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Pellicer-Caller R, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, González-Gálvez N, Abenza-Cano L, Horcajo J, de la Vega-Marcos R. Influence of Exogenous Factors Related to Nutritional and Hydration Strategies and Environmental Conditions on Fatigue in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:2700. [PMID: 37375605 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the influence of exogenous factors related to nutritional and hydration strategies and environmental conditions, as modulators of fatigue, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability, in endurance tests lasting 45 min to 3 h. A search was carried out using four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and EBSCO. A total of 5103 articles were screened, with 34 included in the meta-analysis. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022327203) and adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. The study quality was evaluated according to the PEDro score and assessed using Rosenthal's fail-safe N. Carbohydrate (CHO) intake increased the time to exhaustion (p < 0.001) and decreased the heart rate (HR) during the test (p = 0.018). Carbohydrate with protein intake (CHO + PROT) increased lactate during the test (p = 0.039). With respect to hydration, dehydrated individuals showed a higher rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (p = 0.016) and had a higher body mass loss (p = 0.018). In hot conditions, athletes showed significant increases in RPE (p < 0.001), HR (p < 0.001), and skin temperature (p = 0.002), and a decrease in the temperature gradient (p < 0.001) after the test. No differences were found when athletes were subjected to altitude or cold conditions. In conclusion, the results revealed that exogenous factors, such as nutritional and hydration strategies, as well as environmental conditions, affected fatigue in endurance sports, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pellicer-Caller
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Caller Energy Labs, Caller SportEnergy S.L., 39005 Santander, Spain
| | | | | | - Lucía Abenza-Cano
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Horcajo
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo de la Vega-Marcos
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Ellis DG, Speakman J, Hambley C, Morton JP, Close GL, Lewindon D, Donovan TF. Energy Expenditure of a Male and Female Tennis Player during ATP/WTA and Grand Slam Events Measured by Doubly Labelled Water. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2628-2634. [PMID: 34310496 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Understanding the total energy expenditure (TEE) for competition and training in sport are vital to ensure suitable nutritional strategies. This study assessed TEE of a world class male and female tennis player during competition at the highest level. Participants: Career high ranking, Female: Women's Tennis Association (WTA) top 10; Male: Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) top 15. Methods: Doubly labelled water assessed TEE during a 17-day period analysed by day 1-7 (P1) and 7-17 (P2) which included a WTA/ATP tournament and culminated at the Wimbledon Championships. Daily training and match loads were assessed using a 10-point Borg scale multiplied by time. Match data were provided by video analysis and player tracking technology. Results: The TEE during P1 for the female player was 3383 kcal⋅day-1 (63.5 kcal⋅kg-1) FFM with 362 points played over 241 min in three matches covering a distance of 2569 m, with an additional 875 min training. During P2, TEE was 3824 kcal⋅day-1 (71.7 kcal⋅kg-1) FFM with 706 points played over 519 min during five matches, covering a distance of 7357 m with an additional 795 min training. The TEE during P1 for the male player was 3712 kcal⋅day-1 (56.3 kcal⋅kg-1) FFM with 133 points played over 88 mins during one match covering 1125 m, with an additional 795 mins training. During P2, TEE was 5520 kcal⋅day-1 (83.7 kcal⋅kg-1) FFM with 891 points played over 734 min during five matches, covering 10043 m, with an additional 350 min training. Conclusion: This novel data positions elite tennis, played at the highest level, as a highly energetic demanding sport, highlighting that nutritional strategies should ensure sufficient energy availability during competition schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Ellis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom Lawn Tennis Association, London, United Kingdom School of Biological Sciences, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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SANTOS MPPD, SPINELI H, BASTOS-SILVA VJ, LEARSI SK, ARAUJO GGD. Ingestion of a drink containing carbohydrate increases the number of bench press repetitions. REV NUTR 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9865201932e180056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of carbohydrate ingestion prior to exercise on the number of bench press repetitions. Methods Eight male physically active (21.3±2.7 years, 176±5cm, 73.12±6.12kg), with a minimum experience of at least one year exercising regularly, visited the laboratory at three moments. During the first visit, candidates went through their anthropometric evaluation and the application of their maximum number of bench press repetitions. The experimental tests were performed during their second and third visits in a crossover and blind study. The participants performed the maximum number of repetitions with an intensity of 70% of their maximum repetition strength. One hour before the experimental trials, participants randomly ingested a solution containing either carbohydrate or a placebo. Results The ingestion of carbohydrate increases muscle resistance in relation to placebo (p=0.014; effect size=0.71). This is evidenced by the increase in the number of repetitions (12.9±2.4 and 11.3±1.9, respectively). The individual’s perception of effort is higher in the carbohydrate group than in the placebo group after exhaustion (4±0.93 and 3.1±0.64, respectively, p=0.006, effect size=0.89). Conclusion It is concluded that a previous intake of carbohydrate is useful in improving performance in resistance exercises, providing an increase in the individual’s perception of effort.
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Zagatto AM, Kondric M, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT, Sperlich B. Energetic demand and physical conditioning of table tennis players. A study review. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:724-731. [PMID: 28582628 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1335957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Table tennis is a racket sport characterised by an intermittent movement profile, including short rallies interspersed with short breaks. In contrast to other racket sports, information is lacking regarding the: (i) physiological responses during table tennis matches and training; and (ii) practical recommendations for enhancing aerobic and anaerobic performance in table tennis by improving cardio-metabolic and neuro-muscular fitness, anthropometry and nutritional strategies. Therefore, this review article attempts to narratively provide an overview of the physiology of table tennis by describing the metabolic mechanisms underlying match play and outlining a framework for practical recommendations for improving cardio-metabolic and neuro-muscular fitness, anthropometry as well as nutritional strategies. A second aim was to stimulate future research on table tennis and to point out study limitations in this context. In general, the most important finding is that the rally duration is short at around 3.5s, with a longer rest time of around 8-20s, resulting in an effort-rest ratio ranging from 0.15 to 0.22 in official matches and energetic demands during match relatively low. Future studies should focus on the relationship between energetic demand and table tennis performance with a view to predicting performance in table tennis using physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Moura Zagatto
- a School of Sciences, Department of Physical Education , São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Bauru , SP , Brazil
| | - Miran Kondric
- b Faculty of Sport , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia.,c International Table Tennis Federation , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- d Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Billy Sperlich
- f Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute of Sport Science , University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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Yang CC, Wu CL, Chen IF, Chang CK. Prevention of perceptual-motor decline by branched-chain amino acids, arginine, citrulline after tennis match. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:935-944. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C-C. Yang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training; University of Taipei; Taipei Taiwan
| | - C-L. Wu
- Graduate Institute of Sports and Health Management; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - I-F. Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science; Chinese Culture University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - C-K. Chang
- Sport Science Research Center; National Taiwan University of Sport; Taichung Taiwan
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Spinelli R, Aalmo GO, Magagnotti N. The effect of a slack-pulling device in reducing operator physiological workload during log winching operations. ERGONOMICS 2014; 58:781-790. [PMID: 25409752 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.983184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The authors conducted a comparative test to determine whether the introduction of a hydraulic slack puller allowed reducing the physiological workload of operators assigned to log winching tasks. The tests were conducted in northern Italy, on the mountains near Como. The study involved five volunteer subjects, considered representatives of the regional logging workforce. Physiological workload was determined by measuring the operators' heart rate upon completion of specific tasks. The slack puller improved the efficiency of downhill winching, since it allowed a single operator to pull out the cable on his own, without requiring the assistance of a colleague. However, introduction of the slack puller did not result in any reductions of operator physiological workload. The main stressor when working on a steep slope is moving up and down the slope: pulling a cable is only a secondary stressor. Any measures targeting secondary stressors are unlikely to produce dramatic reductions of operator workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Spinelli
- a AFORA , University of the Sunshine Coast , Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC , QLD 4558 , Australia
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Abstract
Data describing the activity profile and physiological characteristics of tennis match-play are extensive. However, these data have generally provided descriptive accounts of the one-off match-play of amateur or lowly ranked professional players lasting <3 h. Accordingly, these research efforts have likely failed to fully capture the demands of Grand Slam tennis match-play, particularly in the men's game where matches can last >5 h. Furthermore, there is a distinct lack of evidence-based insight regarding the manifestation of fatigue within and between tennis matches, notwithstanding that skeletal muscle function has been reported to reduce following prolonged match-play. Moreover, it is evident that match-play evokes pronounced and prolonged physiological, neuromuscular and psychological perturbations that may be exacerbated with consecutive days of match-play. Separate to these internal load responses, a collection of non-uniform movement and technical performance changes are reported, though rarely from match-play data. Consequently, direct or causal links between altered physiological or muscle contractile function and subsequent match-play outcomes are lacking. Indeed, emerging evidence seems to infer that players adjust their game strategy, and the resultant execution of stroke play, to accommodate any such deterioration in physiological function. The purpose of this review was to discuss the available literature in terms of the physiological, mechanical and psychological responses that occur during prolonged match-play in the context of their likely effect on match-play performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machar Reid
- Sports Science and Sports Medicine Unit, Tennis Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, UTS: Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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