1
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Swygart D, Yu WQ, Takeuchi S, Wong ROL, Schwartz GW. A presynaptic source drives differing levels of surround suppression in two mouse retinal ganglion cell types. Nat Commun 2024; 15:599. [PMID: 38238324 PMCID: PMC10796971 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In early sensory systems, cell-type diversity generally increases from the periphery into the brain, resulting in a greater heterogeneity of responses to the same stimuli. Surround suppression is a canonical visual computation that begins within the retina and is found at varying levels across retinal ganglion cell types. Our results show that heterogeneity in the level of surround suppression occurs subcellularly at bipolar cell synapses. Using single-cell electrophysiology and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, we show that two retinal ganglion cell types exhibit very different levels of surround suppression even though they receive input from the same bipolar cell types. This divergence of the bipolar cell signal occurs through synapse-specific regulation by amacrine cells at the scale of tens of microns. These findings indicate that each synapse of a single bipolar cell can carry a unique visual signal, expanding the number of possible functional channels at the earliest stages of visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Swygart
- Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wan-Qing Yu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shunsuke Takeuchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory W Schwartz
- Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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2
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Phansalkar R, Goodwill VS, Nirschl JJ, De Lillo C, Choi J, Spurlock E, Coughlin DG, Pizzo D, Sigurdson CJ, Hiniker A, Alvarez VE, Mckee AC, Lin JH. TDP43 pathology in chronic traumatic encephalopathy retinas. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:152. [PMID: 37737191 PMCID: PMC10515050 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with repetitive head trauma. Brain pathology in CTE is characterized by neuronal loss, gliosis, and a distinctive pattern of neuronal accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and phospho-TDP43 (p-TDP43). Visual anomalies have been reported by patients with CTE, but the ocular pathology underlying these symptoms is unknown. We evaluated retinal pathology in post-mortem eyes collected from 8 contact sport athletes with brain autopsy-confirmed stage IV CTE and compared their findings to retinas from 8 control patients without CTE and with no known history of head injury. Pupil-optic nerve cross sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), p-tau, p-TDP43, and total TDP43 by immunohistochemistry. No significant retinal degeneration was observed in CTE eyes compared to control eyes by H&E. Strong cytoplasmic p-TDP43 and total TDP43 staining was found in 6/8 CTE eyes in a subset of inner nuclear layer interneurons (INL) of the retina, while only 1/8 control eyes showed similar p-TDP43 pathology. The morphology and location of these inner nuclear layer interneurons were most compatible with retinal horizontal cells, although other retinal cell types present in INL could not be ruled out. No p-tau pathology was observed in CTE or control retinas. These findings identify novel retinal TDP43 pathology in CTE retinas and support further investigation into the role of p-TDP43 in producing visual deficits in patients with CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa S Goodwill
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Nirschl
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jihee Choi
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Spurlock
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David G Coughlin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Annie Hiniker
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victor E Alvarez
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann C Mckee
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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3
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Gaynes JA, Budoff SA, Grybko MJ, Hunt JB, Poleg-Polsky A. Classical center-surround receptive fields facilitate novel object detection in retinal bipolar cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5575. [PMID: 36163249 PMCID: PMC9512824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonistic interactions between center and surround receptive field (RF) components lie at the heart of the computations performed in the visual system. Circularly symmetric center-surround RFs are thought to enhance responses to spatial contrasts (i.e., edges), but how visual edges affect motion processing is unclear. Here, we addressed this question in retinal bipolar cells, the first visual neuron with classic center-surround interactions. We found that bipolar glutamate release emphasizes objects that emerge in the RF; their responses to continuous motion are smaller, slower, and cannot be predicted by signals elicited by stationary stimuli. In our hands, the alteration in signal dynamics induced by novel objects was more pronounced than edge enhancement and could be explained by priming of RF surround during continuous motion. These findings echo the salience of human visual perception and demonstrate an unappreciated capacity of the center-surround architecture to facilitate novel object detection and dynamic signal representation. Center-surround receptive fields are typically considered to mediate edge detection. Here, by studying retinal bipolar cells responding to flashed and moving stimuli, the authors reveal an additional function: enhanced representation of newly appearing visual items.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Gaynes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Samuel A Budoff
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael J Grybko
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joshua B Hunt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alon Poleg-Polsky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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4
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Strauss S, Korympidou MM, Ran Y, Franke K, Schubert T, Baden T, Berens P, Euler T, Vlasits AL. Center-surround interactions underlie bipolar cell motion sensitivity in the mouse retina. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5574. [PMID: 36163124 PMCID: PMC9513071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion sensing is a critical aspect of vision. We studied the representation of motion in mouse retinal bipolar cells and found that some bipolar cells are radially direction selective, preferring the origin of small object motion trajectories. Using a glutamate sensor, we directly observed bipolar cells synaptic output and found that there are radial direction selective and non-selective bipolar cell types, the majority being selective, and that radial direction selectivity relies on properties of the center-surround receptive field. We used these bipolar cell receptive fields along with connectomics to design biophysical models of downstream cells. The models and additional experiments demonstrated that bipolar cells pass radial direction selective excitation to starburst amacrine cells, which contributes to their directional tuning. As bipolar cells provide excitation to most amacrine and ganglion cells, their radial direction selectivity may contribute to motion processing throughout the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Strauss
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen AI Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria M Korympidou
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yanli Ran
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Franke
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Timm Schubert
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tom Baden
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Philipp Berens
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen AI Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Euler
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Anna L Vlasits
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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5
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Lateral gain is impaired in macular degeneration and can be targeted to restore vision in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2159. [PMID: 35444239 PMCID: PMC9021237 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Macular degeneration is a leading cause of blindness. Treatments to rescue vision are currently limited. Here, we study how loss of central vision affects lateral feedback to spared areas of the human retina. We identify a cone-driven gain control mechanism that reduces visual function beyond the atrophic area in macular degeneration. This finding provides an insight into the negative effects of geographic atrophy on vision. Therefore, we develop a strategy to restore this feedback mechanism, through activation of laterally projecting cells. This results in improved vision in Cnga3−/− mice, which lack cone function, as well as a mouse model of geographic atrophy. Our work shows that a loss of lateral gain control contributes to the vision deficit in macular degeneration. Furthermore, in mouse models we show that lateral feedback can be harnessed to improve vision following retinal degeneration. Treatments to rescue vision are currently limited. Here, the authors identify a cone-driven gain control mechanism that reduces visual function beyond the atrophic area in humans. They also show that activating laterally projecting cells results improved vision in two mouse models of retinal degeneration.
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6
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Li Q, Zhu H, Fan M, Sun J, Reinach PS, Wang Y, Qu J, Zhou X, Zhao F. Form-deprivation myopia downregulates calcium levels in retinal horizontal cells in mice. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:109018. [PMID: 35240197 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The process of eye axis lengthening in myopic eyes is regulated by multiple mechanisms in the retina, and horizontal cells (HCs) are an essential interneuron in the visual regulatory system. Wherein intracellular Ca2+ plays an important role in the events involved in the regulatory role of HCs in the retinal neural network. It is unknown if intracellular Ca2+ regulation in HCs mediates changes in the retinal neural network during myopia progression. We describe here a novel calcium fluorescence indicator system that monitors HCs' intracellular Ca2+ levels during form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in mice. AAV injection of GCaMP6s, as a protein calcium sensor, into a Gja10-Cre mouse monitored the changes in Ca2+signaling in HC that accompany FDM progression in mice. An alternative Gja10-Cre/Ai96-GCaMP6s mouse model was created by cross mating Gja10-Cre with Ai96 mice. Immunofluorescence imaging and live imaging of the retinal cells verified the identity of these animal models. Changes in retinal horizontal cellular Ca2+ levels were resolved during FDM development. The numbers of GCaMP6s and the proportion of HCs were tracked based on profiling changes in GCaMP6s+calbindin+/calbindin+ coimmunostaining patterns. They significantly decreased more after either two days (P < 0.01) or two weeks (P < 0.001) in form deprived eyes than in the untreated fellow eyes. These decreases in their proportion reached significance only in the retinal central region rather than also in the retinal periphery. A novel approach employing a GCaMP6s mouse model was developed that may ultimately clarify if HCs mediate Ca2+ signals that contribute to controlling FDM progression in mice. The results indicate so far that FDM progression is associated with declines in HC Ca2+ signaling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Li
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - He Zhu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaomiao Fan
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Fuxin Zhao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Ganczer A, Szarka G, Balogh M, Hoffmann G, Tengölics ÁJ, Kenyon G, Kovács-Öller T, Völgyi B. Transience of the Retinal Output Is Determined by a Great Variety of Circuit Elements. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050810. [PMID: 35269432 PMCID: PMC8909309 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) encrypt stimulus features of the visual scene in action potentials and convey them toward higher visual centers in the brain. Although there are many visual features to encode, our recent understanding is that the ~46 different functional subtypes of RGCs in the retina share this task. In this scheme, each RGC subtype establishes a separate, parallel signaling route for a specific visual feature (e.g., contrast, the direction of motion, luminosity), through which information is conveyed. The efficiency of encoding depends on several factors, including signal strength, adaptational levels, and the actual efficacy of the underlying retinal microcircuits. Upon collecting inputs across their respective receptive field, RGCs perform further analysis (e.g., summation, subtraction, weighting) before they generate the final output spike train, which itself is characterized by multiple different features, such as the number of spikes, the inter-spike intervals, response delay, and the rundown time (transience) of the response. These specific kinetic features are essential for target postsynaptic neurons in the brain in order to effectively decode and interpret signals, thereby forming visual perception. We review recent knowledge regarding circuit elements of the mammalian retina that participate in shaping RGC response transience for optimal visual signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Ganczer
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szarka
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márton Balogh
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gyula Hoffmann
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ádám Jonatán Tengölics
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Garrett Kenyon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Computer & Computational Science Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA;
| | - Tamás Kovács-Öller
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Völgyi
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.G.); (G.S.); (M.B.); (G.H.); (Á.J.T.); (T.K.-Ö.)
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP 2 Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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8
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Behrens C, Yadav SC, Korympidou MM, Zhang Y, Haverkamp S, Irsen S, Schaedler A, Lu X, Liu Z, Lause J, St-Pierre F, Franke K, Vlasits A, Dedek K, Smith RG, Euler T, Berens P, Schubert T. Retinal horizontal cells use different synaptic sites for global feedforward and local feedback signaling. Curr Biol 2022; 32:545-558.e5. [PMID: 34910950 PMCID: PMC8886496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the outer plexiform layer (OPL) of the mammalian retina, cone photoreceptors (cones) provide input to more than a dozen types of cone bipolar cells (CBCs). In the mouse, this transmission is modulated by a single horizontal cell (HC) type. HCs perform global signaling within their laterally coupled network but also provide local, cone-specific feedback. However, it is unknown how HCs provide local feedback to cones at the same time as global forward signaling to CBCs and where the underlying synapses are located. To assess how HCs simultaneously perform different modes of signaling, we reconstructed the dendritic trees of five HCs as well as cone axon terminals and CBC dendrites in a serial block-face electron microscopy volume and analyzed their connectivity. In addition to the fine HC dendritic tips invaginating cone axon terminals, we also identified "bulbs," short segments of increased dendritic diameter on the primary dendrites of HCs. These bulbs are in an OPL stratum well below the cone axon terminal base and make contacts with other HCs and CBCs. Our results from immunolabeling, electron microscopy, and glutamate imaging suggest that HC bulbs represent GABAergic synapses that do not receive any direct photoreceptor input. Together, our data suggest the existence of two synaptic strata in the mouse OPL, spatially separating cone-specific feedback and feedforward signaling to CBCs. A biophysical model of a HC dendritic branch and voltage imaging support the hypothesis that this spatial arrangement of synaptic contacts allows for simultaneous local feedback and global feedforward signaling by HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Behrens
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shubhash Chandra Yadav
- Neurosensorics/Animal Navigation, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Maria M Korympidou
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silke Haverkamp
- Department of Computational Neuroethology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Irsen
- Electron Microscopy and Analytics, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Schaedler
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, 6500 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Zhuohe Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jan Lause
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - François St-Pierre
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, 6500 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Katrin Franke
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Vlasits
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Dedek
- Neurosensorics/Animal Navigation, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Robert G Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas Euler
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Berens
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Tübingen AI Center, University of Tübingen, Maria-von-Linden-Straße 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Timm Schubert
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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9
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Barnes S. Visual processing: When two synaptic strata are better than one. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R129-R131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Synchronous inhibitory pathways create both efficiency and diversity in the retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2116589119. [PMID: 35064086 PMCID: PMC8795495 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116589119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex connections in neural circuits make it difficult to quantitatively assign even the most basic neural computations to the actions of specific neurons. Retinal ganglion cells are most sensitive to changes in intensity across space and over time. This property, caused by a region known as the receptive field surround, improves information transmission about natural scenes. We dynamically manipulated individual interneurons to directly measure their effect on retinal receptive fields, finding that two inhibitory neuron types, horizontal cells and amacrine cells, synchronously create the same contribution to the receptive field surround at different spatial scales. By analyzing large populations of ganglion cells, we show that this arrangement increases diversity in retinal signaling while preserving maximal information transmission about natural scenes. Sensory receptive fields combine features that originate in different neural pathways. Retinal ganglion cell receptive fields compute intensity changes across space and time using a peripheral region known as the surround, a property that improves information transmission about natural scenes. The visual features that construct this fundamental property have not been quantitatively assigned to specific interneurons. Here, we describe a generalizable approach using simultaneous intracellular and multielectrode recording to directly measure and manipulate the sensory feature conveyed by a neural pathway to a downstream neuron. By directly controlling the gain of individual interneurons in the circuit, we show that rather than transmitting different temporal features, inhibitory horizontal cells and linear amacrine cells synchronously create the linear surround at different spatial scales and that these two components fully account for the surround. By analyzing a large population of ganglion cells, we observe substantial diversity in the relative contribution of amacrine and horizontal cell visual features while still allowing individual cells to increase information transmission under the statistics of natural scenes. Established theories of efficient coding have shown that optimal information transmission under natural scenes allows a diverse set of receptive fields. Our results give a mechanism for this theory, showing how distinct neural pathways synthesize a sensory computation and how this architecture both generates computational diversity and achieves the objective of high information transmission.
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11
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Corticothalamic feedback sculpts visual spatial integration in mouse thalamus. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1711-1720. [PMID: 34764474 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
En route from the retina to the cortex, visual information passes through the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus, where extensive corticothalamic (CT) feedback has been suggested to modulate spatial processing. How this modulation arises from direct excitatory and indirect inhibitory CT feedback pathways remains enigmatic. Here, we show that in awake mice, retinotopically organized cortical feedback sharpens receptive fields (RFs) and increases surround suppression in the dLGN. Guided by a network model indicating that widespread inhibitory CT feedback is necessary to reproduce these effects, we targeted the visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus (visTRN) for recordings. We found that visTRN neurons have large RFs, show little surround suppression and exhibit strong feedback-dependent responses to large stimuli. These features make them an ideal candidate for mediating feedback-enhanced surround suppression in the dLGN. We conclude that cortical feedback sculpts spatial integration in the dLGN, likely via recruitment of neurons in the visTRN.
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12
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Kumar S, Ramakrishnan H, Viswanathan S, Akopian A, Bloomfield SA. Neuroprotection of the Inner Retina Also Prevents Secondary Outer Retinal Pathology in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:35. [PMID: 34297802 PMCID: PMC8300060 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We examined structural and functional changes in the outer retina of a mouse model of glaucoma. We examined whether these changes are a secondary consequence of damage in the inner retina and whether neuroprotection of the inner retina also prevents outer retinal changes. Methods We used an established microbead occlusion model of glaucoma whereby intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated. Specific antibodies were used to label rod and cone bipolar cells (BCs), horizontal cells (HCs), and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), as well as synaptic components in control and glaucomatous eyes, to assess structural damage and cell loss. ERG recordings were made to assess outer retina function. Results We found structural and functional damage of BCs, including significant cell loss and dendritic/axonal remodeling of HCs, following IOP elevation. The first significant loss of both BCs occurred at 4 to 5 weeks after microbead injection. However, early changes in the dendritic structure of RGCs were observed at 3 weeks, but significant changes in the rod BC axon terminal structure were not seen until 4 weeks. We found that protection of inner retinal neurons in glaucomatous eyes by pharmacological blockade of gap junctions or genetic ablation of connexin 36 largely prevented outer retinal damage. Conclusions Together, our results indicate that outer retinal impairments in glaucoma are a secondary sequalae of primary damage in the inner retina. The finding that neuroprotection of the inner retina can also prevent outer retinal damage has important implications with regard to the targets for effective neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
| | - Hariharasubramanian Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
| | - Suresh Viswanathan
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
| | - Abram Akopian
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
| | - Stewart A. Bloomfield
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
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13
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Nemitz L, Dedek K, Janssen-Bienhold U. Synaptic Remodeling in the Cone Pathway After Early Postnatal Horizontal Cell Ablation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:657594. [PMID: 34122012 PMCID: PMC8187617 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.657594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The first synapse of the visual pathway is formed by photoreceptors, horizontal cells and bipolar cells. While ON bipolar cells invaginate into the photoreceptor terminal and form synaptic triads together with invaginating horizontal cell processes, OFF bipolar cells make flat contacts at the base of the terminal. When horizontal cells are ablated during retina development, no invaginating synapses are formed in rod photoreceptors. However, how cone photoreceptors and their synaptic connections with bipolar cells react to this insult, is unclear so far. To answer this question, we specifically ablated horizontal cells from the developing mouse retina. Following ablation around postnatal day 4 (P4)/P5, cones initially exhibited a normal morphology and formed flat contacts with OFF bipolar cells, but only few invaginating contacts with ON bipolar cells. From P15 on, synaptic remodeling became obvious with clustering of cone terminals and mislocalized cone somata in the OPL. Adult cones (P56) finally displayed highly branched axons with numerous terminals which contained ribbons and vesicular glutamate transporters. Furthermore, type 3a, 3b, and 4 OFF bipolar cell dendrites sprouted into the outer nuclear layer and even expressed glutamate receptors at the base of newly formed cone terminals. These results indicate that cones may be able to form new synapses with OFF bipolar cells in adult mice. In contrast, cone terminals lost their invaginating contacts with ON bipolar cells, highlighting the importance of horizontal cells for synapse maintenance. Taken together, our data demonstrate that early postnatal horizontal cell ablation leads to differential remodeling in the cone pathway: whereas synapses between cones and ON bipolar cells were lost, new putative synapses were established between cones and OFF bipolar cells. These results suggest that synapse formation and maintenance are regulated very differently between flat and invaginating contacts at cone terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Nemitz
- Visual Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Karin Dedek
- Animal Navigation/Neurosensorics, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Janssen-Bienhold
- Visual Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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14
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Tao X, Sabharwal J, Wu SM, Frankfort BJ. Intraocular Pressure Elevation Compromises Retinal Ganglion Cell Light Adaptation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:15. [PMID: 33064129 PMCID: PMC7571289 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Functional adaptation to ambient light is a key characteristic of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but little is known about how adaptation is affected by factors that are harmful to RGC health. We explored adaptation-induced changes to RGC physiology when exposed to increased intraocular pressure (IOP), a major risk factor for glaucoma. Methods Wild-type mice of both sexes were subjected to 2 weeks of IOP elevation using the bead model. Retinas were assessed using a multielectrode array to record RGC responses to checkerboard white noise stimulation under both scotopic and photopic light levels. This information was used to calculate a spike-triggered average (STA) for each RGC with which to compare between lighting levels. Results Low but not high IOP elevation resulted in several distinct RGC functional changes: (1) diminished adaptation-dependent receptive field (RF) center-surround interactions; (2) increased likelihood of a scotopic STA; and (3) increased spontaneous firing rate. Center RF size change with lighting level varied among RGCs, and both the center and surround STA peak times were consistently increased under scotopic illumination, although none of these properties were impacted by IOP level. Conclusions These findings provide novel evidence that RGCs exhibit reduced light-dependent adaptation and increased excitability when IOP is elevated to low but not high levels. These results may reveal functional changes that occur early in glaucoma, which can potentially be used to identify patients with glaucoma at earlier stages when intervention is most beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Jasdeep Sabharwal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Samuel M Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Benjamin J Frankfort
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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15
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Veldman MB, Park CS, Eyermann CM, Zhang JY, Zuniga-Sanchez E, Hirano AA, Daigle TL, Foster NN, Zhu M, Langfelder P, Lopez IA, Brecha NC, Zipursky SL, Zeng H, Dong HW, Yang XW. Brainwide Genetic Sparse Cell Labeling to Illuminate the Morphology of Neurons and Glia with Cre-Dependent MORF Mice. Neuron 2020; 108:111-127.e6. [PMID: 32795398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cajal recognized that the elaborate shape of neurons is fundamental to their function in the brain. However, there are no simple and generalizable genetic methods to study neuronal or glial cell morphology in the mammalian brain. Here, we describe four mouse lines conferring Cre-dependent sparse cell labeling based on mononucleotide repeat frameshift (MORF) as a stochastic translational switch. Notably, the optimized MORF3 mice, with a membrane-bound multivalent immunoreporter, confer Cre-dependent sparse and bright labeling of thousands of neurons, astrocytes, or microglia in each brain, revealing their intricate morphologies. MORF3 mice are compatible with imaging in tissue-cleared thick brain sections and with immuno-EM. An analysis of 151 MORF3-labeled developing retinal horizontal cells reveals novel morphological cell clusters and axonal maturation patterns. Our study demonstrates a conceptually novel, simple, generalizable, and scalable mouse genetic solution to sparsely label and illuminate the morphology of genetically defined neurons and glia in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Veldman
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chang Sin Park
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Charles M Eyermann
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jason Y Zhang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zuniga-Sanchez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arlene A Hirano
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Veterans Administration of Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Tanya L Daigle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicholas N Foster
- Center for Integrative Connectomics, University of Southern California Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Muye Zhu
- Center for Integrative Connectomics, University of Southern California Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Peter Langfelder
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ivan A Lopez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Inner Ear Laboratory, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas C Brecha
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Veterans Administration of Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S Lawrence Zipursky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Dong
- Center for Integrative Connectomics, University of Southern California Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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16
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Inhibitory components of retinal bipolar cell receptive fields are differentially modulated by dopamine D1 receptors. Vis Neurosci 2020; 37:E01. [PMID: 32046810 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523819000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During adaptation to an increase in environmental luminance, retinal signaling adjustments are mediated by the neuromodulator dopamine. Retinal dopamine is released with light and can affect center-surround receptive fields, the coupling state between neurons, and inhibitory pathways through inhibitory receptors and neurotransmitter release. While the inhibitory receptive field surround of bipolar cells becomes narrower and weaker during light adaptation, it is unknown how dopamine affects bipolar cell surrounds. If dopamine and light have similar effects, it would suggest that dopamine could be a mechanism for light-adapted changes. We tested the hypothesis that dopamine D1 receptor activation is sufficient to elicit the magnitude of light-adapted reductions in inhibitory bipolar cell surrounds. Surrounds were measured from OFF bipolar cells in dark-adapted mouse retinas while stimulating D1 receptors, which are located on bipolar, horizontal, and inhibitory amacrine cells. The D1 agonist SKF-38393 narrowed and weakened OFF bipolar cell inhibitory receptive fields but not to the same extent as with light adaptation. However, the receptive field surround reductions differed between the glycinergic and GABAergic components of the receptive field. GABAergic inhibitory strength was reduced only at the edges of the surround, while glycinergic inhibitory strength was reduced across the whole receptive field. These results expand the role of retinal dopamine to include modulation of bipolar cell receptive field surrounds. Additionally, our results suggest that D1 receptor pathways may be a mechanism for the light-adapted weakening of glycinergic surround inputs and the furthest wide-field GABAergic inputs to bipolar cells. However, remaining differences between light-adapted and D1 receptor-activated inhibition demonstrate that non-D1 receptor mechanisms are necessary to elicit the full effect of light adaptation on inhibitory surrounds.
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17
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Thoreson WB, Dacey DM. Diverse Cell Types, Circuits, and Mechanisms for Color Vision in the Vertebrate Retina. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1527-1573. [PMID: 31140374 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic interactions to extract information about wavelength, and thus color, begin in the vertebrate retina with three classes of light-sensitive cells: rod photoreceptors at low light levels, multiple types of cone photoreceptors that vary in spectral sensitivity, and intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells that contain the photopigment melanopsin. When isolated from its neighbors, a photoreceptor confounds photon flux with wavelength and so by itself provides no information about color. The retina has evolved elaborate color opponent circuitry for extracting wavelength information by comparing the activities of different photoreceptor types broadly tuned to different parts of the visible spectrum. We review studies concerning the circuit mechanisms mediating opponent interactions in a range of species, from tetrachromatic fish with diverse color opponent cell types to common dichromatic mammals where cone opponency is restricted to a subset of specialized circuits. Distinct among mammals, primates have reinvented trichromatic color vision using novel strategies to incorporate evolution of an additional photopigment gene into the foveal structure and circuitry that supports high-resolution vision. Color vision is absent at scotopic light levels when only rods are active, but rods interact with cone signals to influence color perception at mesopic light levels. Recent evidence suggests melanopsin-mediated signals, which have been identified as a substrate for setting circadian rhythms, may also influence color perception. We consider circuits that may mediate these interactions. While cone opponency is a relatively simple neural computation, it has been implemented in vertebrates by diverse neural mechanisms that are not yet fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace B Thoreson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska ; and Department of Biological Structure, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Dennis M Dacey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska ; and Department of Biological Structure, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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18
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Nemitz L, Dedek K, Janssen-Bienhold U. Rod Bipolar Cells Require Horizontal Cells for Invagination Into the Terminals of Rod Photoreceptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:423. [PMID: 31619966 PMCID: PMC6760018 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, neuronal processing relies on the precisely orchestrated formation of synapses during development. The first synapse of the visual system is a triad synapse, comprising photoreceptors, horizontal cells and bipolar cells. During the second postnatal week, the axon terminal processes of horizontal cells invaginate rod spherules, followed by rod bipolar cell dendrites. Both elements finally oppose the synaptic ribbon (the release site of glutamate). However, it has not been fully elucidated whether horizontal cells are essential for rod bipolar cell dendrites to find their way into the rod terminal. In the present study, we investigated this question by specifically ablating horizontal cells from the early postnatal mouse retina. We monitored the formation of the rod-to-rod bipolar cell synapse during retinal maturation until postnatal day 21. Based on quantitative electron microscopy, we found that without horizontal cells, the dendrites of rod bipolar cells never entered rod terminals. Furthermore, rods displayed significantly fewer and shorter presynaptic ribbons, suggesting that glutamate release is decreased, which coincided with significantly reduced expression of postsynaptic proteins (mGluR6, GPR179) in rod bipolar cells. Collectively, our findings uncover that horizontal cells are indeed necessary guideposts for rod bipolar cells. Whether horizontal cells release diffusible guidance cues or provide structural guidance by expressing specific cell adhesion molecules remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Nemitz
- Visual Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Karin Dedek
- Animal Navigation/Neurosensorics, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Janssen-Bienhold
- Visual Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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19
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Hsiang JC, Kerschensteiner D. Parallel Processing of Negative Feedback: E Unum Pluribus. Neuron 2019; 99:5-7. [PMID: 30001511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
How do canonical computational elements interact to shape neural circuit function? In this issue of Neuron, Drinnenberg et al. (2018) show that parallel processing converts unitary negative feedback at the first synapse of the retina into diverse output signals to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chun Hsiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Kerschensteiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Roy S, Field GD. Dopaminergic modulation of retinal processing from starlight to sunlight. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 140:86-93. [PMID: 31109761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulators such as dopamine, enable context-dependent plasticity of neural circuit function throughout the central nervous system. For example, in the retina, dopamine tunes visual processing for daylight and nightlight conditions. Specifically, high levels of dopamine release in the retina tune vision for daylight (photopic) conditions, while low levels tune it for nightlight (scotopic) conditions. This review covers the cellular and circuit-level mechanisms within the retina that are altered by dopamine. These mechanisms include changes in gap junction coupling and ionic conductances, both of which are altered by the activation of diverse types of dopamine receptors across diverse types of retinal neurons. We contextualize the modulatory actions of dopamine in terms of alterations and optimizations to visual processing under photopic and scotopic conditions, with particular attention to how they differentially impact distinct cell types. Finally, we discuss how transgenic mice and disease models have shaped our understanding of dopaminergic signaling and its role in visual processing. Cumulatively, this review illustrates some of the diverse and potent mechanisms through which neuromodulation can shape brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suva Roy
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Greg D Field
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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21
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Grove JCR, Hirano AA, de los Santos J, McHugh CF, Purohit S, Field GD, Brecha NC, Barnes S. Novel hybrid action of GABA mediates inhibitory feedback in the mammalian retina. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000200. [PMID: 30933967 PMCID: PMC6459543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The stream of visual information sent from photoreceptors to second-order bipolar cells is intercepted by laterally interacting horizontal cells that generate feedback to optimize and improve the efficiency of signal transmission. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of graded photoreceptor synaptic output in this nonspiking network have remained elusive. Here, we analyze with patch clamp recording the novel mechanisms by which horizontal cells control pH in the synaptic cleft to modulate photoreceptor neurotransmitter release. First, we show that mammalian horizontal cells respond to their own GABA release and that the results of this autaptic action affect cone voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (CaV channel) gating through changes in pH. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate that chemogenetic manipulation of horizontal cells with exogenous anion channel expression mimics GABA-mediated cone CaV channel inhibition. Activation of these GABA receptor anion channels can depolarize horizontal cells and increase cleft acidity via Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) proton extrusion, which results in inhibition of cone CaV channels. This action is effectively counteracted when horizontal cells are sufficiently hyperpolarized by increased GABA receptor (GABAR)-mediated HCO3- efflux, alkalinizing the cleft and disinhibiting cone CaV channels. This demonstrates how hybrid actions of GABA operate in parallel to effect voltage-dependent pH changes, a novel mechanism for regulating synaptic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. R. Grove
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arlene A. Hirano
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Janira de los Santos
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Cyrus F. McHugh
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shashvat Purohit
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Greg D. Field
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas C. Brecha
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Barnes
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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22
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Turner MH, Schwartz GW, Rieke F. Receptive field center-surround interactions mediate context-dependent spatial contrast encoding in the retina. eLife 2018; 7:e38841. [PMID: 30188320 PMCID: PMC6185113 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonistic receptive field surrounds are a near-universal property of early sensory processing. A key assumption in many models for retinal ganglion cell encoding is that receptive field surrounds are added only to the fully formed center signal. But anatomical and functional observations indicate that surrounds are added before the summation of signals across receptive field subunits that creates the center. Here, we show that this receptive field architecture has an important consequence for spatial contrast encoding in the macaque monkey retina: the surround can control sensitivity to fine spatial structure by changing the way the center integrates visual information over space. The impact of the surround is particularly prominent when center and surround signals are correlated, as they are in natural stimuli. This effect of the surround differs substantially from classic center-surround models and raises the possibility that the surround plays unappreciated roles in shaping ganglion cell sensitivity to natural inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell H Turner
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Graduate Program in NeuroscienceUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Gregory W Schwartz
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and SciencesNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Fred Rieke
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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23
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Drinnenberg A, Franke F, Morikawa RK, Jüttner J, Hillier D, Hantz P, Hierlemann A, Azeredo da Silveira R, Roska B. How Diverse Retinal Functions Arise from Feedback at the First Visual Synapse. Neuron 2018; 99:117-134.e11. [PMID: 29937281 PMCID: PMC6101199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many brain regions contain local interneurons of distinct types. How does an interneuron type contribute to the input-output transformations of a given brain region? We addressed this question in the mouse retina by chemogenetically perturbing horizontal cells, an interneuron type providing feedback at the first visual synapse, while monitoring the light-driven spiking activity in thousands of ganglion cells, the retinal output neurons. We uncovered six reversible perturbation-induced effects in the response dynamics and response range of ganglion cells. The effects were enhancing or suppressive, occurred in different response epochs, and depended on the ganglion cell type. A computational model of the retinal circuitry reproduced all perturbation-induced effects and led us to assign specific functions to horizontal cells with respect to different ganglion cell types. Our combined experimental and theoretical work reveals how a single interneuron type can differentially shape the dynamical properties of distinct output channels of a brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Drinnenberg
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Franke
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering of ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rei K Morikawa
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josephine Jüttner
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hillier
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hantz
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering of ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rava Azeredo da Silveira
- Department of Physics, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University; Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06; CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Botond Roska
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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