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Becktel DA, Frye JB, Le EH, Whitman SA, Schnellmann RG, Morrison HW, Doyle KP. Discovering Novel Plasma Biomarkers for Ischemic Stroke: Lipidomic and Metabolomic Analyses in an Aged Mouse Model. J Lipid Res 2024:100614. [PMID: 39098585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, necessitating efforts to identify biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. The present study aimed to identify novel plasma biomarkers of neurodegeneration and inflammation in a mouse model of stroke induced by distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Using targeted lipidomic and global untargeted metabolomic profiling of plasma collected from aged male mice 24 hours after stroke and weekly thereafter for 7 weeks, we discovered distinct acute and chronic signatures. In the acute phase, we observed elevations in myelin-associated lipids, including sphingomyelin (SM) and hexosylceramide (HCER) lipid species, indicating brain lipid catabolism. In the chronic phase, we identified 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) as a putative biomarker of prolonged inflammation, consistent with our previous observation of a biphasic pro-inflammatory response to ischemia in the mouse brain. These results provide insight into the metabolic alterations detectable in the plasma after stroke and highlight the potential of myelin degradation products and arachidonic acid derivatives as biomarkers of neurodegeneration and inflammation, respectively. These discoveries lay the groundwork for further validation in human studies and may improve stroke management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Becktel
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Jennifer B Frye
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Elizabeth H Le
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Susan A Whitman
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; Coit Center for Longevity and Neurotherapeutics, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; BIO5 Institute, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Helena W Morrison
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; BIO5 Institute, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States.
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2
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Planas AM. Role of microglia in stroke. Glia 2024; 72:1016-1053. [PMID: 38173414 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play key roles in the post-ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron-microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post-ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region- and injury-dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro-repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post-ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Diseases, Area of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Alabrahim OA, Azzazy HMES. Antimicrobial Activities of Pistacia lentiscus Essential Oils Nanoencapsulated into Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12622-12634. [PMID: 38524461 PMCID: PMC10955754 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The rising risks of food microbial contamination and foodborne pathogens resistance have prompted an increasing interest in natural antimicrobials as promising alternatives to synthetic antimicrobials. Essential oils (EOs) obtained from natural sources have shown promising anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. EOs extracted from the resins of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia are widely utilized for the treatment of skin inflammations, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory infections, wound healing, and cancers. The therapeutic benefits of P. lentiscusessential oils (PO) are limited by their low solubility, poor bioavailability, and high volatility. Nanoencapsulation of PO can improve their physicochemical properties and consequently their therapeutic efficacy while overcoming their undesirable side effects. Hence, PO was extracted from the resins of P. lentiscusvia hydrodistillation. Then, PO was encapsulated into (2-hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) via freeze-drying. The obtained inclusion complexes (PO-ICs) appeared as round vesicles (22.62 to 63.19 nm) forming several agglomerations (180 to 350 nm), as detected by UHR-TEM, with remarkable entrapment efficiency (89.59 ± 1.47%) and a PDI of 0.1475 ± 0.0005. Furthermore, the encapsulation and stability of PO-ICs were confirmed via FE-SEM, 1H NMR, 2D HNMR (NOESY), FT-IR, UHR-TEM, and DSC. DSC revealed a higher thermal stability of the PO-ICs, reaching 351.0 °C. PO-ICs exerted substantial antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli as compared to free PO. PO-ICs showed significant enhancement in the antibacterial activity of the encapsulated PO against S. aureus with an MIC90 of 2.84 mg/mL and against P. aeruginosa with MIC90 of 3.62 mg/mL and MIC50 of 0.56 mg/mL. In addition, PO-ICs showed greater antimicrobial activity against E. coli by 6-fold with an MIC90 of 0.89 mg/mL, compared to free PO, which showed an MIC90 of 5.38 mg/mL. In conclusion, the encapsulation of PO into HPβCD enhanced its aqueous solubility, stability, and penetration ability, resulting in a significantly higher antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Mohamed El-Said Azzazy
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Department
of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of
Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Str. 9, Jena 07745, Germany
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4
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Alabrahim OAA, Alwahibi S, Azzazy HMES. Improved antimicrobial activities of Boswellia sacra essential oils nanoencapsulated into hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:910-924. [PMID: 38298595 PMCID: PMC10825941 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00882g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Natural antimicrobials have recently gained increasing interest over synthetic antimicrobials to overcome foodborne pathogens and food microbial contamination. Essential oils (EOs) obtained from Boswellia sacra resins (BO) were utilized for respiratory disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, malignant tumors, and viral infections. Like other EOs, the therapeutic potential of BO is hindered by its low solubility and bioavailability, poor stability, and high volatility. Several studies have shown excellent physicochemical properties and outstanding therapeutic capabilities of EOs encapsulated into various nanocarriers. This study extracted BO from B. sacra resins via hydrodistillation and encapsulated it into hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins (HPβCD) using the freeze-drying method. The developed inclusion complexes of BO (BO-ICs) had high encapsulation efficiency (96.79 ± 1.17%) and a polydispersity index of 0.1045 ± 0.0006. BO-ICs showed presumably spherical vesicles (38.5 to 59.9 nm) forming multiple agglomerations (136.9 to 336.8 nm), as determined by UHR-TEM. Also, the formation and stability of BO-ICs were investigated using DSC, FTIR, FE-SEM, UHR-TEM, 1H NMR, and 2D HNMR (NOESY). BO-ICs showed greater thermal stability (362.7 °C). Moreover, compared to free BO, a remarkable enhancement in the antimicrobial activities of BO-ICs was shown against three different bacteria: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BO-ICs displayed significant antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an MIC90 of 3.93 mg mL-1 and an MIC50 of 0.57 mg mL-1. Also, BO-ICs showed an increase in BO activity against Escherichia coli with an MIC95 of 3.97 mg mL-1, compared to free BO, which failed to show an MIC95. Additionally, BO-ICs showed a more significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC95 of 3.92 mg mL-1. BO encapsulation showed significantly improved antimicrobial activities owing to the better stability, bioavailability, and penetration ability imparted by encapsulation into HPβCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaydah Abd Alkader Alabrahim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo AUC Avenue, SSE # 1184, P.O. Box 74 New Cairo 11835 Egypt +20 02 2615 2559
| | | | - Hassan Mohamed El-Said Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo AUC Avenue, SSE # 1184, P.O. Box 74 New Cairo 11835 Egypt +20 02 2615 2559
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena Germany
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5
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Shi Y, Stowe AM, Hu X. The role of immune cells in brain injuries and diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 188:106340. [PMID: 37913833 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yejie Shi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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6
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Nguyen JN, Chauhan A. Bystanders or not? Microglia and lymphocytes in aging and stroke. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1397-1403. [PMID: 36571333 PMCID: PMC10075112 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As the average age of the world population increases, more people will face debilitating aging-associated conditions, including dementia and stroke. Not only does the incidence of these conditions increase with age, but the recovery afterward is often worse in older patients. Researchers and health professionals must unveil and understand the factors behind age-associated diseases to develop a therapy for older patients. Aging causes profound changes in the immune system including the activation of microglia in the brain. Activated microglia promote T lymphocyte transmigration leading to an increase in neuroinflammation, white matter damage, and cognitive impairment in both older humans and rodents. The presence of T and B lymphocytes is observed in the aged brain and correlates with worse stroke outcomes. Preclinical strategies in stroke target either microglia or the lymphocytes or the communications between them to promote functional recovery in aged subjects. In this review, we examine the role of the microglia and T and B lymphocytes in aging and how they contribute to cognitive impairment. Additionally, we provide an important update on the contribution of these cells and their interactions in preclinical aged stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Nguyen
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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7
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Loppi SH, Tavera-Garcia MA, Becktel DA, Maiyo BK, Johnson KE, Nguyen TVV, Schnellmann RG, Doyle KP. Increased fatty acid metabolism and decreased glycolysis are hallmarks of metabolic reprogramming within microglia in degenerating white matter during recovery from experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1099-1114. [PMID: 36772984 PMCID: PMC10291449 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231157298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate changes in metabolic homeostasis during the first 12 weeks of recovery in a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model of stroke. To achieve this goal, we compared the brain metabolomes of ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres from aged male mice up to 12 weeks after stroke to that of age-matched naïve and sham mice. There were 707 biochemicals detected in each sample by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, indicated by acyl carnitine levels, was increased in stroked tissue at 1 day and 4 weeks following stroke. Glucose and several glycolytic intermediates were elevated in the ipsilateral hemisphere for 12 weeks compared to the aged naïve controls, but pyruvate was decreased. Additionally, itaconate, a glycolysis inhibitor associated with activation of anti-inflammatory mechanisms in myeloid cells, was higher in the same comparisons. Spatial transcriptomics and RNA in situ hybridization localized these alterations to microglia within the area of axonal degeneration. These results indicate that chronic metabolic differences exist between stroked and control brains, including alterations in fatty acid metabolism and glycolysis within microglia in areas of degenerating white matter for at least 12 weeks after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna H Loppi
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Marco A Tavera-Garcia
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Danielle A Becktel
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Boaz K Maiyo
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kristos E Johnson
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Thuy-Vi V Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Arizona Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Psychology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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8
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Braga SS. Molecular Mind Games: The Medicinal Action of Cyclodextrins in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040666. [PMID: 37189413 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins are often used as molecular carriers for small active ingredients in medicine. Recently, the intrinsic medicinal activity of some of these compounds has been under investigation, mainly related to their ability to interfere with cholesterol and, therefore, prevent and treat cholesterol-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease and neuronal diseases arising from altered cholesterol and lipid metabolism. One of the most promising compounds within the cyclodextrin family is 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), owing to its superior biocompatibility profile. This work presents the most recent advances in the research and clinical use of HPβCD against Niemann-Pick disease, a congenital condition involving cholesterol accumulation inside lysosomes in brain cells, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. HPβCD plays a complex role in each of these ailments, going beyond the mere sequestering of cholesterol molecules and involving an overall regulation of protein expression that helps restore the normal functioning of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Santos Braga
- LAQV-REQUIMTE (Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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9
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Arbaizar-Rovirosa M, Pedragosa J, Lozano JJ, Casal C, Pol A, Gallizioli M, Planas AM. Aged lipid-laden microglia display impaired responses to stroke. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17175. [PMID: 36541061 PMCID: PMC9906381 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202217175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells of the aged brain manifest signs of dysfunction that could contribute to the worse neurological outcome of stroke in the elderly. Treatment with colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor antagonists enables transient microglia depletion that is followed by microglia repopulation after treatment interruption, causing no known harm to mice. We tested whether this strategy restored microglia function and ameliorated stroke outcome in old mice. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced innate immune responses in microglia highlighted by type I interferon and metabolic changes involving lipid droplet biogenesis. Old microglia accumulated lipids under steady state and displayed exacerbated innate immune responses to stroke. Microglia repopulation in old mice reduced lipid-laden microglia, and the cells exhibited reduced inflammatory responses to ischemia. Moreover, old mice with renewed microglia showed improved motor function 2 weeks after stroke. We conclude that lipid deposits in aged microglia impair the cellular responses to ischemia and worsen functional recovery in old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arbaizar-Rovirosa
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Pedragosa
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Lozano
- Bioinformatics Platform, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Casal
- Microscopy Service, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Pol
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mattia Gallizioli
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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El-Darzi N, Mast N, Hammer SS, Dorweiler TF, Busik JV, Pikuleva IA. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin mitigates pathological changes in a mouse model of retinal cholesterol dyshomeostasis. J Lipid Res 2022; 64:100323. [PMID: 36586438 PMCID: PMC9883287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP46A1 is a CNS-specific enzyme, which eliminates cholesterol from the brain and retina by metabolism to 24-hydroxycholesterol, thus contributing to cholesterol homeostasis in both organs. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a Food and Drug Administration-approved formulation vehicle, is currently being investigated off-label for treatment of various diseases, including retinal diseases. HPCD was shown to lower retinal cholesterol content in mice but had not yet been evaluated for its therapeutic benefits. Herein, we put Cyp46a1-/- mice on high fat cholesterol-enriched diet from 1 to 14 months of age (control group) and at 12 months of age, started to treat a group of these animals with HPCD until the age of 14 months. We found that as compared with mature and regular chow-fed Cyp46a1-/- mice, control group had about 6-fold increase in the retinal total cholesterol content, focal cholesterol and lipid deposition in the photoreceptor-Bruch's membrane region, and retinal macrophage activation. In addition, aged animals had cholesterol crystals at the photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelium interface and changes in the Bruch's membrane ultrastructure. HPCD treatment mitigated all these manifestations of retinal cholesterol dyshomeostasis and altered the abundance of six groups of proteins (genetic information transfer, vesicular transport, and cytoskeletal organization, endocytosis and lysosomal processing, unfolded protein removal, lipid homeostasis, and Wnt signaling). Thus, aged Cyp46a1-/- mice on high fat cholesterol-enriched diet revealed pathological changes secondary to retinal cholesterol overload and supported further studies of HPCD as a potential therapeutic for age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy associated with retinal cholesterol dyshomeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole El-Darzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sandra S. Hammer
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Tim F. Dorweiler
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Julia V. Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Irina A. Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,For correspondence: Irina A. Pikuleva
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11
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Abstract
Stroke remains a significant unmet clinical need with few treatment options that have a very narrow therapeutic window, thereby causing massive mortality and morbidity in the United States and around the world. Accordingly, finding safe and effective novel treatments with a wider therapeutic window stands as an urgent need in stroke. The progressive inflammation that occurs centrally and peripherally after stroke serves as a unique therapeutic target to retard and even halt the secondary cell death. Stem cell therapy represents a potent approach that can diminish inflammation in both the stroke brain and periphery (eg, spleen), advancing a paradigm shift from a traditionally brain-focused therapy to treating stroke as a neurological disorder with a significant peripheral pathology. The purpose of this review article is to highlight the inflammation-mediated secondary cell death that plagues both brain and spleen in stroke and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy in dampening these inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Anthony
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Boulevard, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Dorothy Cabantan
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 965 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Molly Monsour
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Cesario V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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