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Baier MP, Nagaraja RY, Yarbrough HP, Owen DB, Masingale AM, Ranjit R, Stiles MA, Murphy A, Agbaga MP, Ahmad M, Sherry DM, Kinter MT, Van Remmen H, Logan S. Selective Ablation of Sod2 in Astrocytes Induces Sex-Specific Effects on Cognitive Function, d-Serine Availability, and Astrogliosis. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5992-6006. [PMID: 35760531 PMCID: PMC9351643 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2543-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is a debilitating aspect of aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease are closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species, neuroinflammation, and astrogliosis. This study investigated the effects of decreased mitochondrial antioxidant response specifically in astrocytes on cognitive performance and neuronal function in C57BL/6J mice using a tamoxifen-inducible astrocyte-specific knockout of manganese superoxide dismutase (aSOD2-KO), a mitochondrial matrix antioxidant that detoxifies superoxide generated during mitochondrial respiration. We reduced astrocyte SOD2 levels in male and female mice at 11-12 months of age and tested in an automated home cage (PhenoTyper) apparatus for diurnal patterns, spatial learning, and memory function at 15 months of age. aSOD2-KO impaired hippocampal-dependent spatial working memory and decreased cognitive flexibility in the reversal phase of the testing paradigm in males. Female aSOD2-KO showed no learning and memory deficits compared with age-matched controls despite significant reduction in hippocampal SOD2 expression. aSOD2-KO males further showed decreased hippocampal long-term potentiation, but paired-pulse facilitation was unaffected. Levels of d-serine, an NMDA receptor coagonist, were also reduced in aSOD2-KO mice, but female knockouts showed a compensatory increase in serine racemase expression. Furthermore, aSOD2-KO mice demonstrated increased density of astrocytes, indicative of astrogliosis, in the hippocampus compared with age-matched controls. These data demonstrate that reduction in mitochondrial antioxidant stress response in astrocytes recapitulates age-related deficits in cognitive function, d-serine availability, and astrogliosis. Therefore, improving astrocyte mitochondrial homeostasis may provide a therapeutic target for intervention for cognitive impairment in aging.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Diminished antioxidant response is associated with increased astrogliosis in aging and in Alzheimer's disease. Manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) is an antioxidant in the mitochondrial matrix that detoxifies superoxide and maintains mitochondrial homeostasis. We show that astrocytic ablation of SOD2 impairs hippocampal-dependent plasticity in spatial working memory, reduces long-term potentiation of hippocampal neurons and levels of the neuromodulator d-serine, and increases astrogliosis, consistent with defects in advanced aging and Alzheimer's disease. Our data provide strong evidence for sex-specific effects of astrocytic SOD2 functions in age-related cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Baier
- Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Raghavendra Y Nagaraja
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Hannah P Yarbrough
- Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Daniel B Owen
- Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Anthony M Masingale
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Rojina Ranjit
- Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Megan A Stiles
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Ashley Murphy
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Mohiuddin Ahmad
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - David M Sherry
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Michael T Kinter
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
- VA Oklahoma City Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Sreemathi Logan
- Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
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2
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Vandenberg GG, Thotakura A, Scott AL. Mitochondrial bioenergetics of astrocytes in Fragile X Syndrome: new perspectives from culture conditions and sex effects. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 322:C125-C135. [PMID: 34817267 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00130.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder that is characterized by a range of cognitive and behavioural deficits, including mild-moderate intellectual disability. The disease is characterized by an X-linked mutation of the Fmr1 gene, which causes silencing of the gene coding for FMRP, a translational regulator integral for neurodevelopment. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been recently associated with FXS, with reports of increases in oxidative stress markers, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation being present in brain tissue. Astrocytes, a prominent glial cell within the CNS, plays a large role in regulating oxidative homeostasis within the developing brain and dysregulation of astrocyte redox balance in FXS may contribute to oxidative stress. Astrocyte function and mitochondrial bioenergetics is significantly influenced by oxygen availability as well as circulating sex hormones; yet these parameters are rarely considered during in vitro experimentation. Given that the brain normally develops in a range of hypoxic conditions and FXS is a sex-linked genetic disorder, we investigated how different oxygen levels (normoxic versus hypoxic) and biological sex affected mitochondrial bioenergetics of astrocytes in FXS. Our results show demonstrate that both mitochondrial respiration capacity and reactive oxygen species emission are altered with Fmr1 deletion in astrocytes and these changes were dependent upon both sexual dimorphism and oxygen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Vandenberg
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aasritha Thotakura
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela L Scott
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Fu H, Sun Y, Shao Y, Saredy J, Cueto R, Liu L, Drummer C, Johnson C, Xu K, Lu Y, Li X, Meng S, Xue ER, Tan J, Jhala NC, Yu D, Zhou Y, Bayless KJ, Yu J, Rogers TJ, Hu W, Snyder NW, Sun J, Qin X, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Interleukin 35 Delays Hindlimb Ischemia-Induced Angiogenesis Through Regulating ROS-Extracellular Matrix but Spares Later Regenerative Angiogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595813. [PMID: 33154757 PMCID: PMC7591706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) 35 is a novel immunosuppressive heterodimeric cytokine in IL-12 family. Whether and how IL-35 regulates ischemia-induced angiogenesis in peripheral artery diseases are unrevealed. To fill this important knowledge gap, we used loss-of-function, gain-of-function, omics data analysis, RNA-Seq, in vivo and in vitro experiments, and we have made the following significant findings: i) IL-35 and its receptor subunit IL-12RB2, but not IL-6ST, are induced in the muscle after hindlimb ischemia (HLI); ii) HLI-induced angiogenesis is improved in Il12rb2-/- mice, in ApoE-/-/Il12rb2-/- mice compared to WT and ApoE-/- controls, respectively, where hyperlipidemia inhibits angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro; iii) IL-35 cytokine injection as a gain-of-function approach delays blood perfusion recovery at day 14 after HLI; iv) IL-35 spares regenerative angiogenesis at the late phase of HLI recovery after day 14 of HLI; v) Transcriptome analysis of endothelial cells (ECs) at 14 days post-HLI reveals a disturbed extracellular matrix re-organization in IL-35-injected mice; vi) IL-35 downregulates three reactive oxygen species (ROS) promoters and upregulates one ROS attenuator, which may functionally mediate IL-35 upregulation of anti-angiogenic extracellular matrix proteins in ECs; and vii) IL-35 inhibits human microvascular EC migration and tube formation in vitro mainly through upregulating anti-angiogenic extracellular matrix-remodeling proteins. These findings provide a novel insight on the future therapeutic potential of IL-35 in suppressing ischemia/inflammation-triggered inflammatory angiogenesis at early phase but sparing regenerative angiogenesis at late phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangfei Fu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yu Sun
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jason Saredy
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ramon Cueto
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lu Liu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charles Drummer
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Candice Johnson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Keman Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yifan Lu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shu Meng
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Eric R Xue
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Judy Tan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nirag C Jhala
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yan Zhou
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jun Yu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas J Rogers
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jianxin Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xuebin Qin
- National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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4
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Sun Y, Lu Y, Saredy J, Wang X, Drummer Iv C, Shao Y, Saaoud F, Xu K, Liu M, Yang WY, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. ROS systems are a new integrated network for sensing homeostasis and alarming stresses in organelle metabolic processes. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101696. [PMID: 32950427 PMCID: PMC7767745 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for the progression of cardiovascular diseases, inflammations and tumors. However, the mechanisms of how ROS sense metabolic stress, regulate metabolic pathways and initiate proliferation, inflammation and cell death responses remain poorly characterized. In this analytic review, we concluded that: 1) Based on different features and functions, eleven types of ROS can be classified into seven functional groups: metabolic stress-sensing, chemical connecting, organelle communication, stress branch-out, inflammasome-activating, dual functions and triple functions ROS. 2) Among the ROS generation systems, mitochondria consume the most amount of oxygen; and nine types of ROS are generated; thus, mitochondrial ROS systems serve as the central hub for connecting ROS with inflammasome activation, trained immunity and immunometabolic pathways. 3) Increased nuclear ROS production significantly promotes cell death in comparison to that in other organelles. Nuclear ROS systems serve as a convergent hub and decision-makers to connect unbearable and alarming metabolic stresses to inflammation and cell death. 4) Balanced ROS levels indicate physiological homeostasis of various metabolic processes in subcellular organelles and cytosol, while imbalanced ROS levels present alarms for pathological organelle stresses in metabolic processes. Based on these analyses, we propose a working model that ROS systems are a new integrated network for sensing homeostasis and alarming stress in metabolic processes in various subcellular organelles. Our model provides novel insights on the roles of the ROS systems in bridging metabolic stress to inflammation, cell death and tumorigenesis; and provide novel therapeutic targets for treating those diseases. (Word count: 246).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Jason Saredy
- Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Charles Drummer Iv
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Ming Liu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - William Y Yang
- Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA; Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA; Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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5
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Kang N, Choi SY, Kim BN, Yeo CD, Park CK, Kim YK, Kim TJ, Lee SB, Lee SH, Park JY, Park MS, Yim HW, Kim SJ. Hypoxia-induced cancer stemness acquisition is associated with CXCR4 activation by its aberrant promoter demethylation. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:148. [PMID: 30760238 PMCID: PMC6375212 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A hypoxic microenvironment leads to an increase in the invasiveness and the metastatic potential of cancer cells within tumors via the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stemness acquisition. However, hypoxia-induced changes in the expression and function of candidate stem cell markers and their possible molecular mechanism is still not understood. Methods Lung cell lines were analyzed in normoxic or hypoxic conditions. For screening among the stem cell markers, a transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing was performed. For validation, the EMT and stem cell characteristics were analyzed. To determine whether an epigenetic mechanism was involved, the cell lines were treated with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (AZA), and methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing were performed. Results Next-generation sequencing revealed that the CXCR4 expression was significantly higher after the hypoxic condition, which functionally resulted in the EMT and cancer stemness acquisition. The acquisition of the EMT and stemness properties was inhibited by treatment with CXCR4 siRNA. The CXCR4 was activated by either the hypoxic condition or treatment with AZA. The methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing displayed a decreased CXCR4 promoter methylation in the hypoxic condition. Conclusions These results suggest that hypoxia-induced acquisition of cancer stem cell characteristics was associated with CXCR4 activation by its aberrant promoter demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahyeon Kang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,The Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Choi
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,The Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Bit Na Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,The Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Dong Yeo
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,The Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Kwon Park
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,The Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyoon Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jung Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Lee
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Hansen's Disease, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mi Sun Park
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Coordinating Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Woo Yim
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Coordinating Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joon Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,The Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Golovynska I, Kalmukova O, Svitina HM, Kyryk VM, Shablii VA, Senchylo NV, Ostrovska GV, Dzerzhinskyi M, Stepanov YV, Golovynskyi S, Ohulchanskyy TY, Liu L, Garmanchuk LV, Qu J. Morpho-Functional Characteristics of Bone Marrow Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells after Activation or Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor and Toll-Like Receptors or Treatment with DNA Intercalator Cisplatin. Cytometry A 2018; 95:24-33. [PMID: 30240134 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed to reveal morphological and functional changes in multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from the rat bone marrow after: (i) activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) with teichoic acid (TA), (ii) impact on epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors with activator EGF or inhibitor Herceptin, and (iii) treatment with DNA intercalator Cisplatin. According to our results, TA and EGF cause an increase in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, c-Myc content, and protein in the MSC cytoplasm. It was observed that the cell population in G0 phase decreased and the cell population in G1 phase increased, when compared with control. At the same time, the cell population with a higher nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (NCR) in S and G2 phases also increased. This indicates the manifestation of the MSC mesenchymal phenotype, exhibiting indirect metabolic signs of the regenerative potential increase. In other experiments, Herceptin was shown to suppress only the stemness signs of MSCs, while Cisplatin seriously affected cell viability in general, reducing synthetic and proliferative activities and causing cell morphology disturbances. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Golovynska
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Olesia Kalmukova
- ESC Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine.,State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 04114, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Hanna M Svitina
- Pharmacen, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Vitaliy M Kyryk
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 04114, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Nataliya V Senchylo
- ESC Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna V Ostrovska
- ESC Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Dzerzhinskyi
- ESC Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yurii V Stepanov
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Sergii Golovynskyi
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Tymish Y Ohulchanskyy
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Liudmila V Garmanchuk
- ESC Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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7
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Markitantova YV, Akberova SI, Ryabtseva AA, Stroeva OG. The Effect of para-Aminobenzoic Acid on Apoptosis Processes in the Adult Rat Conjunctiva and Corneal Epithelium in vivo after Hypobaric Hypoxia. BIOL BULL+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359018020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Xu M, Xu M, Han L, Yuan C, Mei Y, Zhang H, Chen S, Sun K, Zhu B. Role for Functional SOD2 Polymorphism in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in a Chinese Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14030266. [PMID: 28272301 PMCID: PMC5369102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) gene is a pivotal part of oxidative stress system, which could induce the onset of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In this study, we quantified the influence of a SOD2 exonic polymorphism (rs4880) on PAH susceptibility. We genotyped this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) by TaqMan, and evaluated its association with PAH susceptibility in a case-control study of 460 patients and 530 controls in China. There were significant differences between PAH cases and controls in both CC and TC+CC genotypes (p = 0.013 and p = 0.010, respectively). Furthermore, the number of variant alleles followed a dose-response manner (p trend was 0.023). Besides, the mRNA level and protein expression also indicated that the C allele of this variant decreased the expression of SOD2 gene (p = 0.004 in mRNA level and p = 0.012 in protein level) after the transfection of plasmids containing the different genotype of rs4480. There is significant association between SOD rs4880 polymorphism and the PAH susceptibility, and this polymorphism influenced PAH susceptibility by altering the expression of SOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Department of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 172 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Min Xu
- Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 172 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Yong Mei
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Hengdong Zhang
- Department of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 172 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Department of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 172 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Wakai T, Narasimhan P, Sakata H, Wang E, Yoshioka H, Kinouchi H, Chan PH. Hypoxic preconditioning enhances neural stem cell transplantation therapy after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:2134-2145. [PMID: 26661220 PMCID: PMC5363661 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15613798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that intraparenchymal transplantation of neural stem cells ameliorates neurological deficits in animals with intracerebral hemorrhage. However, hemoglobin in the host brain environment causes massive grafted cell death and reduces the effectiveness of this approach. Several studies have shown that preconditioning induced by sublethal hypoxia can markedly improve the tolerance of treated subjects to more severe insults. Therefore, we investigated whether hypoxic preconditioning enhances neural stem cell resilience to the hemorrhagic stroke environment and improves therapeutic effects in mice. To assess whether hypoxic preconditioning enhances neural stem cell survival when exposed to hemoglobin, neural stem cells were exposed to 5% hypoxia for 24 hours before exposure to hemoglobin. To study the effectiveness of hypoxic preconditioning on grafted-neural stem cell recovery, neural stem cells subjected to hypoxic preconditioning were grafted into the parenchyma 3 days after intracerebral hemorrhage. Hypoxic preconditioning significantly enhanced viability of the neural stem cells exposed to hemoglobin and increased grafted-cell survival in the intracerebral hemorrhage brain. Hypoxic preconditioning also increased neural stem cell secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor. Finally, transplanted neural stem cells with hypoxic preconditioning exhibited enhanced tissue-protective capability that accelerated behavioral recovery. Our results suggest that hypoxic preconditioning in neural stem cells improves efficacy of stem cell therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Wakai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and Program in Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Purnima Narasimhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and Program in Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Sakata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and Program in Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hideyuki Yoshioka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kinouchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Pak H Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and Program in Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Spontaneously hyperactive MEK-Erk pathway mediates paradoxical facilitation of cell proliferation in mild hypoxia. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:640-6. [PMID: 25497211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen is important for common eukaryotic cells to generate ATP. Pathophysiological conditions such as ischemic diseases cause tissue hypoxia. In addition, oxygen availability in deep tissues is supposed to be far lower than surrounding atmosphere even in healthy animals, and the oxygen partial pressures in most normal tissues are estimated to be around 40-50mmHg, so-called mild hypoxia. Recent studies have demonstrated that mild hypoxia has distinct effects on living cells from severe hypoxia. For instance, mild hypoxia was reported to promote cell reprogramming. Although severe hypoxia is known to inhibit cell proliferation, mild hypoxia has been paradoxically demonstrated to increase cell proliferation. However, it has not been clarified by which molecular mechanisms mild hypoxia evokes the discontinuous increment of cell proliferation. METHODS We established experimental conditions showing the opposite influences of mild and severe hypoxia on cell proliferation using undifferentiated Caco2 human colon carcinoma cells in order to clarify the underlying molecular mechanism. RESULTS The basal activity of Erk, which is a typical mediator of mitogenic signals, is spontaneously increased specifically in cells exposed to mild hypoxia, and inhibition of MEK, an upstream kinase of the Erk, completely inhibited the mild hypoxia-induced enhancement of cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous hyperactivation of the MEK-Erk pathway by mild hypoxia should be the plausible molecular mechanism of the paradoxical promotion of cell proliferation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our findings will provide clues to the molecular basis of mild hypoxia-evoked phenomena such as cell reprogramming.
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11
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Jayakumar AR, Tong XY, Curtis KM, Ruiz-Cordero R, Shamaladevi N, Abuzamel M, Johnstone J, Gaidosh G, Rama Rao KV, Norenberg MD. Decreased astrocytic thrombospondin-1 secretion after chronic ammonia treatment reduces the level of synaptic proteins: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Neurochem 2014; 131:333-47. [PMID: 25040426 PMCID: PMC4364553 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) is a major complication in patients with severe liver disease. Elevated blood and brain ammonia levels have been implicated in its pathogenesis, and astrocytes are the principal neural cells involved in this disorder. Since defective synthesis and release of astrocytic factors have been shown to impair synaptic integrity in other neurological conditions, we examined whether thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), an astrocytic factor involved in the maintenance of synaptic integrity, is also altered in CHE. Cultured astrocytes were exposed to ammonia (NH₄Cl, 0.5-2.5 mM) for 1-10 days, and TSP-1 content was measured in cell extracts and culture media. Astrocytes exposed to ammonia exhibited a reduction in intra- and extracellular TSP-1 levels. Exposure of cultured neurons to conditioned media from ammonia-treated astrocytes showed a decrease in synaptophysin, PSD95, and synaptotagmin levels. Conditioned media from TSP-1 over-expressing astrocytes that were treated with ammonia, when added to cultured neurons, reversed the decline in synaptic proteins. Recombinant TSP-1 similarly reversed the decrease in synaptic proteins. Metformin, an agent known to increase TSP-1 synthesis in other cell types, also reversed the ammonia-induced TSP-1 reduction. Likewise, we found a significant decline in TSP-1 level in cortical astrocytes, as well as a reduction in synaptophysin content in vivo in a rat model of CHE. These findings suggest that TSP-1 may represent an important therapeutic target for CHE. Defective release of astrocytic factors may impair synaptic integrity in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. We found a reduction in the release of the astrocytic matricellular proteins thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in ammonia-treated astrocytes; such reduction was associated with a decrease in synaptic proteins caused by conditioned media from ammonia-treated astrocytes. Exposure of neurons to CM from ammonia-treated astrocytes, in which TSP-1 is over-expressed, reversed (by approx 75%) the reduction in synaptic proteins. NF-kB = nuclear factor kappa B; PSD95 = post-synaptic density protein 95; ONS = oxidative/nitrative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam R Jayakumar
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA
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12
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Sedoris KC, Thomas SD, Miller DM. Hypoxia induces differential translation of enolase/MBP-1. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:157. [PMID: 20412594 PMCID: PMC2873388 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxic microenvironments in tumors contribute to transformation, which may alter metabolism, growth, and therapeutic responsiveness. The α-enolase gene encodes both a glycolytic enzyme (α-enolase) and a DNA-binding tumor suppressor protein, c-myc binding protein (MBP-1). These divergent α-enolase gene products play central roles in glucose metabolism and growth regulation and their differential regulation may be critical for tumor adaptation to hypoxia. We have previously shown that MBP-1 and its binding to the c-myc P2 promoter regulates the metabolic and cellular growth changes that occur in response to altered exogenous glucose concentrations. Results To examine the regulation of α-enolase and MBP-1 by a hypoxic microenvironment in breast cancer, MCF-7 cells were grown in low, physiologic, or high glucose under 1% oxygen. Our results demonstrate that adaptation to hypoxia involves attenuation of MBP-1 translation and loss of MBP-1-mediated regulation of c-myc transcription, evidenced by decreased MBP-1 binding to the c-myc P2 promoter. This allows for a robust increase in c-myc expression, "early c-myc response", which stimulates aerobic glycolysis resulting in tumor acclimation to oxidative stress. Increased α-enolase mRNA and preferential translation/post-translational modification may also allow for acclimatization to low oxygen, particularly under low glucose concentrations. Conclusions These results demonstrate that malignant cells adapt to hypoxia by modulating α-enolase/MBP-1 levels and suggest a mechanism for tumor cell induction of the hyperglycolytic state. This important "feedback" mechanism may help transformed cells to escape the apoptotic cascade, allowing for survival during limited glucose and oxygen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara C Sedoris
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Shi H. Hypoxia inducible factor 1 as a therapeutic target in ischemic stroke. Curr Med Chem 2009; 16:4593-600. [PMID: 19903149 PMCID: PMC2819104 DOI: 10.2174/092986709789760779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In stroke research, a significant focus is to develop therapeutic strategies that prevent neuronal death and improve recovery. Yet, few successful therapeutic strategies have emerged. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a key regulator in hypoxia. It has been suggested to be an important player in neurological outcomes following ischemic stroke due to the functions of its downstream genes. These include genes that promote glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, and cell survival. Many lines of evidence have shown that HIF-1 is induced in ischemic brains. Importantly, it seems that HIF-1 is primarily induced in the salvageable tissue of an ischemic brain, penumbra. However, the effect of HIF-1 on neuronal tissue injuries is still debatable based on evidence from in vitro and preclinical studies. Furthermore, it is of importance to understand the mechanism of HIF-1 degradation after its induction in ischemic brain. This review provides a present understanding of the mechanism of HIF-1 induction in ischemic neurons and the potential effect of HIF-1 on ischemic brain tissue. The author also elaborates on potential therapeutic approaches through understanding of the induction mechanism and of the potential role of HIF-1 in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, School of Pharmacy, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Yuan WJ, Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Muraoka K, Agari T, Kameda M, Uozumi T, Tajiri N, Morimoto T, Jing M, Baba T, Wang F, Leung H, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Date I. Neuroprotective effects of edaravone-administration on 6-OHDA-treated dopaminergic neurons. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9:75. [PMID: 18671880 PMCID: PMC2533664 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems. Free radicals induced by oxidative stress are involved in the mechanisms of cell death in PD. This study clarifies the neuroprotective effects of edaravone (MCI-186, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), which has already been used for the treatment of cerebral ischemia in Japan, on TH-positive dopaminergic neurons using PD model both in vitro and in vivo. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a neurotoxin for dopaminergic neurons, was added to cultured dopaminergic neurons derived from murine embryonal ventral mesencephalon with subsequet administration of edaravone or saline. The number of surviving TH-positive neurons and the degree of cell damage induced by free radicals were analyzed. In parallel, edaravone or saline was intravenously administered for PD model of rats receiving intrastriatal 6-OHDA lesion with subsequent behavioral and histological analyses. Results In vitro study showed that edaravone significantly ameliorated the survival of TH-positive neurons in a dose-responsive manner. The number of apoptotic cells and HEt-positive cells significantly decreased, thus indicating that the neuroprotective effects of edaravone might be mediated by anti-apoptotic effects through the suppression of free radicals by edaravone. In vivo study demonstrated that edaravone-administration at 30 minutes after 6-OHDA lesion reduced the number of amphetamine-induced rotations significantly than edaravone-administration at 24 hours. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) staining of the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta revealed that edaravone might exert neuroprotective effects on nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems. The neuroprotective effects were prominent when edaravone was administered early and in high concentration. TUNEL, HEt and Iba-1 staining in vivo might demonstrate the involvement of anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of edaravone-administration. Conclusion Edaravone exerts neuroprotective effects on PD model both in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanisms might be involved in the anti-apoptotic effects, anti-oxidative effects, and/or anti-inflammatory effects of edaravone. Edaravone might be a hopeful therapeutic option for PD, although the high therapeutic dosage remains to be solved for the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ji Yuan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan.
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Yekkala K, Baudino TA. Inhibition of intestinal polyposis with reduced angiogenesis in ApcMin/+ mice due to decreases in c-Myc expression. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 5:1296-303. [PMID: 18171987 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The c-myc oncogene plays an important role in tumorigenesis and is frequently deregulated in many human cancers, including gastrointestinal cancers. In humans, mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) tumor suppressor gene occur in most colorectal cancers. Mutation of Apc leads to stabilization of beta-catenin and increases in beta-catenin target gene expression (c-myc and cyclin D1), whose precise functional significance has not been examined using genetic approaches. Apc(Min/+) mice are a model of familial adenomatous polyposis and are heterozygous for an Apc truncation mutation. We have developed a model for examining the role of c-Myc in Apc-mediated tumorigenesis. We crossed c-myc(+/-) mice to Apc(Min/+) to generate Apc(Min/+) c-myc(+/-) animals. The compound Apc(Min/+) c-myc(+/-) mice were used to evaluate the effect of c-myc haploinsufficiency on the Apc(Min/+) phenotype. We observed a significant reduction in tumor numbers in the small intestine of Apc(Min/+) c-myc(+/-) mice compared with control Apc(Min/+) c-myc(+/+) mice. In addition, we observed one to three polyps per colon in Apc(Min/+) c-myc(+/+) mice, whereas only two lesions were observed in the colons of Apc(Min/+) mice that were haploinsufficient for c-myc. Moreover, reduction in c-myc levels resulted in a significant increase in the survival of these animals. Finally, we observed marked decreases in vascular endothelial growth factor, EphA2, and ephrin-B2 expression as well as marked decreases in angiogenesis in intestinal polyps in Apc(Min/+) c-myc(+/-) mice. This study shows that c-Myc is critical for Apc-dependent intestinal tumorigenesis in mice and provides a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Yekkala
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Building #1, C-57, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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Thiersch M, Raffelsberger W, Frigg R, Samardzija M, Wenzel A, Poch O, Grimm C. Analysis of the retinal gene expression profile after hypoxic preconditioning identifies candidate genes for neuroprotection. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:73. [PMID: 18261226 PMCID: PMC2270833 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal degeneration is a main cause of blindness in humans. Neuroprotective therapies may be used to rescue retinal cells and preserve vision. Hypoxic preconditioning stabilizes the transcription factor HIF-1α in the retina and strongly protects photoreceptors in an animal model of light-induced retinal degeneration. To address the molecular mechanisms of the protection, we analyzed the transcriptome of the hypoxic retina using microarrays and real-time PCR. Results Hypoxic exposure induced a marked alteration in the retinal transcriptome with significantly different expression levels of 431 genes immediately after hypoxic exposure. The normal expression profile was restored within 16 hours of reoxygenation. Among the differentially regulated genes, several candidates for neuroprotection were identified like metallothionein-1 and -2, the HIF-1 target gene adrenomedullin and the gene encoding the antioxidative and cytoprotective enzyme paraoxonase 1 which was previously not known to be a hypoxia responsive gene in the retina. The strongly upregulated cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21 was excluded from being essential for neuroprotection. Conclusion Our data suggest that neuroprotection after hypoxic preconditioning is the result of the differential expression of a multitude of genes which may act in concert to protect visual cells against a toxic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Thiersch
- Lab of Retinal Cell Biology, Dept Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Bindra RS, Glazer PM. Co-repression of mismatch repair gene expression by hypoxia in cancer cells: Role of the Myc/Max network. Cancer Lett 2007; 252:93-103. [PMID: 17275176 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The key microenvironmental stress of hypoxia is associated with a diverse spectrum of alterations in both the expression and activation patterns of numerous DNA repair and stress-response factors. We have shown previously that hypoxia causes decreased expression of the mismatch repair gene, MLH1, leading to increased genetic instability in tumor cells, although the mechanism remained to be determined. Here we elucidate a mechanism by which MLH1 and another mismatch repair (MMR) gene, MSH2, are repressed by hypoxia. This repression occurs via a dynamic shift in occupancy from activating c-Myc/Max to repressive Mad1/Max and Mnt/Max complexes at the proximal promoters of both the MLH1 and MSH2 genes. Repression of the MMR genes was also seen in both hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) proficient and deficient cells, and so ruling out an essential role for HIFs in MMR gene expression. These data highlight a novel HIF-independent stress-response pathway induced by hypoxia leading to the coordinated repression of MLH1 and MSH2, key genes in the MMR pathway, and they provide further insight into the possible mechanisms of hypoxia-induced genetic instability and consequent tumor progression in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208040, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
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