1
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Brown RI, Barber HM, Kucenas S. Satellite glial cell manipulation prior to axotomy enhances developing dorsal root ganglion central branch regrowth into the spinal cord. Glia 2024; 72:1766-1784. [PMID: 39141572 PMCID: PMC11325082 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively) exhibit remarkable diversity in the capacity to regenerate following neuronal injury with PNS injuries being much more likely to regenerate than those that occur in the CNS. Glial responses to damage greatly influence the likelihood of regeneration by either promoting or inhibiting axonal regrowth over time. However, despite our understanding of how some glial lineages participate in nerve degeneration and regeneration, less is known about the contributions of peripheral satellite glial cells (SGC) to regeneration failure following central axon branch injury of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons. Here, using in vivo, time-lapse imaging in larval zebrafish coupled with laser axotomy, we investigate the role of SGCs in axonal regeneration. In our studies we show that SGCs respond to injury by relocating their nuclei to the injury site during the same period that DRG neurons produce new central branch neurites. Laser ablation of SGCs prior to axon injury results in more neurite growth attempts and ultimately a higher rate of successful central axon regrowth, implicating SGCs as inhibitors of regeneration. We also demonstrate that this SGC response is mediated in part by ErbB signaling, as chemical inhibition of this receptor results in reduced SGC motility and enhanced central axon regrowth. These findings provide new insights into SGC-neuron interactions under injury conditions and how these interactions influence nervous system repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin I Brown
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Heather M Barber
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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2
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McMorrow LA, Kosalko A, Robinson D, Saiani A, Reid AJ. Advancing Our Understanding of the Chronically Denervated Schwann Cell: A Potential Therapeutic Target? Biomolecules 2022; 12:1128. [PMID: 36009023 PMCID: PMC9406133 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Outcomes for patients following major peripheral nerve injury are extremely poor. Despite advanced microsurgical techniques, the recovery of function is limited by an inherently slow rate of axonal regeneration. In particular, a time-dependent deterioration in the ability of the distal stump to support axonal growth is a major determinant to the failure of reinnervation. Schwann cells (SC) are crucial in the orchestration of nerve regeneration; their plasticity permits the adoption of a repair phenotype following nerve injury. The repair SC modulates the initial immune response, directs myelin clearance, provides neurotrophic support and remodels the distal nerve. These functions are critical for regeneration; yet the repair phenotype is unstable in the setting of chronic denervation. This phenotypic instability accounts for the deteriorating regenerative support offered by the distal nerve stump. Over the past 10 years, our understanding of the cellular machinery behind this repair phenotype, in particular the role of c-Jun, has increased exponentially, creating opportunities for therapeutic intervention. This review will cover the activation of the repair phenotype in SC, the effects of chronic denervation on SC and current strategies to 'hack' these cellular pathways toward supporting more prolonged periods of neural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A. McMorrow
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Adrian Kosalko
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Daniel Robinson
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alberto Saiani
- School of Materials & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Adam J. Reid
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
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3
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Jessen KR, Mirsky R. The Role of c-Jun and Autocrine Signaling Loops in the Control of Repair Schwann Cells and Regeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:820216. [PMID: 35221918 PMCID: PMC8863656 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.820216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After nerve injury, both Schwann cells and neurons switch to pro-regenerative states. For Schwann cells, this involves reprogramming of myelin and Remak cells to repair Schwann cells that provide the signals and mechanisms needed for the survival of injured neurons, myelin clearance, axonal regeneration and target reinnervation. Because functional repair cells are essential for regeneration, it is unfortunate that their phenotype is not robust. Repair cell activation falters as animals get older and the repair phenotype fades during chronic denervation. These malfunctions are important reasons for the poor outcomes after nerve damage in humans. This review will discuss injury-induced Schwann cell reprogramming and the concept of the repair Schwann cell, and consider the molecular control of these cells with emphasis on c-Jun. This transcription factor is required for the generation of functional repair cells, and failure of c-Jun expression is implicated in repair cell failures in older animals and during chronic denervation. Elevating c-Jun expression in repair cells promotes regeneration, showing in principle that targeting repair cells is an effective way of improving nerve repair. In this context, we will outline the emerging evidence that repair cells are sustained by autocrine signaling loops, attractive targets for interventions aimed at promoting regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan R. Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Arthur-Farraj P, Coleman MP. Lessons from Injury: How Nerve Injury Studies Reveal Basic Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities for Peripheral Nerve Diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2200-2221. [PMID: 34595734 PMCID: PMC8804151 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Waller and Cajal in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, laboratory traumatic peripheral nerve injury studies have provided great insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms governing axon degeneration and the responses of Schwann cells, the major glial cell type of peripheral nerves. It is now evident that pathways underlying injury-induced axon degeneration and the Schwann cell injury-specific state, the repair Schwann cell, are relevant to many inherited and acquired disorders of peripheral nerves. This review provides a timely update on the molecular understanding of axon degeneration and formation of the repair Schwann cell. We discuss how nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) and sterile alpha TIR motif containing protein 1 (SARM1) are required for axon survival and degeneration, respectively, how transcription factor c-JUN is essential for the Schwann cell response to nerve injury and what each tells us about disease mechanisms and potential therapies. Human genetic association with NMNAT2 and SARM1 strongly suggests aberrant activation of programmed axon death in polyneuropathies and motor neuron disorders, respectively, and animal studies suggest wider involvement including in chemotherapy-induced and diabetic neuropathies. In repair Schwann cells, cJUN is aberrantly expressed in a wide variety of human acquired and inherited neuropathies. Animal models suggest it limits axon loss in both genetic and traumatic neuropathies, whereas in contrast, Schwann cell secreted Neuregulin-1 type 1 drives onion bulb pathology in CMT1A. Finally, we discuss opportunities for drug-based and gene therapies to prevent axon loss or manipulate the repair Schwann cell state to treat acquired and inherited neuropathies and neuronopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Arthur-Farraj
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Michael P Coleman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
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5
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Zhai J, Kim H, Han SB, Manire M, Yoo R, Pang S, Smith GM, Son YJ. Co-targeting myelin inhibitors and CSPGs markedly enhances regeneration of GDNF-stimulated, but not conditioning-lesioned, sensory axons into the spinal cord. eLife 2021; 10:63050. [PMID: 33942723 PMCID: PMC8139830 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to intraspinal regeneration after dorsal root (DR) injury is the DR entry zone (DREZ), the CNS/PNS interface. DR axons stop regenerating at the DREZ, even if regenerative capacity is increased by a nerve conditioning lesion. This potent blockade has long been attributed to myelin-associated inhibitors and (CSPGs), but incomplete lesions and conflicting reports have prevented conclusive agreement. Here, we evaluated DR regeneration in mice using novel strategies to facilitate complete lesions and analyses, selective tracing of proprioceptive and mechanoreceptive axons, and the first simultaneous targeting of Nogo/Reticulon-4, MAG, OMgp, CSPGs, and GDNF. Co-eliminating myelin inhibitors and CSPGs elicited regeneration of only a few conditioning-lesioned DR axons across the DREZ. Their absence, however, markedly and synergistically enhanced regeneration of GDNF-stimulated axons, highlighting the importance of sufficiently elevating intrinsic growth capacity. We also conclude that myelin inhibitors and CSPGs are not the primary mechanism stopping axons at the DREZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Zhai
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Hyukmin Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Seung Baek Han
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Meredith Manire
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Rachel Yoo
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Shuhuan Pang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - George M Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
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6
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Serova OV, Gantsova EA, Deyev IE, Petrenko AG. The Value of pH Sensors in Maintaining Homeostasis of the Nervous System. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Tian W, Czopka T, López-Schier H. Systemic loss of Sarm1 protects Schwann cells from chemotoxicity by delaying axon degeneration. Commun Biol 2020; 3:49. [PMID: 32001778 PMCID: PMC6992705 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protecting the nervous system from chronic effects of physical and chemical stress is a pressing clinical challenge. The obligate pro-degenerative protein Sarm1 is essential for Wallerian axon degeneration. Thus, blocking Sarm1 function is emerging as a promising neuroprotective strategy with therapeutic relevance. Yet, the conditions that will most benefit from inhibiting Sarm1 remain undefined. Here we combine genome engineering, pharmacology and high-resolution intravital videmicroscopy in zebrafish to show that genetic elimination of Sarm1 increases Schwann-cell resistance to toxicity by diverse chemotherapeutic agents after axonal injury. Synthetic degradation of Sarm1-deficient axons reversed this effect, suggesting that glioprotection is a non-autonomous effect of delayed axon degeneration. Moreover, loss of Sarm1 does not affect macrophage recruitment to nerve-wound microenvironment, injury resolution, or neural-circuit repair. These findings anticipate that interventions aimed at inhibiting Sarm1 can counter heightened glial vulnerability to chemical stressors and may be an effective strategy to reduce chronic consequences of neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Tian
- Sensory Biology & Organogenesis, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Czopka
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Kataria H, Alizadeh A, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Neuregulin-1/ErbB network: An emerging modulator of nervous system injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 180:101643. [PMID: 31229498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (Nrg-1) is a member of the Neuregulin family of growth factors with essential roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Six different types of Nrg-1 (Nrg-1 type I-VI) and over 30 isoforms have been discovered; however, their specific roles are not fully determined. Nrg-1 signals through a complex network of protein-tyrosine kinase receptors, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 and multiple intracellular pathways. Genetic and pharmacological studies of Nrg-1 and ErbB receptors have identified a critical role for Nrg-1/ErbB network in neurodevelopment including neuronal migration, neural differentiation, myelination as well as formation of synapses and neuromuscular junctions. Nrg-1 signaling is best known for its characterized role in development and repair of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) due to its essential role in Schwann cell development, survival and myelination. However, our knowledge of the impact of Nrg-1/ErbB on the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged in recent years. Ongoing efforts have uncovered a multi-faceted role for Nrg-1 in regulating CNS injury and repair processes. In this review, we provide a timely overview of the most recent updates on Nrg-1 signaling and its role in nervous system injury and diseases. We will specifically highlight the emerging role of Nrg-1 in modulating the glial and immune responses and its capacity to foster neuroprotection and remyelination in CNS injury. Nrg-1/ErbB network is a key regulatory pathway in the developing nervous system; therefore, unraveling its role in neuropathology and repair can aid in development of new therapeutic approaches for nervous system injuries and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arsalan Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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9
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Jessen KR, Arthur-Farraj P. Repair Schwann cell update: Adaptive reprogramming, EMT, and stemness in regenerating nerves. Glia 2019; 67:421-437. [PMID: 30632639 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells respond to nerve injury by cellular reprogramming that generates cells specialized for promoting regeneration and repair. These repair cells clear redundant myelin, attract macrophages, support survival of damaged neurons, encourage axonal growth, and guide axons back to their targets. There are interesting parallels between this response and that found in other tissues. At the cellular level, many other tissues also react to injury by cellular reprogramming, generating cells specialized to promote tissue homeostasis and repair. And at the molecular level, a common feature possessed by Schwann cells and many other cells is the injury-induced activation of genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and stemness, differentiation states that are linked to cellular plasticity and that help injury-induced tissue remodeling. The number of signaling systems regulating Schwann cell plasticity is rapidly increasing. Importantly, this includes mechanisms that are crucial for the generation of functional repair Schwann cells and nerve regeneration, although they have no or a minor role elsewhere in the Schwann cell lineage. This encourages the view that selective tools can be developed to control these particular cells, amplify their repair supportive functions and prevent their deterioration. In this review, we discuss the emerging similarities between the injury response seen in nerves and in other tissues and survey the transcription factors, epigenetic mechanisms, and signaling cascades that control repair Schwann cells, with emphasis on systems that selectively regulate the Schwann cell injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Arthur-Farraj
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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10
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Jessen KR, Mirsky R. The Success and Failure of the Schwann Cell Response to Nerve Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:33. [PMID: 30804758 PMCID: PMC6378273 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable plasticity of Schwann cells allows them to adopt the Remak (non-myelin) and myelin phenotypes, which are specialized to meet the needs of small and large diameter axons, and differ markedly from each other. It also enables Schwann cells initially to mount a strikingly adaptive response to nerve injury and to promote regeneration by converting to a repair-promoting phenotype. These repair cells activate a sequence of supportive functions that engineer myelin clearance, prevent neuronal death, and help axon growth and guidance. Eventually, this response runs out of steam, however, because in the long run the phenotype of repair cells is unstable and their survival is compromised. The re-programming of Remak and myelin cells to repair cells, together with the injury-induced switch of peripheral neurons to a growth mode, gives peripheral nerves their strong regenerative potential. But it remains a challenge to harness this potential and devise effective treatments that maintain the initial repair capacity of peripheral nerves for the extended periods typically required for nerve repair in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Zhang YL, Liu YG, Chen DJ, Yang BL, Liu TT, Li JJ, Wang XQ, Li HTR, Liu ZX. Microencapsulated Schwann cell transplantation inhibits P2X2/3 receptors overexpression in a sciatic nerve injury rat model with neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2018; 676:51-57. [PMID: 29608947 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of Schwann cells (SCs) can promote axonal regeneration and formation of the myelin sheath, reduce inflammation, and promote repair to the damaged nerve. Our previous studies have shown that transplantation of free or micro-encapsulated olfactory ensheathing cells can relieve neuropathic pain. There are no related reports regarding whether the transplantation of micro-encapsulated SCs can alleviate neuropathic pain mediated by P2X2/3 receptors. In the present study, we micro-encapsulated SCs in alginic acid and transplanted them into the region surrounding the injured sciatic nerve in the rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI). The mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were measured to assess changes in behavior 14 days after the surgery in CCI model rats. Ultrastructural changes in the injured sciatic nerve were assessed using transmission electron microscopy. Co-expression of P2X2/3 receptors with other markers in neurons in the L4-5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were assessed using double-label immunofluorescence 14 days after surgery. We determined P2X2/3 mRNA expression and protein level changes in the DRG using quantitative real-time polymerase change reaction technology and Western blotting analysis. We have investigated that the transplantation of micro-encapsulated SCs can alleviate pathological pain caused by P2X2/3 receptor stimulation and explored new methods for the prevention and treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Guo Liu
- Grade 2013, Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Jian Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.17 Yong Wai Zheng Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Lin Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao-Tao Liu
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Juan Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Tian Rose Li
- Alexander Mackenzie High School, Richmond Hill, Ontario L4C 3S3, Canada
| | - Zeng-Xu Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Furlan A, Adameyko I. Schwann cell precursor: a neural crest cell in disguise? Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S25-S35. [PMID: 29454705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) are multipotent embryonic progenitors covering all developing peripheral nerves. These nerves grow and navigate with unprecedented precision, delivering SCP progenitors to almost all locations in the embryonic body. Within specific developing tissues, SCPs detach from nerves and generate neuroendocrine cells, autonomic neurons, mature Schwann cells, melanocytes and other cell types. These properties of SCPs evoke resemblances between them and their parental population, namely, neural crest cells. Neural crest cells are incredibly multipotent migratory cells that revolutionized the course of evolution in the lineage of early chordate animals. Given this similarity and recent data, it is possible to hypothesize that proto-neural crest cells are similar to SCPs spreading along the nerves. Here, we review the multipotency of SCPs, the signals that govern them, their potential therapeutic value, SCP's embryonic origin and their evolutionary connections. We dedicate this article to the memory of Wilhelm His, the father of the microtome and "Zwischenstrang", currently known as the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Furlan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 USA
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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