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Masahiro Hirai, Suzuki K, Kassai Y, Konishi Y. 3-Nitrotyrosine shortens axons of non-dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting mitochondrial motility. Neurochem Int 2024; 179:105832. [PMID: 39154836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT), a byproduct of oxidative and nitrosative stress, is implicated in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Current literature suggests that free 3-NT becomes integrated into the carboxy-terminal domain of α-tubulin via the tyrosination/detyrosination cycle. Independently of this integration, 3-NT has been associated with the cell death of dopaminergic neurons. Given the critical role of tyrosination/detyrosination in governing axonal morphology and function, the substitution of tyrosine with 3-NT in this process may potentially disrupt axonal homeostasis, although this aspect remains underexplored. In this study, we examined the impact of 3-NT on the axons of cerebellar granule neurons, which is used as a model for non-dopaminergic neurons. Our observations revealed axonal shortening, which correlated with the incorporation of 3-NT into α-tubulin. Importantly, this axonal effect was observed prior to the onset of cellular death. Furthermore, 3-NT was found to diminish mitochondrial motility within the axon, leading to a subsequent reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential. The suppression of syntaphilin, a protein responsible for anchoring mitochondria to microtubules, restored the mitochondrial motility and axonal elongation that were inhibited by 3-NT. These findings underscore the inhibitory role of 3-NT in axonal elongation by impeding mitochondrial movement, suggesting its potential involvement in axonal dysfunction within non-dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Department of Industrial Innovation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kassai
- Department of Human and Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Industrial Innovation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Human and Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
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2
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Bucher ML, Dicent J, Duarte Hospital C, Miller GW. Neurotoxicology of dopamine: Victim or assailant? Neurotoxicology 2024; 103:175-188. [PMID: 38857676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Since the identification of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the mid-20th century, investigators have examined the regulation of dopamine homeostasis at a basic biological level and in human disorders. Genetic animal models that manipulate the expression of proteins involved in dopamine homeostasis have provided key insight into the consequences of dysregulated dopamine. As a result, we have come to understand the potential of dopamine to act as an endogenous neurotoxin through the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive metabolites that can damage cellular macromolecules. Endogenous factors, such as genetic variation and subcellular processes, and exogenous factors, such as environmental exposures, have been identified as contributors to the dysregulation of dopamine homeostasis. Given the variety of dysregulating factors that impact dopamine homeostasis and the potential for dopamine itself to contribute to further cellular dysfunction, dopamine can be viewed as both the victim and an assailant of neurotoxicity. Parkinson's disease has emerged as the exemplar case study of dopamine dysregulation due to the genetic and environmental factors known to contribute to disease risk, and due to the evidence of dysregulated dopamine as a pathologic and pathogenic feature of the disease. This review, inspired by the talk, "Dopamine in Durham: location, location, location" presented by Dr. Miller for the Jacob Hooisma Memorial Lecture at the International Neurotoxicology Association meeting in 2023, offers a primer on dopamine toxicity covering endogenous and exogenous factors that disrupt dopamine homeostasis and the actions of dopamine as an endogenous neurotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Bucher
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jocelyn Dicent
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carolina Duarte Hospital
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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3
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Ahmad R, Warsi MS, Abidi M, Habib S, Siddiqui S, Khan H, Nabi F, Moinuddin. Structural perturbations induced by cumulative action of methylglyoxal and peroxynitrite on human fibrinogen: An in vitro and in silico approach. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 307:123500. [PMID: 37989033 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO); a reducing sugar and a dicarbonyl; attaches to the biomolecules (proteins, lipids, and DNA) leading to glycation and accumulation of oxidative stress in cells and tissues. Superoxide anion formed under such conditions entraps free nitric oxide radical (NO) to form peroxynitrite (PON). Nitro-oxidative stress due to PON is well established. Human fibrinogen plays a key role in haemostasis and is a highly vulnerable target for oxidation. Modifications of fibrinogen can potentially disrupt its structure and function. Earlier evidence suggested that glycation and nitro-oxidation lead to protein aggregation by making it resistant to lysis. This study aims to reveal the structural perturbations on fibrinogen in the presence of MGO and PON synergistically. The in vitro glyco-nitro-oxidation of human fibrinogen by MGO and PON leads to substantial structural alterations, as evident by biophysical and biochemical studies. In-silico results revealed the formation of stable complexes. UV-visible, intrinsic fluorescence, and circular dichroism investigations confirmed the synergistic effect of MGO and PON caused micro-structural modifications leading to secondary structural alterations. AGEs formation in MGO-modified fibrinogen reduced the free lysine and free arginine residues which were quantified by TNBS and phenanthrenequinone assays. Enhanced oxidative status was confirmed by estimating carbonyl content. ANS fluorophore validated exposure of hydrophobic patches in modified protein and thioflavin-T showed maximum binding with synergistically modified fibrinogen, indicated the formation of β-sheet. Confocal and electron microscope results corroborated the formation of aggregates. This study, therefore, evaluated the impact of MGO and PON on the structural integrity, oxidative status and aggregate formation of fibrinogen that can aggravate metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Sharib Warsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Minhal Abidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Safia Habib
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sana Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hamda Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Faisal Nabi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Moinuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Sharma P, Mittal P. Paraquat (herbicide) as a cause of Parkinson's Disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 119:105932. [PMID: 38008593 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The four features of Parkinson's disease (PD), which also manifests other non-motor symptoms, are bradykinesia, tremor, postural instability, and stiffness. The pathogenic causes of Parkinsonism include Lewy bodies, intracellular protein clumps of αsynuclein, and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra's pars compacta region. The pathophysiology of PD is still poorly understood due to the complexity of the illness. The apoptotic cell death of neurons in PD, however, has been linked to a variety of intracellular mechanisms, according to a wide spectrum of study. The endoplasmic reticulum's stress, decreased levels of neurotrophic factors, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, catabolic alterations in dopamine, and decreased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase are some of these causes. The herbicide paraquat has been used in laboratory studies to create a variety of PD pathological features in numerous in-vitro and in-vivo animals. Due to the unique neurotoxicity that paraquat causes, understanding of the pathophysiology of PD has changed. Parkinson's disease (PD) is more likely to develop among people exposed to paraquat over an extended period of time, according to epidemiological studies. Thanks to this paradigm, the hunt for new therapy targets for PD has expanded. In both in-vitro and in-vivo models, the purpose of this study is to summarise the relationship between paraquat exposure and the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Payal Mittal
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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5
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Díaz-Velasco S, Delgado J, Peña FJ, Estévez M. Ellagic Acid Triggers the Necrosis of Differentiated Human Enterocytes Exposed to 3-Nitro-Tyrosine: An MS-Based Proteomic Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122485. [PMID: 36552693 PMCID: PMC9774974 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the molecular basis of the toxicological effect of a dietary nitrosated amino acid, namely, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), differentiated human enterocytes were exposed to dietary concentrations of this species (200 μM) and analyzed for flow cytometry, protein oxidation markers and MS-based proteomics. The possible protective role of a dietary phytochemical, ellagic acid (EA) (200 μM), was also tested. The results revealed that cell viability was significantly affected by exposure to 3-NT, with a concomitant significant increase in necrosis (p < 0.05). 3-NT affected several biological processes, such as histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II), and pathways related to type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptors binding. Addition of EA to 3-NT-treated cells stimulated the toxicological effects of the latter by reducing the abundance of proteins involved in mitochondrial conformation. These results emphasize the impact of dietary nitrosated amino acids in intestinal cell physiology and warn about the potential negative effects of ellagic acid when combined with noxious metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Díaz-Velasco
- Food Technology and Quality (TECAL), Institute of Meat and Meat Products (IPROCAR), Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Josué Delgado
- Food Hygiene and Safety (HISEALI), Institute of Meat and Meat Products (IPROCAR), Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Fernando J. Peña
- Spermatology Laboratory, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mario Estévez
- Food Technology and Quality (TECAL), Institute of Meat and Meat Products (IPROCAR), Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Correspondence:
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6
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Ali HM, Hotan Alsohaimi I, Nayl A, Essawy AA, Gamal M, Ibrahim H. A new ultrasensitive platform based on f-GCNFs@nano-CeO2 core-shell nanocomposite for electrochemical sensing of oxidative stress biomarker 3-nitrotyrosine in presence of uric acid and tyrosine. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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See WZC, Naidu R, Tang KS. Cellular and Molecular Events Leading to Paraquat-Induced Apoptosis: Mechanistic Insights into Parkinson’s Disease Pathophysiology. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3353-3369. [PMID: 35306641 PMCID: PMC9148284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the cardinal features of tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability, in addition to other non-motor symptoms. Pathologically, PD is attributed to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, with the hallmark of the presence of intracellular protein aggregates of α-synuclein in the form of Lewy bodies. The pathogenesis of PD is still yet to be fully elucidated due to the multifactorial nature of the disease. However, a myriad of studies has indicated several intracellular events in triggering apoptotic neuronal cell death in PD. These include oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, alteration in dopamine catabolism, inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase, and decreased levels of neurotrophic factors. Laboratory studies using the herbicide paraquat in different in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the induction of many PD pathological features. The selective neurotoxicity induced by paraquat has brought a new dawn in our perspectives about the pathophysiology of PD. Epidemiological data have suggested an increased risk of developing PD in the human population exposed to paraquat for a long term. This model has opened new frontiers in the quest for new therapeutic targets for PD. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the relationship between the exposure of paraquat and the pathogenesis of PD in in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Zhi Chung See
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kim San Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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8
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Gupta M, Paliwal VK, Babu GN. Serum fractalkine and 3-nitrotyrosine levels correlate with disease severity in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:209-217. [PMID: 34342811 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Parkinsonian syndromes; Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and Multiple system atrophy (MSA) are debilitating neurodegenerative disorders. Fractalkine is a chemokine involved in neuroinflammation, whereas, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is a marker of early neurodegenerative cellular-damage. We measured Fractalkine and 3-NT levels in the serum of these patients to examine the neuroinflammation hypothesis and also to decipher the propensity of these biologics to be used as early (5 years from onset) biochemical markers in neurodegenerative Parkinsonism. The diagnoses of PD, PSP and MSA were performed as per the respective clinical criteria. 21 PD, 9 PSP and 8 MSA patients along with controls participated in this study. Serum concentrations of Fractalkine and 3-NT were measured by ELISA. Fractalkine levels were increased in PD, PSP and MSA cohorts in comparison with controls with p < 0.001, p < 0.05 and p < 0.05 respectively. Levels of 3-NT also showed elevation in PD (p < 0.01) vs. controls. However, Pearson plot showed that Fractalkine levels were high in the patients with unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) part III motor score of 1, meaning slight disability, but gradually dropped in patients with motor score of 4, which is a measure of severe motor disability. This negative correlation (- .565, p < .0.01) also accentuates the neuroprotectant/anti-inflammatory nature of Fractalkine in PD. Continuous rise of 3-NT in PD, positively correlating (.512, p < 0.05) with worsening motor symptoms points to deleterious consequences of nitrosative stress. To our knowledge, this is the first report providing evidence that serum Fractalkine and 3-NT have early diagnostic/prognostic significance as PD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226014, India
| | - Vimal Kumar Paliwal
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226014, India
| | - G Nagesh Babu
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226014, India.
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9
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Wang J, Tang X, Lu Y, Zheng Y, Zeng F, Shi W, Zhou P. Lycopene Regulates Dietary Dityrosine-Induced Mitochondrial-Lipid Homeostasis by Increasing Mitochondrial Complex Activity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100724. [PMID: 34780105 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Dityrosine (DT), a marker of protein oxidation, is widely found in many high-protein foods. Dietary intake of DT induces myocardial oxidative stress injury and impairs energy metabolism. Lycopene is a common dietary supplement with antioxidant and mitochondrial-lipid homeostasis modulating abilities. This study aimed to examine the effects of lycopene on DT-induced disturbances in myocardial function and energy metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Four-week-old C57BL/6J mice received intragastric administration of either tyrosine (420 µg kg-1 BW), DT (420 µg kg-1 BW), or lycopene at high (10 mg kg-1 BW) and low (5 mg kg-1 BW) doses for 35 days. Lycopene administration effectively reduced oxidative stress, cardiac fatty acid accumulation, and cardiac hypertrophy and improved mitochondrial performance in DT-induced mice. In vitro experiments in H9c2 cells showed that DT directly inhibited the activity of the respiratory chain complex, whereas oxidative phosphorylation and β-oxidation gene expression is upregulated. Lycopene enhanced the activity of the complexes and inhibited ROS production caused by compensatory regulation. CONCLUSION Lycopene improves DT-mediated myocardial energy homeostasis disorder by promoting the activity of respiratory chain complexes I and IV and alleviates the accumulation of cardiac fatty acids and myocardial hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yipin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,National Enineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Fanhang Zeng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wentao Shi
- School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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10
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Fedorova TN, Logvinenko AA, Poleshchuk VV, Muzychuk OA, Shabalina AA, Illarioshkin SN. Significance of Oxidative Damage to Proteins and DNA in the Blood of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease in Assessing the Severity of the Disease. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Wang F, Yuan Q, Chen F, Pang J, Pan C, Xu F, Chen Y. Fundamental Mechanisms of the Cell Death Caused by Nitrosative Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:742483. [PMID: 34616744 PMCID: PMC8488117 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.742483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrosative stress, as an important oxygen metabolism disorder, has been shown to be closely associated with cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, aortic aneurysm, heart failure, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Nitrosative stress refers to the joint biochemical reactions of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2 -) when an oxygen metabolism disorder occurs in the body. The peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) produced during this process can nitrate several biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and DNA, to generate 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), which further induces cell death. Among these, protein tyrosine nitration and polyunsaturated fatty acid nitration are the most studied types to date. Accordingly, an in-depth study of the relationship between nitrosative stress and cell death has important practical significance for revealing the pathogenesis and strategies for prevention and treatment of various diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases. Here, we review the latest research progress on the mechanisms of nitrosative stress-mediated cell death, primarily involving several regulated cell death processes, including apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, NETosis, and parthanatos, highlighting nitrosative stress as a unique mechanism in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiuhuan Yuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fengying Chen
- Emergency Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- Fengying Chen,
| | - Jiaojiao Pang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Xu,
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Yuguo Chen,
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12
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Xue L, Zeng Y, Fang C, Cheng W, Li Y. Effect of TTLL12 on tubulin tyrosine nitration as a novel target for screening anticancer drugs in vitro. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:340. [PMID: 33123251 PMCID: PMC7583732 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrotyrosine, a structural analogue of tyrosine, is present in cells in pathological conditions and is incorporated into tubulin to form tubulin tyrosine nitration, which disrupts the normal function of microtubules. There is limited research on the functional aspects of tubulin tyrosine nitration in different types of tumor. In the present study, the effect of tubulin tyrosine nitration and tubulin tyrosine ligase like 12 (TTLL12) on the proliferation of SCC-25 cells was investigated. TTLL12-overexpressing cell lines were constructed and used to assess the effect of tubulin tyrosine nitration and TTLL12 on the proliferation of SCC-25 cells via western blotting, immunofluorescent and MTT assays. An TTLL12-stably overexpressing SCC-25 cell line and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to establish a novel experiment in vitro for screening anticancer drugs targeting tubulin tyrosine nitration by assessing its sensitivity, specificity and repeatability, and using it to find an effective drug. The results demonstrated that the proliferative rate of the control cells was notably inhibited in the presence of nitrotyrosine compared with that of TTLL12-overexpressing cells. The results of the MTT assay revealed that the proliferation of TTLL12-silenced cells was significantly inhibited compared with that of the control group. The sensitivity, specificity and repeatability of the experiment were positive. It was found that nocodazole could have better anticancer effect than paclitaxel. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that TTLL12 enhances SCC-25 cell survival in the presence of nitrotyrosine by disrupting nitration of the tyrosine residues of tubulin, and tubulin tyrosine nitration may be developed for the basic research of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Xue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Fang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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13
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Lu Y, Ma S, Tang X, Li B, Ge Y, Zhang K, Yang S, Zhao Q, Xu Y, Ren H. Dietary Dityrosine Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Diminished Thyroid Hormone Function in Mouse Myocardia. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9223-9234. [PMID: 32786853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized tyrosine products (OTP) have been detected in commercial foods with high protein content, such as meat and milk products. OTP intake induces tissue oxidative stress and affects the normal activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). This study aims to investigate the effects of OTP and their main product, dityrosine (Dityr), on mouse myocardial function and myocardial energy metabolism. Mice received daily intragastric administration of either tyrosine (Tyr; 420 μg/kg body weight), Dityr (420 μg/kg body weight), or OTP (1909 μg/kg body weight) for 35 days. Additionally, H9c2 cells were incubated with various concentrations of Dityr for 72 h. We found that OTP and pure Dityr induced oxidative stress in growing mice and in H9c2 cells, resulting in a redox state imbalance, myocardial injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, and energy metabolism disorder. Dityr interferes with T3 regulation of the myocardium via the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway, leading to myocardial mitochondrial damage and energy metabolism disorders. Food-borne OTP, especially Dityr, can disrupt thyroid hormone function in mouse myocardia leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, energy metabolism disorder, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipin Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Collaborative innovation center of food safety and quality control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bowen Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Collaborative innovation center of food safety and quality control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yueting Ge
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Collaborative innovation center of food safety and quality control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Collaborative innovation center of food safety and quality control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shaojun Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Haoyi Ren
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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14
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Díaz-Velasco S, González A, Peña FJ, Estévez M. Noxious effects of selected food-occurring oxidized amino acids on differentiated CACO-2 intestinal human cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144:111650. [PMID: 32745570 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The harmful effects of food-occurring oxidized amino acids, namely, aminoadipic acid (AAA), dityrosine (DTYR), L-kynurenine (KN), kynurenic acid (KA) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT), were studied on differentiated CACO-2 cells by flow cytometry and quantification of glutathione (GSH), and allysine. Cells were exposed to food-relevant doses (200 μM) of each compound for 4 or 72h and compared to a control (no stimulated cells). All oxidized amino acids induced apoptosis and results indicated that underlying mechanisms depended on the chemical nature of the species. AAA, KN and KA caused ROS generation and severe oxidative stress in 96%, 98% and 89% of exposed cells (77% in control cells), leading to significant GSH depletion and allysine accretion (1.5, 1.5 and 1.6 nmol allysine/mg protein, respectively at 4h; control: 0.22 nmol/mg protein; p < 0.05). DTYR and 3NT induced significant apoptosis to 29% and 25% of cells (control: 16%; p < 0.05) and necrosis to 28% and 26% of cells (control: 23%) at 72h by ROS-independent mechanisms. KN and KA were found to induce a cycle arrest effect on CACO-2 cells. These findings emphasize the potential harmful effects of the intake of oxidized proteins and amino acids and urge the necessity of carrying out further molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Díaz-Velasco
- IPROCAR Research Institute, TECAL Research Group, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - A González
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - F J Peña
- Spermatology Laboratory, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mario Estévez
- IPROCAR Research Institute, TECAL Research Group, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
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15
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Bandookwala M, Sengupta P. 3-Nitrotyrosine: a versatile oxidative stress biomarker for major neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:1047-1062. [PMID: 31914343 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1713776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are generated as a by-product of routine biochemical reactions. However, dysfunction of the antioxidant system or mutations in gene function may result in the elevated production of the pro-oxidant species. Modified endogenous molecules due to chemical interactions with increased levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the cellular microenvironment can be termed as biomarkers of oxidative stress. 3-Nitrotyrosine is one such promising biomarker of oxidative stress formed due to nitration of protein-bound and free tyrosine residues by reactive peroxynitrite molecules. Nitration of proteins at the subcellular level results in conformational alterations that damage the cytoskeleton and result in neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarized the role of oxidative/nitrosative processes as a contributing factor for progressive neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Lou Gehrig's disease and Prion disease. The selective tyrosine protein nitration of the major marker proteins in related pathologies has been discussed. The alteration in 3-Nitrotyrosine profile occurs well before any symptoms appear and can be considered as a potential target for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the reduction in 3-Nitrotyrosine levels in response to treatment with neuroprotective has been highlighted which is indicative of the importance of this particular marker in oxidative stress-related brain and central nervous system pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bandookwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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16
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Bandookwala M, Sahu AK, Thakkar D, Sharma M, Khairnar A, Sengupta P. Edaravone-caffeine combination for the effective management of rotenone induced Parkinson's disease in rats: An evidence based affirmative from a comparative analysis of behavior and biomarker expression. Neurosci Lett 2019; 711:134438. [PMID: 31422100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of cellular microenvironment is important in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases for optimal functioning and survival of neurons. Oxidative stress has been proposed as one of the major pathogenic drivers in Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's model was developed by chronic administration of a pesticide rotenone that inhibits mitochondrial complex I resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species. In this study, our aim was to evaluate neuroprotective effect rendered by edaravone, a potent free radical scavenger in combination with caffeine, an effective inhibitor of adenosine A2A receptor as well as a proven antioxidant. Here we demonstrate that a three-week treatment with edaravone-caffeine combination was able to significantly diminish rotenone induced oxidative damage at the cellular level as well as muscle weakness and cognitive impairment generally associated with Parkinson's disease. This effect is attributable to edaravone's capability of scavenging the perxoynitrite free radical. Herein, we have assessed the levels of protein nitroxidation marker 3-nitrotyrosine in the striatum and lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde in striatum, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and urine of rats. On the 21st day, statistical difference was observed in the striatal biomarker levels (p = 0.001) between the controls, treated and untreated groups. We discovered that when edaravone was co-administered with caffeine, the effect was more significant compared to the group solely treated with edaravone demonstrating a synergistic effect. Simultaneous therapeutic intervention with drug combination showed a pronounced decrease in oxidative damage markers as well as better muscle strength and cognition compared to the untreated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bandookwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Disha Thakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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17
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Zhang Y, Xue W, Zhang W, Yuan Y, Zhu X, Wang Q, Wei Y, Yang D, Yang C, Chen Y, Sun Y, Wang S, Huang K, Zheng L. Histone methyltransferase G9a protects against acute liver injury through GSTP1. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1243-1258. [PMID: 31515511 PMCID: PMC7206029 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury is commonly caused by bacterial endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and by drug overdose such as acetaminophen (APAP). The exact role of epigenetic modification in acute liver injury remains elusive. Here, we investigated the role of histone methyltransferase G9a in LPS- or APAP overdose-induced acute liver injury. Under d-galactosamine sensitization, liver-specific G9a-deficient mice (L-G9a−/−) exhibited 100% mortality after LPS injection, while the control and L-G9a+/− littermates showed very mild mortality. Moreover, abrogation of hepatic G9a or inhibiting the methyltransferase activity of G9a aggravated LPS-induced liver damage. Similarly, under sublethal APAP overdose, L-G9a−/− mice displayed more severe liver injury. Mechanistically, ablation of G9a inhibited H3K9me1 levels at the promoters of Gstp1/2, two liver detoxifying enzymes, and consequently suppressed their transcription. Notably, treating L-G9a−/− mice with recombinant mouse GSTP1 reversed the LPS- or APAP overdose-induced liver damage. Taken together, we identify a novel beneficial role of G9a-GSTP1 axis in protecting against acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Weili Xue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yangmian Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiuqin Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yujuan Wei
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Dong Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chen Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional and Western Medicine, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Ling Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, PR China.
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18
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Bandookwala M, Thakkar D, Sengupta P. Advancements in the Analytical Quantification of Nitroxidative Stress Biomarker 3-Nitrotyrosine in Biological Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:265-289. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1623010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bandookwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Disha Thakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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19
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Ma Q, Dasgupta C, Li Y, Huang L, Zhang L. MicroRNA-210 Downregulates ISCU and Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuronal Death in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5608-5625. [PMID: 30656514 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury causes significant mortality and long-term neurologic sequelae. We previously demonstrated that HI significantly increased microRNA-210 (miR-210) in the neonatal rat brain and inhibition of brain endogenous miR-210 was neuroprotective in HI brain injury. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning this neuroprotection remain unclear. Using both in vivo and in vitro models, herein we uncover a novel mechanism mediating oxidative brain injury after neonatal HI, in which miR-210 induces mitochondrial dysfunction via downregulation of iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein (ISCU). Inhibition of miR-210 significantly ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss in the neonatal brain subjected to HI, as well as in primary cortical neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). These effects are mediated through ISCU, in that miR-210 mimic decreases ISCU abundance in the brains of rat pups and primary cortical neurons, and inhibition of miR-210 protects ISCU against HI in vivo or OGD in vitro. Deletion of miR-210 binding sequences at the 3'UTR of ISCU transcript ablates miR-210-induced downregulation of ISCU protein abundance in PC12 cells. In primary cortical neurons, miR-210 mimic or silencing ISCU results in mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species production, and activation of caspase-dependent death pathways. Of importance, knockdown of ISCU increases HI-induced injury in the neonatal rat brain and counteracts the neuroprotection of miR-210 inhibition. Therefore, miR-210 by downregulating ISCU and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons is a potent contributor of oxidative brain injury after neonatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Ma
- The Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
| | - Chiranjib Dasgupta
- The Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Yong Li
- The Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- The Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Lubo Zhang
- The Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
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20
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Ferrer-Sueta G, Campolo N, Trujillo M, Bartesaghi S, Carballal S, Romero N, Alvarez B, Radi R. Biochemistry of Peroxynitrite and Protein Tyrosine Nitration. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1338-1408. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ferrer-Sueta
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Campolo
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvina Bartesaghi
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Carballal
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Romero
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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21
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Choi JG, Kim N, Ju IG, Eo H, Lim SM, Jang SE, Kim DH, Oh MS. Oral administration of Proteus mirabilis damages dopaminergic neurons and motor functions in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1275. [PMID: 29352191 PMCID: PMC5775305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, studies on the relationship between gut dysbiosis and Parkinson's disease (PD) have increased, but whether a specific gut bacterium may cause PD remains unexplored. Here, we report, for the first time, that a specific gut bacterium directly induces PD symptoms and dopaminergic neuronal damage in the mouse brain. We found that the number of Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Proteus mirabilis, markedly and commonly increased in PD mouse models. Administration of P. mirabilis isolated from PD mice significantly induced motor deficits, selectively caused dopaminergic neuronal damage and inflammation in substantia nigra and striatum, and stimulated α-synuclein aggregation in the brain as well as in the colon. We found that lipopolysaccharides, a virulence factor of P. mirabilis, may be associated in these pathological changes via gut leakage and inflammatory actions. Our results suggest a role of P. mirabilis on PD pathogenesis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gyu Choi
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Namkwon Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gyoung Ju
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoon Eo
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Lim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Eun Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Zembron-Lacny A, Ziemann E, Zurek P, Hübner-Wozniak E. Heat Shock Protein 27 Response to Wrestling Training in Relation to the Muscle Damage and Inflammation. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1221-1228. [PMID: 26466130 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Zembron-Lacny, A, Ziemann, E, Zurek, P, and Hübner-Wozniak, E. Heat shock protein 27 response to wrestling training in relation to the muscle damage and inflammation. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1221-1228, 2017-One of the unique features of an exercise is that it leads to a simultaneous increase of antagonistic mediators. On the one hand, exercise elevates catabolic proinflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, exercise stimulates anabolic components such as heat shock proteins (HSPs), which protect against stressors. Therefore, the study was designed to evaluate the blood level of HSP27 and its relationship with muscle damage and inflammatory mediators in elite Greco-Roman wrestlers during training periods differed in type and intensity exercise. Ten male wrestlers (21.2 ± 2.1 years) were observed during the conditioning camps at preseason (January), at the beginning of tournament season (April), and during tournament season (June). Twelve healthy and untrained men (19.2 ± 0.4 years) were considered a reference group. The serum levels of inflammatory mediators and HSP27 in wrestlers were significantly different from nonathletes. In wrestlers, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species H2O2, NO, and 3-nitro, cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α, and also HSP27 reached the highest levels at preseason (January) or tournament season (June) when the special training predominated (>30% training load) over directed training (approximately 10% training load). Creatine kinase activity also demonstrated the highest level during the same training periods (January 2,315 ± 806 IU·L; June 3,139 ± 975 IU·L). The regression analysis revealed the relationship of HSP27 level with muscle damage (rs = -0.613, p < 0.001), and also with inflammatory mediators. The results of this study show that wrestling training modulates HSP27 level, which is significantly related with skeletal muscle damage and inflammatory response, and suggest that measure of HSP27 level can be useful diagnostic tool in biochemical assessment of athletes to increase their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zembron-Lacny
- 1Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, University of Zielona Gora, Poland; 2Department of Physiology, Academy of Physical Education and Sport Gdansk, Poland; 3Department of Sport Theory, Faculty of Physical Culture Gorzow Wielkopolski, University School of Physical Education Poznan, Poland; and 4Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Physical Education Warsaw, Poland
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Estévez M, Li Z, Soladoye OP, Van-Hecke T. Health Risks of Food Oxidation. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 82:45-81. [PMID: 28427536 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of dietary habits on our health is indisputable. Consumer's concern on aging and age-related diseases challenges scientists to underline the potential role of food on the extension and guarantee of lifespan and healthspan. While some dietary components and habits are generally regarded as beneficial for our health, some others are being found to exert potential toxic effects and hence, contribute to the onset of particular health disorders. Among the latter, lipid and protein oxidation products formed during food production, storage, processing, and culinary preparation have been recently identified as potentially harmful to humans. Upon intake, food components are further degraded and oxidized during the subsequent digestion phases and the pool of compounds formed in the lumen is in close contact with the lamina propria of the intestines. Some of these oxidation products have been found to promote inflammatory conditions in the gut (i.e., bowel diseases) and are also reasonably linked to the onset of carcinogenic processes. Upon intestinal uptake, some species are distributed by the bloodstream causing an increase in oxidative stress markers and impairment of certain physiological processes through alteration of specific gene expression pathways. This chapter summarizes the most recent discoveries on this topic with particular stress on challenges that we face in the near future: understanding the molecular basis of disease, the suitability of using living animals vs in vitro model systems and the necessity of using massive genomic techniques and versatile mass spectrometric technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Estévez
- IPROCAR Research Institute, TECAL Research Group, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Zhuqing Li
- The Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Factors, Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Olugbenga P Soladoye
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada; College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Butterfield DA, Reed TT. Lipid peroxidation and tyrosine nitration in traumatic brain injury: Insights into secondary injury from redox proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1191-1204. [PMID: 27588567 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a spontaneous event in which sudden trauma and secondary injury cause brain damage. Symptoms of TBI can range from mild to severe depending on extent of injury. The outcome can span from complete patient recovery to permanent memory loss and neurological decline. Currently, there is no known cure for TBI; however, immediate medical attention after injury is most beneficial for patient recovery. It is a well-established concept that imbalances in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and native antioxidant mechanisms have been shown to increase oxidative stress. Over the years, proteomics has been used to identify specific biomarkers in diseases such as cancers and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. As TBI is a risk factor for a multitude of neurological diseases, biomarkers for this phenomenon are a likely field of study in order to confirm diagnosis. This review highlights the current proteomics studies that investigated excessively nitrated proteins and those altered by lipid peroxidation in TBI. This review also highlights possible diagnostic measures and provides insights for future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tanea T Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, USA
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Boukhzar L, Hamieh A, Cartier D, Tanguy Y, Alsharif I, Castex M, Arabo A, Hajji SE, Bonnet JJ, Errami M, Falluel-Morel A, Chagraoui A, Lihrmann I, Anouar Y. Selenoprotein T Exerts an Essential Oxidoreductase Activity That Protects Dopaminergic Neurons in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:557-74. [PMID: 26866473 PMCID: PMC4840926 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Oxidative stress is central to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the mechanisms involved in the control of this stress in dopaminergic cells are not fully understood. There is increasing evidence that selenoproteins play a central role in the control of redox homeostasis and cell defense, but the precise contribution of members of this family of proteins during the course of neurodegenerative diseases is still elusive. RESULTS We demonstrated first that selenoprotein T (SelT) whose gene disruption is lethal during embryogenesis, exerts a potent oxidoreductase activity. In the SH-SY5Y cell model of dopaminergic neurons, both silencing and overexpression of SelT affected oxidative stress and cell survival. Treatment with PD-inducing neurotoxins such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or rotenone triggered SelT expression in the nigrostriatal pathway of wild-type mice, but provoked rapid and severe parkinsonian-like motor defects in conditional brain SelT-deficient mice. This motor impairment was associated with marked oxidative stress and neurodegeneration and decreased tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine levels in the nigrostriatal system. Finally, in PD patients, we report that SelT is tremendously increased in the caudate putamen tissue. INNOVATION These results reveal the activity of a novel selenoprotein enzyme that protects dopaminergic neurons against oxidative stress and prevents early and severe movement impairment in animal models of PD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that selenoproteins such as SelT play a crucial role in the protection of dopaminergic neurons against oxidative stress and cell death, providing insight into the molecular underpinnings of this stress in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Boukhzar
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Com UE, Normandy University of Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France
| | - Abdallah Hamieh
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Com UE, Normandy University of Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France
| | - Dorthe Cartier
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Com UE, Normandy University of Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France
| | - Yannick Tanguy
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Com UE, Normandy University of Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France
| | - Ifat Alsharif
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Com UE, Normandy University of Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France
| | - Matthieu Castex
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Com UE, Normandy University of Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France
| | - Arnaud Arabo
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Sana El Hajji
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Com UE, Normandy University of Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Bonnet
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Com UE, Normandy University of Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France
| | - Mohammed Errami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Anthony Falluel-Morel
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Com UE, Normandy University of Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France
| | - Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Com UE, Normandy University of Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Lihrmann
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Com UE, Normandy University of Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France
| | - Youssef Anouar
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Com UE, Normandy University of Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France
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Teixeira D, Fernandes R, Prudêncio C, Vieira M. 3-Nitrotyrosine quantification methods: Current concepts and future challenges. Biochimie 2016; 125:1-11. [PMID: 26921794 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in biological samples can be used as a biomarker of nitrosative stress, since it is very stable and suitable for analysis. Increased 3-NT levels in biological samples have been associated with several physiological and pathological conditions. Different methods have been described for the detection and quantification of this molecule, such as (i) immunological methods; (ii) liquid chromatography, namely high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods that use ultraviolet-visible (UV/VIS) absorption, electrochemical (ECD) and diode array (DAD) detection, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); (iii) gas chromatography, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). METHODS A literature review on nitrosative stress, protein nitration, as well as 3-NT quantification methods was carried out. RESULTS This review covers the different methods for analysis of 3-NT that have been developed during the last years as well as the latest advances in this field. Overall, all methods present positive and negative aspects, although it is clear that chromatography-based methods present good sensitivity and specificity. Regarding this, GC-based methods exhibit the highest sensibility in the quantification of 3-NT, although it requires a prior time consuming derivatization step. Conversely, HPLC does not require such derivatization step, despite being not as accurate as GC. CONCLUSION It becomes clear that all the methods described during this literature review, although accurate for 3-NT quantification, need to be improved regarding both sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, optimization of the protocols that have been described is clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Teixeira
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Prudêncio
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Vieira
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
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Franco MC, Estévez AG. Tyrosine nitration as mediator of cell death. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3939-50. [PMID: 24947321 PMCID: PMC11113622 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrotyrosine is used as a marker for the production of peroxynitrite and other reactive nitrogen species. For over 20 years the presence of nitrotyrosine was associated with cell death in multiple pathologies. Filling the gap between correlation and causality has proven to be a difficult task. Here, we discuss the evidence supporting tyrosine nitration as a specific posttranslational modification participating in the induction of cell death signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C. Franco
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
| | - Alvaro G. Estévez
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
- 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
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Gorska M, Kuban-Jankowska A, Zmijewski MA, Gorzynik M, Szkatula M, Wozniak M. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase induction in the antitumorigenic and neurotoxic effects of 2-methoxyestradiol. Molecules 2014; 19:13267-81. [PMID: 25170949 PMCID: PMC6270840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 2-Methoxyestradiol, one of the natural 17β-estradiol derivatives, is a novel, potent anticancer agent currently being evaluated in advanced phases of clinical trials. The main goal of the study was to investigate the anticancer activity of 2-methoxy-estradiol towards osteosarcoma cells and its possible neurodegenerative effects. We used an experimental model of neurotoxicity and anticancer activity of the physiological agent, 2-methoxyestradiol. Thus, we used highly metastatic osteosarcoma 143B and mouse immortalized hippocampal HT22 cell lines. The cells were treated with pharmacological (1 μM, 10 μM) concentrations of 2-methoxyestradiol. EXPERIMENTAL Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and 3-nitrotyrosine protein levels were determined by western blotting. Cell viability and induction of cell death were measured by MTT and PI/Annexin V staining and a DNA fragmentation ELISA kit, respectively. Intracellular levels of nitric oxide were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Here we demonstrated that the signaling pathways of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer may overlap. We presented evidence that 2-methoxyestradiol, in contrast to 17β-estradiol, specifically affects neuronal nitric oxide synthase and augments 3-nitrotyrosine level leading to osteosarcoma and immortalized hippocampal cell death. CONCLUSIONS We report the dual facets of 2-methoxyestradiol, that causes cancer cell death, but on the other hand may play a key role as a neurotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gorska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; E-Mails: (A.K.-J.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +48-349-14-50; Fax: +48-349-14-56
| | - Alicja Kuban-Jankowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; E-Mails: (A.K.-J.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | | | - Monika Gorzynik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; E-Mails: (A.K.-J.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Michal Szkatula
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; E-Mails: (A.K.-J.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Michal Wozniak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; E-Mails: (A.K.-J.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
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Sciadopitysin protects osteoblast function via its antioxidant activity in MC3T3-E1 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:220-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Das A, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarty S, Ganguli A, Chakrabarti G. Smokeless tobacco extract (STE)-induced toxicity in mammalian cells is mediated by the disruption of cellular microtubule network: a key mechanism of cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68224. [PMID: 23874548 PMCID: PMC3708936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco usage is a growing public health problem worldwide. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying smokeless tobacco associated tissue damage remain largely unidentified. In the present study we have tried to explore the effects of aqueous extract of smokeless tobacco (STE) on tubulin-microtubule, the major cytoskeleton protein that maintains cells morphology and participates in cell division. Exposure to STE resulted in dose-dependent cytotoxicity in a variety of mammalian transformed cell lines such as human lung epithelial cells A549, human liver epithelial cells HepG2, and mouse squamous epithelial cells HCC7, as well as non-tumorogenic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBMC. Cellular morphology of STE-treated cells was altered and the associated disruption of microtubule network indicates that STE targets tubulin-microtubule system in both cell lines. Furthermore it was also observed that STE-treatment resulted in the selective degradation of cellular tubulin, whereas actin remains unaltered. In vitro, polymerization of purified tubulin was inhibited by STE with the IC50 value∼150 µg/ml and this is associated with the loss of reactive cysteine residues of tubulin. Application of thiol-based antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) significantly abrogates STE-mediated microtubule damage and associated cytotoxicity in both A549 and HepG2 cells. These results suggest that microtubule damage is one of the key mechanisms of STE-induced cytotoxity in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Das
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, WB, India
| | - Abhijit Bhattacharya
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, WB, India
| | - Subhendu Chakrabarty
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, WB, India
| | - Arnab Ganguli
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, WB, India
| | - Gopal Chakrabarti
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, WB, India
- * E-mail:
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Mergola L, Scorrano S, Del Sole R, Lazzoi MR, Vasapollo G. Developments in the synthesis of a water compatible molecularly imprinted polymer as artificial receptor for detection of 3-nitro-l-tyrosine in neurological diseases. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 40:336-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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LAWLER JOHNM, KWAK HYOBUM, KIM JONGHEE, LEE YANG, HORD JEFFREYM, MARTINEZ DANIELA. Biphasic Stress Response in the Soleus during Reloading after Hind Limb Unloading. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:600-9. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31823ab37a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Das A, Choudhury D, Chakrabarty S, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarti G. Acenaphthenequinone induces cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis via disruption of cellular microtubules. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tx00013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Venkateshappa C, Harish G, Mythri RB, Mahadevan A, Bharath MMS, Shankar SK. Increased oxidative damage and decreased antioxidant function in aging human substantia nigra compared to striatum: implications for Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:358-69. [PMID: 21971758 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by selective degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of the ventral mid brain leading to dopamine depletion in the striatum. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage have been implicated in the death of SN neurons during the evolution of PD. In our previous study on human PD brains, we observed that compared to SN, striatum was significantly protected against oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. To understand whether brain aging contributes to the vulnerability of midbrain to neurodegeneration in PD compared to striatum, we assessed the status of oxidant and antioxidant markers, glutathione metabolic enzymes, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and mitochondrial complex I(CI) activity in SN (n = 23) and caudate nucleus (n = 24) during physiological aging in human brains. We observed a significant increase in protein oxidation (P < 0.001), loss of CI activity (P = 0.04) and increased astrocytic proliferation indicated by GFAP expression (P < 0.001) in SN compared to CD with increasing age. These changes were attributed to significant decrease in antioxidant function represented by superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P = 0.03), glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (GPx) (P = 0.02) and GSH reductase (GR) (P = 0.03) and a decreasing trend in total GSH and catalase with increasing age. However, these parameters were relatively unaltered in CD. We propose that SN undergoes extensive oxidative damage, loss of antioxidant and mitochondrial function and increased GFAP expression during physiological aging which might make it more vulnerable to neurotoxic insults thus contributing to selective degeneration during evolution of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Venkateshappa
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India
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Mythri RB, Venkateshappa C, Harish G, Mahadevan A, Muthane UB, Yasha TC, Srinivas Bharath MM, Shankar SK. Evaluation of markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant function and astrocytic proliferation in the striatum and frontal cortex of Parkinson's disease brains. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1452-63. [PMID: 21484266 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons die in Parkinson's disease (PD) due to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the substantia nigra (SN). We evaluated if oxidative stress occurs in other brain regions like the caudate nucleus (CD), putamen (Put) and frontal cortex (FC) in human postmortem PD brains (n = 6). While protein oxidation was elevated only in CD (P < 0.05), lipid peroxidation was increased only in FC (P < 0.05) and protein nitration was unchanged in PD compared to controls. Interestingly, mitochondrial complex I (CI) activity was unaffected in PD compared to controls. There was a 3-5 fold increase in the total glutathione (GSH) levels in the three regions (P < 0.01 in FC and CD; P < 0.05 in Put) but activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-s-tranferase were not increased. Total GSH levels were elevated in these areas because of decreased activity of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) (P < 0.05) activity suggesting a decreased breakdown of GSH. There was an increase in expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (P < 0.001 in FC; P < 0.05 in CD) and glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.05 in CD and Put) activity due to proliferation of astrocytes. We suggest that increased GSH and astrocytic proliferation protects non-SN brain regions from oxidative and mitochondrial damage in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswara Babu Mythri
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, # 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India
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Das A, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarti G. Cigarette smoke extract induces disruption of structure and function of tubulin-microtubule in lung epithelium cells and in vitro. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:446-59. [PMID: 19222241 DOI: 10.1021/tx8002142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the effect of the aqueous extract of cigarette smoke (AECS) on tubulin-microtubule, a major cytoskeleton protein that maintains cellular morphology and participates in cell division. We found that treatment of AECS results in the loss of both structural and functional properties of tubulin-microtubule. Disruption of the microtubule network was observed in AECS-treated human lung epithelial (A549) cells and noncarcinoma human lung alveolar epithelium (L132) cells, in a dose and time-dependent manner. Tubulin-microtubule mediated important cellular properties, such as proliferation, migration, and maintenance of the cellular morphology, were affected by AECS in A549 cells. The aqueous extract of cigarette smoke (AECS) was also found to interfere the microtubule dynamics inside the cell and induce tubulin degradation. The structure of microtubules was also disrupted by AECS in the presence of protease inhibitors accompanied by a change of morphology of cells and loss of cell viability. In vitro, the functional properties of tubulin, such as the ability of polymerization, was inhibited by AECS in a dose and time-dependent manner, and it was accompanied by the loss of reactive cysteine residues, destabilization of the secondary structure, and quenching of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. Carbonyl content of tubulin was increased after treatment with AECS, indicating that one of the pathways of tubulin damage is protein oxidation. The damage of tubulin by AECS thus may be correlated with the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke induced disorders, which result in cellular apoptosis and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Das
- Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB, India 700019
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López LC, Quinzii CM, Area E, Naini A, Rahman S, Schuelke M, Salviati L, DiMauro S, Hirano M. Treatment of CoQ(10) deficient fibroblasts with ubiquinone, CoQ analogs, and vitamin C: time- and compound-dependent effects. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11897. [PMID: 20689595 PMCID: PMC2912846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) and its analogs are used therapeutically by virtue of their functions as electron carriers, antioxidant compounds, or both. However, published studies suggest that different ubiquinone analogs may produce divergent effects on oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To test these concepts, we have evaluated the effects of CoQ(10), coenzyme Q(2) (CoQ(2)), idebenone, and vitamin C on bioenergetics and oxidative stress in human skin fibroblasts with primary CoQ(10) deficiency. A final concentration of 5 microM of each compound was chosen to approximate the plasma concentration of CoQ(10) of patients treated with oral ubiquinone. CoQ(10) supplementation for one week but not for 24 hours doubled ATP levels and ATP/ADP ratio in CoQ(10) deficient fibroblasts therein normalizing the bioenergetics status of the cells. Other compounds did not affect cellular bioenergetics. In COQ2 mutant fibroblasts, increased superoxide anion production and oxidative stress-induced cell death were normalized by all supplements. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT: 1) pharmacokinetics of CoQ(10) in reaching the mitochondrial respiratory chain is delayed; 2) short-tail ubiquinone analogs cannot replace CoQ(10) in the mitochondrial respiratory chain under conditions of CoQ(10) deficiency; and 3) oxidative stress and cell death can be counteracted by administration of lipophilic or hydrophilic antioxidants. The results of our in vitro experiments suggest that primary CoQ(10) deficiencies should be treated with CoQ(10) supplementation but not with short-tail ubiquinone analogs, such as idebenone or CoQ(2). Complementary administration of antioxidants with high bioavailability should be considered if oxidative stress is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C. López
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Catarina M. Quinzii
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Estela Area
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ali Naini
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Schuelke
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité Virchow University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Servizio di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica, Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Salvatore DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rosales-Corral S, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Ortiz GG, Lopez-Armas G. Functional aspects of redox control during neuroinflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:193-247. [PMID: 19951033 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a CNS reaction to injury in which some severe pathologies, regardless of their origin, converge. The phenomenon emphasizes crosstalk between neurons and glia and reveals a complex interaction with oxidizing agents through redox sensors localized in enzymes, receptors, and transcription factors. When oxidizing pressures cause reversible molecular changes, such as minimal or transitory proinflammatory cytokine overproduction, redox couples provide a means of translating the presence of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species into useful signals in the cell. Additionally, thiol-based redox sensors convey information about localized changes in redox potential induced by physiologic or pathologic situations. They are susceptible to oxidative changes and become key events during neuroinflammation, altering the course of a signaling response or the behavior of specific transcription factors. When oxidative stress augments the pressure on the intracellular environment, the effective reduction potential of redox pairs diminishes, and cell signaling shifts toward proinflammatory and proapoptotic signals, creating a vicious cycle between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In addition, electrophilic compounds derived from the oxidative cascade react with key protein thiols and interfere with redox signaling. This article reviews the relevant functional aspects of redox control during the neuroinflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Corral
- Lab. Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO) del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) , Guadalajara, Jalisco. Mexico.
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Nusshold C, Kollroser M, Köfeler H, Rechberger G, Reicher H, Üllen A, Bernhart E, Waltl S, Kratzer I, Hermetter A, Hackl H, Trajanoski Z, Hrzenjak A, Malle E, Sattler W. Hypochlorite modification of sphingomyelin generates chlorinated lipid species that induce apoptosis and proteome alterations in dopaminergic PC12 neurons in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:1588-600. [PMID: 20226853 PMCID: PMC4061462 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations link myeloperoxidase (MPO) activation to neurodegeneration. In multiple sclerosis MPO is present in areas of active demyelination where the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl), formed by MPO from H(2)O(2) and chloride ions, could oxidatively damage myelin-associated lipids. The purpose of this study was (i) to characterize reaction products of sphingomyelin (SM) formed in response to modification by HOCl, (ii) to define the impact of exogenously added SM and HOCl-modified SM (HOCl-SM) on viability parameters of a neuronal cell line (PC12), and (iii) to study alterations in the PC12 cell proteome in response to SM and HOCl-SM. MALDI-TOF-MS analyses revealed that HOCl, added as reagent or generated enzymatically, transforms SM into chlorinated species. On the cellular level HOCl-SM but not SM induced the formation of reactive oxygen species. HOCl-SM induced severely impaired cell viability, dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and activation of caspase-3 and DNA damage. Proteome analyses identified differential expression of specific subsets of proteins in response to SM and HOCl-SM. Our results demonstrate that HOCl modification of SM results in the generation of chlorinated lipid species with potent neurotoxic properties. Given the emerging connections between the MPO-H(2)O(2)-chloride axis and neurodegeneration, this chlorinating pathway might be implicated in neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Manfred Kollroser
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Center of Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Rechberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Üllen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Waltl
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingrid Kratzer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Albin Hermetter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Andelko Hrzenjak
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Corresponding author. Fax: +43 316 380 9615.
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Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds are relatively rare in nature and have been introduced into the environment mainly by human activities. This important class of industrial chemicals is widely used in the synthesis of many diverse products, including dyes, polymers, pesticides, and explosives. Unfortunately, their extensive use has led to environmental contamination of soil and groundwater. The nitro group, which provides chemical and functional diversity in these molecules, also contributes to the recalcitrance of these compounds to biodegradation. The electron-withdrawing nature of the nitro group, in concert with the stability of the benzene ring, makes nitroaromatic compounds resistant to oxidative degradation. Recalcitrance is further compounded by their acute toxicity, mutagenicity, and easy reduction into carcinogenic aromatic amines. Nitroaromatic compounds are hazardous to human health and are registered on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's list of priority pollutants for environmental remediation. Although the majority of these compounds are synthetic in nature, microorganisms in contaminated environments have rapidly adapted to their presence by evolving new biodegradation pathways that take advantage of them as sources of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. This review provides an overview of the synthesis of both man-made and biogenic nitroaromatic compounds, the bacteria that have been identified to grow on and completely mineralize nitroaromatic compounds, and the pathways that are present in these strains. The possible evolutionary origins of the newly evolved pathways are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou-San Ju
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Rebecca E. Parales
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Das A, Chakrabarty S, Choudhury D, Chakrabarti G. 1,4-Benzoquinone (PBQ) Induced Toxicity in Lung Epithelial Cells Is Mediated by the Disruption of the Microtubule Network and Activation of Caspase-3. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1054-66. [DOI: 10.1021/tx1000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Das
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB, India 700019
| | - Subhendu Chakrabarty
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB, India 700019
| | - Diptiman Choudhury
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB, India 700019
| | - Gopal Chakrabarti
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB, India 700019
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Quinzii CM, López LC, Gilkerson RW, Dorado B, Coku J, Naini AB, Lagier-Tourenne C, Schuelke M, Salviati L, Carrozzo R, Santorelli F, Rahman S, Tazir M, Koenig M, DiMauro S, Hirano M. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and cell death correlate with level of CoQ10 deficiency. FASEB J 2010; 24:3733-43. [PMID: 20495179 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-152728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) is essential for electron transport in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and antioxidant defense. The relative importance of respiratory chain defects, ROS production, and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of CoQ(10) deficiency is unknown. We determined previously that severe CoQ(10) deficiency in cultured skin fibroblasts harboring COQ2 and PDSS2 mutations produces divergent alterations of bioenergetics and oxidative stress. Here, to better understand the pathogenesis of CoQ(10) deficiency, we have characterized the effects of varying severities of CoQ(10) deficiency on ROS production and mitochondrial bioenergetics in cells harboring genetic defects of CoQ(10) biosynthesis. Levels of CoQ(10) seem to correlate with ROS production; 10-15% and >60% residual CoQ(10) are not associated with significant ROS production, whereas 30-50% residual CoQ(10) is accompanied by increased ROS production and cell death. Our results confirm that varying degrees of CoQ(10) deficiency cause variable defects of ATP synthesis and oxidative stress. These findings may lead to more rational therapeutic strategies for CoQ(10) deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina M Quinzii
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., P&S 4-423, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Ischiropoulos H. Protein tyrosine nitration--an update. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 484:117-21. [PMID: 19007743 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine nitration is a covalent post-translational protein modification derived from the reaction of proteins with nitrating agents. Tyrosine nitration has been used as a marker of oxidant burden in human diseases. However, it remains unclear whether protein nitration is responsible for alterations in protein function that imparts an increased risk for disease development or unfavorable outcomes. Emerging data implicate tyrosine nitration as a mediator of immune responses suggesting a novel biological function for this protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Ischiropoulos
- Stokes Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, 417 Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA.
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Escherichia coli NsrR regulates a pathway for the oxidation of 3-nitrotyramine to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetate. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:6170-7. [PMID: 18658270 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00508-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin immunoprecipitation and microarray (ChIP-chip) analysis showed that the nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive repressor NsrR from Escherichia coli binds in vivo to the promoters of the tynA and feaB genes. These genes encode the first two enzymes of a pathway that is required for the catabolism of phenylethylamine (PEA) and its hydroxylated derivatives tyramine and dopamine. Deletion of nsrR caused small increases in the activities of the tynA and feaB promoters in cultures grown on PEA. Overexpression of nsrR severely retarded growth on PEA and caused a marked repression of the tynA and feaB promoters. Both the growth defect and the promoter repression were reversed in the presence of a source of NO. These results are consistent with NsrR mediating repression of the tynA and feaB genes by binding (in an NO-sensitive fashion) to the sites identified by ChIP-chip. E. coli was shown to use 3-nitrotyramine as a nitrogen source for growth, conditions which partially induce the tynA and feaB promoters. Mutation of tynA (but not feaB) prevented growth on 3-nitrotyramine. Growth yields, mutant phenotypes, and analyses of culture supernatants suggested that 3-nitrotyramine is oxidized to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetate, with growth occurring at the expense of the amino group of 3-nitrotyramine. Accordingly, enzyme assays showed that 3-nitrotyramine and its oxidation product (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetaldehyde) could be oxidized by the enzymes encoded by tynA and feaB, respectively. The results suggest that an additional physiological role of the PEA catabolic pathway is to metabolize nitroaromatic compounds that may accumulate in cells exposed to NO.
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Kanaan NM, Kordower JH, Collier TJ. Age-related changes in dopamine transporters and accumulation of 3-nitrotyrosine in rhesus monkey midbrain dopamine neurons: relevance in selective neuronal vulnerability to degeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:3205-15. [PMID: 18598263 PMCID: PMC3391583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the strongest risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease (PD). There is a preferential loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tier of the substantia nigra (vtSN) compared to the dorsal tier and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in PD. Examining age-related and region-specific differences in DA neurons represents a means of identifying factors potentially involved in vulnerability or resistance to degeneration. Nitrative stress is among the factors potentially underlying DA neuron degeneration. We studied the relationship between 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT; a marker of nitrative damage) and DA transporters [DA transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT)] during aging in DA subregions of rhesus monkeys. The percentage of DA neurons containing 3NT increased significantly only in the vtSN with advancing age, and the vtSN had a greater percentage of 3NT-positive neurons when compared to the VTA. The relationship between 3NT and DA transporters was determined by measuring fluorescence intensity of 3NT, DAT and VMAT staining. 3NT intensity increased with advancing age in the vtSN. Increased DAT, VMAT and DAT/VMAT ratios were associated with increased 3NT in individual DA neurons. These results suggest nitrative damage accumulates in midbrain DA neurons with advancing age, an effect exacerbated in the vulnerable vtSN. The capacity of a DA neuron to accumulate more cytosolic DA, as inferred from DA transporter expression, is related to accumulation of nitrative damage. These findings are consistent with a role for aging-related accrual of nitrative damage in the selective vulnerability of vtSN neurons to degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Kanaan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J. H. Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T. J. Collier
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 670525, 265 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Nitrotyrosine promotes human aortic smooth muscle cell migration through oxidative stress and ERK1/2 activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1576-84. [PMID: 18460343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitrotyrosine is a new biomarker of atherosclerosis and inflammation. The objective of this study was to determine the direct effects of free nitrotyrosine on human aortic smooth muscle cell (AoSMC) migration and molecular mechanisms. By a modified Boyden chamber assay, nitrotyrosine significantly increased AoSMC migration in a concentration-dependent manner. For example, nitrotyrosine at 300 nM increased AoSMC migration up to 152% compared with l-tyrosine-treated control cells (P<0.01). Cell wound healing assay confirmed this effect. Nitrotyrosine significantly increased the expression of some key cell migration-related molecules including PDGF receptor-B, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and integrins alphaV and beta3 at both mRNA and protein levels in AoSMC (P<0.01). In addition, nitrotyrosine increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in AoSMC by staining with fluorescent dye DCFHDA. Furthermore, nitrotyrosine induced transient phosphorylation of ERK2 by Bio-Plex luminex immunoassay and western blot analysis. AoSMC were able to uptake nitrotyrosine. Antioxidants including seleno-l-methionine and superoxide dismutase mimetic (MnTBAP) as well as ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 effectively blocked the promoting effect of nitrotyrosine on AoSMC migration and the mRNA expression of above cell migration-related molecules. Thus, nitrotyrosine directly increases AoSMC migration in vitro and the expression of migration-related molecules through overproduction of ROS and activation of ERK1/2 pathway. Nitrotyrosine may contribute to cardiovascular pathogenesis.
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47
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Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Assay of 3-nitrotyrosine in tissues and body fluids by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Methods Enzymol 2008; 440:337-59. [PMID: 18423229 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)00822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is a marker of protein nitration in physiological systems. It is present as 3-nitrotyrosine residues in proteins of tissue, extracellular matrix, plasma, and other body fluids and food. It is also present in body fluids and some beverages as free nitrotyrosine and is excreted in urine with the major urinary metabolite 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. Quantitation of 3-nitrotyrosine requires tandem mass spectrometry for specific detection. The method developed to determine 3-nitrotyrosine (along with protein glycation and oxidation adducts in a quantitative screening assay) by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection is described. The 3-NT residue contents of plasma protein, hemoglobin, lipoproteins, and cerebrospinal fluid protein and the concentrations of free 3-nitrotyrosine in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid are given. Changes of 3-nitrotyrosine residue and free 3-nitrotyrosine in diabetes, cirrhosis, acute and chronic renal failure, and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, are presented and compared with independent estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Protein Damage and Systems Biology Research Group, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
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48
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Ma TC, Mihm MJ, Bauer JA, Hoyt KR. Bioenergetic and oxidative effects of free 3-nitrotyrosine in culture: selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons and increased sensitivity of non-dopaminergic neurons to dopamine oxidation. J Neurochem 2007; 103:131-44. [PMID: 17877636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein bound and free 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT) levels are elevated in neurodegenerative diseases and have been used as evidence for peroxynitrite generation. Intrastriatal injection of free 3NT causes dopaminergic neuron injury and represents a new mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). We are investigating the nature of free 3NT neurotoxicity. In primary ventral midbrain cultures, free 3NT damaged dopaminergic neurons, while adjacent non-dopaminergic neurons were unaffected. Combined treatment with free 3NT and subtoxic amounts of dopamine caused extensive death of non-dopaminergic forebrain neurons in culture. Free 3NT alone directly inhibited mitochondrial complex I, decreased ATP, sensitized neurons to mitochondrial depolarization, and increased superoxide production. Subtoxic concentrations of rotenone (instead of free 3NT) caused similar results. Additionally, free 3NT and dopamine combined increased extraneuronal hydrogen peroxide and decreased intraneuronal glutathione levels more than dopamine alone. Oxidative and bioenergetic processes have been proposed to contribute to neurodegeneration in PD. As free 3NT is a compound that is increased in PD, damages dopamine neurons in vivo and in vitro and has detrimental effects on neuronal bioenergetics, it is possible that free 3NT is an endogenous contributing factor to neuronal loss, in addition to being a marker of oxidative and nitrative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thong C Ma
- Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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49
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Vali S, Mythri RB, Jagatha B, Padiadpu J, Ramanujan KS, Andersen JK, Gorin F, Bharath MMS. Integrating glutathione metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction with implications for Parkinson's disease: a dynamic model. Neuroscience 2007; 149:917-30. [PMID: 17936517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oxidative/nitrosative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra during Parkinson's disease (PD). During early stages of PD, there is a significant depletion of the thiol antioxidant glutathione (GSH), which may lead to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ultimately neuronal cell death. Mitochondrial complex I (CI) is believed to be the central player to the mitochondrial dysfunction occurring in PD. We have generated a dynamic, mechanistic model for mitochondrial dysfunction associated with PD progression that is activated by rotenone, GSH depletion, increased nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. The potential insults independently inhibit CI and other complexes of the electron transport chain, drop the proton motive force, and reduce ATP production, ultimately affecting the overall mitochondrial performance. We show that mitochondrial dysfunction significantly affects glutathione synthesis thereby increasing the oxidative damage and further exacerbating the toxicities of these mitochondrial agents resulting in neurodegeneration. Rat dopaminergic neuronal cell culture and in vitro experiments using mouse brain mitochondria were employed to validate important features of the model. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Using a combination of experimental and in silico modeling approaches, we have demonstrated the interdependence of mitochondrial function with GSH metabolism in relation to neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vali
- Cell Works Group Inc., AECS Layout, Marathahalli, Bangalore 560037, India
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Morales-Morales JA, Frontana C, Aguilar-Martínez M, Bautista-Martínez JA, González FJ, González I. Analysis of the Substituent Effect on the Reactivity Modulation during Self-Protonation Processes in 2-Nitrophenols. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:8993-9002. [PMID: 17715902 DOI: 10.1021/jp0725477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A voltammetric and spectroelectrochemical ESR study of the reduction processes of five substituted 4-R-2-nitrophenols (R = -H, -OCH(3), -CH(3), -CN, -CF(3)) in acetonitrile was performed. In the potential range considered here (-0.2 to -2.5 V vs Fc+/Fc), two reduction signals (Ic and IIc) were detected; the first one was associated with the formation of the corresponding hydroxylamine via a self-protonation pathway. The voltammetric analysis at the first reduction signal showed that there are differences in the reduction pathway for each substituted 4-R-2-nitrophenol, being the E1/2 values determined by the inductive effect of the substituent in the meta position with respect to the nitro group, while the electron-transfer kinetics was determined by the protonation rate (k(1)+ ) of the anion radical electrogenerated. However, at potential values near the first reduction peak, no ESR signal was recorded from stable radical species, indicating the instability of the radical species in solution. Nevertheless, an intense ESR spectrum generated at the second reduction peak was detected for all compounds, indicating the monoelectronic reduction of the corresponding deprotonated 4-R-2-nitrophenols. The spin-coupling hyperfine structures revealed differences in the chemical nature of the electrogenerated radical; meanwhile, the -CF(3) and -CN substituents induced the formation of a dianion radical structure, and the -H, -CH(3), and -OCH(3) substituents provoked the formation of an anion radical structure due to protonation by acetonitrile molecules of the initially electrogenerated dianion radical. This behavior was confirmed by analyzing the ESR spectra in deuterated acetonitrile and by performing quantum chemical calculations of the spin densities at each site of the electrogenerated anionic radicals.
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