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Rios A, Nonomura S, Kato S, Yoshida J, Matsushita N, Nambu A, Takada M, Hira R, Kobayashi K, Sakai Y, Kimura M, Isomura Y. Reward expectation enhances action-related activity of nigral dopaminergic and two striatal output pathways. Commun Biol 2023; 6:914. [PMID: 37673949 PMCID: PMC10482957 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons comprising nigrostriatal system play important roles in action selection. However, it remains unclear how this system integrates recent outcome information with current action (movement) and outcome (reward or no reward) information to achieve appropriate subsequent action. We examined how neuronal activity of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and dorsal striatum reflects the level of reward expectation from recent outcomes in rats performing a reward-based choice task. Movement-related activity of direct and indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (dSPNs and iSPNs, respectively) were enhanced by reward expectation, similarly to the SNc dopaminergic neurons, in both medial and lateral nigrostriatal projections. Given the classical basal ganglia model wherein dopamine stimulates dSPNs and suppresses iSPNs through distinct dopamine receptors, dopamine might not be the primary driver of iSPN activity increasing following higher reward expectation. In contrast, outcome-related activity was affected by reward expectation in line with the classical model and reinforcement learning theory, suggesting purposive effects of reward expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Rios
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nonomura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Junichi Yoshida
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Natsuki Matsushita
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute of Physiological Sciences and Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Riichiro Hira
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sakai
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
| | - Minoru Kimura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan.
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2
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Murphy PJ, McGregor JE, Xu Z, Yang Q, Merigan W, Williams DR. Optogenetic Stimulation of Single Ganglion Cells in the Living Primate Fovea. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.21.550081. [PMID: 37546797 PMCID: PMC10401937 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.21.550081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Though the responses of the rich variety of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) reflect the totality of visual processing in the retina and provide the sole conduit for those processed responses to the brain, we have much to learn about how the brain uses these signals to guide behavior. An impediment to developing a comprehensive understanding of the role of retinal circuits in behavior is the paucity of causal studies in the intact primate visual system. Here we demonstrate the ability to optogenetically activate individual RGCs with flashes of light focused on single RGC somas in vivo , without activation of neighboring cells. The ability to selectively activate specific cells is the first step toward causal experiments that directly link retinal circuits to visual experience and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Murphy
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Juliette E. McGregor
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Zhengyang Xu
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Qiang Yang
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - William Merigan
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - David R. Williams
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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3
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Soma S, Ohara S, Nonomura S, Suematsu N, Yoshida J, Pastalkova E, Sakai Y, Tsutsui KI, Isomura Y. Rat hippocampal CA1 region represents learning-related action and reward events with shorter latency than the lateral entorhinal cortex. Commun Biol 2023; 6:584. [PMID: 37258700 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are deeply involved in learning and memory. However, little is known how ongoing events are processed in the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit. By recording from head-fixed rats during action-reward learning, here we show that the action and reward events are represented differently in the hippocampal CA1 region and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). Although diverse task-related activities developed after learning in both CA1 and LEC, phasic activities related to action and reward events differed in the timing of behavioral event representation. CA1 represented action and reward events almost instantaneously, whereas the superficial and deep layers of the LEC showed a delayed representation of the same events. Interestingly, we also found that ramping activity towards spontaneous action was correlated with waiting time in both regions and exceeded that in the motor cortex. Such functional activities observed in the entorhinal-hippocampal circuits may play a crucial role for animals in utilizing ongoing information to dynamically optimize their behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Soma
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Shinya Ohara
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nonomura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naofumi Suematsu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junichi Yoshida
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eva Pastalkova
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA, USA
| | - Yutaka Sakai
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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4
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Water-Reaching Platform for Longitudinal Assessment of Cortical Activity and Fine Motor Coordination Defects in a Huntington Disease Mouse Model. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0452-22.2022. [PMID: 36596592 PMCID: PMC9833054 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0452-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD), caused by dominantly inherited expansions of a CAG repeat results in characteristic motor dysfunction. Although gross motor defects have been extensively characterized in multiple HD mouse models using tasks such as rotarod and beam walking, less is known about forelimb deficits. We develop a high-throughput alternating reward/nonreward water-reaching task and training protocol conducted daily over approximately two months to simultaneously monitor forelimb impairment and mesoscale cortical changes in GCaMP activity, comparing female zQ175 (HD) and wild-type (WT) littermate mice, starting at ∼5.5 months. Behavioral analysis of the water-reaching task reveals that HD mice, despite learning the water-reaching task as proficiently as wild-type mice, take longer to learn the alternating event sequence as evident by impulsive (noncued) reaches and initially display reduced cortical activity associated with successful reaches. At this age gross motor defects determined by tapered beam assessment were not apparent. Although wild-type mice displayed no significant changes in cortical activity and reaching trajectory throughout the testing period, HD mice exhibited an increase in cortical activity, especially in the secondary motor and retrosplenial cortices, over time, as well as longer and more variable reaching trajectories by approximately seven months. HD mice also experienced a progressive reduction in successful performance. Tapered beam and rotarod tests as well as reduced DARPP-32 expression (striatal medium spiny neuron marker) after water-reaching assessment confirmed HD pathology. The water-reaching task can be used to inform on a daily basis, HD and other movement disorder onset and manifestation, therapeutic intervention windows, and test drug efficacy.
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5
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Barrett JM, Martin ME, Shepherd GMG. Manipulation-specific cortical activity as mice handle food. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4842-4853.e6. [PMID: 36243014 PMCID: PMC9691616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Food handling offers unique yet largely unexplored opportunities to investigate how cortical activity relates to forelimb movements in a natural, ethologically essential, and kinematically rich form of manual dexterity. To determine these relationships, we recorded high-speed (1,000 fps) video and multi-channel electrophysiological cortical spiking activity while mice handled food. The high temporal resolution of the video allowed us to decompose active manipulation ("oromanual") events into characteristic submovements, enabling event-aligned analysis of cortical activity. Activity in forelimb M1 was strongly modulated during food handling, generally higher during oromanual events and lower during holding intervals. Optogenetic silencing and stimulation of forelimb M1 neurons partially affected food-handling movements, exerting suppressive and activating effects, respectively. We also extended the analysis to forelimb S1 and lateral M1, finding broadly similar oromanual-related activity across all three areas. However, each area's activity displayed a distinct timing and phasic/tonic temporal profile, which was further analyzed by non-negative matrix factorization and demonstrated to be attributable to area-specific composition of activity classes. Current or future forelimb position could be accurately predicted from activity in all three regions, indicating that the cortical activity in these areas contains high information content about forelimb movements during food handling. These results thus establish that cortical activity during food handling is manipulation specific, distributed, and broadly similar across multiple sensorimotor areas while also exhibiting area- and submovement-specific relationships with the fast kinematic hallmarks of this natural form of complex free-object-handling manual dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Barrett
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Megan E Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Gordon M G Shepherd
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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6
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Sugimoto M, Takahashi Y, Sugimura YK, Tokunaga R, Yajima M, Kato F. Active role of the central amygdala in widespread mechanical sensitization in rats with facial inflammatory pain. Pain 2021; 162:2273-2286. [PMID: 33900711 PMCID: PMC8280967 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Widespread or ectopic sensitization is a hallmark symptom of chronic pain, characterized by aberrantly enhanced pain sensitivity in multiple body regions remote from the site of original injury or inflammation. The central mechanism underlying widespread sensitization remains unidentified. The central nucleus of the amygdala (also called the central amygdala, CeA) is well situated for this role because it receives nociceptive information from diverse body sites and modulates pain sensitivity in various body regions. In this study, we examined the role of the CeA in a novel model of ectopic sensitization of rats. Injection of formalin into the left upper lip resulted in latent bilateral sensitization in the hind paw lasting >13 days in male Wistar rats. Chemogenetic inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic neurons or blockade of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in the right CeA, but not in the left, significantly attenuated this sensitization. Furthermore, chemogenetic excitation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic neurons in the right CeA induced de novo bilateral hind paw sensitization in the rats without inflammation. These results indicate that the CeA neuronal activity determines hind paw tactile sensitivity in rats with remote inflammatory pain. They also suggest that the hind paw sensitization used in a large number of preclinical studies might not be simply a sign of the pain at the site of injury but rather a representation of the augmented CeA activity resulting from inflammation/pain in any part of the body or from activities of other brain regions, which has an active role of promoting defensive/protective behaviors to avoid further bodily damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sugimoto
- Center for Neuroscience of Pain and Department of Neuroscience, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Takahashi
- Center for Neuroscience of Pain and Department of Neuroscience, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yae K. Sugimura
- Center for Neuroscience of Pain and Department of Neuroscience, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Tokunaga
- Center for Neuroscience of Pain and Department of Neuroscience, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Yajima
- Center for Neuroscience of Pain and Department of Neuroscience, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fusao Kato
- Center for Neuroscience of Pain and Department of Neuroscience, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Soma S, Suematsu N, Sato AY, Tsunoda K, Bramian A, Reddy A, Takabatake K, Karube F, Fujiyama F, Shimegi S. Acetylcholine from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis facilitates the retrieval of well-established memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 183:107484. [PMID: 34175450 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Retrieval deficit of long-term memory is a cardinal symptom of dementia and has been proposed to associate with abnormalities in the central cholinergic system. Difficulty in the retrieval of memory is experienced by healthy individuals and not limited to patients with neurological disorders that result in forgetfulness. The difficulty of retrieving memories is associated with various factors, such as how often the event was experienced or remembered, but it is unclear how the cholinergic system plays a role in the retrieval of memory formed by a daily routine (accumulated experience). To investigate this point, we trained rats moderately (for a week) or extensively (for a month) to detect a visual cue in a two-alternative forced-choice task. First, we confirmed the well-established memory in the extensively trained group was more resistant to the retrieval problem than recently acquired memory in the moderately trained group. Next, we tested the effect of a cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, on the retrieval of memory after a long no-task period in extensively trained rats. Pre-administration of donepezil improved performance and reduced the latency of task initiation compared to the saline-treated group. Finally, we lesioned cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM), which project to the entire neocortex, by injecting the cholinergic toxin 192 IgG-saporin. NBM-lesioned rats showed severely impaired task initiation and performance. These abilities recovered as the trials progressed, though they never reached the level observed in rats with intact NBM. These results suggest that acetylcholine released from the NBM contributes to the retrieval of well-established memory developed by a daily routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Soma
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Naofumi Suematsu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Center for Sciences Towards Symbiosis Among Human, Machine and Data, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Akinori Y Sato
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Allen Bramian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anish Reddy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Koki Takabatake
- College of Arts & Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 619-0225, Japan; Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 619-0225, Japan; Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimegi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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8
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Tsunoda K, Sato AY, Mizuyama R, Shimegi S. Noradrenaline modulates neuronal and perceptual visual detectability via β-adrenergic receptor. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3615-3627. [PMID: 34546404 PMCID: PMC8629798 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Noradrenaline (NA) is a neuromodulator secreted from noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus to the whole brain depending on the physiological state and behavioral context. It regulates various brain functions including vision via three major adrenergic receptor (AR) subtypes. Previous studies investigating the noradrenergic modulations on vision reported different effects, including improvement and impairment of perceptual visual sensitivity in rodents via β-AR, an AR subtype. Therefore, it remains unknown how NA affects perceptual visual sensitivity via β-AR and what neuronal mechanisms underlie it. OBJECTIVES The current study investigated the noradrenergic modulation of perceptual and neuronal visual sensitivity via β-AR in the primary visual cortex (V1). METHODS We performed extracellular multi-point recordings from V1 of rats performing a go/no-go visual detection task under the head-fixed condition. A β-AR blocker, propranolol (10 mM), was topically administered onto the V1 surface, and the drug effect on behavioral and neuronal activities was quantified by comparing pre-and post-drug administration. RESULTS The topical administration of propranolol onto the V1 surface significantly improved the task performance. An analysis of the multi-unit activity in V1 showed that propranolol significantly suppressed spontaneous activity and facilitated the visual response of the recording sites in V1. We further calculated the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), finding that the SNR was significantly improved after propranolol administration. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological blockade of β-AR in V1 improves perceptual visual detectability by modifying the SNR of neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tsunoda
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Brain Information Science in Sports, Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Brain Information Science in Sports, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Present Address: Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akinori Y. Sato
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Brain Information Science in Sports, Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Brain Information Science in Sports, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka Japan ,grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XPresent Address: Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryo Mizuyama
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Brain Information Science in Sports, Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Brain Information Science in Sports, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimegi
- Laboratory of Brain Information Science in Sports, Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan. .,Laboratory of Brain Information Science in Sports, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
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9
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Kawabata M, Soma S, Saiki-Ishikawa A, Nonomura S, Yoshida J, Ríos A, Sakai Y, Isomura Y. A spike analysis method for characterizing neurons based on phase locking and scaling to the interval between two behavioral events. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1923-1941. [PMID: 33085554 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00200.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard analysis of neuronal functions assesses the temporal correlation between animal behaviors and neuronal activity by aligning spike trains with the timing of a specific behavioral event, e.g., visual cue. However, spike activity is often involved in information processing dependent on a relative phase between two consecutive events rather than a single event. Nevertheless, less attention has so far been paid to such temporal features of spike activity in relation to two behavioral events. Here, we propose "Phase-Scaling analysis" to simultaneously evaluate the phase locking and scaling to the interval between two events in task-related spike activity of individual neurons. This analysis method can discriminate conceptual "scaled"-type neurons from "nonscaled"-type neurons using an activity variation map that combines phase locking with scaling to the interval. Its robustness was validated by spike simulation using different spike properties. Furthermore, we applied it to analyzing actual spike data from task-related neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1), posterior parietal cortex (PPC), primary motor cortex (M1), and secondary motor cortex (M2) of behaving rats. After hierarchical clustering of all neurons using their activity variation maps, we divided them objectively into four clusters corresponding to nonscaled-type sensory and motor neurons and scaled-type neurons including sustained and ramping activities, etc. Cluster/subcluster compositions for V1 differed from those of PPC, M1, and M2. The V1 neurons showed the fastest functional activities among those areas. Our method was also applicable to determine temporal "forms" and the latency of spike activity changes. These findings demonstrate its utility for characterizing neurons.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Phase-Scaling analysis is a novel technique to unbiasedly characterize the temporal dependency of functional neuron activity on two behavioral events and objectively determine the latency and form of the activity change. This powerful analysis can uncover several classes of latently functioning neurons that have thus far been overlooked, which may participate differently in intermediate processes of a brain function. The Phase-Scaling analysis will yield profound insights into neural mechanisms for processing internal information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kawabata
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Soma
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Saiki-Ishikawa
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Satoshi Nonomura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junichi Yoshida
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
| | - Alain Ríos
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sakai
- Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Latchoumane CFV, Barany DA, Karumbaiah L, Singh T. Neurostimulation and Reach-to-Grasp Function Recovery Following Acquired Brain Injury: Insight From Pre-clinical Rodent Models and Human Applications. Front Neurol 2020; 11:835. [PMID: 32849253 PMCID: PMC7396659 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reach-to-grasp is an evolutionarily conserved motor function that is adversely impacted following stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation, are promising tools that could enhance functional recovery of reach-to-grasp post-brain injury. Though the rodent literature provides a causal understanding of post-injury recovery mechanisms, it has had a limited impact on NIBS protocols in human research. The high degree of homology in reach-to-grasp circuitry between humans and rodents further implies that the application of NIBS to brain injury could be better informed by findings from pre-clinical rodent models and neurorehabilitation research. Here, we provide an overview of the advantages and limitations of using rodent models to advance our current understanding of human reach-to-grasp function, cortical circuitry, and reorganization. We propose that a cross-species comparison of reach-to-grasp recovery could provide a mechanistic framework for clinically efficacious NIBS treatments that could elicit better functional outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Francois V. Latchoumane
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Deborah A. Barany
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tarkeshwar Singh
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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11
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Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and frontal motor areas comprise a cortical network supporting goal-directed behaviour, with functions including sensorimotor transformations and decision making. In primates, this network links performed and observed actions via mirror neurons, which fire both when individuals perform an action and when they observe the same action performed by a conspecific. Mirror neurons are believed to be important for social learning, but it is not known whether mirror-like neurons occur in similar networks in other social species, such as rodents, or if they can be measured in such models using paradigms where observers passively view a demonstrator. Therefore, we imaged Ca2+ responses in PPC and secondary motor cortex (M2) while mice performed and observed pellet-reaching and wheel-running tasks, and found that cell populations in both areas robustly encoded several naturalistic behaviours. However, neural responses to the same set of observed actions were absent, although we verified that observer mice were attentive to performers and that PPC neurons responded reliably to visual cues. Statistical modelling also indicated that executed actions outperformed observed actions in predicting neural responses. These results raise the possibility that sensorimotor action recognition in rodents could take place outside of the parieto-frontal circuit, and underscore that detecting socially-driven neural coding depends critically on the species and behavioural paradigm used.
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12
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Arimura D, Shinohara K, Takahashi Y, Sugimura YK, Sugimoto M, Tsurugizawa T, Marumo K, Kato F. Primary Role of the Amygdala in Spontaneous Inflammatory Pain- Associated Activation of Pain Networks - A Chemogenetic Manganese-Enhanced MRI Approach. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:58. [PMID: 31632244 PMCID: PMC6779784 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major health problem, affecting 10–30% of the population in developed countries. While chronic pain is defined as “a persistent complaint of pain lasting for more than the usual period for recovery,” recently accumulated lines of evidence based on human brain imaging have revealed that chronic pain is not simply a sustained state of nociception, but rather an allostatic state established through gradually progressing plastic changes in the central nervous system. To visualize the brain activity associated with spontaneously occurring pain during the shift from acute to chronic pain under anesthetic-free conditions, we used manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) with a 9.4-T scanner to visualize neural activity-dependent accumulation of manganese in the brains of mice with hind paw inflammation. Time-differential analysis between 2- and 6-h after formalin injection to the left hind paw revealed a significantly increased MEMRI signal in various brain areas, including the right insular cortex, right nucleus accumbens, right globus pallidus, bilateral caudate putamen, right primary/secondary somatosensory cortex, bilateral thalamus, right amygdala, bilateral substantial nigra, and left ventral tegmental area. To analyze the role of the right amygdala in these post-formalin MEMRI signals, we repeatedly inhibited right amygdala neurons during this 2–6-h period using the “designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs” (DREADD) technique. Pharmacological activation of inhibitory DREADDs expressed in the right amygdala significantly attenuated MEMRI signals in the bilateral infralimbic cortex, bilateral nucleus accumbens, bilateral caudate putamen, right globus pallidus, bilateral ventral tegmental area, and bilateral substantia nigra, suggesting that the inflammatory pain-associated activation of these structures depends on the activity of the right amygdala and DREADD-expressing adjacent structures. In summary, the combined use of DREADD and MEMRI is a promising approach for revealing regions associated with spontaneous pain-associated brain activities and their causal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Arimura
- Department of Neuroscience, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience of Pain, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Shinohara
- Department of Neuroscience, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience of Pain, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience of Pain, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yae K Sugimura
- Department of Neuroscience, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience of Pain, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Sugimoto
- Department of Neuroscience, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience of Pain, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tsurugizawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience of Pain, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,NeuroSpin, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Keishi Marumo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience of Pain, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fusao Kato
- Department of Neuroscience, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience of Pain, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Optogenetics in Brain Research: From a Strategy to Investigate Physiological Function to a Therapeutic Tool. PHOTONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics6030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dissecting the functional roles of neuronal circuits and their interaction is a crucial step in basic neuroscience and in all the biomedical field. Optogenetics is well-suited to this purpose since it allows us to study the functionality of neuronal networks on multiple scales in living organisms. This tool was recently used in a plethora of studies to investigate physiological neuronal circuit function in addition to dysfunctional or pathological conditions. Moreover, optogenetics is emerging as a crucial technique to develop new rehabilitative and therapeutic strategies for many neurodegenerative diseases in pre-clinical models. In this review, we discuss recent applications of optogenetics, starting from fundamental research to pre-clinical applications. Firstly, we described the fundamental components of optogenetics, from light-activated proteins to light delivery systems. Secondly, we showed its applications to study neuronal circuits in physiological or pathological conditions at the cortical and subcortical level, in vivo. Furthermore, the interesting findings achieved using optogenetics as a therapeutic and rehabilitative tool highlighted the potential of this technique for understanding and treating neurological diseases in pre-clinical models. Finally, we showed encouraging results recently obtained by applying optogenetics in human neuronal cells in-vitro.
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14
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Ding L, Satish S, Zhou C, Gallagher MJ. Cortical activation in generalized seizures. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1932-1941. [PMID: 31368118 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with generalized epilepsy exhibit different epileptiform events including asymptomatic interictal spikes (IS), absence seizures with spike-wave discharges (SWDs), and myoclonic seizures (MS). Our objective was to determine the spatiotemporal patterns of cortical activation in SWDs, IS, and MS in the Gabra1+/A322D juvenile myoclonic epilepsy mouse. METHODS We fabricated affordable, flexible high-density electroencephalography (HdEEG) arrays and recorded spontaneous SWD, IS, and MS with video/HdEEG. We determined differences among the events in amplitude spectral density (ASD) in the δ/θ/α/β/γ frequency bands at baseline (3.5-4.0 seconds before the first spike time, t0 ) and the prespike period (0.1-0.5 seconds before t0 ), and we elucidated the spatiotemporal activation during the t0 spike. RESULTS All three events had an increase in ASD between baseline and prespike in at least one frequency band. During prespike, MS had the largest δ-band ASD, but SWD had the greatest α/β/γ band ASD. For all three events, the ASD was largest in the anterior regions. The t0 spike voltage was also greatest in the anterior regions for all three events and IS and MS had larger voltages than SWD. From 7.5 to 17.5 msec after t0 , MS had greater voltage than IS and SWD, and maximal voltage was in the posterior parietal region. SIGNIFICANCE Changes in spectral density from baseline to prespike indicate that none of these generalized events are instantaneous or entirely unpredictable. Prominent engagement of anterior cortical regions during prespike and at t0 suggest that common anterior neural circuits participate in each event. Differences in prespike ASD signify that although the events may engage similar brain regions, they may arise from distinct proictal states with different neuronal activity or connectivity. Prolonged activation of the posterior parietal area in MS suggests that posterior circuits contribute to the myoclonic jerk. Together, these findings identify brain regions and processes that could be specifically targeted for further recording and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sanjana Satish
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chengwen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Martin J Gallagher
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Differential Changes in the Lateralized Activity of Identified Projection Neurons of Motor Cortex in Hemiparkinsonian Rats. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0110-19.2019. [PMID: 31235466 PMCID: PMC6620387 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0110-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the parkinsonian state, the motor cortex and basal ganglia (BG) undergo dynamic remodeling of movement representation. One such change is the loss of the normal contralateral lateralized activity pattern. The increase in the number of movement-related neurons responding to ipsilateral or bilateral limb movements may cause motor problems, including impaired balance, reduced bimanual coordination, and abnormal mirror movements. However, it remains unknown how individual types of motor cortical neurons organize this reconstruction. To explore the effect of dopamine depletion on lateralized activity in the parkinsonian state, we used a partial hemiparkinsonian model [6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion] in Long–Evans rats performing unilateral movements in a right–left pedal task, while recording from primary (M1) and secondary motor cortex (M2). The lesion decreased contralateral preferred activity in both M1 and M2. In addition, this change differed among identified intratelencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) cortical projection neurons, depending on the cortical area. We detected a decrease in lateralized activity only in PT neurons in M1, whereas in M2, this change was observed in IT neurons, with no change in the PT population. Our results suggest a differential effect of dopamine depletion in the lateralized activity of the motor cortex, and suggest possible compensatory changes in the contralateral hemisphere.
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