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Pillerová M, Borbélyová V, Hodosy J, Riljak V, Renczés E, Frick KM, Tóthová Ľ. On the role of sex steroids in biological functions by classical and non-classical pathways. An update. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 62:100926. [PMID: 34089761 PMCID: PMC8523217 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The sex steroid hormones (SSHs) play several roles in regulation of various processes in the cardiovascular, immune, muscular and neural systems. SSHs affect prenatal and postnatal development of various brain structures, including regions associated with important physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional functions. This action can be mediated by either intracellular or transmembrane receptors. While the classical mechanisms of SSHs action are relatively well examined, the physiological importance of non-classical mechanism of SSHs action through membrane-associated and transmembrane receptors in the brain remains unclear. The most recent summary describing the role of SSHs in different body systems is lacking. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss classical and non-classical signaling pathways of testosterone and estradiol action via their receptors at functional, cellular, tissue level and to describe the effects on various body systems and behavior. Particular emphasis will be on brain regions including the hippocampus, hypothalamus, frontal cortex and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pillerová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Borbélyová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Július Hodosy
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Riljak
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Emese Renczés
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karyn M Frick
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ľubomíra Tóthová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Zhuo C, Xu Y, Wang H, Fang T, Chen J, Zhou C, Li Q, Liu J, Xu S, Yao C, Yang W, Yang A, Li B, Chen Y, Tian H, Lin C. Safety and Efficacy of High-Dose Vitamin B6 as an Adjunctive Treatment for Antipsychotic-Induced Hyperprolactinemia in Male Patients With Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:681418. [PMID: 34512411 PMCID: PMC8426548 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.681418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of high-dose vitamin B6 (vB6) as an adjunct treatment for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia (AIHP) in male patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). In this randomized double-blinded controlled study, patients were randomized (1:1) into a control group given aripiprazole (ARI; 10 mg/day; n = 100) or an intervention group given vB6 (300 mg/12 h for 16 weeks; n = 100). Prolactin levels, psychotic symptoms [Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)], cognitive function [MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)], liver function, kidney function, growth hormone level, micronutrient levels, blood lipids, and adverse secondary effects (ASEs)[Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) and Barnes-Akathisia scale] were monitored. After a 16-week treatment period, the vB6 group showed a 68.1% reduction in serum prolactin levels (from 95.52 ± 6.30 μg/L to 30.43 ± 18.65 μg/L) while the ARI group showed only a 37.4% reduction (from 89.07 ± 3.59 μg/L to 55.78 ± 7.39 μg/L). During weeks 1-4, both treatments reduced prolactin similarly. Subsequently, the ARI effect plateaued, while the vB6 effect remained robust. The vB6 group showed better alleviation of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment. No serious ASEs were observed; ASEs were more frequent in the ARI group. AIHP reduction efficacy of vB6 was associated with baseline prolactin and triglyceride levels, total vB6 dosage, and education level. In conclusion, compared with the ARI group, TRS patients given vB6 showed better attenuation of AIHP, lower ASE scores, and greater improvements in clinical symptoms and cognitive impairments. These results support further consideration of vB6 as a putative treatment for AIHP. Trial Registration: ChiCTR1800014755.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Damages of Major Psychoses (MODMP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated With Nankai University, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Real Time Brain Circuit Tracing in Neurology and Psychiatry (RTBNP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated With Nankai University, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Mental Disorder Therapy Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Damages of Major Psychoses (MODMP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated With Nankai University, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Real Time Brain Circuit Tracing in Neurology and Psychiatry (RTBNP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated With Nankai University, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Real Time Brain Circuit Tracing in Neurology and Psychiatry (RTBNP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated With Nankai University, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Imaging and Comorbidity (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qianchen Li
- Department of Pharmacology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Neuro-Imaging and Comorbidity (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuli Xu
- Laboratory of Neuro-Imaging and Comorbidity (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Yao
- Laboratory of Neuro-Imaging and Comorbidity (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiliang Yang
- Laboratory of Neuro-Imaging and Comorbidity (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Anqu Yang
- Department of Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia, Tianjin Kangtai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia, Tianjin Kangtai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Department of Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia, Tianjin Kangtai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Multiple Organ Damages of Major Psychoses (MODMP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated With Nankai University, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Real Time Brain Circuit Tracing in Neurology and Psychiatry (RTBNP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated With Nankai University, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chongguang Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Proteomic Analysis of Brain Region and Sex-Specific Synaptic Protein Expression in the Adult Mouse Brain. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020313. [PMID: 32012899 PMCID: PMC7072627 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic disruption of synaptic proteins results in a whole variety of human neuropsychiatric disorders including intellectual disability, schizophrenia or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In a wide range of these so-called synaptopathies a sex bias in prevalence and clinical course has been reported. Using an unbiased proteomic approach, we analyzed the proteome at the interaction site of the pre- and postsynaptic compartment, in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum of male and female adult C57BL/6J mice. We were able to reveal a specific repertoire of synaptic proteins in different brain areas as it has been implied before. Additionally, we found a region-specific set of novel synaptic proteins differentially expressed between male and female individuals including the strong ASD candidates DDX3X, KMT2C, MYH10 and SET. Being the first comprehensive analysis of brain region-specific synaptic proteomes from male and female mice, our study provides crucial information on sex-specific differences in the molecular anatomy of the synapse. Our efforts should serve as a neurobiological framework to better understand the influence of sex on synapse biology in both health and disease.
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