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Yoshii T, Saito A, Yokosako T. A four-oscillator model of seasonally adapted morning and evening activities in Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:527-534. [PMID: 37217625 PMCID: PMC11226490 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster exhibits two activity peaks, one in the morning and another in the evening. Because the two peaks change phase depending on the photoperiod they are exposed to, they are convenient for studying responses of the circadian clock to seasonal changes. To explain the phase determination of the two peaks, Drosophila researchers have employed the two-oscillator model, in which two oscillators control the two peaks. The two oscillators reside in different subsets of neurons in the brain, which express clock genes, the so-called clock neurons. However, the mechanism underlying the activity of the two peaks is complex and requires a new model for mechanistic exploration. Here, we hypothesize a four-oscillator model that controls the bimodal rhythms. The four oscillators that reside in different clock neurons regulate activity in the morning and evening and sleep during the midday and at night. In this way, bimodal rhythms are formed by interactions among the four oscillators (two activity and two sleep oscillators), which may judiciously explain the flexible waveform of activity rhythms under different photoperiod conditions. Although still hypothetical, this model would provide a new perspective on the seasonal adaptation of the two activity peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 3-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Aika Saito
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 3-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yokosako
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 3-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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2
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Hidalgo S, Chiu JC. Integration of photoperiodic and temperature cues by the circadian clock to regulate insect seasonal adaptations. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:585-599. [PMID: 37584703 PMCID: PMC11057393 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Organisms adapt to unfavorable seasonal conditions to survive. These seasonal adaptations rely on the correct interpretation of environmental cues such as photoperiod, and temperature. Genetic studies in several organisms, including the genetic powerhouse Drosophila melanogaster, indicate that circadian clock components, such as period and timeless, are involved in photoperiodic-dependent seasonal adaptations, but our understanding of this process is far from complete. In particular, the role of temperature as a key factor to complement photoperiodic response is not well understood. The development of new sequencing technologies has proven extremely useful in understanding the plastic changes that the clock and other cellular components undergo in different environmental conditions, including changes in gene expression and alternative splicing. This article discusses the integration of photoperiod and temperature for seasonal biology as well as downstream molecular and cellular pathways involved in the regulation of physiological adaptations that occur with changing seasons. We focus our discussion on the current understanding of the involvement of the molecular clock and the circadian clock neuronal circuits in these adaptations in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Hidalgo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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3
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Mao R, Yu J, Deng B, Dai X, Du Y, Du S, Zhang W, Rao Y. Conditional chemoconnectomics (cCCTomics) as a strategy for efficient and conditional targeting of chemical transmission. eLife 2024; 12:RP91927. [PMID: 38686992 PMCID: PMC11060718 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Dissection of neural circuitry underlying behaviors is a central theme in neurobiology. We have previously proposed the concept of chemoconnectome (CCT) to cover the entire chemical transmission between neurons and target cells in an organism and created tools for studying it (CCTomics) by targeting all genes related to the CCT in Drosophila. Here we have created lines targeting the CCT in a conditional manner after modifying GFP RNA interference, Flp-out, and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies. All three strategies have been validated to be highly effective, with the best using chromatin-peptide fused Cas9 variants and scaffold optimized sgRNAs. As a proof of principle, we conducted a comprehensive intersection analysis of CCT genes expression profiles in the clock neurons, uncovering 43 CCT genes present in clock neurons. Specific elimination of each from clock neurons revealed that loss of the neuropeptide CNMa in two posterior dorsal clock neurons (DN1ps) or its receptor (CNMaR) caused advanced morning activity, indicating a suppressive role of CNMa-CNMaR on morning anticipation, opposite to the promoting role of PDF-PDFR on morning anticipation. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of conditional CCTomics and its tools created here and establish an antagonistic relationship between CNMa-CNMaR and PDF-PDFR signaling in regulating morning anticipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renbo Mao
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Capital Medical University; Changping LaboratoryChangpingChina
- Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Capital Medical University; Changping LaboratoryChangpingChina
- Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bowen Deng
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Capital Medical University; Changping LaboratoryChangpingChina
- Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xihuimin Dai
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Capital Medical University; Changping LaboratoryChangpingChina
- Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuyao Du
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Capital Medical University; Changping LaboratoryChangpingChina
- Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sujie Du
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Capital Medical University; Changping LaboratoryChangpingChina
- Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenxia Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Capital Medical University; Changping LaboratoryChangpingChina
- Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yi Rao
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Capital Medical University; Changping LaboratoryChangpingChina
- Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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Moriya A, Otsuka K, Naoi R, Terahata M, Takeda K, Kondo S, Adachi-Yamada T. Creation of Knock-In Alleles of Insulin Receptor Tagged by Fluorescent Proteins mCherry or EYFP in Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster. Zoolog Sci 2024; 41:230-243. [PMID: 38587918 DOI: 10.2108/zs230075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The insulin/insulin-like growth factor-like signaling (IIS) pathway is highly conserved across metazoans and regulates numerous physiological functions, including development, metabolism, fecundity, and lifespan. The insulin receptor (InR), a crucial membrane receptor in the IIS pathway, is known to be ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, albeit at generally low levels, and its subcellular localization remains incompletely characterized. In this study, we employed CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis in the fruit fly Drosophila to create knock-in alleles of InR tagged with fluorescent proteins (InR::mCherry or InR::EYFP). By inserting the coding sequence of the fluorescent proteins mCherry or EYFP near the end of the coding sequence of the endogenous InR gene, we could trace the natural InR protein through their fluorescence. As an example, we investigated epithelial cells of the male accessory gland (AG), an internal reproductive organ, and identified two distinct patterns of InR::mCherry localization. In young AG, InR::mCherry accumulated on the basal plasma membrane between cells, whereas in mature AG, it exhibited intracellular localization as multiple puncta, indicating endocytic recycling of InR during cell growth. In the AG senescence accelerated by the mutation of Diuretic hormone 31 (Dh31), the presence of InR::mCherry puncta was more pronounced compared to the wild type. These findings raise expectations for the utility of the newly created InR::mCherry/EYFP alleles for studying the precise expression levels and subcellular localization of InR. Furthermore, this fluorescently tagged allele approach can be extended to investigate other membrane receptors with low abundance, facilitating the direct examination of their true expression and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Moriya
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kei Otsuka
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Riku Naoi
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Mayu Terahata
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Takeda
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Shu Kondo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Adachi-Yamada
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan,
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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Chiang MH, Lin YC, Wu T, Wu CL. Thermosensation and Temperature Preference: From Molecules to Neuronal Circuits in Drosophila. Cells 2023; 12:2792. [PMID: 38132112 PMCID: PMC10741703 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature has a significant effect on all physiological processes of animals. Suitable temperatures promote responsiveness, movement, metabolism, growth, and reproduction in animals, whereas extreme temperatures can cause injury or even death. Thus, thermosensation is important for survival in all animals. However, mechanisms regulating thermosensation remain unexplored, mostly because of the complexity of mammalian neural circuits. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster achieves a desirable body temperature through ambient temperature fluctuations, sunlight exposure, and behavioral strategies. The availability of extensive genetic tools and resources for studying Drosophila have enabled scientists to unravel the mechanisms underlying their temperature preference. Over the past 20 years, Drosophila has become an ideal model for studying temperature-related genes and circuits. This review provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of thermosensation and temperature preference in Drosophila. It encompasses various aspects, such as the mechanisms by which flies sense temperature, the effects of internal and external factors on temperature preference, and the adaptive strategies employed by flies in extreme-temperature environments. Understanding the regulating mechanisms of thermosensation and temperature preference in Drosophila can provide fundamental insights into the underlying molecular and neural mechanisms that control body temperature and temperature-related behavioral changes in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (M.-H.C.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (M.-H.C.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Tony Wu
- Department of Neurology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 23652, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 23652, Taiwan;
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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6
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Goda T, Umezaki Y, Hamada FN. Molecular and Neural Mechanisms of Temperature Preference Rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:326-340. [PMID: 37222551 PMCID: PMC10330063 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231171624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Temperature influences animal physiology and behavior. Animals must set an appropriate body temperature to maintain homeostasis and maximize survival. Mammals set their body temperatures using metabolic and behavioral strategies. The daily fluctuation in body temperature is called the body temperature rhythm (BTR). For example, human body temperature increases during wakefulness and decreases during sleep. BTR is controlled by the circadian clock, is closely linked with metabolism and sleep, and entrains peripheral clocks located in the liver and lungs. However, the underlying mechanisms of BTR are largely unclear. In contrast to mammals, small ectotherms, such as Drosophila, control their body temperatures by choosing appropriate environmental temperatures. The preferred temperature of Drosophila increases during the day and decreases at night; this pattern is referred to as the temperature preference rhythm (TPR). As flies are small ectotherms, their body temperature is close to that of the surrounding environment. Thus, Drosophila TPR produces BTR, which exhibits a pattern similar to that of human BTR. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of TPR, including recent studies that describe neuronal circuits relaying ambient temperature information to dorsal neurons (DNs). The neuropeptide diuretic hormone 31 (DH31) and its receptor (DH31R) regulate TPR, and a mammalian homolog of DH31R, the calcitonin receptor (CALCR), also plays an important role in mouse BTR regulation. In addition, both fly TPR and mammalian BTR are separately regulated from another clock output, locomotor activity rhythms. These findings suggest that the fundamental mechanisms of BTR regulation may be conserved between mammals and flies. Furthermore, we discuss the relationships between TPR and other physiological functions, such as sleep. The dissection of the regulatory mechanisms of Drosophila TPR could facilitate an understanding of mammalian BTR and the interaction between BTR and sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Goda
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Yujiro Umezaki
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Fumika N. Hamada
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Roach ST, Ford MC, Simhambhatla V, Loutrianakis V, Farah H, Li Z, Periandri EM, Abdalla D, Huang I, Kalra A, Shaw PJ. Sleep deprivation, sleep fragmentation, and social jet lag increase temperature preference in Drosophila. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1175478. [PMID: 37274220 PMCID: PMC10237294 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1175478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that sleep deprivation substantially affects the way animals regulate their body temperature, the specific mechanisms behind this phenomenon are not well understood. In both mammals and flies, neural circuits regulating sleep and thermoregulation overlap, suggesting an interdependence that may be relevant for sleep function. To investigate this relationship further, we exposed flies to 12 h of sleep deprivation, or 48 h of sleep fragmentation and evaluated temperature preference in a thermal gradient. Flies exposed to 12 h of sleep deprivation chose warmer temperatures after sleep deprivation. Importantly, sleep fragmentation, which prevents flies from entering deeper stages of sleep, but does not activate sleep homeostatic mechanisms nor induce impairments in short-term memory also resulted in flies choosing warmer temperatures. To identify the underlying neuronal circuits, we used RNAi to knock down the receptor for Pigment dispersing factor, a peptide that influences circadian rhythms, temperature preference and sleep. Expressing UAS-PdfrRNAi in subsets of clock neurons prevented sleep fragmentation from increasing temperature preference. Finally, we evaluated temperature preference after flies had undergone a social jet lag protocol which is known to disrupt clock neurons. In this protocol, flies experience a 3 h light phase delay on Friday followed by a 3 h light advance on Sunday evening. Flies exposed to social jet lag exhibited an increase in temperature preference which persisted for several days. Our findings identify specific clock neurons that are modulated by sleep disruption to increase temperature preference. Moreover, our data indicate that temperature preference may be a more sensitive indicator of sleep disruption than learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Tanner Roach
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Melanie C. Ford
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Vikram Simhambhatla
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Vasilios Loutrianakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hamza Farah
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zhaoyi Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Erica M. Periandri
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dina Abdalla
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Irene Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Arjan Kalra
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Paul J. Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Lee G, Jang H, Oh Y. The role of diuretic hormones (DHs) and their receptors in Drosophila. BMB Rep 2023; 56:209-215. [PMID: 36977606 PMCID: PMC10140481 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2023-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining internal homeostasis and regulating innate behaviors are essential for animal survival. In various animal species, a highly conserved neuroendocrine system integrates sensory inputs and regulates physiological responses to environmental and internal changes. Diuretic hormones 44 and 31, which are homologs of mammalian corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), respectively, control body fluid secretion in Drosophila. These neuropeptides and their receptors have multiple physiological roles, including the regulation of body-fluid secretion, sleep:wake cycle, internal nutrientsensing, and CO2-dependent response. This review discusses the physiological and behavioral roles of DH44 and DH31 signaling pathways, consisting of neuroendocrine cells that secrete DH44 or DH31 peptides and their receptor-expressing organs. Further research is needed to understand the regulatory mechanisms of the behavioral processes mediated by these neuroendocrine systems. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(4): 209-215].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gahbien Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Heejin Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yangkyun Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Neuropeptide diuretic hormone 31 mediates memory and sleep via distinct neural pathways in Drosophila. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00037-8. [PMID: 36780946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Memory formation and sleep regulation are critical for brain functions in animals from invertebrates to humans. Neuropeptides play a pivotal role in regulating physiological behaviors, including memory formation and sleep. However, the detailed mechanisms by which neuropeptides regulate these physiological behaviors remains unclear. Herein, we report that neuropeptide diuretic hormone 31 (DH31) positively regulates memory formation and sleep in Drosophila melanogaster. The expression of DH31 in the dorsal and ventral fan-shaped body (dFB and vFB) neurons of the central complex and ventral lateral clock neurons (LNvs) in the brain was responsive to sleep regulation. In addition, the expression of membrane-tethered DH31 in dFB neurons rescued sleep defects in Dh31 mutants, suggesting that DH31 secreted from dFB, vFB, and LNvs acts on the DH31 receptor in the dFB to regulate sleep partly in an autoregulatory feedback loop. Moreover, the expression of DH31 in octopaminergic neurons, but not in the dFB neurons, is involved in forming intermediate-term memory. Our results suggest that DH31 regulates memory formation and sleep through distinct neural pathways.
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Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental, evolutionarily conserved, plastic behavior that is regulated by circadian and homeostatic mechanisms as well as genetic factors and environmental factors, such as light, humidity, and temperature. Among environmental cues, temperature plays an important role in the regulation of sleep. This review presents an overview of thermoreception in animals and the neural circuits that link this process to sleep. Understanding the influence of temperature on sleep can provide insight into basic physiologic processes that are required for survival and guide strategies to manage sleep disorders.
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11
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Nässel DR, Zandawala M. Endocrine cybernetics: neuropeptides as molecular switches in behavioural decisions. Open Biol 2022; 12:220174. [PMID: 35892199 PMCID: PMC9326288 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity in animal behaviour relies on the ability to integrate external and internal cues from the changing environment and hence modulate activity in synaptic circuits of the brain. This context-dependent neuromodulation is largely based on non-synaptic signalling with neuropeptides. Here, we describe select peptidergic systems in the Drosophila brain that act at different levels of a hierarchy to modulate behaviour and associated physiology. These systems modulate circuits in brain regions, such as the central complex and the mushroom bodies, which supervise specific behaviours. At the top level of the hierarchy there are small numbers of large peptidergic neurons that arborize widely in multiple areas of the brain to orchestrate or modulate global activity in a state and context-dependent manner. At the bottom level local peptidergic neurons provide executive neuromodulation of sensory gain and intrinsically in restricted parts of specific neuronal circuits. The orchestrating neurons receive interoceptive signals that mediate energy and sleep homeostasis, metabolic state and circadian timing, as well as external cues that affect food search, aggression or mating. Some of these cues can be triggers of conflicting behaviours such as mating versus aggression, or sleep versus feeding, and peptidergic neurons participate in circuits, enabling behaviour choices and switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland Würzburg 97074, Germany
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12
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Pang X, Zhang J, Han Y, Zhang C, Sun L, Cao C. Functional characterization of a diuretic hormone receptor associated with desiccation, starvation and temperature tolerance in gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105079. [PMID: 35715033 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Variety of diuretic hormone neuropeptides is known to regulate water and ion balance in invertebrates. By activating their specific neuropeptide, diuretic hormone receptor (DHR) transmits extracellular signals into the cell, and then produces functional cell activity, which plays an important role in regulating physiology and behavior. However, little is known about the function of DHR gene in Lymantria dispar. DHR gene was firstly identified in L. dispar and its physiological functions were investigated using RNA interference (RNAi) technology. The results showed that except for the 6th instar larvae, the expression levels of DHR gene in the larval stages are higher than that in the egg, pupal and adult stages. The DHR gene is highly expressed in hindgut and midgut tissues. The L. dispar larvae significantly increased their water content and high temperature tolerance after the DHR was silenced, while decreasing excretion and feeding behavior. The physiological function of DHR is associated with desiccation, high temperature and starvation resistance. DHR could contribute to future development of novel insecticide to manage this global forest pest population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Pang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Jingzhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yang Han
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Chenshu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Chuanwang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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13
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Reinhard N, Schubert FK, Bertolini E, Hagedorn N, Manoli G, Sekiguchi M, Yoshii T, Rieger D, Helfrich-Förster C. The Neuronal Circuit of the Dorsal Circadian Clock Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Physiol 2022; 13:886432. [PMID: 35574472 PMCID: PMC9100938 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.886432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila’s dorsal clock neurons (DNs) consist of four clusters (DN1as, DN1ps, DN2s, and DN3s) that largely differ in size. While the DN1as and the DN2s encompass only two neurons, the DN1ps consist of ∼15 neurons, and the DN3s comprise ∼40 neurons per brain hemisphere. In comparison to the well-characterized lateral clock neurons (LNs), the neuroanatomy and function of the DNs are still not clear. Over the past decade, numerous studies have addressed their role in the fly’s circadian system, leading to several sometimes divergent results. Nonetheless, these studies agreed that the DNs are important to fine-tune activity under light and temperature cycles and play essential roles in linking the output from the LNs to downstream neurons that control sleep and metabolism. Here, we used the Flybow system, specific split-GAL4 lines, trans-Tango, and the recently published fly connectome (called hemibrain) to describe the morphology of the DNs in greater detail, including their synaptic connections to other clock and non-clock neurons. We show that some DN groups are largely heterogenous. While certain DNs are strongly connected with the LNs, others are mainly output neurons that signal to circuits downstream of the clock. Among the latter are mushroom body neurons, central complex neurons, tubercle bulb neurons, neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis, and other still unidentified partners. This heterogeneity of the DNs may explain some of the conflicting results previously found about their functionality. Most importantly, we identify two putative novel communication centers of the clock network: one fiber bundle in the superior lateral protocerebrum running toward the anterior optic tubercle and one fiber hub in the posterior lateral protocerebrum. Both are invaded by several DNs and LNs and might play an instrumental role in the clock network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Reinhard
- Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Enrico Bertolini
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Giulia Manoli
- Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manabu Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taishi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Dirk Rieger
- Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Yildirim E, Curtis R, Hwangbo DS. Roles of peripheral clocks: lessons from the fly. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:263-293. [PMID: 34862983 PMCID: PMC8844272 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To adapt to and anticipate rhythmic changes in the environment such as daily light-dark and temperature cycles, internal timekeeping mechanisms called biological clocks evolved in a diverse set of organisms, from unicellular bacteria to humans. These biological clocks play critical roles in organisms' fitness and survival by temporally aligning physiological and behavioral processes to the external cues. The central clock is located in a small subset of neurons in the brain and drives daily activity rhythms, whereas most peripheral tissues harbor their own clock systems, which generate metabolic and physiological rhythms. Since the discovery of Drosophila melanogaster clock mutants in the early 1970s, the fruit fly has become an extensively studied model organism to investigate the mechanism and functions of circadian clocks. In this review, we primarily focus on D. melanogaster to survey key discoveries and progresses made over the past two decades in our understanding of peripheral clocks. We discuss physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of peripheral clocks in several different peripheral tissues of the fly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dae-Sung Hwangbo
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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15
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Reinhard N, Bertolini E, Saito A, Sekiguchi M, Yoshii T, Rieger D, Helfrich-Förster C. The lateral posterior clock neurons (LPN) of Drosophila melanogaster express three neuropeptides and have multiple connections within the circadian clock network and beyond. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1507-1529. [PMID: 34961936 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila's lateral posterior neurons (LPNs) belong to a small group of circadian clock neurons that is so far not characterized in detail. Thanks to a new highly specific split-Gal4 line, here we describe LPNs' morphology in fine detail, their synaptic connections, daily bimodal expression of neuropeptides, and propose a putative role of this cluster in controlling daily activity and sleep patterns. We found that the three LPNs are heterogeneous. Two of the neurons with similar morphology arborize in the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum and most likely promote sleep. One unique, possibly wakefulness-promoting, neuron with wider arborizations extends from the superior lateral protocerebrum toward the anterior optic tubercle. Both LPN types exhibit manifold connections with the other circadian clock neurons, especially with those that control the flies' morning and evening activity (M- and E-neurons, respectively). In addition, they form synaptic connections with neurons of the mushroom bodies, the fan-shaped body, and with many additional still unidentified neurons. We found that both LPN types rhythmically express three neuropeptides, Allostatin A, Allostatin C, and Diuretic Hormone 31 with maxima in the morning and the evening. The three LPN neuropeptides may, furthermore, signal to the insect hormonal center in the pars intercerebralis and contribute to rhythmic modulation of metabolism, feeding, and reproduction. We discuss our findings in the light of anatomical details gained by the recently published hemibrain of a single female fly on the electron microscopic level and of previous functional studies concerning the LPN. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Reinhard
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Bertolini
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aika Saito
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Manabu Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Taishi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Dirk Rieger
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Des Marteaux L, Xi J, Mano G, Goto SG. Circadian clock outputs regulating insect photoperiodism: A potential role for glutamate transporter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 589:100-106. [PMID: 34902745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Many temperate ectotherms survive winter by entering diapause - a state of developmental (or reproductive) suppression or arrest - in response to short autumnal day lengths. Day lengths are assessed by the circadian clock, the biological time-keeping system that governs biological rhythms with a period of approximately 24 h. However, clock output molecules controlling this photoperiodic response are largely unknown for many insects. To identify these molecules in Hemiptera, we performed RNAi knockdowns of several candidate genes in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris to determine whether their silencing affects photoperiodic regulation of ovarian development (reproductive diapause). Knockdown of diuretic hormone 31, short neuropeptide F, neuropeptide F, ion transport peptide, neuropeptide-like precursor 1, and choline acetyltransferase had no effect on ovarian development and were therefore ruled out as regulators of the photoperiodic response. However, knockdown of vesicular glutamate transporter promoted ovarian development under diapause-inducing short days, and this is the first report of the functional involvement of glutamate signalling in insect photoperiodism. Improved knockdown of this transporter (or receptor) and RNAi of other genes involved in glutamate signal transduction is required to verify its role as an output of the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jili Xi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Genyu Mano
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Shin G Goto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Circadian clocks are biochemical time-keeping machines that synchronize animal behavior and physiology with planetary rhythms. In Drosophila, the core components of the clock comprise a transcription/translation feedback loop and are expressed in seven neuronal clusters in the brain. Although it is increasingly evident that the clocks in each of the neuronal clusters are regulated differently, how these clocks communicate with each other across the circadian neuronal network is less clear. Here, we review the latest evidence that describes the physical connectivity of the circadian neuronal network . Using small ventral lateral neurons as a starting point, we summarize how one clock may communicate with another, highlighting the signaling pathways that are both upstream and downstream of these clocks. We propose that additional efforts are required to understand how temporal information generated in each circadian neuron is integrated across a neuronal circuit to regulate rhythmic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra Ahmad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Wanhe Li
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deniz Top
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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18
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Li J, Shi Y, Lin G, Yang C, Liu T. Genome-wide identification of neuropeptides and their receptor genes in Bemisia tabaci and their transcript accumulation change in response to temperature stresses. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:35-46. [PMID: 31912953 PMCID: PMC7818427 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Insect neuropeptides play an important role in regulating physiological functions such as growth, development, behavior and reproduction. We identified temperature-sensitive neuropeptides and receptor genes of the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. We identified 38 neuropeptide precursor genes and 35 neuropeptide receptors and constructed a phylogenetic tree using additional data from other insects. As temperature adaptability enables B. tabaci to colonize a diversity of habitats, we performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction with two temperature stresses (low = 4 °C and high = 40 °C) to screen for temperature-sensitive neuropeptides. We found many neuropeptides and receptors that may be involved in the temperature adaptability of B. tabaci. This study is the first to identify B. tabaci neuropeptides and their receptors, and it will help to reveal the roles of neuropeptides in temperature adaptation of B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang‐Jie Li
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Yan Shi
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Gan‐Lin Lin
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Chun‐Hong Yang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Tong‐Xian Liu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
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19
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Ma D, Przybylski D, Abruzzi KC, Schlichting M, Li Q, Long X, Rosbash M. A transcriptomic taxonomy of Drosophila circadian neurons around the clock. eLife 2021; 10:63056. [PMID: 33438579 PMCID: PMC7837698 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many different functions are regulated by circadian rhythms, including those orchestrated by discrete clock neurons within animal brains. To comprehensively characterize and assign cell identity to the 75 pairs of Drosophila circadian neurons, we optimized a single-cell RNA sequencing method and assayed clock neuron gene expression at different times of day. The data identify at least 17 clock neuron categories with striking spatial regulation of gene expression. Transcription factor regulation is prominent and likely contributes to the robust circadian oscillation of many transcripts, including those that encode cell-surface proteins previously shown to be important for cell recognition and synapse formation during development. The many other clock-regulated genes also constitute an important resource for future mechanistic and functional studies between clock neurons and/or for temporal signaling to circuits elsewhere in the fly brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbang Ma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Dariusz Przybylski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Katharine C Abruzzi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | | | - Qunlong Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Xi Long
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, United States
| | - Michael Rosbash
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
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20
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Werckenthin A, Huber J, Arnold T, Koziarek S, Plath MJA, Plath JA, Stursberg O, Herzel H, Stengl M. Neither per, nor tim1, nor cry2 alone are essential components of the molecular circadian clockwork in the Madeira cockroach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235930. [PMID: 32750054 PMCID: PMC7402517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks control rhythms in physiology and behavior entrained to 24 h light-dark cycles. Despite of conserved general schemes, molecular circadian clockworks differ between insect species. With RNA interference (RNAi) we examined an ancient circadian clockwork in a basic insect, the hemimetabolous Madeira cockroach Rhyparobia maderae. With injections of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of cockroach period (Rm´per), timeless 1 (Rm´tim1), or cryptochrome 2 (Rm´cry2) we searched for essential components of the clock´s core negative feedback loop. Single injections of dsRNA of each clock gene into adult cockroaches successfully and permanently knocked down respective mRNA levels within ~two weeks deleting daytime-dependent mRNA rhythms for Rm´per and Rm´cry2. Rm´perRNAi or Rm´cry2RNAi affected total mRNA levels of both genes, while Rm´tim1 transcription was independent of both, also keeping rhythmic expression. Unexpectedly, circadian locomotor activity of most cockroaches remained rhythmic for each clock gene knockdown employed. It expressed weakened rhythms and unchanged periods for Rm´perRNAi and shorter periods for Rm´tim1RNAi and Rm´cry2RNAi.As a hypothesis of the cockroach´s molecular clockwork, a basic network of switched differential equations was developed to model the oscillatory behavior of clock cells expressing respective clock genes. Data were consistent with two synchronized main groups of coupled oscillator cells, a leading (morning) oscillator, or a lagging (evening) oscillator that couple via mutual inhibition. The morning oscillators express shorter, the evening oscillators longer endogenous periods based on core feedback loops with either PER, TIM1, or CRY2/PER complexes as dominant negative feedback of the clockwork. We hypothesize that dominant morning oscillator cells with shorter periods express PER, but not CRY2, or TIM1 as suppressor of clock gene expression, while two groups of evening oscillator cells with longer periods either comprise TIM1 or CRY2/PER suppressing complexes. Modelling suggests that there is an additional negative feedback next to Rm´PER in cockroach morning oscillator cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Werckenthin
- Department of Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jannik Huber
- Department of Control and System Theory, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Thordis Arnold
- Department of Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Susanne Koziarek
- Department of Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Marcus J. A. Plath
- Department of Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jenny A. Plath
- Department of Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Olaf Stursberg
- Department of Control and System Theory, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Herzel
- Department of Theoretical Biology, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Stengl
- Department of Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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21
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Dissel S, Morgan E, Duong V, Chan D, van Swinderen B, Shaw P, Zars T. Sleep restores place learning to the adenylyl cyclase mutant rutabaga. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:83-91. [PMID: 31997683 PMCID: PMC7250152 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1720674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sleep plays an important role in regulating plasticity. In Drosophila, the relationship between sleep and learning and memory has primarily focused on mushroom body dependent operant-learning assays such as aversive phototaxic suppression and courtship conditioning. In this study, sleep was increased in the classic mutant rutabaga (rut2080) and dunce (dnc1) by feeding them the GABA-A agonist gaboxadol (Gab). Performance was evaluated in each mutant in response to social enrichment and place learning, tasks that do not require the mushroom body. Gab-induced sleep did not restore behavioral plasticity to either rut2080 or dnc1 mutants following social enrichment. However, increased sleep restored place learning to rut2080 mutants. These data extend the positive effects of enhanced sleep to place learning and highlight the utility of Gab for elucidating the beneficial effects of sleep on brain functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Dissel
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Rd, Kansas City, MO 64110
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Ellen Morgan
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Vincent Duong
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Dorothy Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
| | - Paul Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Troy Zars
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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22
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Nässel DR, Zandawala M, Kawada T, Satake H. Tachykinins: Neuropeptides That Are Ancient, Diverse, Widespread and Functionally Pleiotropic. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1262. [PMID: 31824255 PMCID: PMC6880623 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tachykinins (TKs) are ancient neuropeptides present throughout the bilaterians and are, with some exceptions, characterized by a conserved FX1GX2Ramide carboxy terminus among protostomes and FXGLMamide in deuterostomes. The best-known TK is the vertebrate substance P, which in mammals, together with other TKs, has been implicated in health and disease with important roles in pain, inflammation, cancer, depressive disorder, immune system, gut function, hematopoiesis, sensory processing, and hormone regulation. The invertebrate TKs are also known to have multiple functions in the central nervous system and intestine and these have been investigated in more detail in the fly Drosophila and some other arthropods. Here, we review the protostome and deuterostome organization and evolution of TK precursors, peptides and their receptors, as well as their functions, which appear to be partly conserved across Bilateria. We also outline the distribution of TKs in the brains of representative organisms. In Drosophila, recent studies have revealed roles of TKs in early olfactory processing, neuromodulation in circuits controlling locomotion and food search, nociception, aggression, metabolic stress, and hormone release. TK signaling also regulates lipid metabolism in the Drosophila intestine. In crustaceans, TK is an important neuromodulator in rhythm-generating motor circuits in the stomatogastric nervous system and a presynaptic modulator of photoreceptor cells. Several additional functional roles of invertebrate TKs can be inferred from their distribution in various brain circuits. In addition, there are a few interesting cases where invertebrate TKs are injected into prey animals as vasodilators from salivary glands or paralyzing agents from venom glands. In these cases, the peptides are produced in the glands of the predator with sequences mimicking the prey TKs. Lastly, the TK-signaling system appears to have duplicated in Panarthropoda (comprising arthropods, onychophores, and tardigrades) to give rise to a novel type of peptides, natalisins, with a distinct receptor. The distribution and functions of natalisins are distinct from the TKs. In general, it appears that TKs are widely distributed and act in circuits at short range as neuromodulators or cotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawada
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
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23
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A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Circadian Timekeeping in Mice and Flies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092363. [PMID: 31086044 PMCID: PMC6540063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central pacemakers of circadian timekeeping systems are highly robust yet adaptable, providing the temporal coordination of rhythms in behavior and physiological processes in accordance with the demands imposed by environmental cycles. These features of the central pacemaker are achieved by a multi-oscillator network in which individual cellular oscillators are tightly coupled to the environmental day-night cycle, and to one another via intercellular coupling. In this review, we will summarize the roles of various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the regulation of circadian entrainment and synchrony within the mammalian and Drosophila central pacemakers. We will also describe the diverse functions of protein kinases in the relay of input signals to the core oscillator or the direct regulation of the molecular clock machinery.
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24
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Goda T, Hamada FN. Drosophila Temperature Preference Rhythms: An Innovative Model to Understand Body Temperature Rhythms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081988. [PMID: 31018551 PMCID: PMC6514862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human body temperature increases during wakefulness and decreases during sleep. The body temperature rhythm (BTR) is a robust output of the circadian clock and is fundamental for maintaining homeostasis, such as generating metabolic energy and sleep, as well as entraining peripheral clocks in mammals. However, the mechanisms that regulate BTR are largely unknown. Drosophila are ectotherms, and their body temperatures are close to ambient temperature; therefore, flies select a preferred environmental temperature to set their body temperature. We identified a novel circadian output, the temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies increases during the day and decreases at night. TPR, thereby, produces a daily BTR. We found that fly TPR shares many features with mammalian BTR. We demonstrated that diuretic hormone 31 receptor (DH31R) mediates Drosophila TPR and that the closest mouse homolog of DH31R, calcitonin receptor (Calcr), is essential for mice BTR. Importantly, both TPR and BTR are regulated in a distinct manner from locomotor activity rhythms, and neither DH31R nor Calcr regulates locomotor activity rhythms. Our findings suggest that DH31R/Calcr is an ancient and specific mediator of BTR. Thus, understanding fly TPR will provide fundamental insights into the molecular and neural mechanisms that control BTR in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Goda
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Fumika N Hamada
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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25
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Nässel DR, Zandawala M. Recent advances in neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila, from genes to physiology and behavior. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 179:101607. [PMID: 30905728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on neuropeptides and peptide hormones, the largest and most diverse class of neuroactive substances, known in Drosophila and other animals to play roles in almost all aspects of daily life, as w;1;ell as in developmental processes. We provide an update on novel neuropeptides and receptors identified in the last decade, and highlight progress in analysis of neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila. Especially exciting is the huge amount of work published on novel functions of neuropeptides and peptide hormones in Drosophila, largely due to the rapid developments of powerful genetic methods, imaging techniques and innovative assays. We critically discuss the roles of peptides in olfaction, taste, foraging, feeding, clock function/sleep, aggression, mating/reproduction, learning and other behaviors, as well as in regulation of development, growth, metabolic and water homeostasis, stress responses, fecundity, and lifespan. We furthermore provide novel information on neuropeptide distribution and organization of peptidergic systems, as well as the phylogenetic relations between Drosophila neuropeptides and those of other phyla, including mammals. As will be shown, neuropeptide signaling is phylogenetically ancient, and not only are the structures of the peptides, precursors and receptors conserved over evolution, but also many functions of neuropeptide signaling in physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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26
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Goda T, Umezaki Y, Alwattari F, Seo HW, Hamada FN. Neuropeptides PDF and DH31 hierarchically regulate free-running rhythmicity in Drosophila circadian locomotor activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:838. [PMID: 30696873 PMCID: PMC6351594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides play pivotal roles in modulating circadian rhythms. Pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) is critical to the circadian rhythms in Drosophila locomotor activity. Here, we demonstrate that diuretic hormone 31 (DH31) complements PDF function in regulating free-running rhythmicity using male flies. We determined that Dh31 loss-of-function mutants (Dh31#51) showed normal rhythmicity, whereas Dh31#51;Pdf01 double mutants exhibited a severe arrhythmic phenotype compared to Pdf-null mutants (Pdf01). The expression of tethered-PDF or tethered-DH31 in clock cells, posterior dorsal neurons 1 (DN1ps), overcomes the severe arrhythmicity of Dh31#51;Pdf01 double mutants, suggesting that DH31 and PDF may act on DN1ps to regulate free-running rhythmicity in a hierarchical manner. Unexpectedly, the molecular oscillations in Dh31#51;Pdf01 mutants were similar to those in Pdf01 mutants in DN1ps, indicating that DH31 does not contribute to molecular oscillations. Furthermore, a reduction in Dh31 receptor (Dh31r) expression resulted in normal locomotor activity and did not enhance the arrhythmic phenotype caused by the Pdf receptor (Pdfr) mutation, suggesting that PDFR, but not DH31R, in DN1ps mainly regulates free-running rhythmicity. Taken together, we identify a novel role of DH31, in which DH31 and PDF hierarchically regulate free-running rhythmicity through DN1ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Goda
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Yujiro Umezaki
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Fay Alwattari
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Hanna W Seo
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Fumika N Hamada
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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27
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Díaz MM, Schlichting M, Abruzzi KC, Long X, Rosbash M. Allatostatin-C/AstC-R2 Is a Novel Pathway to Modulate the Circadian Activity Pattern in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2018; 29:13-22.e3. [PMID: 30554904 PMCID: PMC6325008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Seven neuropeptides are expressed within the Drosophila brain circadian network. Our previous mRNA profiling suggested that Allatostatin-C (AstC) is an eighth neuropeptide and specifically expressed in dorsal clock neurons (DN1s). Our results here show that AstC is, indeed, expressed in DN1s, where it oscillates. AstC is also expressed in two less well-characterized circadian neuronal clusters, the DN3s and lateral-posterior neurons (LPNs). Behavioral experiments indicate that clock-neuron-derived AstC is required to mediate evening locomotor activity under short (winter-like) and long (summer-like) photoperiods. The AstC-Receptor 2 (AstC-R2) is expressed in LNds, the clock neurons that drive evening locomotor activity, and AstC-R2 is required in these neurons to modulate the same short photoperiod evening phenotype. Ex vivo calcium imaging indicates that AstC directly inhibits a single LNd. The results suggest that a novel AstC/AstC-R2 signaling pathway, from dorsal circadian neurons to an LNd, regulates the evening phase in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelen M Díaz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Matthias Schlichting
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Katharine C Abruzzi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Xi Long
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Michael Rosbash
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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28
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Benguettat O, Jneid R, Soltys J, Loudhaief R, Brun-Barale A, Osman D, Gallet A. The DH31/CGRP enteroendocrine peptide triggers intestinal contractions favoring the elimination of opportunistic bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007279. [PMID: 30180210 PMCID: PMC6138423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The digestive tract is the first organ affected by the ingestion of foodborne bacteria. While commensal bacteria become resident, opportunistic or virulent bacteria are eliminated from the gut by the local innate immune system. Here we characterize a new mechanism of defense, independent of the immune system, in Drosophila melanogaster. We observed strong contractions of longitudinal visceral muscle fibers for the first 2 hours following bacterial ingestion. We showed that these visceral muscle contractions are induced by immune reactive oxygen species (ROS) that accumulate in the lumen and depend on the ROS-sensing TRPA1 receptor. We then demonstrate that both ROS and TRPA1 are required in a subset of anterior enteroendocrine cells for the release of the DH31 neuropeptide which activates its receptor in the neighboring visceral muscles. The resulting contractions of the visceral muscles favors quick expulsion of the bacteria, limiting their presence in the gut. Our results unveil a precocious mechanism of defense against ingested opportunistic bacteria, whether they are Gram-positive like Bacillus thuringiensis or Gram-negative like Erwinia carotovora carotovora. Finally, we found that the human homolog of DH31, CGRP, has a conserved function in Drosophila. The intestine is the first barrier to fight non-commensal bacteria ingested along with the food. The innate immune system is the main mean mounted by the gut lining in response to ill-causing bacteria to avoid detrimental impact. Intestinal cells produce chlorine bleach and antimicrobial peptides that destroy exogenous bacteria. Here, we identified and characterized a new mechanism of gut defense that occurs rapidly after ingestion of exogenous bacteria. We found that the enteroendocrine cells perceive the presence of chlorine bleach in the lumen thanks to a sensor. This sensor promotes a calcium flux within enteroendocrine cells that allows the release of a hormone. This hormone acts locally on the visceral muscle surrounding the intestine by provoking its strong contractions (or spasms). We show that these strong but brief visceral contractions are helping to the quick expulsion of the ingested bacteria thus limiting their potential detrimental impact on the intestine. Markedly, the bleach-sensor is well known to be involved in pain. Therefore we have deciphered in this study a biological mechanism that has so far been described only empirically by medicine, potentially explaining intestinal pain and visceral spasms upon food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rouba Jneid
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INRA, ISA, France
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | - Dani Osman
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Armel Gallet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INRA, ISA, France
- * E-mail:
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29
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Franco DL, Frenkel L, Ceriani MF. The Underlying Genetics of Drosophila Circadian Behaviors. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 33:50-62. [PMID: 29212892 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00020.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Life is shaped by circadian clocks. This review focuses on how behavioral genetics in the fruit fly unveiled what is known today about circadian physiology. We will briefly summarize basic properties of the clock and focus on some clock-controlled behaviors to highlight how communication between central and peripheral oscillators defines their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lorena Franco
- Departamento de Física Médica, Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina; and
| | - Lia Frenkel
- Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir (FIL)-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas-IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Fernanda Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir (FIL)-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas-IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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30
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Alexander J, Oliphant A, Wilcockson DC, Webster SG. Functional Identification and Characterization of the Diuretic Hormone 31 (DH31) Signaling System in the Green Shore Crab, Carcinus maenas. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:454. [PMID: 30022930 PMCID: PMC6039563 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional characterization of crustacean neuropeptides and their cognate receptors has not kept pace with the recent advances in sequence determination and, therefore, our understanding of the physiological roles of neuropeptides in this important arthropod sub-phylum is rather limited. We identified a candidate receptor-ligand pairing for diuretic hormone 31 (DH31) in a neural transcriptome of the crab, Carcinus maenas. In insects, DH31 plays species -specific but central roles in many facets of physiology, including fluid secretion, myoactivity, and gut peristalsis but little is known concerning its functions in crustaceans. The C. maenas DH31 transcript codes for a 147 amino acid prepropeptide, and a single receptor transcript translates to a secretin-like (Class B1) G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). We used an in vitro aequorin luminescence Ca2+ mobilization assay to demonstrate that this candidate DH31R is activated byCarcinus and insect DH31s in a dose-dependent manner (EC50 15-30 nM). Whole mount immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization localization revealed extensive DH31 expressing neurons throughout the central nervous system, most notably in the abdominal ganglion where large, unpaired cells give rise to medial nerves, which terminate in extensive DH31 immunopositive dendritic fields intimately associated with oesophageal musculature. This system constitutes a large and hitherto undescribed neurohemal area adjacent to key muscle groups associated with the gastric system. DH31 expressing neurons were also seen in the cardiac, commissural, oesophageal, and stomatogastric ganglia and intense labeling was seen in dendrites innervating fore- and hindgut musculature but not with limb muscles. These labeling patterns, together with measurement of DH31R mRNA in the heart and hindgut, prompted us test the effects of DH31 on semi-isolated heart preparations. Cardiac superfusion with peptide evoked increased heart rates (10-100 nM). The neuroanatomical distribution of DH31 and its receptor transcripts, particularly that associated with gastric and cardiac musculature, coupled with the cardio- acceleratory effects of the peptide implicate this peptide in key myoactive roles, likely related to rhythmic coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Alexander
- Brambell Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Oliphant
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Wilcockson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Simon G. Webster
- Brambell Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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31
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Nässel DR. Substrates for Neuronal Cotransmission With Neuropeptides and Small Molecule Neurotransmitters in Drosophila. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:83. [PMID: 29651236 PMCID: PMC5885757 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been known for more than 40 years that individual neurons can produce more than one neurotransmitter and that neuropeptides often are colocalized with small molecule neurotransmitters (SMNs). Over the years much progress has been made in understanding the functional consequences of cotransmission in the nervous system of mammals. There are also some excellent invertebrate models that have revealed roles of coexpressed neuropeptides and SMNs in increasing complexity, flexibility, and dynamics in neuronal signaling. However, for the fly Drosophila there are surprisingly few functional studies on cotransmission, although there is ample evidence for colocalization of neuroactive compounds in neurons of the CNS, based both on traditional techniques and novel single cell transcriptome analysis. With the hope to trigger interest in initiating cotransmission studies, this review summarizes what is known about Drosophila neurons and neuronal circuits where different neuropeptides and SMNs are colocalized. Coexistence of neuroactive substances has been recorded in different neuron types such as neuroendocrine cells, interneurons, sensory cells and motor neurons. Some of the circuits highlighted here are well established in the analysis of learning and memory, circadian clock networks regulating rhythmic activity and sleep, as well as neurons and neuroendocrine cells regulating olfaction, nociception, feeding, metabolic homeostasis, diuretic functions, reproduction, and developmental processes. One emerging trait is the broad role of short neuropeptide F in cotransmission and presynaptic facilitation in a number of different neuronal circuits. This review also discusses the functional relevance of coexisting peptides in the intestine. Based on recent single cell transcriptomics data, it is likely that the neuronal systems discussed in this review are just a fraction of the total set of circuits where cotransmission occurs in Drosophila. Thus, a systematic search for colocalized neuroactive compounds in further neurons in anatomically defined circuits is of interest for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Goda T, Doi M, Umezaki Y, Murai I, Shimatani H, Chu ML, Nguyen VH, Okamura H, Hamada FN. Calcitonin receptors are ancient modulators for rhythms of preferential temperature in insects and body temperature in mammals. Genes Dev 2018; 32:140-155. [PMID: 29440246 PMCID: PMC5830927 DOI: 10.1101/gad.307884.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Goda et al. provide molecular evidence that body temperature rhythm (BTR) is regulated distinctly from locomotor activity rhythms and show that diuretic hormone 31 receptor/calcitonin receptor is an ancient specific mediator of BTR during the active phase in organisms ranging from ectotherms to endotherms. Daily body temperature rhythm (BTR) is essential for maintaining homeostasis. BTR is regulated separately from locomotor activity rhythms, but its molecular basis is largely unknown. While mammals internally regulate BTR, ectotherms, including Drosophila, exhibit temperature preference rhythm (TPR) behavior to regulate BTR. Here, we demonstrate that the diuretic hormone 31 receptor (DH31R) mediates TPR during the active phase in Drosophila. DH31R is expressed in clock cells, and its ligand, DH31, acts on clock cells to regulate TPR during the active phase. Surprisingly, the mouse homolog of DH31R, calcitonin receptor (Calcr), is expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and mediates body temperature fluctuations during the active phase in mice. Importantly, DH31R and Calcr are not required for coordinating locomotor activity rhythms. Our results represent the first molecular evidence that BTR is regulated distinctly from locomotor activity rhythms and show that DH31R/Calcr is an ancient specific mediator of BTR during the active phase in organisms ranging from ectotherms to endotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Goda
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Masao Doi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yujiro Umezaki
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Iori Murai
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimatani
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michelle L Chu
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Victoria H Nguyen
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumika N Hamada
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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33
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Jarabo P, Martin FA. Neurogenetics of Drosophila circadian clock: expect the unexpected. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:250-265. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1370466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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Tang X, Roessingh S, Hayley SE, Chu ML, Tanaka NK, Wolfgang W, Song S, Stanewsky R, Hamada FN. The role of PDF neurons in setting the preferred temperature before dawn in Drosophila. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28463109 PMCID: PMC5449184 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals have sophisticated homeostatic controls. While mammalian body temperature fluctuates throughout the day, small ectotherms, such as Drosophila achieve a body temperature rhythm (BTR) through their preference of environmental temperature. Here, we demonstrate that pigment dispersing factor (PDF) neurons play an important role in setting preferred temperature before dawn. We show that small lateral ventral neurons (sLNvs), a subset of PDF neurons, activate the dorsal neurons 2 (DN2s), the main circadian clock cells that regulate temperature preference rhythm (TPR). The number of temporal contacts between sLNvs and DN2s peak before dawn. Our data suggest that the thermosensory anterior cells (ACs) likely contact sLNvs via serotonin signaling. Together, the ACs-sLNs-DN2s neural circuit regulates the proper setting of temperature preference before dawn. Given that sLNvs are important for sleep and that BTR and sleep have a close temporal relationship, our data highlight a possible neuronal interaction between body temperature and sleep regulation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23206.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Sanne Roessingh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sean E Hayley
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Michelle L Chu
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Nobuaki K Tanaka
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Werner Wolfgang
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seongho Song
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fumika N Hamada
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
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35
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Circadian Rhythm Neuropeptides in Drosophila: Signals for Normal Circadian Function and Circadian Neurodegenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040886. [PMID: 28430154 PMCID: PMC5412466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is a ubiquitous phenomenon in many organisms ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. During more than four decades, the intrinsic and exogenous regulations of circadian rhythm have been studied. This review summarizes the core endogenous oscillation in Drosophila and then focuses on the neuropeptides, neurotransmitters and hormones that mediate its outputs and integration in Drosophila and the links between several of these (pigment dispersing factor (PDF) and insulin-like peptides) and neurodegenerative disease. These signaling molecules convey important network connectivity and signaling information for normal circadian function, but PDF and insulin-like peptides can also convey signals that lead to apoptosis, enhanced neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in flies carrying circadian mutations or in a senescent state.
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