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A 20-years+ review of the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ): Psychometric properties and findings. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2022.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kavish N, Boisvert D, Cooke EM, Lewis RH, Woeckener M, Wells J, Armstrong TA. Further Evaluation of the Associations Between Psychopathic Traits and Symptoms of PTSD and Depression in a Nonclinical Sample. J Pers Disord 2021; 35:469-480. [PMID: 32039651 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2020_34_467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Examining psychopathic traits at the factor or facet level has revealed that various aspects of psychopathy may be differentially related, even in opposing directions, to important outcomes (e.g., intelligence, emotion regulation). Empirical work on relations between psychopathy and internalizing disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, has provided evidence for a positive association with antisocial traits. However, findings for the affective domain have been more equivocal. The current study (N = 732) sought to replicate past findings of the positive association of antisocial psychopathic traits with higher levels of PTSD and depressive symptoms, and to further explore associations between affective traits of psychopathy and these disorders using two measures of psychopathy. Results confirmed prior findings of a positive correlation between antisocial features and self-reported PTSD/Depression symptom severity, but they did not provide evidence for any association with affective traits. Future research using longitudinal designs is needed to begin establishing temporal ordering of the psychopathy-internalizing relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kavish
- Department of Psychology & Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas
| | - Danielle Boisvert
- Department of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas
| | - Eric M Cooke
- Department of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas
| | - Richard H Lewis
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
| | - Matthias Woeckener
- Department of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas
| | - Jessica Wells
- Department of Criminal Justice, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho
| | - Todd A Armstrong
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska Omaha
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Bowes SM, Brown AL, Thompson WW, Sellbom M, Lilienfeld SO. Do Psychopathic Traits Statistically Protect Against PTSD? A Retrospective Study of Vietnam Veterans. J Pers Disord 2021; 35:127-144. [PMID: 31206341 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2019_33_432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although psychopathy traits are traditionally associated with maladaptivity, certain traits may statistically buffer against risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research suggests that psychopathy traits are differentially associated with PTSD, as boldness traits are negatively related to PTSD whereas disinhibition features are positively related. The authors sought to clarify the relations between psychopathy and PTSD in a large sample of Vietnam veterans (N = 2,598) and to examine the statistical interactions among (a) psychopathy traits and (b) combat exposure and psychopathy traits in predicting PTSD. Results indicate that psychopathy traits are differentially associated with PTSD in combat-exposed veterans, although the authors found little evidence that boldness was protective against PTSD. Nonetheless, meanness was significantly, albeit weakly, protective against PTSD in the presence of combat exposure. The authors consider the implications of these findings for future research, including the need to consider fearlessness as a heterogeneous construct, and they examine whether the findings generalize to PTSD in DSM-5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Scott O Lilienfeld
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Ireland JL, Mann S, Lewis M, Ozanne R, McNeill K, Ireland CA. Psychopathy and trauma: Exploring a potential association. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 69:101543. [PMID: 32241459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research presents a series of linked studies exploring the association between psychopathy and trauma. It comprises a systematic review (n = 58), followed by an expert Delphi (n = 19), and patient file trawl using a male forensic psychiatric patient sample (n = 66). An association between psychopathy and developmental trauma was predicted. It was further predicted that different types of trauma would be associated with different subtypes of psychopathy and that the severity of trauma would be important. The systematic review identified the following core themes: presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and/or symptoms; trauma type; trauma/abuse variables; and sex differences. The ensuing Delphi study indicated the specific variant of psychopathy to be important, with secondary psychopathy particularly relevant. The final study found that the severity of developmental trauma related differentially to primary and secondary psychopathy. Implications and directions for future research are discussed, most notably with regards to the conceptualisation of psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Ireland
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston & Ashworth Research Centre, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Sophie Mann
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston & Ashworth Research Centre, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Lewis
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston & Ashworth Research Centre, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca Ozanne
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston & Ashworth Research Centre, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kimberley McNeill
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston & Ashworth Research Centre, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carol A Ireland
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston & Ashworth Research Centre, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
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Wendt GW, Bartoli AJ. Understanding the psychopathy-stress association in typical developing adults: The role of emotional deficits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Tsang S. Troubled or Traumatized Youth? The Relations Between Psychopathy, Violence Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Antisocial Behavior Among Juvenile Offenders. JOURNAL OF AGGRESSION, MALTREATMENT & TRAUMA 2017; 27:164-178. [PMID: 29743806 PMCID: PMC5937543 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2017.1372541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined how psychopathy, exposure to violence, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with antisocial behavior among 1,354 serious delinquent adolescents from the Pathways to Desistance study. Results showed that psychopathy, violence exposure, and PTSD are independently linked to self-reported involvement of delinquency, even after controlling for respondents' demographic characteristics. However, the effect of PTSD on antisocial behavior was small. Differential associations were observed between the 2 factors of psychopathy, interpersonal/affective and social deviance, and PTSD symptoms. Specifically, the effect of social deviance characteristics on delinquency was above and beyond that of interpersonal/affective features. In addition, exposure to violence as a victim or witness were uniquely associated with increased delinquent behavior. Findings clarified the relations among psychopathy, violence exposure, PTSD, and antisocial behavior, and highlighted the differential links between psychopathy factors and delinquency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siny Tsang
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Psychopathic Personality Traits as Protective Factors against the Development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in a Sample of National Guard Combat Veterans. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-017-9588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Woodfield R, Dhingra K, Boduszek D, Debowska A. Facets of psychopathy in relation to trauma-exposure and posttraumatic stress symptomology in a sample of incarcerated male offenders. Int J Prison Health 2016; 12:244-252. [PMID: 27921637 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-06-2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating role of psychopathy facets on the relationship between traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology. Design/methodology/approach Participants were male prisoners incarcerated in the UK. Findings The analysis revealed differential associations between the two facets of psychopathy, with potentially traumatic events and symptoms of PTSD. Specifically, neither primary psychopathy nor trauma exposure were significantly related to PTSD, while secondary psychopathy was positively and significantly related with PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, the effect of trauma exposure on PTSD was found to depend on the level of secondary psychopathy. More specifically, trauma exposure was strongly and positively associated with PTSD symptoms for low levels of secondary psychopathy and negatively associated with PTSD symptomology for individuals with high levels of secondary psychopathy. Originality/value The findings clarify linkages among psychopathy facets, trauma, and PTSD, and extend the understanding of the presentation of PTSD in male prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Woodfield
- Department of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield, UK
| | - Katie Dhingra
- Department of Criminology, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel Boduszek
- Department of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield, UK
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Sevecke K, Franke S, Kosson D, Krischer M. Emotional dysregulation and trauma predicting psychopathy dimensions in female and male juvenile offenders. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2016; 10:43. [PMID: 27822303 PMCID: PMC5088678 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-016-0130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathy is a specific syndrome that predicts future violent and aggressive behavior in adults. Studies in youth and adults have demonstrated a strong association between early traumatic incidents and later dissocial behavior. Moreover, the impact of personality pathology and emotional dysregulation on aggressive and violent behavior is well established. However, few studies have addressed the relationship between early traumatization and psychopathic traits in adolescents. METHOD The present study examined associations between both general dimensions of personality pathology and early traumatic experiences and the dimensions of psychopathy in 170 male and 171 female adolescent detainees. RESULTS Analyses revealed associations between physical abuse, emotional dysregulation and psychopathic traits in delinquent boys but not in delinquent girls. CONCLUSION Hypothesized relationships between trauma, personality pathology could only be confirmed in the lifestyle and antisocial, but not in the core affective and interpersonal facets of psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Sevecke
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Franke
- Faculty II, Developmental Science and Special Education, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - David Kosson
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, USA
| | - Maya Krischer
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Englebert J. Quelques éléments en faveur d’une réflexion psychopathologique sur la psychopathie : seconde partie. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Craparo G, Schimmenti A, Caretti V. Traumatic experiences in childhood and psychopathy: a study on a sample of violent offenders from Italy. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2013; 4:21471. [PMID: 24371511 PMCID: PMC3871837 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link between early traumatic experiences of abuse/neglect and criminal behaviour has been widely demonstrated. Less is known, however, about the relationship between these experiences and the development of psychopathic personality. OBJECTIVE This study investigated childhood relational trauma in a group of violent offenders from Italy. We hypothesised a higher level of early relational trauma associated with higher scores on psychopathy. METHOD Twenty-two offenders convicted for violent crimes aged 22-60 (M=38, SD=11) participated in this study. Participants were selected by the Italian justice system for an experimental research programme aiming at the evaluation of psychopathic personality traits among violent offenders. Within the group, 14 participants (64%) had committed murder, 4 (18%) had committed rape, and 4 (18%) were convicted child sex offenders. The Traumatic Experience Checklist was used to assess childhood relational trauma; the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) was used to assess psychopathy. RESULTS There was a high prevalence of childhood experiences of neglect and abuse among the offenders. Higher levels of childhood relational trauma were found among participants who obtained high scores on the PCL-R. There was also a significant negative association between age of first relational trauma and psychopathy scores. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study suggest that an early exposure to relational trauma in childhood can play a relevant role in the development of more severe psychopathic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Craparo
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Enna "Kore", Enna, Italy
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Enna "Kore", Enna, Italy
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Willemsen J, De Ganck J, Verhaeghe P. Psychopathy, traumatic exposure, and lifetime posttraumatic stress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2012; 56:505-524. [PMID: 21518704 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x11407443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined two theoretical models on the interaction between psychopathy, traumatic exposure, and lifetime posttraumatic stress in a sample of 81 male detainees. In Model 1, the interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy were assumed to protect against posttraumatic stress. In Model 2, the lifestyle and antisocial traits of psychopathy were assumed to lead to a lifestyle that increases the risk of traumatic exposure and subsequent posttraumatic stress. The authors found significant negative bivariate associations between Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) total, Interpersonal and Affective facet scores, and posttraumatic stress. Model 1 was confirmed, as they found the interaction between the Affective facet and traumatic exposure had a significant negative effect on posttraumatic stress. Model 2 was rejected. The authors' findings confirm that the interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy are associated with an emotional deficit and that the affective features of psychopathy are crucial for understanding the relationship between psychopathy and anxiety.
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