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Li KT, Ji D, Zhou C. Memory rescue and learning in synaptic impaired neuronal circuits. iScience 2023; 26:106931. [PMID: 37534172 PMCID: PMC10391582 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal impairment is a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its effect on neural activity dynamics underlying memory deficits is unclear. Here, we studied the effects of synaptic impairment on neural activities associated with memory recall, memory rescue, and learning a new memory, in an integrate-and-fire neuronal network. Our results showed that reducing connectivity decreases the neuronal synchronization of memory neurons and impairs memory recall performance. Although, slow-gamma stimulation rescued memory recall and slow-gamma oscillations, the rescue caused a side effect of activating mixed memories. During the learning of a new memory, reducing connectivity caused impairment in storing the new memory, but did not affect previously stored memories. We also explored the effects of other types of impairments including neuronal loss and excitation-inhibition imbalance and the rescue by general increase of excitability. Our results reveal potential computational mechanisms underlying the memory deficits caused by impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Tung Li
- Department of Physics, Centre for Nonlinear Studies, Beijing–Hong Kong–Singapore Joint Centre for Nonlinear and Complex Systems (Hong Kong), Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Center for Augmented Intelligence, Research Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Daoyun Ji
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Changsong Zhou
- Department of Physics, Centre for Nonlinear Studies, Beijing–Hong Kong–Singapore Joint Centre for Nonlinear and Complex Systems (Hong Kong), Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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Hernandez AR, Truckenbrod LM, Barrett ME, Lubke KN, Clark BJ, Burke SN. Age-Related Alterations in Prelimbic Cortical Neuron Arc Expression Vary by Behavioral State and Cortical Layer. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:588297. [PMID: 33192482 PMCID: PMC7655965 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.588297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal cortical and medial temporal lobe connectivity is critical for higher cognitive functions that decline in older adults. Likewise, these cortical areas are among the first to show anatomical, functional, and biochemical alterations in advanced age. The prelimbic subregion of the prefrontal cortex and the perirhinal cortex of the medial temporal lobe are densely reciprocally connected and well-characterized as undergoing age-related neurobiological changes that correlate with behavioral impairment. Despite this fact, it remains to be determined how changes within these brain regions manifest as alterations in their functional connectivity. In our previous work, we observed an increased probability of age-related dysfunction for perirhinal cortical neurons that projected to the prefrontal cortex in old rats compared to neurons that were not identified as projection neurons. The current study was designed to investigate the extent to which aged prelimbic cortical neurons also had altered patterns of Arc expression during behavior, and if this was more evident in those cells that had long-range projections to the perirhinal cortex. The expression patterns of the immediate-early gene Arc were quantified in behaviorally characterized rats that also received the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B (CTB) in the perirhinal cortex to identify projection neurons to this region. As in our previous work, the current study found that CTB+ cells were more active than those that did not have the tracer. Moreover, there were age-related reductions in prelimbic cortical neuron Arc expression that correlated with a reduced ability of aged rats to multitask. Unlike the perirhinal cortex, however, the age-related reduction in Arc expression was equally likely in CTB+ and CTB- negative cells. Thus, the selective vulnerability of neurons with long-range projections to dysfunction in old age may be a unique feature of the perirhinal cortex. Together, these observations identify a mechanism involving prelimbic-perirhinal cortical circuit disruption in cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbi R. Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Leah M. Truckenbrod
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Maya E. Barrett
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Katelyn N. Lubke
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Clark
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sara N. Burke
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Sara N. Burke,
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3
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Lawrence AV, Cardoza J, Ryan L. Medial temporal lobe regions mediate complex visual discriminations for both objects and scenes: A process-based view. Hippocampus 2020; 30:879-891. [PMID: 32163223 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Debate continues regarding the role of medial temporal lobe regions in object and scene processing. Considerable evidence indicates that the perirhinal cortex (PRC) plays an important role in the perception of objects-namely, in disambiguating complex objects that share conjunctions of features. These findings support a content-specific view of medial temporal lobe functioning in which PRC is critically important for processing complex objects, while the parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and hippocampus (HC) may be selectively engaged during scene processing. However, emerging evidence from both animal and human studies suggest that the PRC is sensitive to spatial configural information as well as object information. In this fMRI study, we observed preliminary evidence for BOLD activation in the PRC during a complex visual discrimination task for objects and scenes, as well as robust activation for both stimulus types in PHC and HC. The results are discussed in light of a recent process-based model of medial temporal lobe functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Lawrence
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jose Cardoza
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lee Ryan
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Sanchez-Mejias E, Nuñez-Diaz C, Sanchez-Varo R, Gomez-Arboledas A, Garcia-Leon JA, Fernandez-Valenzuela JJ, Mejias-Ortega M, Trujillo-Estrada L, Baglietto-Vargas D, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Davila JC, Vitorica J, Gutierrez A. Distinct disease-sensitive GABAergic neurons in the perirhinal cortex of Alzheimer's mice and patients. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:345-363. [PMID: 31491047 PMCID: PMC7064898 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal loss is the best neuropathological substrate that correlates with cortical atrophy and dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Defective GABAergic neuronal functions may lead to cortical network hyperactivity and aberrant neuronal oscillations and in consequence, generate a detrimental alteration in memory processes. In this study, using immunohistochemical and stereological approaches, we report that the two major and non-overlapping groups of inhibitory interneurons (SOM-cells and PV-cells) displayed distinct vulnerability in the perirhinal cortex of APP/PS1 mice and AD patients. SOM-positive neurons were notably sensitive and exhibited a dramatic decrease in the perirhinal cortex of 6-month-old transgenic mice (57% and 61% in areas 36 and 35, respectively) and, most importantly, in AD patients (91% in Braak V-VI cases). In addition, this interneuron degenerative process seems to occur in parallel, and closely related, with the progression of the amyloid pathology. However, the population expressing PV was unaffected in APP/PS1 mice while in AD brains suffered a pronounced and significant loss (69%). As a key component of cortico-hippocampal networks, the perirhinal cortex plays an important role in memory processes, especially in familiarity-based memory recognition. Therefore, disrupted functional connectivity of this cortical region, as a result of the early SOM and PV neurodegeneration, might contribute to the altered brain rhythms and cognitive failures observed in the initial clinical phase of AD patients. Finally, these findings highlight the failure of amyloidogenic AD models to fully recapitulate the selective neuronal degeneration occurring in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Sanchez-Mejias
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Garcia-Leon
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Fernandez-Valenzuela
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Mejias-Ortega
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Davila
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Gaynor LS, Curiel RE, Penate A, Rosselli M, Burke SN, Wicklund M, Loewenstein DA, Bauer RM. Visual Object Discrimination Impairment as an Early Predictor of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2019; 25:688-698. [PMID: 31111810 PMCID: PMC6688903 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617719000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Detection of cognitive impairment suggestive of risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression is crucial to the prevention of incipient dementia. This study was performed to determine if performance on a novel object discrimination task improved identification of earlier deficits in older adults at risk for AD. METHOD In total, 135 participants from the 1Florida Alzheimer's Disease Research Center [cognitively normal (CN), Pre-mild cognitive impairment (PreMCI), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and dementia] completed a test of object discrimination and traditional memory measures in the context of a larger neuropsychological and clinical evaluation. RESULTS The Object Recognition and Discrimination Task (ORDT) revealed significant differences between the PreMCI, aMCI, and dementia groups versus CN individuals. Moreover, relative risk of being classified as PreMCI rather than CN increased as an inverse function of ORDT score. DISCUSSION Overall, the obtained results suggest that a novel object discrimination task improves the detection of very early AD-related cognitive impairment, increasing the window for therapeutic intervention. (JINS, 2019, 25, 688-698).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S. Gaynor
- Clinical and Health Psychology Department, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rosie E. Curiel
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Cognitive
Neuroscience and Aging, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami,
Florida
- 1Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
| | - Ailyn Penate
- Wien Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Memory
Disorders, Miami Beach, Florida
| | - Mónica Rosselli
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca
Raton, Florida
- 1Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
| | - Sara N. Burke
- McKnight Brain Institute and Department of Neuroscience,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- 1Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
| | - Meredith Wicklund
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of
Medicine, University of Florida
- 1Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
| | - David A. Loewenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Cognitive
Neuroscience and Aging, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami,
Florida
- 1Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
| | - Russell M. Bauer
- Clinical and Health Psychology Department, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- 1Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
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Haberman RP, Monasterio A, Branch A, Gallagher M. Aged rats with intact memory show distinctive recruitment in cortical regions relative to young adults in a cue mismatch task. Behav Neurosci 2019; 133:537-544. [PMID: 31246080 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Similar to elderly humans, aged Long-Evans rats exhibit individual differences in performance on tasks that critically depend on the medial temporal lobe memory system. Although reduced memory performance is common, close to half of aged rats in this outbred rodent population perform within the range of young subjects, exhibiting a stable behavioral phenotype that may signal a resilience to memory decline. Increasing evidence from research on aging in the Long-Evans study population supports the existence of adaptive neural change rather than avoidance of detrimental effects of aging on the brain, indicating a malleability of brain function over the life span that may preserve optimal function. Augmenting prior work that centered on hippocampal function, the current study extends investigation to cortical regions functionally interconnected with the hippocampal formation, including medial temporal lobe cortices and posterior components of the default mode network. In response to an environmental manipulation that creates a mismatch in the expected cue orientation, aged rats with preserved memory show greater activation across an extended network of cortical regions as measured by immediate early gene expression. In contrast, young subjects, behaviorally similar to the aged rats in this study, show a more limited cortical response. This distinctive cortical recruitment in aged unimpaired rats, set against a background of comparable activation across hippocampal subregions, may represent adaptive cortical recruitment consistent with evidence in human studies of neurocognitive aging. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Kajiwara R, Tominaga Y, Tominaga T. Network Plasticity Involved in the Spread of Neural Activity Within the Rhinal Cortices as Revealed by Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging in Mouse Brain Slices. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:20. [PMID: 30804757 PMCID: PMC6378919 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhinal cortices, such as the perirhinal cortex (PC) and the entorhinal cortex (EC), are located within the bidirectional pathway between the neocortex and the hippocampus. Physiological studies indicate that the perirhinal transmission of neocortical inputs to the EC occurs at an extremely low probability, though many anatomical studies indicated strong connections exist in the pathway. Our previous study in rat brain slices indicated that an increase in excitability in deep layers of the PC/EC border initiated the neural activity transfer from the PC to the EC. In the present study, we hypothesized that such changes in network dynamics are not incidental observations but rather due to the plastic features of the perirhinal network, which links with the EC. To confirm this idea, we analyzed the network properties of neural transmission throughout the rhinal cortices and the plastic behavior of the network by performing a single-photon wide-field optical recording technique with a voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) in mouse brain slices of the PC, the EC, and the hippocampus. The low concentration of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 40 μM) enhanced neural activity in the PC, which eventually propagated to the EC via the deep layers of the PC/EC border. Interestingly, washout of 4-AP was unable to reverse entorhinal activation to the previous state. This change in the network property persisted for more than 1 h. This observation was not limited to the application of 4-AP. Burst stimulation to neurons in the perirhinal deep layers also induced the same change of network property. These results indicate the long-lasting modification of physiological connection between the PC and the EC, suggesting the existence of plasticity in the perirhinal-entorhinal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riichi Kajiwara
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yoko Tominaga
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Systems, Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Takashi Tominaga
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Systems, Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
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Gaynor LS, Johnson SA, Mizell JM, Campos KT, Maurer AP, Bauer RM, Burke SN. Impaired discrimination with intact crossmodal association in aged rats: A dissociation of perirhinal cortical-dependent behaviors. Behav Neurosci 2018; 132:138-151. [PMID: 29809042 PMCID: PMC5975639 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PRC) supports associative memory and perception, and PRC dysfunction impairs animals' abilities to associate stimulus features across sensory modalities. PRC damage also leads to deficits in discriminating between stimuli that share features. Although PRC-dependent stimulus discrimination has been shown to be impaired with advanced age, data regarding the abilities of older adults and other animals to form PRC-dependent associations have been equivocal. Moreover, the extent to which similar neural computations within the PRC support associative memory versus discrimination abilities have not been directly examined. In the current study, young and aged rats were cross-characterized on two PRC-dependent crossmodal object recognition (CMOR) tasks to test associative memory, and a LEGO object discrimination task. In the CMOR tasks, rats were familiarized with an object with access to tactile input and then tested for recognition with visual input only. The relative exploration time of novel versus familiar objects indicated that aged rats showed preference for the novel over familiar object with and without an epoch of multimodal preexposure to the familiar object prior to the testing session. Furthermore, crossmodal recognition performance between young and aged rats was not significantly different. In contrast, for the LEGO object discrimination task, aged rats were impaired relative to young rats. Notably, aged rats that performed poorly on the LEGO object discrimination task had better performance on the CMOR tasks. The dissociation of discrimination and association abilities with age suggests that these behaviors rely on distinct neural computations within PRC-medial temporal lobe circuit. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Russell M Bauer
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida
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Burke SN, Gaynor LS, Barnes CA, Bauer RM, Bizon JL, Roberson ED, Ryan L. Shared Functions of Perirhinal and Parahippocampal Cortices: Implications for Cognitive Aging. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:349-359. [PMID: 29555181 PMCID: PMC5970964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A predominant view of perirhinal cortex (PRC) and postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex (POR/PHC) function contends that these structures are tuned to represent objects and spatial information, respectively. However, known anatomical connectivity, together with recent electrophysiological, neuroimaging, and lesion data, indicate that both brain areas participate in spatial and nonspatial processing. Instead of content-based organization, the PRC and PHC/POR may participate in two computationally distinct cortical-hippocampal networks: one network that is tuned to process coarse information quickly, forming gist-like representations of scenes/environments, and a second network tuned to process information about the specific sensory details that are necessary for discrimination across sensory modalities. The available data suggest that the latter network may be more vulnerable in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Burke
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Leslie S Gaynor
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carol A Barnes
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Division of Neural Systems Memory and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Russell M Bauer
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lee Ryan
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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