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Joly-Amado A, Kulkarni N, Nash KR. Reelin Signaling in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1479. [PMID: 37891846 PMCID: PMC10605156 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in neuronal migration during embryonic brain development and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. The role of Reelin in the developing central nervous system has been extensively characterized. Indeed, a loss of Reelin or a disruption in its signaling cascade leads to neurodevelopmental defects and is associated with ataxia, intellectual disability, autism, and several psychiatric disorders. In the adult brain, Reelin is critically involved in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Reelin's signaling potentiates glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, induces synaptic maturation, and increases AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits' expression and activity. As a result, there is a growing literature reporting that a loss of function and/or reduction of Reelin is implicated in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. The present review summarizes the current state of the literature regarding the implication of Reelin and Reelin-mediated signaling during aging and neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting Reelin as a possible target in the prevention or treatment of progressive neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Joly-Amado
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.); (K.R.N.)
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2
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Stoufflet J, Tielens S, Nguyen L. Shaping the cerebral cortex by cellular crosstalk. Cell 2023; 186:2733-2747. [PMID: 37352835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is the brain's outermost layer. It is responsible for processing motor and sensory information that support high-level cognitive abilities and shape personality. Its development and functional organization strongly rely on cell communication that is established via an intricate system of diffusible signals and physical contacts during development. Interfering with this cellular crosstalk can cause neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we review how crosstalk between migrating cells and their environment influences cerebral cortex development, ranging from neurogenesis to synaptogenesis and assembly of cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Stoufflet
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Tielens
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wavres, Belgium.
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Elorriaga V, Pierani A, Causeret F. Cajal-retzius cells: Recent advances in identity and function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 79:102686. [PMID: 36774666 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius cells (CRs) are a transient neuronal type of the developing cerebral cortex. Over the years, they have been shown or proposed to play important functions in neocortical and hippocampal morphogenesis, circuit formation, brain evolution and human pathology. Because of their short lifespan, CRs have been pictured as a purely developmental cell type, whose production and active elimination are both required for correct brain development. In this review, we present some of the findings that allow us to better appreciate the identity and diversity of this very special cell type, and propose a unified definition of what should be considered a Cajal-Retzius cell, especially when working with non-mammalian species or organoids. In addition, we highlight a flurry of recent studies pointing to the importance of CRs in the assembly of functional and dysfunctional cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Elorriaga
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France.
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
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4
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Yao X, Zhan L, Yan Z, Li J, Kong L, Wang X, Xiao H, Jiang H, Huang C, Ouyang Y, Qian Y, Fan C. Non-electric bioelectrical analog strategy by a biophysical-driven nano-micro spatial anisotropic scaffold for regulating stem cell niche and tissue regeneration in a neuronal therapy. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:319-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Leifeld J, Förster E, Reiss G, Hamad MIK. Considering the Role of Extracellular Matrix Molecules, in Particular Reelin, in Granule Cell Dispersion Related to Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:917575. [PMID: 35733853 PMCID: PMC9207388 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.917575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the nervous system can be considered as a dynamically adaptable compartment between neuronal cells, in particular neurons and glial cells, that participates in physiological functions of the nervous system. It is mainly composed of carbohydrates and proteins that are secreted by the different kinds of cell types found in the nervous system, in particular neurons and glial cells, but also other cell types, such as pericytes of capillaries, ependymocytes and meningeal cells. ECM molecules participate in developmental processes, synaptic plasticity, neurodegeneration and regenerative processes. As an example, the ECM of the hippocampal formation is involved in degenerative and adaptive processes related to epilepsy. The role of various components of the ECM has been explored extensively. In particular, the ECM protein reelin, well known for orchestrating the formation of neuronal layer formation in the cerebral cortex, is also considered as a player involved in the occurrence of postnatal granule cell dispersion (GCD), a morphologically peculiar feature frequently observed in hippocampal tissue from epileptic patients. Possible causes and consequences of GCD have been studied in various in vivo and in vitro models. The present review discusses different interpretations of GCD and different views on the role of ECM protein reelin in the formation of this morphological peculiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Leifeld
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry I—Receptor Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jennifer Leifeld, ; Eckart Förster,
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jennifer Leifeld, ; Eckart Förster,
| | - Gebhard Reiss
- Institute for Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/ Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Mohammad I. K. Hamad
- Institute for Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/ Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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Zhou J, Zhou D, Yan T, Chen W, Xie H, Xiong Y. Association between CpG island DNA methylation in the promoter region of RELN and positive and negative types of schizophrenia. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221100345. [PMID: 35638503 PMCID: PMC9160895 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the association between CpG island methylation in the promoter region of RELN and positive (type I) and negative (type II) types of schizophrenia, and investigate serum interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and myelin basic protein (MBP) in schizophrenia. Methods Levels of CpG island methylation in the promoter region of RELN were detected in peripheral blood of patients with schizophrenia (experimental group) and healthy individuals (control group), and serum IL-1β, IL-6, and MBP were measured. Results The positive rate of CpG island methylation in the promoter region of RELN was higher in the experimental group than in the control group; however, there were no significant differences between type I and II patients. There were differences in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores and serum IL-1β, IL-6, and MBP between type I and II patients. Furthermore, there were positive correlations between serum IL-1β, IL-6, and MBP and PANSS scores (negative symptoms) in type II patients. Conclusion CpG island methylation in the promoter region of RELN was associated with schizophrenia, but not with its clinical type. There may be different pathological mechanisms in type I and II schizophrenia, and type II schizophrenia may be associated with serum IL-1β, IL-6, and MBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhou
- Medical Service, The Second People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China
| | - Dajin Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China
| | - Tielun Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China
| | - Hejie Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China
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Xia W, Fancy SPJ. Mechanisms of oligodendrocyte progenitor developmental migration. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:985-996. [PMID: 34643996 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), develop from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) that must first migrate extensively throughout the developing brain and spinal cord. Specified at particular times from discrete regions in the developing CNS, OPCs are one of the most migratory of cell types and disperse rapidly. A variety of factors act on OPCs to trigger intracellular changes that regulate their migration. We will discuss factors that act as long-range guidance cues, those that act to regulate cellular motility, and those that are critical in determining the final positioning of OPCs. In addition, recent evidence has identified the vasculature as the physical substrate used by OPCs for their migration. Several new findings relating to this oligodendroglial-vascular signaling axis reveal new insight on the relationship between OPCs and blood vessels in the developing and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Xia
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Hattori M, Kohno T. Regulation of Reelin functions by specific proteolytic processing in the brain. J Biochem 2021; 169:511-516. [PMID: 33566063 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted glycoprotein Reelin plays important roles in both brain development and function. During development, Reelin regulates neuronal migration and dendrite development. In the mature brain, the glycoprotein is involved in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. It has been suggested that Reelin loss or decreased function contributes to the onset and/or deterioration of neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. While the molecular mechanisms underpinning Reelin function remain unclear, recent studies have suggested that the specific proteolytic cleavage of Reelin may play central roles in the embryonic and postnatal brain. In this review, we focus on Reelin proteolytic processing and review its potential physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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Causeret F, Moreau MX, Pierani A, Blanquie O. The multiple facets of Cajal-Retzius neurons. Development 2021; 148:268379. [PMID: 34047341 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius neurons (CRs) are among the first-born neurons in the developing cortex of reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans. The peculiarity of CRs lies in the fact they are initially embedded into the immature neuronal network before being almost completely eliminated by cell death at the end of cortical development. CRs are best known for controlling the migration of glutamatergic neurons and the formation of cortical layers through the secretion of the glycoprotein reelin. However, they have been shown to play numerous additional key roles at many steps of cortical development, spanning from patterning and sizing functional areas to synaptogenesis. The use of genetic lineage tracing has allowed the discovery of their multiple ontogenetic origins, migratory routes, expression of molecular markers and death dynamics. Nowadays, single-cell technologies enable us to appreciate the molecular heterogeneity of CRs with an unprecedented resolution. In this Review, we discuss the morphological, electrophysiological, molecular and genetic criteria allowing the identification of CRs. We further expose the various sources, migration trajectories, developmental functions and death dynamics of CRs. Finally, we demonstrate how the analysis of public transcriptomic datasets allows extraction of the molecular signature of CRs throughout their transient life and consider their heterogeneity within and across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Causeret
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu X Moreau
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France.,Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Oriane Blanquie
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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