two MIRTs, with the initial speed at 8 km·h-1 and increments of 1 km·h-1 every 3 minutes, until exhaustion. Measures of HRV and blood lactate concentrations were obtained, and lactate (LT1 and LT2) and HRV (HRVTDMAX1 and HRVTDMAX2) thresholds were identified. ANOVA with Scheffe's post hoc test, effect sizes (d), the bias ± 95% limits of agreement (LoA), standard error of the estimate (SEE), Pearson's (r), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated to assess validity. Results No significant differences were observed between HRVTDMAX1 and LT1 when expressed for speed (12.1 ± 1.4 km·h-1 and 11.2 ± 2.1 km·h-1; p=0.55; d = 0.45; r = 0.46; bias ± LoA = 0.8 ± 3.7 km·h-1; SEE = 1.2 km·h-1 (95% CI, 0.9-1.9)). Significant differences were observed between HRVTDMAX2 and LT2 when expressed for speed (12.0 ± 1.2 km·h-1 and 14.1 ± 2.5 km·h-1; p=0.00; d = 1.21; r = 0.48; bias ± LoA = -1.0 ± 1.8 km·h-1; SEE = 1.1 km·h-1 (95% CI, 0.8-1.6)), respectively. Reproducibility values were found for the LT1 (ICC = 0.90; bias ± LoA = -0.7 ± 2.0 km·h-1), LT2 (ICC = 0.97; bias ± LoA = -0.1 ± 1.1 km·h-1), HRVTDMAX1 (ICC = 0.48; bias ± LoA = -0.2 ± 3.4 km·h-1), and HRVTDMAX2 (ICC = 0.30; bias ± LoA = 0.3 ± 3.5 km·h-1). Conclusions The Dmax method applied over a HRV dataset allowed the identification of LT1 that is close to aerobic threshold, during a MIRT.
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10
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Schmidt T, Wulff S, Braumann KM, Reer R. Determination of the Maximal Lactate Steady State by HRV in Overweight and Obese Subjects. Sports Med Int Open 2019; 3:E58-E64. [PMID: 31312716 PMCID: PMC6629995 DOI: 10.1055/a-0883-5473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study assessed if the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) may be determined by HRV in overweight and obese individuals. Fourteen obese (OB) and 14 overweight (OW) participants performed an incremental exercise test and several constant-load tests on a bicycle ergometer to determine the MLSS. HRV was analysed by using time domain and non-linear parameters of the Poincaré plot. Various HRV thresholds (HRVt) were detected and compared with the MLSS. Overall, Bland-Altman plots demonstrated moderate to strong agreements between the power at the MLSS and the power at HRVt, with all HRVt overestimating the MLSS (range: − 14.6 to−19.8 W). All HRVt were detected at higher intensities (69.2–78.8%P
max
) compared to the MLSS (62.6–66.8%P
max
). The primarily vagally modulated parameter HRVt
SD1
revealed higher correlations (r=0.66–0.76) and lower differences (16.8–19.9%) compared to the parameter HRVt
SD2
(r=0.56–r=0.66; 22.4–22.9%). The data suggest a delayed vagal withdrawal during incremental exercise in obese and overweight individuals. For this population, the use of HRV to determine the MLSS seems questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schmidt
- Institute of General Practice, University Medical Center Göttingen.,Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Wulff
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Braumann
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruediger Reer
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Rubio-Arias JA, Ávila-Gandía V, Marín-Pagán C, Luque A, Alcaraz PE. Heart rate variability to assess ventilatory thresholds in professional basketball players. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:468-473. [PMID: 30356606 PMCID: PMC6189264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine if heart rate variability (HRV) during incremental test could be used to estimate ventilatory threshold (VT) in professional basketball players, with sufficient precision to be used in their training. Furthermore, the second aim was to analyse the association between HRV and 3 methods of VT determination by gas analysis. METHODS Twenty-four professional basketball players (age: 23.4 ± 4.9 years; height: 195.4 ± 9.8 cm; body mass: 92.2 ± 11.9 kg) performed an incremental running test to exhaustion. First ventilatory threshold (VT1) was determined by ventilatory equivalent (VE) and HRV and second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was determined by 3 methods of gases analysis (V-slope, VE and gas exchange ratio (R), and HRV). Pearson's coefficient (r) was used to detect differences between data and the strength of each relationship. The mean of absolute differences and Bland-Altman analysis were used to evaluate whether there was agreement. RESULTS The results showed no significant differences in HR and oxygen consumption (VO2) at VT1 between the 2 methods. Furthermore, no significant differences among the methods of gases analysis and HRV were observed in speed, HR, and VO2 at VT2. Moreover, VTs estimated using HRV and gas methods were significantly correlated. Correlation in HR values was higher between R and HRV (r = 0.96) and VE and HRV (r = 0.96) than V-slope and HRV (r = 0.90). CONCLUSION These findings provide a practical, inexpensive approach for evaluating specific training loads when determining VT2 in basketball players. Therefore, HRV is an alternative method to determine VT2 without the application of expensive technology that limits its use to laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Faculty of Sports, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia 30107, Spain
| | - Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Faculty of Sports, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia 30107, Spain
| | | | | | - Antonio Luque
- Department of Physiology, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia 30107, Spain
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Faculty of Sports, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia 30107, Spain
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia 30107, Spain
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12
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Michael S, Graham KS, Davis GM. Cardiac Autonomic Responses during Exercise and Post-exercise Recovery Using Heart Rate Variability and Systolic Time Intervals-A Review. Front Physiol 2017; 8:301. [PMID: 28611675 PMCID: PMC5447093 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac parasympathetic activity may be non-invasively investigated using heart rate variability (HRV), although HRV is not widely accepted to reflect sympathetic activity. Instead, cardiac sympathetic activity may be investigated using systolic time intervals (STI), such as the pre-ejection period. Although these autonomic indices are typically measured during rest, the “reactivity hypothesis” suggests that investigating responses to a stressor (e.g., exercise) may be a valuable monitoring approach in clinical and high-performance settings. However, when interpreting these indices it is important to consider how the exercise dose itself (i.e., intensity, duration, and modality) may influence the response. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to review the literature regarding how the exercise dosage influences these autonomic indices during exercise and acute post-exercise recovery. There are substantial methodological variations throughout the literature regarding HRV responses to exercise, in terms of exercise protocols and HRV analysis techniques. Exercise intensity is the primary factor influencing HRV, with a greater intensity eliciting a lower HRV during exercise up to moderate-high intensity, with minimal change observed as intensity is increased further. Post-exercise, a greater preceding intensity is associated with a slower HRV recovery, although the dose-response remains unclear. A longer exercise duration has been reported to elicit a lower HRV only during low-moderate intensity and when accompanied by cardiovascular drift, while a small number of studies have reported conflicting results regarding whether a longer duration delays HRV recovery. “Modality” has been defined multiple ways, with limited evidence suggesting exercise of a greater muscle mass and/or energy expenditure may delay HRV recovery. STI responses during exercise and recovery have seldom been reported, although limited data suggests that intensity is a key determining factor. Concurrent monitoring of HRV and STI may be a valuable non-invasive approach to investigate autonomic stress reactivity; however, this integrative approach has not yet been applied with regards to exercise stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Michael
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kenneth S Graham
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia.,New South Wales Institute of SportSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glen M Davis
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Costa AVD, Costa MDC, Gomes JLDB, Guimarães FJDSP, Barbosa TM. Applicability of an Indirect VO2max Test: Its Association with the 400 Meters Freestyle Performance. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201600040014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Mankowski RT, Michael S, Rozenberg R, Stokla S, Stam HJ, Praet SFE. Heart-Rate Variability Threshold as an Alternative for Spiro-Ergometry Testing: A Validation Study. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:474-479. [PMID: 27391041 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mankowski, RT, Michael, S, Rozenberg, R, Stokla, S, Stam, HJ, and Praet, SFE. Heart-rate variability threshold as an alternative for spiro-ergometry testing: a validation study. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 474-479, 2017-Although spiro-ergometry is the established "gold standard" for determination of the second ventilatory threshold (VT2), it is a costly and rather time-consuming method. Previous studies suggest that assessing the second anaerobic threshold (AT2) on the basis of heart rate variability (HRV) during exercise may be a more cost-effective and noninvasive manner. However, appropriate validation studies, are still lacking. Eleven healthy, moderately trained subjects underwent 3 incremental exercise tests. Ventilation, oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2), CO2 production (V[Combining Dot Above]CO2), and HRV were measured continuously. Exercise testing was performed in 3 oxygen (FiO2) conditions of inspired air (14, 21, and 35% of oxygen). Participants and assessors were blinded to the FiO2 conditions. Two research teams assessed VT2s and HRVT2s independently from each other. Mean workloads corresponding to VT2 and HRVT2 in hypoxia were, respectively, 19 ± 17% (p = 0.01) and 15 ± 15% (p = 0.1) lower in comparison with hyperoxic conditions. Bland-Altman analysis showed low estimation bias (2.2%) and acceptably precise 95% limits of agreement for workload -15.7% to 20.1% for all FiO2 conditions. Bias was the lowest under normoxic conditions (1.1%) in comparison with hypoxia (3.7%) and hyperoxia (4.7%). Heart rate variability-based AT2 assessment had a most acceptable agreement with VT2 under normoxic conditions. This simple HRVT2 assessment may have potential applications for exercise monitoring in commercial fitness settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Mankowski
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and 2Faculty of Health Sciences, Cumberland Campus, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Assessment of Heart Rate Variability Thresholds from Incremental Treadmill Tests in Five Cross-Country Skiing Techniques. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145875. [PMID: 26727112 PMCID: PMC4699693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of heart rate variability (HRV) thresholds (HRVTs) as an alternative of Ventilatory thresholds (VTs) is a relatively new approach with increasing popularity which has not been conducted in cross-country (XC) skiing yet. The main purpose of the present study was to assess HRVTs in the five main XC skiing-related techniques, double poling (DP), diagonal striding (DS), Nordic walking (NW), V1 skating (V1), and V2 skating (V2).Ten competitive skiers completed these incremental treadmill tests until exhaustion with a minimum of one to two recovery days in between each test. Ventilatory gases, HRV and poling frequencies were measured. The first HRV threshold (HRVT1) was assessed using two time-domain analysis methods, and the second HRV threshold (HRVT2) was assessed using two non-time varying frequency-domain analysis methods. HRVT1 was assessed by plotting the mean successive difference (MSD) and standard deviation (SD) of normalized R-R intervals to workload. HRVT1 was assessed by plotting high frequency power (HFP) and the HFP relative to respiratory sinus arrhythmia (HFPRSA) with workload. HRVTs were named after their methods (HRVT1-SD; HRVT1-MSD; HRVT2-HFP; HRVT2-HFP-RSA). The results showed that the only cases where the proposed HRVTs were good assessors of VTs were the HRVT1-SD of the DS test, the HRVT1-MSD of the DS and V2 tests, and the HRVT2-HFP-RSA of the NW test. The lack of a wider success of the assessment of HRVTs was reasoned to be mostly due to the high entrainment between the breathing and poling frequencies. As secondary finding, a novel Cardiolocomotor coupling mode was observed in the NW test. This new Cardiolocoomtor coupling mode corresponded to the whole bilateral poling cycle instead of corresponding to each poling action as it was reported to the date by the existing literature.
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16
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Dantas JL, Pereira G, Nakamura FY. Five-Kilometers Time Trial: Preliminary Validation of a Short Test for Cycling Performance Evaluation. Asian J Sports Med 2015; 6:e23802. [PMID: 26448846 PMCID: PMC4594133 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The five-kilometer time trial (TT5km) has been used to assess aerobic endurance performance without further investigation of its validity. Objectives: This study aimed to perform a preliminary validation of the TT5km to rank well-trained cyclists based on aerobic endurance fitness and assess changes of the aerobic endurance performance. Materials and Methods: After the incremental test, 20 cyclists (age = 31.3 ± 7.9 years; body mass index = 22.7 ± 1.5 kg/m2; maximal aerobic power = 360.5 ± 49.5 W) performed the TT5km twice, collecting performance (time to complete, absolute and relative power output, average speed) and physiological responses (heart rate and electromyography activity). The validation criteria were pacing strategy, absolute and relative reliability, validity, and sensitivity. Sensitivity index was obtained from the ratio between the smallest worthwhile change and typical error. Results: The TT5km showed high absolute (coefficient of variation < 3%) and relative (intraclass coefficient correlation > 0.95) reliability of performance variables, whereas it presented low reliability of physiological responses. The TT5km performance variables were highly correlated with the aerobic endurance indices obtained from incremental test (r > 0.70). These variables showed adequate sensitivity index (> 1). Conclusions: TT5km is a valid test to rank the aerobic endurance fitness of well-trained cyclists and to differentiate changes on aerobic endurance performance. Coaches can detect performance changes through either absolute (± 17.7 W) or relative power output (± 0.3 W.kg-1), the time to complete the test (± 13.4 s) and the average speed (± 1.0 km.h-1). Furthermore, TT5km performance can also be used to rank the athletes according to their aerobic endurance fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luiz Dantas
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Gabriele d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Corresponding author: Jose Luiz Dantas, Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Gabriele d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy. Tel: +39-8713554039, Fax: +39-8713554043, E-mail:
| | - Gleber Pereira
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Positivo, Curitiba, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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17
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Koenig J, Jarczok MN, Wasner M, Hillecke TK, Thayer JF. Heart rate variability and swimming. Sports Med 2015; 44:1377-91. [PMID: 24958562 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Professionals in the domain of swimming have a strong interest in implementing research methods in evaluating and improving training methods to maximize athletic performance and competitive outcome. Heart rate variability (HRV) has gained attention in research on sport and exercise to assess autonomic nervous system activity underlying physical activity and sports performance. Studies on swimming and HRV are rare. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on the application of HRV in swimming research and draws implications for future research. METHODS A systematic search of databases (PubMed via MEDLINE, PSYNDEX and Embase) according to the PRISMA statement was employed. Studies were screened for eligibility on inclusion criteria: (a) empirical investigation (HRV) in humans (non-clinical); (b) related to swimming; (c) peer-reviewed journal; and (d) English language. RESULTS The search revealed 194 studies (duplicates removed), of which the abstract was screened for eligibility. Fourteen studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the review. Included studies broadly fell into three classes: (1) control group designs to investigate between-subject differences (i.e. swimmers vs. non-swimmers, swimmers vs. other athletes); (2) repeated measures designs on within-subject differences of interventional studies measuring HRV to address different modalities of training or recovery; and (3) other studies, on the agreement of HRV with other measures. CONCLUSIONS The feasibility and possibilities of HRV within this particular field of application are well documented within the existing literature. Future studies, focusing on translational approaches that transfer current evidence in general practice (i.e. training of athletes) are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Koenig
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
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18
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Second ventilatory threshold from heart-rate variability: valid when the upper body is involved? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 9:695-701. [PMID: 24231307 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To determine the most accurate method based on spectral analysis of heart-rate variability (SA-HRV) during an incremental and continuous maximal test involving the upper body, the authors tested 4 different methods to obtain the heart rate (HR) at the second ventilatory threshold (VT(2)). Sixteen ski mountaineers (mean ± SD; age 25 ± 3 y, height 177 ± 8 cm, mass 69 ± 10 kg) performed a roller-ski test on a treadmill. Respiratory variables and HR were continuously recorded, and the 4 SA-HRV methods were compared with the gas-exchange method through Bland and Altman analyses. The best method was the one based on a time-varying spectral analysis with high frequency ranging from 0.15 Hz to a cutoff point relative to the individual's respiratory sinus arrhythmia. The HR values were significantly correlated (r(2) = .903), with a mean HR difference with the respiratory method of 0.1 ± 3.0 beats/min and low limits of agreements (around -6 /+6 beats/min). The 3 other methods led to larger errors and lower agreements (up to 5 beats/min and around -23/+20 beats/min). It is possible to accurately determine VT(2) with an HR monitor during an incremental test involving the upper body if the appropriate HRV method is used.
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Holfelder B, Brown N, Bubeck D. The influence of sex, stroke and distance on the lactate characteristics in high performance swimming. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77185. [PMID: 24167563 PMCID: PMC3805569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to achieve world-class performances, regular performance diagnostics is required as an essential prerequisite for guiding high performance sport. In high performance swimming, the lactate performance diagnostic is an important instrument in testing the sport specific endurance capacity. Although the role of lactate as a signaling molecule, fuel and a gluconeogenic substrate is accepted, lactate parameters are discussed concerning stability, explanatory power and interpretability. Methods We calculated the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) of Bunc using the swimming-specific lactate threshold test by Pansold. Results The cross-sectional analysis (ANOVA) of n = 398 high performance swimmers showed significant effects for sex, stroke and distance on the IAT, the percentage of personal best time on the IAT (% of PB on IAT) and maximal lactate values (max. bLA). For the freestyle events the IAT decreased, % of PB on IAT and max. bLA increased from 100 to 400 m significantly in men and women. Women showed significantly higher % of PB on IAT with descriptive lower IAT in 7 of 8 analyzed events. Men showed significantly higher max. bLA in 5 of 8 events. In the second step, the analysis of 1902 data sets of these 398 athletes with a multi-level analysis (MLA) showed also significant effects for sex, swimming distance and stroke. For initial status and development over time, the effect sizes for the variables distance and sex were medium to large, whereas for stroke there were no or small effect sizes. Discussion These significant results suggest that lactate tests in swimming specifically have to consider the lactate affecting factors sex and distance under consideration of the time period between measurements. Anthropometrical factors and the physiology of women are possible explanations for the relative better performance for lower lactate concentrations compared to men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Holfelder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Niklas Brown
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dieter Bubeck
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Dourado VZ, Guerra RLF. Reliability and validity of heart rate variability threshold assessment during an incremental shuttle-walk test in middle-aged and older adults. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:194-9. [PMID: 23369974 PMCID: PMC3854360 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20122376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the assessment of heart rate variability threshold (HRVT) during
walking are scarce. We determined the reliability and validity of HRVT
assessment during the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) in healthy subjects.
Thirty-one participants aged 57 ± 9 years (17 females) performed 3 ISWTs. During
the 1st and 2nd ISWTs, instantaneous heart rate variability was calculated every
30 s and HRVT was measured. Walking velocity at HRVT in these tests (WV-HRVT1
and WV-HRVT2) was registered. During the 3rd ISWT, physiological responses were
assessed. The ventilatory equivalents were used to determine ventilatory
threshold (VT) and the WV at VT (WV-VT) was recorded. The difference between
WV-HRVT1 and WV-HRVT2 was not statistically significant (median and
interquartile range = 4.8; 4.8 to 5.4 vs 4.8; 4.2 to 5.4 km/h);
the correlation between WV-HRVT1 and WV-HRVT2 was significant (r = 0.84); the
intraclass correlation coefficient was high (0.92; 0.82 to 0.96), and the
agreement was acceptable (-0.08 km/h; -0.92 to 0.87). The difference between
WV-VT and WV-HRVT2 was not statistically significant (4.8; 4.8 to 5.4
vs 4.8; 4.2 to 5.4 km/h) and the agreement was acceptable
(0.04 km/h; -1.28 to 1.36). HRVT assessment during walking is a reliable measure
and permits the estimation of VT in adults. We suggest the use of the ISWT for
the assessment of exercise capacity in middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Z Dourado
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Estudos da Motricidade Humana, Departamento de Ciências do Movimento Humano, Santos, SP, Brasil.
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Koike A. Estimation of Anaerobic Threshold, a Classical Index Drawing Renewed Attention, by New Methods Without Respiratory Gas Measurements. Circ J 2013; 77:2694-5. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Koike
- Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
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