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Mambro A, Afshar A, Leone F, Dussault C, Stoové M, Savulescu J, Rich JD, Rowan DH, Sheehan J, Kronfli N. Reimbursing incarcerated individuals for participation in research: A scoping review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 123:104283. [PMID: 38109837 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about global practices regarding the provision of reimbursement for the participation of people who are incarcerated in research. To determine current practices related to the reimbursement of incarcerated populations for research, we aimed to describe international variations in practice across countries and carceral environments to help inform the development of more consistent and equitable practices. METHODS We conducted a scoping review by searching PubMed, Cochrane library, Medline, and Embase, and conducted a grey literature search for English- and French-language articles published until September 30, 2022. All studies evaluating any carceral-based research were included if recruitment of incarcerated participants occurred inside any non-juvenile carceral setting; we excluded studies if recruitment occurred exclusively following release. Where studies failed to indicate the presence or absence of reimbursement, we assumed none was provided. RESULTS A total of 4,328 unique articles were identified, 2,765 were eligible for full text review, and 426 were included. Of these, 295 (69%) did not offer reimbursement to incarcerated individuals. A minority (n = 13; 4%) included reasons explaining the absence of reimbursement, primarily government-level policies (n = 7). Among the 131 (31%) studies that provided reimbursement, the most common form was monetary compensation (n = 122; 93%); five studies (4%) offered possible reduced sentencing. Reimbursement ranged between $3-610 USD in total and 14 studies (11%) explained the reason behind the reimbursements, primarily researchers' discretion (n = 9). CONCLUSIONS The majority of research conducted to date in carceral settings globally has not reimbursed incarcerated participants. Increased transparency regarding reimbursement (or lack thereof) is needed as part of all carceral research and advocacy efforts are required to change policies prohibiting reimbursement of incarcerated individuals. Future work is needed to co-create international standards for the equitable reimbursement of incarcerated populations in research, incorporating the voices of people with lived and living experience of incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mambro
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Avideh Afshar
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Leone
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille Dussault
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Stoové
- Burnet Institute, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Josiah D Rich
- Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam and Rhode Island Hospitals, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel H Rowan
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Nadine Kronfli
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Browne C, Chemjong P, Korobanova D, Jang S, Yee N, Marr C, Rae N, Ma T, Spencer SJ, Dean K. Self-harm risk screening on prison entry: assessing the predictive validity of self-harm history and recent ideation in men and women. Int J Prison Health 2022; 19:414-426. [PMID: 36422644 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-12-2021-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rates of self-harm are elevated in prison, and there is limited evidence to support the efficacy of brief risk screening at reception to predict and prevent self-harm. This study aims to examine the predictive validity of the self-harm/suicide screening items embedded in a prison mental health screening tool from two key domains strongly associated with risk: previous suicidal/self-harm behaviour, and recent ideation. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A sample of men and women were screened on entry to prison, with eight screening items covering the two key domains of risk. Follow-up data on self-harm incidents were collected for 12 months post-screening. The predictive validity of individual screening items, item combinations and cumulative screening score was examined for the overall sample and for men and women separately. FINDINGS Individual screening items across the two domains were all strongly associated with self-harm in the follow-up period, with odds ratios varying from 2.34 to 9.24. The predictive validity of both individual items, item scores and item combinations demonstrated high specificity but low to moderate sensitivity, and modest area under the curves (AUCs). Predictive validity was generally better for men than women; however, differences were not statistically significant. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Identifying those at risk of self-harm in prisons remains challenging and brief universal screening at prison entry should be only one component of a broader prison risk assessment and management strategy. ORIGINALITY/VALUE To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is one of very few to prospectively examine self-harm behaviour following risk screening. Predictive validity was examined in a representative sample of individuals in custody, and for men and women separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Browne
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Malabar, Australia and Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Prabin Chemjong
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Malabar, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia and Western Sydney Local Health District, Blacktown, Australia
| | - Daria Korobanova
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Malabar, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia and Western Sydney Local Health District, Blacktown, Australia
| | - Seyoung Jang
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natalia Yee
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Malabar, Australia and Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carey Marr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natasha Rae
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Malabar, Australia and Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Trevor Ma
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Malabar, Australia and Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah-Jane Spencer
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Malabar, Australia, and Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Malabar, Australia and Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Interian A, Chesin M, Kline A, Miller R, St Hill L, Latorre M, Shcherbakov A, King A, Stanley B. Use of the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) to Classify Suicidal Behaviors. Arch Suicide Res 2018; 22:278-294. [PMID: 28598723 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2017.1334610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to better understand and prevent suicide have increasingly pointed to the prospective assessment of suicidal behaviors in clinical trials. These assessments are aided by instruments such as the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), which have sought to improve the conceptual uniformity and ease by which suicidal behaviors are classified. At the same time, assessment and classification of suicidal behaviors has been a longtime challenge in the field. To aid users of the C-SSRS, this article illustrates the use of the C-SSRS in instances where classification complexities arise. Illustrations are presented based on cases encountered during a clinical trial for a suicide prevention intervention. Key decision points are summarized and classification issues that warrant consideration for future refinement of such decisions are discussed.
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Nieuwoudt P, Bantjes J. Health professionals talk about the challenges of suicide prevention in two correctional centres in South Africa. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0081246318758803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is the leading cause of death among offenders in correctional facilities in many parts of the world. While epidemiological data have described the extent and scope of the problem, no research has documented the experiences and insights of health professionals who are tasked with providing care to suicidal offenders in South African correctional centres. It is within this context that we set out to document the experiences of a group of health professionals working in two correctional facilities in South Africa. We were interested in learning from them about their perceptions of the factors that contribute to suicidal behaviour among offenders and their suggestions for suicide prevention. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with a group of health professionals ( N = 10). Data were analysed using thematic analysis and an inductive approach was adopted for coding the data. The participants describe a number of structural and contextual factors which they believe make correctional centres in South Africa unsafe, thus increasing the risk of suicidal behaviour among offenders and hindering suicide prevention efforts within the two correctional centres where data were collected. These factors include high levels of psychopathology, trauma, substance abuse, violence, gangsterism, overcrowding, inadequate mental health care resources, and problems relating to stigma. These findings highlight human rights and mental health issues facing offenders and draw attention to conditions within correctional centres that need attention as part of any national suicide prevention strategy in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Bantjes
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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Fjeldsted R, Teasdale TW, Jensen M, Erlangsen A. Suicide in Relation to the Experience of Stressful Life Events: A Population-Based Study. Arch Suicide Res 2017; 21:544-555. [PMID: 27849449 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2016.1259596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stressful life events have been associated with high risk of suicidal behavior. The aim of this study was to examine whether persons who died by suicide in Denmark had more frequently been exposed to stressful life events, specifically divorce, death of a close relative, exposure to violence, and imprisonment, when compared to gender and age-matched controls. Data from Danish national registers were obtained for the period of 2000-2010 and a nested case-control design was applied. The association between exposure to stressful life events and suicide was examined using logistic regression analysis. In all, 7,115 suicides were identified during the 11 years of follow-up. For each of these, 20 age- and gender-matched controls were randomly selected (n = 142,300). Cases who died by suicide had an odds ratio of 9.3 (CI-95%: 7.8-11.0) of having been exposed to imprisonment five or more times when compared to controls. People who died by suicide had 1.5-fold (CI-95%: 1.3-1.6) higher risk of having experienced a divorce. Stressful life events, such as divorce and imprisonment, were more frequent in temporal proximity to the date of death among the suicide cases than for end of exposure for controls (p < .001 and p < .001, respectively). Our findings confirm that, using nationwide data, stressful life events are positively associated to subsequent suicide. Causal pathways linking the two may, however, be indirect.
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Asberg K, Renk K. Perceived stress, external locus of control, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment among female inmates with or without a history of sexual abuse. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2014; 58:59-84. [PMID: 23070955 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x12461477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the growing number of women who are incarcerated across the United States, the current study investigated the relationships among female inmates' perceptions of their own stress, external locus of control (LOC), social support adequacy, and various aspects of psychological functioning. Generally, female inmates with a self-reported history of childhood sexual abuse did not differ from their nonabused counterparts on the variables of interest. Results suggested that female inmates' perceptions of higher stress, a higher degree of external LOC, and inadequate social support correlated with greater symptoms of depression and hopelessness as well as lower self-esteem. In regression analyses, stress and social support were significant predictors for depression and anxiety. In contrast, stress was the only significant predictor of hopelessness and self-esteem. Finally, none of the predictors examined here was significant in the prediction of traumatic stress. Overall, findings suggested the importance of stress and social support in the prediction of female inmates' adjustment, specifically their symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Asberg
- Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA
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Naud H, Daigle MS. How to improve testing when trying to predict inmate suicidal behavior. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2013; 36:390-398. [PMID: 23850053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the predictive power of the Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) in a male inmate population (federal penitentiary) with the added contribution of actuarial data. METHOD SPS scores and data from the files of 518 inmates were analyzed in relation to their suicidal behaviors over the following 10 years. RESULTS During this period, 12 inmates committed suicide (2.32%), 43 engaged in non-lethal self-harm (8.3%) and 15 expressed serious suicidal intention (2.9%), for a total of 70 (13.51%) who manifested at least one form of suicidal behavior. The records of the 518 inmates allowed identifying seven actuarial variables (out of 24 documented) that distinguished the group that acted out. These variables were tested in combination with the SPS score to determine the best predictive models of suicidal behavior. Depending on type of suicidal behavior and on observation period, the following seven variables could prove useful in improving the predictive capacity of the SPS: age, prior suicidal behavior, borderline personality disorder, length of sentence, number of sentences, prior incarceration in a provincial prison, and juvenile priors. However, analyses did not allow developing a better predictive model for the specific subgroup of suicide completers. CONCLUSIONS SPS is improved when adding actuarial data.
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Rivlin A, Ferris R, Marzano L, Fazel S, Hawton K. A Typology of Male Prisoners Making Near-Lethal Suicide Attempts. CRISIS 2013; 34:335-47. [DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Prisoners are at high risk of suicide. Aims: This study aimed to develop a typology of prison suicide. Method: We interviewed 60 male prisoners who made near-lethal suicide attempts in prison to obtain quantitative and qualitative data regarding psychiatric, psychological, social, and criminological factors. We analyzed this information to develop a typology to classify suicidal prisoners and validated it by having a prison psychiatrist independently rate each interview transcript. Results: We developed a typology of five subgroups: attempts that (1) were due to a prisoner being unable to cope in prison, (2) were motivated by psychotic symptoms, (3) had instrumental motives, (4) were ”unexpected” by the prisoners themselves, and (5) were associated with withdrawal from drugs. The interrater reliability as measured by Cohen’s was good to excellent at 0.81 (p < .001), 95% CI (0.69, 0.93). Conclusion: With further validation in other samples, this typology may assist suicide prevention initiatives in prisons as well as other forensic institutions by informing the assessment and formulation of suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Rivlin
- Centre for Suicide Research, University Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Ferris
- Oxford Clinic Medium Secure Unit, Littlemore Mental Health Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Marzano
- Psychology Department, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, UK
| | - Seena Fazel
- Centre for Suicide Research, University Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Keith Hawton
- Centre for Suicide Research, University Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Daigle MS, Pouliot L, Chagnon F, Greenfield B, Mishara B. Suicide attempts: prevention of repetition. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2011; 56:621-9. [PMID: 22014695 DOI: 10.1177/070674371105601008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present an overview of promising strategies to prevent repetition of suicidal behaviours. METHOD This literature review on tertiary preventive interventions of suicide attempts was produced using the computerized databases PubMed and PsycINFO from January 1966 to September 2010, using French- and English-language limits and the key words: suicid* or deliberate self-harm and treatment* or therapy or intervention* or management. RESULTS Thirteen of the 35 included studies showed statistically significant effects of fewer repeated attempts or suicides in the experimental condition. Overall, 22 studies focused on more traditional approaches, that is, pharmacological or psychological approaches. Only 2 of the 6 pharmacological treatments proved significantly superior to a placebo- a study of lithium with depression and flupenthixol with personality disorders. Eight out of 16 psychological treatments proved superior to treatment as usual or another approach: cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) (n = 4), (including dialectical behaviour therapy [n = 2]); psychodynamic therapy (n = 2); mixed (CBT plus psychodynamic therapy [n = 1]); and motivational approach and change in therapist (n = 1). Among the 8 studies using visit, postal, or telephone contact or green-token emergency card provision, 2 were significant: one involving telephone follow-up and the other telephone follow-up or visits. Hospitalization was not related to fewer attempts, and 1 of the 4 outreach approaches had significant results: a program involving individualized biweekly treatment. The rationale behind these single or multiple approaches still needs to be clarified. There were methodological flaws in many studies and some had very specific limited samples. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for more research addressing the problem in definitions of outcomes and measurement of the dependent variables, gender-specific effects, and inclusion of high-risk groups. There is a need for the development and evaluation of new approaches that support collaboration with community resources and more careful assessment and comparisons of existing treatments with different populations.
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Marzano L, Hawton K, Rivlin A, Fazel S. Psychosocial influences on prisoner suicide: a case-control study of near-lethal self-harm in women prisoners. Soc Sci Med 2011; 72:874-83. [PMID: 21345561 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We examined the psychosocial influences on female prisoner suicide by carrying out a study of near-lethal self-harm. We interviewed 60 women prisoners who had recently engaged in near-lethal self-harm (cases) and 60 others who had never carried out near-lethal acts in prison (controls) from all closed female prison establishments in England and Wales, using mixed quantitative and qualitative methods. We gathered information on socio-demographic and criminological variables, life events and childhood trauma, exposure to suicidal behaviour, contributory and precipitating factors for near-lethal self-harm, social support and psychological characteristics. While socio-demographic factors were only modestly associated with near-lethal self-harm, being on remand, in single cell accommodation, and reporting negative experiences of imprisonment were strong correlates. Recent life events and past trauma, including different forms of childhood abuse, were also significantly associated with near-lethal self-harm, as were a family history of suicide and high scores on measures of depression, aggression, impulsivity and hostility, and low levels of self-esteem and social support. Our findings underline the importance of both individual and prison-related factors for suicide in custody, and hence the need for a comprehensive approach to suicide prevention in women's prisons. Given the multiple needs of female prisoners at-risk of self-harm and suicide, complex psychosocial interventions are likely to be required, including interventions for abused and bereaved women, and initiatives to improve staff-prisoner relationships and reduce bullying. The findings of this research may provide insights into factors leading to suicidal behaviour in other forensic and institutional settings, such as detention centres and psychiatric hospitals, and may assist in developing suicide prevention policies for prisoners and other at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marzano
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
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Peng EYC, Yeh CY, Lyu SY, Morisky DE, Chen YMA, Lee MB, Farabee D, Malow RM. Prevalence and correlates of lifetime suicidal ideation among HIV-infected male inmates in Taiwan. AIDS Care 2010; 22:1212-20. [DOI: 10.1080/09540121003623701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Yu-Chang Peng
- a Department of Community Medicine , Taipei City Hospital , Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei , Taiwan
- b School of Public Health , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei , 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Yeh
- b School of Public Health , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei , 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Lyu
- b School of Public Health , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei , 11031 , Taiwan
- c AIDS Prevention and Research Center , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Donald E. Morisky
- d Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health , University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- c AIDS Prevention and Research Center , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Been Lee
- e Department of Psychiatry , National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - David Farabee
- f Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences , University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Robert M. Malow
- g AIDS Prevention Program, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
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Canazaro D, Argimon IIDL. Características, sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em mulheres encarceradas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2010; 26:1323-33. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2010000700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O estudo objetivou traçar o perfil, descrever as características sociodemográficas e clínicas da mulher prisioneira, além de verificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e de desesperança, uso, abuso e dependência de drogas e álcool. Participaram 287 mulheres de uma Penitenciária Feminina do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O delineamento foi de um estudo quantitativo e transversal. Os achados mostram que o perfil caracteriza-se por ser solteira, jovem, ter no mínimo dois filhos, ter exercido atividades informais e geralmente de baixo status social e/ou econômico, possuir até o Ensino Fundamental incompleto. Foi encontrada alta prevalência de sintomas depressivos e uso, abuso e dependência de drogas, porém baixa prevalência de sintomas de desesperança. Diversos fatores, principalmente ligados à vida pregressa das participantes, foram associados significativamente com os sintomas depressivos.
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Silverman MM, Berman AL, Sanddal ND, O'carroll PW, Joiner TE. Rebuilding the tower of Babel: a revised nomenclature for the study of suicide and suicidal behaviors. Part 1: Background, rationale, and methodology. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2007; 37:248-63. [PMID: 17579538 DOI: 10.1521/suli.2007.37.3.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morton M Silverman
- Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA.
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Silverman MM, Berman AL, Sanddal ND, O'carroll PW, Joiner TE. Rebuilding the tower of Babel: a revised nomenclature for the study of suicide and suicidal behaviors. Part 2: Suicide-related ideations, communications, and behaviors. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2007; 37:264-77. [PMID: 17579539 DOI: 10.1521/suli.2007.37.3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morton M Silverman
- Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA.
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