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White MS, Graham MC, Janatova T, Hawk GS, Thompson KL, Noehren B. Effect of Sampling Rate, Filtering, and Torque Onset Detection on Quadriceps Rate of Torque Development and Torque Steadiness. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4250. [PMID: 39001029 PMCID: PMC11243863 DOI: 10.3390/s24134250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Quadriceps rate of torque development (RTD) and torque steadiness are valuable metrics for assessing explosive strength and the ability to control force over a sustained period of time, which can inform clinical assessments of knee function. Despite their widespread use, there is a significant gap in standardized methodology for measuring these metrics, which limits their utility in comparing outcomes across different studies and populations. To address these gaps, we evaluated the influence of sampling rates, signal filtering, and torque onset detection on RTD and torque steadiness. Twenty-seven participants with a history of a primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (N = 27 (11 male/16 female), age = 23 ± 8 years, body mass index = 26 ± 4 kg/m2) and thirty-two control participants (N = 32 (13 male/19 female), age = 23 ± 7 years, body mass index = 23 ± 3 kg/m2) underwent isometric quadriceps strength testing, with data collected at 2222 Hz on an isokinetic dynamometer. The torque-time signal was downsampled to approximately 100 and 1000 Hz and processed using a low-pass, zero-lag Butterworth filter with a range of cutoff frequencies spanning 10-200 Hz. The thresholds used to detect torque onset were defined as 0.1 Nm, 1 Nm, and 5 Nm. RTD between 0 and 100 ms, 0 and 200 ms, and 40-160 ms was computed, as well as absolute and relative torque steadiness. Relative differences were computed by comparing all outcomes to the "gold standard" values computed, with a sampling rate of 2222 Hz, a cutoff frequency in the low-pass filter of 150 Hz, and torque onset of 1 Nm, and compared utilizing linear mixed models. While all combinations of signal collection and processing parameters reached statistical significance (p < 0.05), these differences were consistent between injured and control limbs. Additionally, clinically relevant differences (+/-10%) were primarily observed through torque onset detection methods and primarily affected RTD between 0 and 100 ms. Although measurements of RTD and torque steadiness were generally robust against diverse signal collection and processing parameters, the selection of torque onset should be carefully considered, especially in early RTD assessments that have shorter time epochs.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenzie S White
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Megan C Graham
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Tereza Janatova
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Gregory S Hawk
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | - Brian Noehren
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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2
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Graham MC, Reeves KA, Janatova T, Noehren B. The Relationship of Open- and Closed-Kinetic-Chain Rate of Force Development With Jump Performance Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:585-592. [PMID: 38594016 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine between-limbs differences in isometric rate of force development (RFD) measured during open- (OKC) and closed-kinetic-chain (CKC) strength testing and establish which method had the strongest relationship to single-leg vertical-jump performance and knee mechanics after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS Subjects (n = 19) 1 to 5 years from ACL reconstruction performed isometric knee extensions (OKC), unilateral isometric midthigh pulls (CKC), and single-leg vertical jumps on the ACL-involved and -noninvolved limbs. Between-limbs differences were assessed using paired t tests, and the relationship between RFD, jump performance, and knee mechanics was assessed using correlation coefficients (r; P ≤ .05). RESULTS There were significant between-limbs differences in OKC RFD (P = .008, d = -0.69) but not CKC RFD. OKC RFD in the ACL-involved limb had a strong association with jump height (r = .64, P = .003), knee-joint power (r = .72, P < .001), and peak knee-flexion angle (r = .72, P = .001). CKC RFD in the ACL-involved limb had a strong association with jump height (r = .65, P = .004) and knee-joint power (r = .67, P = .002) but not peak knee-flexion angle (r = .40, P = .09). CONCLUSIONS While both OKC and CKC RFD were strongly related to jump performance and knee-joint power, OKC RFD was able to detect between-limbs RFD asymmetries and was strongly related to knee-joint kinematics. These findings indicate that isometric knee extension may be optimal for assessing RFD after ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Graham
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kelsey A Reeves
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tereza Janatova
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Brian Noehren
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Thompson BJ, Conchola EC, Clevenger KA. Age-related effects of neuromuscular fatigue and acute recovery responses on maximal and rapid torque measures of the leg extensors and flexors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05493-4. [PMID: 38702553 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of neuromuscular fatigue and recovery on maximal and rapid torque characteristics in young and old men for the leg extensors and flexors. METHODS Twenty-one young (age = 24.8 years) and 19 old (72.1 years) men performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) before and at 0, 7, 15, and 30 min following an intermittent submaximal fatigue task. Outcome measures included endurance time, maximal (peak torque; PT) and rapid (absolute and normalized rate of torque development; RTD and nRTD) torque characteristics. RESULTS The old men had greater endurance times than the young men. Differential recovery patterns were observed for PT, and early and late RTD phases between the leg extensor and flexor muscle groups such that the early rapid torque variables and the flexors demonstrated slower recovery compared to later rapid torque variables and the extensors. The normalized RTD variables were reduced less after the fatigue task and differential muscle and age effects were observed where the flexors were reduced more at the early phase (nRTD1/6) compared to the extensors, however, for the later phase (nRTD2/3) the young men exhibited a greater reduction compared to the old men. CONCLUSIONS Dissimilar fatigue recovery patterns across different phases of RTD, lower limb muscles, and age groups may have important fatigue-related performance and injury risk implications across the adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan J Thompson
- Kinesiology and Health Science Department, Utah State University, 6425 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
- Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Eric C Conchola
- Dr. Virginia Peters Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA
| | - Kimberly A Clevenger
- Kinesiology and Health Science Department, Utah State University, 6425 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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4
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Gillen ZM, Burch RF, Saucier DN, Strawderman L, Luczak T, Piroli A, Petway AJ, Rath T. Effects of a Strength and Conditioning Offseason Program on Countermovement Jump Ground Reaction Forces in Division I American Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e86-e95. [PMID: 38088878 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gillen, ZM, Burch, RF, Saucier, DN, Strawderman, L, Luczak, T, Piroli, A, Petway, AJ, and Rath, T. Effects of a strength and conditioning offseason program on countermovement jump ground reaction forces in Division I American football players. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): e86-e95, 2024-The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 10-week strength and conditioning offseason program on the ground reaction forces (GRFs) of American football players during single-leg and double-leg countermovement jumps (SLJ and CMJ, respectively). Each subject visited the laboratory twice, once for preoffseason and once for postoffseason testing. During each visit, subjects performed CMJs and SLJs for each leg. Ground reaction forces were collected by force plates to quantify unweighting, braking, propulsive, and performance metrics for each jump. In addition, an efficiency index was calculated for each jump to examine changes in vertical jump efficiency. Dependent samples t tests compared all CMJ metrics. Two-way repeated measures analyses of variance (leg × time) compared all SLJ metrics. An alpha level of p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. For the CMJ, propulsive phase duration decreased due to the program ( p = 0.007), whereas peak braking power, peak propulsive power, mean propulsive force, and jump height increased ( p ≤ 0.012). For the SLJ, peak braking power, force at the low position, braking rate of force development, eccentric force, peak propulsive power, mean propulsive force, and jump height increased in both legs ( p ≤ 0.044). The efficiency index increased for the CMJ and the SLJ for both legs ( p ≤ 0.016). This study demonstrated that SLJ and CMJ vertical jump performance significantly increases in as few as 10 weeks of offseason strength and conditioning. Strength and conditioning programming may effectively increase vertical jump performance, as assessed by GRFs, which can be used as a simple indicator regarding changes in athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Reuben F Burch
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
- Human Factors & Athlete Engineering, Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - David N Saucier
- Human Factors & Athlete Engineering, Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Lesley Strawderman
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Tony Luczak
- National Strategic Planning & Analysis Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Anthony Piroli
- Tampa Bay Buccaneers Strength & Conditioning, Tampa, Florida
| | - Adam J Petway
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
- Human Factors & Athlete Engineering, Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
- University of Louisville Strength & Conditioning, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Ted Rath
- Philadelphia Eagles Strength & Conditioning, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Miller JD, Fry AC, Ciccone AB, Poggio J. Analysis of Rate of Force Development as a Vertical Jump Height Predictor. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:638-645. [PMID: 35442167 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2036315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Many researchers and coaches hold that the ability to generate force rapidly is an important factor in athletic performance. This concept is often studied by analyzing the rate of ground reaction force development (RFD) during vertical jumps; however, many such studies disagree on whether estimates of RFD are true predictors of vertical jump height, have limited sample sizes, and have not employed multiple regression analysis. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess the utility of RFD as a predictor of vertical jump height. Methods: Forward sequential multiple regression models were performed using kinematic, kinetic, and demographic variables from a database of maximal countermovement vertical jumps collected via motion capture system from 2,258 NCAA Division I athletes. Results: Peak RFD was a significant bivariate predictor of vertical jump height (r = 0.408, p < .001). However, when other variables were included in the prediction model the partial variance in vertical jump height accounted for by peak RFD was nearly eliminated (r = -0.051, β = -0.051), but sex (r = 0.246, β = 0.94) and peak ground reaction force (r = 0.503, β = 1.109) emerged as predictors of partial variance in jump height. Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed the direct effect of peak RFD on vertical jump height was only 0.004. Conclusions: Multiple regression analysis enabled by a large sample size suggests Peak RFD may not be uniquely useful as a predictor of vertical jump height during maximal countermovement jumps.
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Merrigan JJ, Rentz LE, Hornsby WG, Wagle JP, Stone JD, Smith HT, Galster SM, Joseph M, Hagen JA. Comparisons of Countermovement Jump Force-Time Characteristics Among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I American Football Athletes: Use of Principal Component Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:411-419. [PMID: 34798642 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Merrigan, JJ, Rentz, LE, Hornsby, WG, Wagle, JP, Stone, JD, Smith, HT, Galster, SM, Joseph, M, and Hagen, JA. Comparisons of countermovement jump force-time characteristics among NCAA Division I American football athletes: use of principal component analysis. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 411-419, 2022-This study aimed to reduce the dimensionality of countermovement jump (CMJ) force-time characteristics and evaluate differences among positional groups (skills, hybrid, linemen, and specialists) within National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) division I American football. Eighty-two football athletes performed 2 maximal effort, no arm-swing, CMJs on force plates. The average absolute and relative (e.g., power/body mass) metrics were analyzed using analysis of variance and principal component analysis procedures (p < 0.05). Linemen had the heaviest body mass and produced greater absolute forces than hybrid and skills but had lower propulsive abilities demonstrated by longer propulsive phase durations and greater eccentric to concentric mean force ratios. Skills and hybrid produced the most relative concentric and eccentric forces and power, as well as modified reactive strength indexes (RSIMOD). Skills (46.7 ± 4.6 cm) achieved the highest jump height compared with hybrid (42.8 ± 5.5 cm), specialists (38.7 ± 4.0 cm), and linemen (34.1 ± 5.3 cm). Four principal components explained 89.5% of the variance in force-time metrics. Dimensions were described as the (a) explosive transferability to concentric power (RSIMOD, concentric power, and eccentric to concentric forces) (b) powerful eccentric loading (eccentric power and velocity), (c) countermovement strategy (depth and duration), and (d) jump height and power. The many positional differences in CMJ force-time characteristics may inform strength and conditioning program designs tailored to each position and identify important explanatory metrics to routinely monitor by position. The overwhelming number of force-time metrics to select from may be reduced using principal component analysis methods, although practitioners should still consider the various metric's applicability and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Merrigan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Lauren E Rentz
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - William Guy Hornsby
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - Jason D Stone
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Holden T Smith
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Scott M Galster
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael Joseph
- Athletic Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Joshua A Hagen
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Ryan ED, Laffan MR, Trivisonno AJ, Gerstner GR, Mota JA, Giuliani HK, Pietrosimone BG. Neuromuscular determinants of simulated occupational performance in career firefighters. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 98:103555. [PMID: 34425517 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although firefighters are required to perform various high-intensity critically essential tasks, the influence of neuromuscular function on firefighter occupational performance is unclear. The primary aim of the current study was to identify the key neuromuscular determinants of stair climb (SC) performance in firefighters. METHODS Leg extension isometric peak torque (PT), peak power (PP), torque steadiness at 10% (Steadiness10%) and 50% (Steadiness50%) of PT, fatigability following 30 repeated isotonic concentric contractions at 40% of PT, percent body fat (%BF), and a weighted and timed SC task were examined in 41 (age: 32.3 ± 8.2 yrs; %BF: 24.1 ± 7.9%) male career firefighters. RESULTS Faster SC times (74.7 ± 13.4 s) were associated with greater PT and PP, less fatigability, younger age, and lower %BF (r = -0.530-0.629; P ≤ 0.014), but not Steadiness10% or Steadiness50% (P ≥ 0.193). Stepwise regression analyses indicated that PP and Steadiness50% were the strongest predictors of SC time (R2 = 0.442, P < 0.001). However, when age and %BF were included in the model, these variables became the only significant predictors of SC time (R2 = 0.521, P < 0.001) due to age and %BF being collectively associated with all the neuromuscular variables (excluding Steadiness10%). CONCLUSIONS Lower extremity neuromuscular function, specifically PP and steadiness, and %BF are important modifiable predictors of firefighter SC performance, which becomes increasingly important in aging firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Ryan
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Allied Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Megan R Laffan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abigail J Trivisonno
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gena R Gerstner
- Department of Human Movement Sciences Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA; North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health Education and Research Center, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jacob A Mota
- Department of Kinesiology University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Hayden K Giuliani
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brian G Pietrosimone
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Allied Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Sousa MMD, Laett CT, Gavilão UF, Goes RA, Oliveira CGD, Santos LDM, Silva SCD, Cossich VRA. EFFECT OF FATIGUE ON EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH AND MUSCLE ARCHITECTURE OF THE VASTUS LATERALIS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127062020_0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: There has been little research on changes in rate of torque development (RTD) and muscle architecture. This study evaluated the effect of fatigue on RTD and muscle architecture of the vastus lateralis (VL). Methods: Seventeen volunteers (25.5 ± 6.2 years; 177.2 ± 12.9 cm; 76.4 ± 13.1 kg) underwent isokinetic knee extension assessment at 30°/s to obtain the peak torque (PT-ISK), before and after a set of intermittent maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) (15 reps – 3 s contraction, 3 s rest) used to promote muscle fatigue, monitored by the median frequency (MDF) of the electromyography from the VL, rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles. Before and after the fatigue protocol, ultrasound images of the VL were obtained to measure muscle thickness (MT), fascicle length (FL), and fascicle angle (FA). The peak isometric torque (PT-ISM) and the RTDs in 50 ms windows were calculated for each MVIC. The RTDs were reported as absolute values and normalized by the PT-ISM. Results: Fatigue was confirmed due to significant reductions in MDF in all three muscles. After the fatigue protocol, the PT-ISK was reduced from 239.0±47.91 to 177.3±34.96 Nm, and the PT-MVIC was reduced from 269.5±45.63 to 220.49±46.94 Nm. All the RTD absolute values presented significant change after the fatigue protocol. However, the normalized RTD did not demonstrate any significant differences. No significant differences were found in the muscle architecture of the VL. Conclusions: The reduction in explosive strength occurred concomitantly with the reduction in maximum strength, as evidenced by the lack of changes in normalized TDT. Level of Evidence III.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conrado Torres Laett
- Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ubiratã Faleiro Gavilão
- Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Victor Rodrigues Amaral Cossich
- Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Brazil
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9
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Effect of four different hamstring and quadriceps training protocols on explosive strength. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Relationship between vastus lateralis muscle ultrasound echography, knee extensors rate of torque development, and jump height in professional soccer athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Crane JS, Thompson BJ, Harrell DC, Bressel E, Heath EM. Comparison of High Versus Low Eccentric-Based Resistance Training Frequencies on Short-Term Muscle Function Adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:332-339. [PMID: 31996614 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Crane, JS, Thompson, BJ, Harrell, DC, Bressel, E, and Heath, EM. Comparison of high versus low eccentric-based resistance training frequencies on short-term muscle function adaptations. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Eccentric resistance training is beneficial for improving a number of performance and health metrics. However, the recommendations on eccentric training frequency have not been established. This study investigates the effects of volume-matched resistance training frequency comparing 1 vs. 3 training days per week of isokinetic multiple-joint eccentric training on strength and lower-body function adaptations during a 4-week training period. Thirty subjects were assigned to either 3 days per week (high-frequency [HF]) or 1 day per week (low-frequency [LF]) training conditions for 4 weeks. An eccentric dynamometer was used for the training and testing. Eccentric strength and vertical jump (VJ) measures were taken at Pre, Mid (2 weeks), and Post (4 weeks) intervention. Soreness (visual analog scale [VAS]) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were taken throughout the training period. There was no group × trial interaction for eccentric strength (p = 0.06) or VJ (p = 0.87). For eccentric strength, all trials were significantly different (p < 0.001) from each other. For VJ, there was a main effect for trial such that VJ increased from Pre to Post (p < 0.001) and Mid to Post (p < 0.01). High frequency reported lower RPE (p < 0.01) and soreness (p = 0.04) compared with LF. Both HF and LF protocols elicited large (36.8 and 27.4% strength increases, respectively) and rapid neuromuscular adaptations for improved strength. Eccentric-based workload may be dispersed across a given period to allow for reduced soreness and perceived exertion levels without compromising neuromuscular adaptations. Some eccentric training transfer to functional (VJ) task may also be observed, independent of training frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Crane
- Kinesiology and Health Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.,Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - Brennan J Thompson
- Kinesiology and Health Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.,Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - David C Harrell
- Kinesiology and Health Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.,Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - Eadric Bressel
- Kinesiology and Health Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.,Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - Edward M Heath
- Kinesiology and Health Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
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12
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Influence of signal filtering and sample rate on isometric torque – time parameters using a traditional isokinetic dynamometer. J Biomech 2019; 83:235-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Rodríguez-Rosell D, Pareja-Blanco F, Aagaard P, González-Badillo JJ. Physiological and methodological aspects of rate of force development assessment in human skeletal muscle. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:743-762. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Thompson BJ, Cazier CS, Bressel E, Dolny DG. A lower extremity strength-based profile of NCAA Division I women’s basketball and gymnastics athletes: implications for knee joint injury risk assessment. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1749-1756. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1412245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brennan J. Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Curtis S. Cazier
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Eadric Bressel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Dennis G. Dolny
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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McKinlay BJ, Wallace PJ, Dotan R, Long D, Tokuno C, Gabriel DA, Falk B. Isometric and dynamic strength and neuromuscular attributes as predictors of vertical jump performance in 11- to 13-year-old male athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:924-930. [PMID: 28489955 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In explosive contractions, neural activation is a major factor in determining the rate of torque development, while the latter is an important determinant of jump performance. However, the contribution of neuromuscular activation and rate of torque development to jump performance in children and youth is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the rate of neuromuscular activation, peak torque, rate of torque development, and jump performance in young male athletes. Forty-one 12.5 ± 0.5-year-old male soccer players completed explosive, unilateral isometric and dynamic (240°/s) knee extensions (Biodex System III), as well as countermovement-, squat-, and drop-jumps. Peak torque (pT), peak rate of torque development (pRTD), and rate of vastus lateralis activation (Q30) during the isometric and dynamic contractions were examined in relation to attained jump heights. Isometric pT and pRTD were strongly correlated (r = 0.71) but not related to jump performance. Dynamic pT and pRTD, normalized to body mass, were significantly related to jump height in all 3 jumps (r = 0.38-0.66, p < 0.05). Dynamic normalized, but not absolute pRTD, was significantly related to Q30 (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). In young soccer players, neuromuscular activation and rate of torque development in dynamic contractions are related to jump performance, while isometric contractions are not. These findings have implications in the choice of training and assessment methods for young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon John McKinlay
- a Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Phillip J Wallace
- a Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Raffy Dotan
- a Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Devon Long
- a Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Craig Tokuno
- b Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - David A Gabriel
- b Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- c Department of Kinesiology, Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Palmer TB, Thiele RM, Thompson BJ. Age-Related Differences in Maximal and Rapid Torque Characteristics of the Hip Extensors and Dynamic Postural Balance in Healthy, Young and Old Females. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:480-488. [PMID: 27227788 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Palmer, TB, Thiele, RM, and Thompson, BJ. Age-related differences in maximal and rapid torque characteristics of the hip extensors and dynamic postural balance in healthy, young and old females. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 480-488, 2017-The purpose of this study was to examine age-related differences in maximal and rapid torque characteristics of the hip extensor muscles and dynamic postural balance in healthy, young and older females. Eleven younger (age, 26 ± 8 years) and 11 older (age, 67 ± 8 years) females performed 2 isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the hip extensor muscles. Absolute and relative peak torque (PT) and rate of torque development (RTD) at early (0-50 ms) and late (0-200 ms) phases of muscle contraction were examined during each MVC. Dynamic postural balance was assessed using a commercially designed balance testing device, which provides a measurement of dynamic stability based on the overall stability index (OSI). Results indicated that absolute PT and early (RTD50) and late (RTD200) RTD variables were lower (p = 0.009-0.050), and postural OSI was higher (p = 0.011) in the old compared with the younger females; however, no differences were observed for relative PT or RTD variables (p = 0.113-0.895). A significant relationship was also observed in the older (r = -0.601; p = 0.050) but not the younger (r = -0.132; p = 0.698) females between RTD50 and OSI. The lower absolute PT and RTD and higher OSI values for the old females may contribute to the increased functional limitations often observed in older adults. The significant relationship observed in the older females between OSI and RTD50 perhaps suggests that these age-related declines in explosive strength may be an important characteristic relevant to dynamic balance scores, especially in older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty B Palmer
- 1Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; 2Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas Sate University, Manhattan, Kansas; and 3Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
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Conchola EC, Thiele RM, Palmer TB, Smith DB, Thompson BJ. Acute Postexercise Time Course Responses of Hypertrophic vs. Power-Endurance Squat Exercise Protocols on Maximal and Rapid Torque of the Knee Extensors. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1285-94. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Thompson BJ, Ryan ED, Sobolewski EJ, Smith-Ryan AE. Dietary protein intake is associated with maximal and explosive strength of the leg flexors in young and older blue collar workers. Nutr Res 2015; 35:280-6. [PMID: 25753919 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary protein (PRO) intake and maximal and rapid strength of the leg flexors in blue collar (BC) working men. Twenty-four young (age, 23.2 ± 2.1 years) and 19 older (age, 52.8 ± 5.2 years) men employed in BC occupations completed a 3-day dietary record and isometric strength testing of the leg flexors. Food logs were analyzed for total PRO (TPRO) and essential amino acid (EAA) intake. Rapid and maximal strength capacities were examined from the rate of torque development at 50 milliseconds and peak torque of the torque-time curves, respectively. Pearson correlations and partial correlations were used to examine the relationships between TPRO and EAA intake on strength variables. Peak torque was positively correlated to TPRO and EAA intake in the young (r = 0.439 and r = 0.431; P < .05) and older (r = 0.636 and r = 0.605; P < .01) men, and rate of torque development at 50 milliseconds was correlated to TPRO and EAA intake in the young (r = 0.512 and r = 0.310; P = .01) and older (r = 0.662 and r = 0.665; P < .01) men, respectively. There were no relationships (P > .05) between TPRO and strength variables when controlling for EAA intake. Total PRO intake explained 20 to 44% of the variance in rapid and maximal strength for both age groups. Essential amino acid intake was largely responsible for the positive relationship between PRO intake and strength. Across young and older BC working male populations, PRO consumption was associated with both maximal and explosive strength capacities of the leg flexors muscle group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan J Thompson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC USA.
| | - Eric J Sobolewski
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC USA; Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Chang E, Norcross MF, Johnson ST, Kitagawa T, Hoffman M. Relationships Between Explosive and Maximal Triple Extensor Muscle Performance and Vertical Jump Height. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:545-51. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Palmer TB, Hawkey MJ, Smith DB, Thompson BJ. The Influence of Professional Status on Maximal and Rapid Isometric Torque Characteristics in Elite Soccer Referees. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1310-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Effects of neuromuscular fatigue on the electromechanical delay of the leg extensors and flexors in young and old men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2391-9. [PMID: 23771530 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a fatigue-inducing bout of submaximal, intermittent isometric contractions on the electromechanical delay (EMD) of the leg extensors and flexors in young and old men. METHODS Twenty young (mean ± SD: age = 25 ± 2.8 years) and sixteen old (age = 70.8 ± 3.8) recreationally active men performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) followed by a fatigue-inducing protocol consisting of intermittent isometric contractions of the leg extensors or flexors using a 0.6 duty cycle (6 s contraction, 4 s relaxation) at 60 % of MVC until volitional fatigue. MVCs were again performed at 0, 7, 15, and 30 min post fatigue. A three-way mixed factorial ANOVA was used to analyze the EMD data. RESULTS There was a two-way muscle × time interaction (P = 0.039) where the EMD of the leg flexors was greater (P = 0.001-0.034) compared with baseline at all post fatigue time periods, but was only greater at immediately post fatigue for the extensors (P = 0.001). A significant two-way interaction for muscle × age (P = 0.009) revealed that the EMD was greater (P = 0.003) for the extensors for the old compared with the young men, but not different for the flexors (P = 0.506). CONCLUSIONS These findings showed differential fatigue-induced EMD recovery patterns between the leg extensors and flexors with the flexors being slower to recover and also that age-related increases of EMD are muscle group specific. The sustained increased EMD of the flexors during recovery may have important injury and performance implications in a variety of populations and settings.
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Age related differences in maximal and rapid torque characteristics of the leg extensors and flexors in young, middle-aged and old men. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:277-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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