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Fujiyama F, Karube F. Pre- and Postembedding Immunoelectron Microscopy to Analyze the Central Nervous System. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2794:45-62. [PMID: 38630219 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3810-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Immunocytochemistry, a method of delineating the subcellular localization of target proteins, was developed from immunohistochemistry. In principle, proteins are labeled using an antigen-antibody reaction. In order to observe under an electron microscope, the reaction product must scatter the electron beam with sufficient contrast while it is necessary to have an amplifying label that can withstand the observation. We have some detailed tips on making electron microscope samples to achieve this objective, and we would be happy to help you.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Kadosaka T, Watanabe M, Natsui H, Koizumi T, Nakao M, Koya T, Hagiwara H, Kamada R, Temma T, Karube F, Fujiyama F, Anzai T. Empagliflozin attenuates arrhythmogenesis in diabetic cardiomyopathy by normalizing intracellular Ca 2+ handling in ventricular cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H341-H354. [PMID: 36607794 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00391.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been reported to increase the risk of fatal ventricular arrhythmia. The beneficial effects of the selective sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor have not been fully examined in the context of antiarrhythmic therapy, especially its direct cardioprotective effects despite the negligible SGLT2 expression in cardiomyocytes. We aimed to examine the antiarrhythmic effects of empagliflozin (EMPA) treatment on diabetic cardiomyocytes, with a special focus on Ca2+ handling. We conducted echocardiography and hemodynamic studies and studied electrophysiology, Ca2+ handling, and protein expression in C57BLKS/J-leprdb/db mice (db/db mice) and their nondiabetic lean heterozygous Leprdb/+ littermates (db/+ mice). Preserved systolic function with diastolic dysfunction was observed in 16-wk-old db/db mice. During arrhythmia induction, db/db mice had significantly increased premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) than controls, which was attenuated by EMPA. In protein expression analyses, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) Thr287 autophosphorylation and CaMKII-dependent RyR2 phosphorylation (S2814) were significantly increased in diabetic hearts, which were inhibited by EMPA. In addition, global O-GlcNAcylation significantly decreased with EMPA treatment. Furthermore, EMPA significantly inhibited ventricular cardiomyocyte glucose uptake. Diabetic cardiomyocytes exhibited increased spontaneous Ca2+ events and decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content, along with impaired Ca2+ transient, all of which normalized with EMPA treatment. Notably, most EMPA-induced improvements in Ca2+ handling were abolished by the addition of an O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitor. In conclusion, EMPA attenuated ventricular arrhythmia inducibility by normalizing the intracellular Ca2+ handling, and we speculated that this effect was, at least partly, due to the inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation via the suppression of glucose uptake into cardiomyocytes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY SGLT2is are known to improve cardiovascular outcomes regardless of the presence of diabetes and decrease traditional cardiovascular risk factors. We demonstrated, for the first time, that EMPA inhibited PVCs by normalizing Ca2+ handling in diabetic mice. Our data suggest that the effects of SGLT2is on calcium handling may occur because of suppression of O-GlcNAcylation through inhibition of glucose uptake and not because of NHE inhibition, as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Kadosaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaya Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Natsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Koizumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Motoki Nakao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taro Koya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hagiwara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rui Kamada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taro Temma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Anzai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Ogata K, Kadono F, Hirai Y, Inoue KI, Takada M, Karube F, Fujiyama F. Conservation of the Direct and Indirect Pathway Dichotomy in Mouse Caudal Striatum With Uneven Distribution of Dopamine Receptor D1- and D2-Expressing Neurons. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:809446. [PMID: 35185482 PMCID: PMC8854186 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.809446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum is one of the key nuclei for adequate control of voluntary behaviors and reinforcement learning. Two striatal projection neuron types, expressing either dopamine receptor D1 (D1R) or dopamine receptor D2 (D2R) constitute two independent output routes: the direct or indirect pathways, respectively. These pathways co-work in balance to achieve coordinated behavior. Two projection neuron types are equivalently intermingled in most striatal space. However, recent studies revealed two atypical zones in the caudal striatum: the zone in which D1R-neurons are the minor population (D1R-poor zone) and that in which D2R-neurons are the minority (D2R-poor zone). It remains obscure as to whether these imbalanced zones have similar properties on axonal projections and electrophysiology compared to other striatal regions. Based on morphological experiments in mice using immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and neural tracing, here, we revealed that the poor zones densely projected to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars lateralis, with a few collaterals in substantia nigra pars reticulata and compacta. Similar to that in other striatal regions, D1R-neurons were the direct pathway neurons. We also showed that the membrane properties of projection neurons in the poor zones were largely similar to those in the conventional striatum using in vitro electrophysiological recording. In addition, the poor zones existed irrespective of the age or sex of mice. We also identified the poor zones in the common marmoset as well as other rodents. These results suggest that the poor zones in the caudal striatum follow the conventional projection patterns irrespective of the imbalanced distribution of projection neurons. The poor zones could be an innate structure and common in mammals. The unique striatal zones possessing highly restricted projections could relate to functions different from those of motor-related striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Ogata
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Fuko Kadono
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Hirai
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Fuyuki Karube,
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Fumino Fujiyama,
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Soma S, Suematsu N, Sato AY, Tsunoda K, Bramian A, Reddy A, Takabatake K, Karube F, Fujiyama F, Shimegi S. Acetylcholine from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis facilitates the retrieval of well-established memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 183:107484. [PMID: 34175450 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Retrieval deficit of long-term memory is a cardinal symptom of dementia and has been proposed to associate with abnormalities in the central cholinergic system. Difficulty in the retrieval of memory is experienced by healthy individuals and not limited to patients with neurological disorders that result in forgetfulness. The difficulty of retrieving memories is associated with various factors, such as how often the event was experienced or remembered, but it is unclear how the cholinergic system plays a role in the retrieval of memory formed by a daily routine (accumulated experience). To investigate this point, we trained rats moderately (for a week) or extensively (for a month) to detect a visual cue in a two-alternative forced-choice task. First, we confirmed the well-established memory in the extensively trained group was more resistant to the retrieval problem than recently acquired memory in the moderately trained group. Next, we tested the effect of a cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, on the retrieval of memory after a long no-task period in extensively trained rats. Pre-administration of donepezil improved performance and reduced the latency of task initiation compared to the saline-treated group. Finally, we lesioned cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM), which project to the entire neocortex, by injecting the cholinergic toxin 192 IgG-saporin. NBM-lesioned rats showed severely impaired task initiation and performance. These abilities recovered as the trials progressed, though they never reached the level observed in rats with intact NBM. These results suggest that acetylcholine released from the NBM contributes to the retrieval of well-established memory developed by a daily routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Soma
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Naofumi Suematsu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Center for Sciences Towards Symbiosis Among Human, Machine and Data, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Akinori Y Sato
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Allen Bramian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anish Reddy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Koki Takabatake
- College of Arts & Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 619-0225, Japan; Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 619-0225, Japan; Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimegi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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Okamoto S, Yamauchi K, Sohn J, Takahashi M, Ishida Y, Furuta T, Koike M, Fujiyama F, Hioki H. Exclusive labeling of direct and indirect pathway neurons in the mouse neostriatum by an adeno-associated virus vector with Cre/lox system. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100230. [PMID: 33364620 PMCID: PMC7753197 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-based technique to label mouse neostriatal neurons comprising direct and indirect pathways with different fluorescent proteins and analyze their axonal projections. The AAV vector expresses GFP or RFP in the presence or absence of Cre recombinase and should be useful for labeling two cell populations exclusively dependent on its expression. Here, we describe the AAV vector design, stereotaxic injection of the AAV vector, and a highly sensitive immunoperoxidase method for axon visualization. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Okamoto et al. (2020). Exclusive labeling of two groups of neurons with different fluorescent proteins Detailed protocols from stereotaxic virus injection to immunostaining methods A signal enhancement method via peroxidase activity, BT-GO reaction Significant improvement in a signal-to-noise ratio by the cost-effective reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Okamoto
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenta Yamauchi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Jaerin Sohn
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Megumu Takahashi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishida
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takahiro Furuta
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Corresponding author
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Okamoto S, Sohn J, Tanaka T, Takahashi M, Ishida Y, Yamauchi K, Koike M, Fujiyama F, Hioki H. Overlapping Projections of Neighboring Direct and Indirect Pathway Neostriatal Neurons to Globus Pallidus External Segment. iScience 2020; 23:101409. [PMID: 32877648 PMCID: PMC7520896 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect pathway medium-sized spiny neurons (iMSNs) in the neostriatum are well known to project to the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe). Although direct MSNs (dMSNs) also send axon collaterals to the GPe, it remains unclear how dMSNs and iMSNs converge within the GPe. Here, we selectively labeled neighboring dMSNs and iMSNs with green and red fluorescent proteins using an adeno-associated virus vector and examined axonal projections of dMSNs and iMSNs to the GPe in mice. Both dMSNs and iMSNs formed two axonal arborizations displaying topographical projections in the dorsoventral and mediolateral planes. iMSNs displayed a wider and denser axon distribution, which included that of dMSNs. Density peaks of dMSN and iMSN axons almost overlapped, revealing convergence of dMSN axons in the center of iMSN projection fields. These overlapping projections suggest that dMSNs and iMSNs may work cooperatively via interactions within the GPe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Okamoto
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jaerin Sohn
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takuma Tanaka
- Graduate School of Data Science, Shiga University, 1-1-1 Banba, Hikone, Shiga 522-8522, Japan
| | - Megumu Takahashi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishida
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenta Yamauchi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Hashimotodani Y, Karube F, Yanagawa Y, Fujiyama F, Kano M. Supramammillary Nucleus Afferents to the Dentate Gyrus Co-release Glutamate and GABA and Potentiate Granule Cell Output. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2704-2715.e4. [PMID: 30517859 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The supramammillary nucleus (SuM) of the hypothalamus projects to the dentate gyrus (DG) and the CA2 region of the hippocampus. Although the SuM-to-hippocampus circuits have been implicated in spatial and emotional memory formation, little is known about precise neural connections between the SuM and hippocampus. Here, we report that axons of SuM neurons make monosynaptic connections to granule cells (GCs) and GABAergic interneurons, but not to hilar mossy cells, in the DG and co-release glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at these synapses. Although inputs from the SuM can excite some interneurons, the inputs alone fail to generate spikes in GCs. However, despite the insufficient excitatory drive and GABAergic co-transmission, SuM inputs have net excitatory effects on GCs and can potentiate GC firing when temporally associated with perforant path inputs. Our results indicate that the SuM influences DG information processing by modulating GC outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hashimotodani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Synaptic Function, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Karube F, Takahashi S, Kobayashi K, Fujiyama F. Motor cortex can directly drive the globus pallidus neurons in a projection neuron type-dependent manner in the rat. eLife 2019; 8:49511. [PMID: 31711567 PMCID: PMC6863630 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are critical for the control of motor behaviors and for reinforcement learning. Here, we demonstrate in rats that primary and secondary motor areas (M1 and M2) make functional synaptic connections in the globus pallidus (GP), not usually thought of as an input site of the basal ganglia. Morphological observation revealed that the density of axonal boutons from motor cortices in the GP was 47% and 78% of that in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) from M1 and M2, respectively. Cortical excitation of GP neurons was comparable to that of STN neurons in slice preparations. FoxP2-expressing arkypallidal neurons were preferentially innervated by the motor cortex. The connection probability of cortico-pallidal innervation was higher for M2 than M1. These results suggest that cortico-pallidal innervation is an additional excitatory input to the basal ganglia, and that it can affect behaviors via the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus motor loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Susumu Takahashi
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan.,Laboratory of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
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Fujiyama F, Unzai T, Karube F. Thalamostriatal projections and striosome-matrix compartments. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:67-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Matsuda W, Noguchi S, Fujiyama F. Pseudotumor cerebri and lung cancer-associated jugular vein thrombosis: Role of anatomical variations of torcular herophili. eNeurologicalSci 2018; 13:18-20. [PMID: 30450429 PMCID: PMC6222035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 71-year-old male appeared at the facility complaining of disturbance of consciousness and bilateral papilledema. The laboratory test revealed anemia and coagulation abnormality. A physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with and without gadolinium showed no abnormalities. A lumbar puncture showed a high pressure, but a normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell count. Cerebral angiography showed no morphological abnormalities, but it revealed an asymmetric right dominant type of confluence of the sinuses with the partially-communicating left transverse sinus in the late phase. Furthermore, there was a delay in the cerebral circulation time (CCT). Subsequently, venography and ultrasonography revealed right internal jugular vein thrombosis associated with lung cancer. The patient recovered from the disturbance of consciousness immediately after an emergency ventriculoperitoneal shunt and anticoagulation therapy. This case was diagnosed as secondary pseudotumor cerebri (PTC). In order to facilitate the early detection of secondary PTC, it is important to take note of symptoms of intracranial hypertension with no remarkable intracranial lesions and to consider the possibility of PTC, especially in the patients with high risk factors for coagulopathy including lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakoto Matsuda
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Satte General Hospital, Japan1Relocated and renamed Shin-Kuki General Hospital, Apr., 2016
| | - Shozo Noguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Satte General Hospital, Japan1Relocated and renamed Shin-Kuki General Hospital, Apr., 2016
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Japan
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Unzai T, Kuramoto E, Kaneko T, Fujiyama F. Quantitative Analyses of the Projection of Individual Neurons from the Midline Thalamic Nuclei to the Striosome and Matrix Compartments of the Rat Striatum. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1164-1181. [PMID: 26672610 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental organizing principle of the striatum is the striosome/matrix system that is defined by inputs/outputs and neurochemical markers. The thalamostriatal projection is highly heterogeneous originating in many subnuclei of the thalamus including the midline (ML) and intralaminar (IL) nuclei. We examined the dendritic morphology and axonal trajectory of 15 ML and 11 IL neurons by single-neuron labeling with viral vectors in combination with mu-opioid receptor immunostaining in rat brains. Dendritic and axonal morphology defined ML neurons as type II cells consisting of at least two subclasses according to the presence or absence of striatal axon collaterals. In the striatum, ML neurons preferentially innervated striosomes, whereas parafascicular neurons preferentially innervated the matrix. Almost all single thalamostriatal neurons favoring striosome or matrix compartments also innervated the cerebral cortical areas that supplied cortical input to the same striatal compartment. We thus revealed that thalamostriatal projections are highly organized 1) by the similarity in morphological characteristics and 2) their preference for the striatal compartments and cortical areas. These findings demonstrate that the functional properties of striatal compartments are influenced by both their cortical and thalamic afferents presumably with a different time latency and support selective dynamics for the striosome and matrix compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Unzai
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 619-0394, Japan.,Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Eriko Kuramoto
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 619-0394, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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12
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Nakano Y, Karube F, Hirai Y, Kobayashi K, Hioki H, Okamoto S, Kameda H, Fujiyama F. Parvalbumin-producing striatal interneurons receive excitatory inputs onto proximal dendrites from the motor thalamus in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1186-1207. [PMID: 29314192 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, the dorsolateral striatum regulates voluntary movement by integrating excitatory inputs from the motor-related cerebral cortex and thalamus to produce contingent inhibitory output to other basal ganglia nuclei. Striatal parvalbumin (PV)-producing interneurons receiving this excitatory input then inhibit medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and modify their outputs. To understand basal ganglia function in motor control, it is important to reveal the precise synaptic organization of motor-related cortical and thalamic inputs to striatal PV interneurons. To examine which domains of the PV neurons receive these excitatory inputs, we used male bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice expressing somatodendritic membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein in PV neurons. An anterograde tracing study with the adeno-associated virus vector combined with immunodetection of pre- and postsynaptic markers visualized the distribution of the excitatory appositions on PV dendrites. Statistical analysis revealed that the density of thalamostriatal appositions along the dendrites was significantly higher on the proximal than distal dendrites. In contrast, there was no positional preference in the density of appositions from axons of the dorsofrontal cortex. Population observations of thalamostriatal and corticostriatal appositions by immunohistochemistry for pathway-specific vesicular glutamate transporters confirmed that thalamic inputs preferentially, and cortical ones less preferentially, made apposition on proximal dendrites of PV neurons. This axodendritic organization suggests that PV neurons produce fast and reliable inhibition of MSNs in response to thalamic inputs and process excitatory inputs from motor cortices locally and plastically, possibly together with other GABAergic and dopaminergic dendritic inputs, to modulate MSN inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutake Nakano
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Hirai
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kameda
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
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13
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Karube F, Fujiyama F. Morphological and electrophysiological evaluation of cortico-pallidal pathway in rodent. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Nonomura S, Fujiwara-Tsukamoto Y, Kajihara T, Fujiyama F, Isomura Y. Continuous membrane potential fluctuations in motor cortex and striatum neurons during voluntary forelimb movements and pauses. Neurosci Res 2017; 120:53-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Mizutani K, Takahashi S, Okamoto S, Karube F, Fujiyama F. Substance P effects exclusively on prototypic neurons in mouse globus pallidus. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:4089-4110. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Oh YM, Karube F, Takahashi S, Kobayashi K, Takada M, Uchigashima M, Watanabe M, Nishizawa K, Kobayashi K, Fujiyama F. Using a novel PV-Cre rat model to characterize pallidonigral cells and their terminations. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:2359-2378. [PMID: 27995326 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we generated a novel parvalbumin (PV)-Cre rat model and conducted detailed morphological and electrophysiological investigations of axons from PV neurons in globus pallidus (GP). The GP is considered as a relay nucleus in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia (BG). Previous studies have used molecular profiling and projection patterns to demonstrate cellular heterogeneity in the GP; for example, PV-expressing neurons are known to comprise approximately 50% of GP neurons and represent majority of prototypic neurons that project to the subthalamic nucleus and/or output nuclei of BG, entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra (SN). The present study aimed to identify the characteristic projection patterns of PV neurons in the GP (PV-GP neurons) and determine whether these neurons target dopaminergic or GABAergic neurons in SN pars compacta (SNc) or reticulata (SNr), respectively. We initially found that (1) 57% of PV neurons co-expressed Lim-homeobox 6, (2) the PV-GP terminals were preferentially distributed in the ventral part of dorsal tier of SNc, (3) PV-GP neurons formed basket-like appositions with the somata of tyrosine hydroxylase, PV, calretinin and cholecystokinin immunoreactive neurons in the SN, and (4) in vitro whole-cell recording during optogenetic photo-stimulation of PV-GP terminals in SNc demonstrated that PV-GP neurons strongly inhibited dopamine neurons via GABAA receptors. These results suggest that dopamine neurons receive direct focal inputs from PV-GP prototypic neurons. The identification of high-contrast inhibitory systems on dopamine neurons might represent a key step toward understanding the BG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Mi Oh
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Susumu Takahashi
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Motokazu Uchigashima
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kayo Nishizawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan.
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Yaginuma H, Matsumura G, Satoh YI, Iino S, Tsuruo Y, Owada Y, Fujiyama F, Amitzuka N. Results of Questionnaire Survey on Gross Anatomy Education (March 2014). Kaibogaku Zasshi 2016; 91:33-40. [PMID: 30290086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand the current situation of gross anatomy education anatomy classes. Regarding the influence of increased enrollment and to promote sharing of information on its improvement, we capacity in medical schools, many respondents were worried about conducted a questionnaire survey on gross anatomy education the impact on research activities due to the increase in teaching in September 2013. In most medical and dental schools, gross workload without expanding in teaching staff. In some schools, anatomy courses were offered to second-year students. The owing to the limitations of the facilities or the number of donated average numbers of gross anatomy practices were 34.6 in medical bodies, the number of students per cadaver had to be increased. schools and 27.4 in dental schools. The average total hours of We received various effective and practical measures for the practice in the curriculum was 125 in medical schools, and 97 improvement of gross anatomy education, such as improvement in dental schools. However, in about 80% of total schools, the of teaching materials and dissection methods, introduction of length of the actual gross anatomy practice was considerably lectures on clinical anatomy by clinicians, and implementation longer, because the students could not finish the work within of the second-round gross anatomy practice in the upper grades. the allotted class time. As to the effect of curriculum reform in Many respondents emphasized both the need for a training system respond to the introduction of the accreditation of medical and for young teaching staff, and the importance of opportunities for dental education programs, many respondents answered that sharing information on education. they had a minimal effect except earlier commencement of gross.
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Fujiyama F. [Morphological Re-evaluation of the Basal Ganglia Network]. Brain Nerve 2016; 68:861-864. [PMID: 27395470 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416200519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiological studies in monkeys have shown that dopaminergic neurons respond to the reward prediction error. In addition, striatal neurons alter their responsiveness to cortical or thalamic inputs in response to dopamine signals, via dopamine-regulated synaptic plasticity. These findings have led to the hypothesis that the striatum exhibits synaptic plasticity under the influence of reward prediction error and conducts reinforcement learning throughout the basal ganglia circuits. The reinforcement learning model is useful; however, the mechanism by which such a process emerges in the basal ganglia needs to be anatomically explained. The actor-critic model has been previously proposed and extended by the existence of role sharing within the striatum, with particular focus on the striosome and matrix compartments. However, this hypothesis has been difficult to confirm morphologically, partly because of the complex structure of the striosome and matrix compartments. Here, we review recent morphological studies that elucidate the input/output organization of the striatal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University
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19
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Yamada K, Takahashi S, Karube F, Fujiyama F, Kobayashi K, Nishi A, Momiyama T. Neuronal circuits and physiological roles of the basal ganglia in terms of transmitters, receptors and related disorders. J Physiol Sci 2016; 66:435-446. [PMID: 26979514 PMCID: PMC5045844 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The authors have reviewed recent research advances in basal ganglia circuitry and function, as well as in related disorders from multidisciplinary perspectives derived from the results of morphological, electrophysiological, behavioral, biochemical and molecular biological studies. Based on their expertise in their respective fields, as denoted in the text, the authors discuss five distinct research topics, as follows: (1) area-specific dopamine receptor expression of astrocytes in basal ganglia, (2) the role of physiologically released dopamine in the striatum, (3) control of behavioral flexibility by striatal cholinergic interneurons, (4) regulation of phosphorylation states of DARPP-32 by protein phosphatases and (5) physiological perspective on deep brain stimulation with optogenetics and closed-loop control for ameliorating parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Yamada
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Susumu Takahashi
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Momiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishi-Shinbashi Campus, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
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Fujiyama F, Nakano T, Matsuda W, Furuta T, Udagawa J, Kaneko T. A single-neuron tracing study of arkypallidal and prototypic neurons in healthy rats. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4733-4740. [PMID: 26642797 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The external globus pallidus (GP) is known as a relay nucleus of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Recent studies in dopamine-depleted and healthy rats indicate that the GP comprises two main types of pallidofugal neurons: the so-called "prototypic" and "arkypallidal" neurons. However, the reconstruction of complete arkypallidal neurons in healthy rats has not been reported. Here we visualized the entire axonal arborization of four single arkypallidal neurons and six single prototypic neurons in rat brain using labeling with a viral vector expressing membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein and examined the distribution of axon boutons in the target nuclei. Results revealed that not only the arkypallidal neurons but nearly all of the prototypic neurons projected to the striatum with numerous axon varicosities. Thus, the striatum is a major target nucleus for pallidal neurons. Arkypallidal and prototypic GP neurons located in the calbindin-positive and calbindin-negative regions mainly projected to the corresponding positive and negative regions in the striatum. Because the GP and striatum calbindin staining patterns reflect the topographic organization of the striatopallidal projection, the striatal neurons in the sensorimotor and associative regions constitute the reciprocal connection with the GP neurons in the corresponding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 619-0394, Japan.
- CREST, JST, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, 520-2121, Japan
| | - Wakoto Matsuda
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Furuta
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Udagawa
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, 520-2121, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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Fujiyama F, Takahashi S, Karube F. Morphological elucidation of basal ganglia circuits contributing reward prediction. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:6. [PMID: 25698913 PMCID: PMC4318281 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological studies in monkeys have shown that dopaminergic neurons respond to the reward prediction error. In addition, striatal neurons alter their responsiveness to cortical or thalamic inputs in response to the dopamine signal, via the mechanism of dopamine-regulated synaptic plasticity. These findings have led to the hypothesis that the striatum exhibits synaptic plasticity under the influence of the reward prediction error and conduct reinforcement learning throughout the basal ganglia circuits. The reinforcement learning model is useful; however, the mechanism by which such a process emerges in the basal ganglia needs to be anatomically explained. The actor–critic model has been previously proposed and extended by the existence of role sharing within the striatum, focusing on the striosome/matrix compartments. However, this hypothesis has been difficult to confirm morphologically, partly because of the complex structure of the striosome/matrix compartments. Here, we review recent morphological studies that elucidate the input/output organization of the striatal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University Kyoto, Japan ; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Takahashi
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University Kyoto, Japan
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Koshimizu Y, Fujiyama F, Nakamura KC, Furuta T, Kaneko T. Quantitative analysis of axon bouton distribution of subthalamic nucleus neurons in the rat by single neuron visualization with a viral vector. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:2125-46. [PMID: 23595816 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the basal ganglia plays a key role in motor control, and STN efferents are known to mainly target the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), entopeduncular nucleus (Ep), and substantia nigra (SN) with some axon collaterals to the other regions. However, it remains to be clarified how each STN neuron projects axon fibers and collaterals to those target nuclei of the STN. Here we visualized the whole axonal arborization of single STN neurons in the rat brain by using a viral vector expressing membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein, and examined the distribution of axon boutons in those target nuclei. The vast majority (8-9) of 10 reconstructed STN neurons projected to the GPe, SN, caudate-putamen (CPu), and Ep, which received, on average ± SD, 457 ± 425, 400 ± 347, 126 ± 143, and 106 ± 100 axon boutons per STN neuron, respectively. Furthermore, the density of axon boutons in the GPe was highest among these nuclei. Although these target nuclei were divided into calbindin-rich and -poor portions, STN projection showed no exclusive preference for those portions. Since STN neurons mainly projected not only to the GPe, SN, and Ep but also to the CPu, the subthalamostriatal projection might serve as a positive feedback path for the striato-GPe-subthalamic disinhibitory pathway, or work as another route of cortical inputs to the striatum through the corticosubthalamostriatal disynaptic excitatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Koshimizu
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Oyama K, Ohara S, Sato S, Karube F, Fujiyama F, Isomura Y, Mushiake H, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. Long-lasting single-neuron labeling by in vivo electroporation without microscopic guidance. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 218:139-47. [PMID: 23769867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to make a direct link between the morphological and functional study of the nervous system, we established an experimental protocol for labeling individual neurons persistently without microscopic guidance by injecting a plasmid encoding fluorescent protein electroporatively after recording their activity extracellularly. Using a glass pipette filled with electrolyte solution containing a plasmid encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), single-neuron recording and electroporation were performed on anesthetized rats. When performing the electroporation at the completion of recording, the degree of contact between the target neuron and the electrode tip was adjusted by monitoring the change of the trace of recorded action potentials and the increase of electrode resistance. The expression of GFP and its immunostaining with a polyclonal antibody enabled us to clearly see the basic structural components such as cell bodies, axons, dendrites, and even smaller components such as spines. Identification of the morphological subtypes of neurons was possible with every labeled neuron. The optimum condition for labeling was a 30% increase of the electrode resistance, and the labeling success rate evaluated 3 days after labeling was 40%. The rate evaluated one month after labeling was only slightly lower (33%). We also confirmed experimentally that this recording and labeling procedure can be similarly successful in head-fixed behaving rats. This new experimental protocol will be a breakthrough in systems neuroscience because it makes a direct link between the morphology and behavior-related activity of single neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Oyama
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Higuchi Y, Okuda K, Nakamura Y, Hayashi A, Hayashi M, Fujiyama F, Yoshida Y, Yamashita Y, Terai Y, Kamegai H, Ohmichi M. Efficacy and safety of bipolar electrode grasping forceps for laparoscopic myomectomy in uterine cervical myoma. Asian J Endosc Surg 2012; 5:126-30. [PMID: 22776684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-5910.2012.00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myomectomy for cervical myoma is problematic because cervical myomas are very close to neighboring structures, such as the ureters, uterine artery, bladder and rectum. There are a few reports on laparoscopic myomectomy for cervical myomas to avoid blood loss, such as occlusion of iliac arteries and clipping of the uterine artery. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of bipolar electrode grasping forceps for laparoscopic myomectomy in uterine cervical myoma. METHODS From November 2006 to May 2009, eight women with uterine cervical myoma underwent laparoscopic myomectomy. We employed electrode grasping forceps with a combination of two tenaculums for separating and securing hemostatsis. RESULTS Seven of eight cases were successfully treated by laparoscopic myomectomy, but one patient, with a large 900-g myoma was converted to the laparotomy as a result of blood loss (1800 mL). Among the other seven cases, the average weight of the myoma was 132 g (range, 16-310 g) and the operating time was 176 min. (range, 125-255 min). No complications occurred. Of the four cases who wanted to become pregnant postoperatively, two became pregnant and delivered by Caesarean section. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that bipolar electrode grasping forceps using two tenaculums for traction of the myoma are useful for laparoscopic myomectomy in cervical myomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Higuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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Kameda H, Hioki H, Tanaka YH, Tanaka T, Sohn J, Sonomura T, Furuta T, Fujiyama F, Kaneko T. Parvalbumin-producing cortical interneurons receive inhibitory inputs on proximal portions and cortical excitatory inputs on distal dendrites. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:838-54. [PMID: 22429243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To examine inputs to parvalbumin (PV)-producing interneurons, we generated transgenic mice expressing somatodendritic membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein specifically in the interneurons, and completely visualized their dendrites and somata. Using immunolabeling for vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT)1, VGluT2, and vesicular GABA transporter, we found that VGluT1-positive terminals made contacts 4- and 3.1-fold more frequently with PV-producing interneurons than VGluT2-positive and GABAergic terminals, respectively, in the primary somatosensory cortex. Even in layer 4, where VGluT2-positive terminals were most densely distributed, VGluT1-positive inputs to PV-producing interneurons were 2.4-fold more frequent than VGluT2-positive inputs. Furthermore, although GABAergic inputs to PV-producing interneurons were as numerous as VGluT2-positive inputs in most cortical layers, GABAergic inputs clearly preferred the proximal dendrites and somata of the interneurons, indicating that the sites of GABAergic inputs were more optimized than those of VGluT2-positive inputs. Simulation analysis with a PV-producing interneuron model compatible with the present morphological data revealed a plausible reason for this observation, by showing that GABAergic and glutamatergic postsynaptic potentials evoked by inputs to distal dendrites were attenuated to 60 and 87%, respectively, of those evoked by somatic inputs. As VGluT1-positive and VGluT2-positive axon terminals were presumed to be cortical and thalamic glutamatergic inputs, respectively, cortical excitatory inputs to PV-producing interneurons outnumbered the thalamic excitatory and intrinsic inhibitory inputs more than two-fold in any cortical layer. Although thalamic inputs are known to evoke about two-fold larger unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials than cortical ones, the present results suggest that cortical inputs control PV-producing interneurons at least as strongly as thalamic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kameda
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Ohno S, Kuramoto E, Furuta T, Hioki H, Tanaka YR, Fujiyama F, Sonomura T, Uemura M, Sugiyama K, Kaneko T. A Morphological Analysis of Thalamocortical Axon Fibers of Rat Posterior Thalamic Nuclei: A Single Neuron Tracing Study with Viral Vectors. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:2840-57. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tanaka YH, Tanaka YR, Fujiyama F, Furuta T, Yanagawa Y, Kaneko T. Local connections of layer 5 GABAergic interneurons to corticospinal neurons. Front Neural Circuits 2011; 5:12. [PMID: 21994491 PMCID: PMC3182329 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2011.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the local circuit of the cerebral cortex, GABAergic inhibitory interneurons are considered to work in collaboration with excitatory neurons. Although many interneuron subgroups have been described in the cortex, local inhibitory connections of each interneuron subgroup are only partially understood with respect to the functional neuron groups that receive these inhibitory connections. In the present study, we morphologically examined local inhibitory inputs to corticospinal neurons (CSNs) in motor areas using transgenic rats in which GABAergic neurons expressed fluorescent protein Venus. By analysis of biocytin-filled axons obtained with whole-cell recording/staining in cortical slices, we classified fast-spiking (FS) neurons in layer (L) 5 into two types, FS1 and FS2, by their high and low densities of axonal arborization, respectively. We then investigated the connections of FS1, FS2, somatostatin (SOM)-immunopositive, and other (non-FS/non-SOM) interneurons to CSNs that were retrogradely labeled in motor areas. When close appositions between the axon boutons of the intracellularly labeled interneurons and the somata/dendrites of the retrogradely labeled CSNs were examined electron-microscopically, 74% of these appositions made symmetric synaptic contacts. The axon boutons of single FS1 neurons were two- to fourfold more frequent in appositions to the somata/dendrites of CSNs than those of FS2, SOM, and non-FS/non-SOM neurons. Axosomatic appositions were most frequently formed with axon boutons of FS1 and FS2 neurons (approximately 30%) and least frequently formed with those of SOM neurons (7%). In contrast, SOM neurons most extensively sent axon boutons to the apical dendrites of CSNs. These results might suggest that motor outputs are controlled differentially by the subgroups of L5 GABAergic interneurons in cortical motor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo H Tanaka
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
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Koshimizu Y, Fujiyama F, Furuta T, Nakamura KC, Kaneko T. Single subthalamic neurons target the striatum in rat: Complete visualization with a viral vector. Neurosci Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kuramoto E, Ohno S, Fujiyama F, Furuta T, Unzai T, Hioki H, Tanaka Y, Kaneko T. Single-neuron tracing study of thalamocortical projections arising from the rat ventral medial nucleus by using viral vectors. Neurosci Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fujiyama F, Nakano T, Furuta T, Kuramoto E, Hirai D, Kaneko T. Two types of rat pallidofugal projection system revealed by single-neuron tracing study with a viral vector. Neurosci Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hioki H, Konno M, Okamoto S, Kameda H, Kuramoto E, Fujiyama F, Kaneko T. Immunohistochemical analysis of neocortical inhibitory inputs to PV-expressing neurons with BAC transgenic mice. Neurosci Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Sonomura T, Furuta T, Unzai T, Matsuda W, Iwai H, Fujiyama F, Uemura M, Kaneko T. Attempt of quantitative analysis of morphological synaptic connectivity by combining focused ion beam milling and scanning electron microscopy (FIB–SEM) and confocal laser-scanning microscope. Neurosci Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fujiyama F, Sohn J, Nakano T, Furuta T, Nakamura KC, Matsuda W, Kaneko T. Exclusive and common targets of neostriatofugal projections of rat striosome neurons: a single neuron-tracing study using a viral vector. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:668-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kuramoto E, Fujiyama F, Nakamura KC, Tanaka Y, Hioki H, Kaneko T. Complementary distribution of glutamatergic cerebellar and GABAergic basal ganglia afferents to the rat motor thalamic nuclei. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 33:95-109. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Ohno S, Kuramoto E, Fujiyama F, Furuta T, Hioki H, Tanaka Y, Sonomura T, Sugiyama K, Kaneko T. A morphological analysis of thalamocortical neurons in rat posterior nuclei by single neuron labeling with viral vectors. Neurosci Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Koshimizu Y, Furuta T, Hioki H, Nakamura K, Fujiyama F, Kaneko T. A single-neuron analysis of rat subthalamic nucleus: Complete visualization with a viral vector. Neurosci Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hioki H, Nakamura H, Ma YF, Konno M, Hayakawa T, Nakamura KC, Fujiyama F, Kaneko T. Vesicular glutamate transporter 3-expressing nonserotonergic projection neurons constitute a subregion in the rat midbrain raphe nuclei. J Comp Neurol 2009; 518:668-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fujiyama F. [Anatomical connections of the basal ganglia]. Brain Nerve 2009; 61:341-349. [PMID: 19378803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The basal ganglia consist of the striatum, which includes the caudate-putamen and the core of the nucleus accumbens, the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), the subthalamic nucleus, the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), and the substantia nigra (SN). The major input to the basal ganglia is glutamatergic striatopetal projections from nearly all areas of the neocortex and the intralaminar and midline nuclei. The striatofugal projection neurons are divided into 2 groups; one includes neurons projecting to the SN and GPi, and the other includes those projecting to the GPe. The former neurons are called 'direct pathway' neurons in the basal ganglia circuit, since they directly extend their axons to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, i.e. pars reticulata of the SN (SNr) and GPi. On the other hand, the latter striato-GPe neurons are called 'indirect pathway' neurons and contain striato-GPe, GPe-subthalamic, and subthalamo-GPi/SNr projections. The output of the basal ganglia is the projection of GABAergic neurons in the GPe and SNr. In addition to the 2 segregated striatofugal groups, the neostriatum possesses a mosaic organization composed of patch and matrix compartments. The patch compartment occupies 10-15% of the neostriatal volume and is characterized by its projection to the pars compacta of the SN (SNc). The basal ganglia output targets the thalamic nuclei, which are part of cortico-basal ganglia circuits, the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus, and the pedunculopontine nucleus. The basal ganglia possess not only the topographic organization that provides parallel and functionally defined loops but also the divergence and convergence connections, which may reflect the organizational features of the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumino Fujiyama
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Koshimizu Y, Wu SX, Unzai T, Hioki H, Sonomura T, Nakamura KC, Fujiyama F, Kaneko T. Paucity of enkephalin production in neostriatal striosomal neurons: analysis with preproenkephalin-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 28:2053-64. [PMID: 19046386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whether or not the striosome compartment of the neostriatum contained preproenkephalin (PPE)-expressing neurons remained unresolved. To address this question by developing a sensitive detection method, we generated transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the specific transcriptional control of the PPE gene. Eight transgenic lines were established, and three of them showed GFP expression which was distributed in agreement with the reported localization of PPE mRNA in the central nervous system. Furthermore, in the matrix compartment of the neostriatum of the three lines, intense GFP immunoreactivity was densely distributed in the neuronal cell bodies and neuropil, and matrix neurons displayed > 94% co-localization for GFP and PPE immunoreactivities. In sharp contrast, GFP immunoreactivity was very weak in the striosome compartment, which was characterized by intense immunoreactivity for mu-opioid receptors (MOR). Although neostriatal neurons were divided into GFP-immunopositive and -negative groups in both the striosome and matrix compartments, GFP immunoreactivity of cell bodies was much weaker (~1/5) in GFP-positive striosomal neurons than in GFP-positive matrix neurons. A similar reciprocal organization of PPE and MOR expression was also suggested in the ventral striatum, because GFP immunoreactivity was weaker in intensely MOR-immunopositive regions than in the surrounding MOR-negative regions. As PPE-derived peptides are endogenous ligands for MOR in the neostriatum and few axon collaterals of matrix neurons enter the striosome compartment, the present results raised the question of the target of those peptides produced abundantly by matrix neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Koshimizu
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Ide Y, Fujiyama F, Okamoto-Furuta K, Tamamaki N, Kaneko T, Hisatsune T. Rapid integration of young newborn dentate gyrus granule cells in the adult hippocampal circuitry. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 28:2381-92. [PMID: 19087169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Newborn dentate gyrus granule cells (DGCs) are integrated into the hippocampal circuitry and contribute to the cognitive functions of learning and memory. The dendritic maturation of newborn DGCs in adult mice occurs by the first 3-4 weeks, but DGCs seem to receive a variety of neural inputs at both their dendrites and soma even shortly after their birth. However, few studies on the axonal maturation of newborn DGCs have focused on synaptic structure. Here, we investigated the potentiality of output and input in newborn DGCs, especially in the early period after terminal mitosis. We labeled nestin-positive progenitor cells by injecting GFP Cre-reporter adenovirus into Nestin-Cre mice, enabling us to trace the development of progenitor cells by their GFP expression. In addition to GABAergic input from interneurons, we observed that the young DGCs received axosomatic input from the medial septum as early as postinfection day 7 (PID 7). To evaluate the axonal maturation of the newborn DGCs compared with mature DCGs, we performed confocal and electron microscopic analyses. We observed that newborn DGCs projected their mossy fibers to the CA3 region, forming small terminals on hilar or CA3 interneurons and large boutons on CA3 pyramidal cells. These terminals expressed vesicular glutamate transporter 1, indicating they were glutamatergic terminals. Intriguingly, the terminals at PID 7 had already formed asymmetric synapses, similar to those of mature DGCs. Together, our findings suggest that newborn DGCs may form excitatory synapses on both interneurons and CA3 pyramidal cells within 7 days of their terminal mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ide
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
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Kuramoto E, Fujiyama F, Hioki H, Kaneko T. Cerebellar and basal ganglia inputs in the rat motor thalamic nuclei. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Matsuda W, Furuta T, Nakamura K, Hioki H, Fujiyama F, Yasuhara O, Kaneko T. Axonal arborization of mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway: a single-cell study. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Tanaka Y, Tanaka Y, Konno M, Fujiyama F, Okamoto-Furuta K, Sonomura T, Kameda H, Hioki H, Furuta T, Nakamura K, Kaneko T. Intra- and juxta-columnar projection of cortical pyramidal neurons to corticothalamic neurons in the rat somatosensory cortex. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Koshimizu Y, Fujiyama F, Nakamura K, Furuta T, Kaneko T. The innervation patterns of single subthalamic neurons in rat. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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Fujiyama F, Kameda H, Kaneko T. Difference between corticostriatal and thalamostriatal afferents to striatal parvalbumin-producing interneuron. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Matsumoto M, Nakagawa T, Kojima K, Sakamoto T, Fujiyama F, Ito J. Potential of embryonic stem cell-derived neurons for synapse formation with auditory hair cells. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:3075-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Nakamura K, Watakabe A, Hioki H, Fujiyama F, Tanaka Y, Yamamori T, Kaneko T. Transiently increased colocalization of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 at single axon terminals during postnatal development of mouse neocortex: a quantitative analysis with correlation coefficient. Eur J Neurosci 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE Although the presence of gamma-aminobutyrate acid (GABA) in amacrine cells and its co-localization with other neuronal substances is well known, there exists only little information about their quantitative distribution in the mouse eye. The aim of the present study was to characterize GABA-ergic amacrine cells in the retina of the recently introduced glutamate decarboxylase 67-green fluorescent protein (GAD67-GFP) knock-in mouse. METHODS Whole mounts of the retina were prepared and the GFP-positive neurons quantified. Immunofluorescence staining was performed with antibodies against GABA, calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), parvalbumin (PV), choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT) 1, VGluT2 and VGluT3. RESULTS Displaced GABA-ergic amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) showed a density of 1006 +/- 170 cells/mm(2). In the inner nuclear layer (INL), the density of amacrine cells was 8821 +/- 448 cells/mm(2) in the central region and 6825 +/- 408 cells/mm(2) in the peripheral region. GFP-positive amacrine cells co-localized with GABA (99%), CR (INL 18%, GCL 71.3%), CB (INL 6.3%), bNOS (INL 1%, GCL 4%), and ChAT (INL 17%, GCL 92.6%). No co-localization was seen with antibodies against PV, TH, and VGluT 1-3. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first quantitative data concerning the co-localization of GABA-ergic neurons in the mouse retina with various neuronal markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Albrecht May
- Department of Anatomy, Carl Gustav Carus Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Nakamura K, Watakabe A, Hioki H, Fujiyama F, Tanaka Y, Yamamori T, Kaneko T. Transiently increased colocalization of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 at single axon terminals during postnatal development of mouse neocortex: a quantitative analysis with correlation coefficient. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 26:3054-67. [PMID: 18028110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) and VGLUT2 show complementary distribution in neocortex; VGLUT1 is expressed mainly in axon terminals of neocortical neurons, whereas VGLUT2 is located chiefly in thalamocortical axon terminals. However, we recently reported a frequent colocalization of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 at a subset of axon terminals in postnatal developing neocortex. We here quantified the frequency of colocalization between VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 immunoreactivities at single axon terminals by using the correlation coefficient (CC) as an indicator in order to determine the time course and spatial extent of the colocalization during postnatal development of mouse neocortex. The colocalization was more frequent in the primary somatosensory (S1) area than in both the primary visual (V1) and the motor areas; of area S1 cortical layers, colocalization was most evident in layer IV barrels at postnatal day (P) 7 and in adulthood. CC in layer IV showed a peak at P7 in area S1, and at P10 in area V1 though the latter peak was much smaller than the former. These results suggest that thalamocortical axon terminals contained not only VGLUT2 but also VGLUT1, especially at P7-10. Double fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed coexpression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 mRNAs at P7 in the somatosensory thalamic nuclei and later in the thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. As VGLUT1 is often used in axon terminals that show synaptic plasticity in adult brain, the present findings suggest that VGLUT1 is used in thalamocortical axons transiently during the postnatal period when plasticity is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Nakamura
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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May CA, Nakamura K, Fujiyama F, Komatsu Y, Yanagawa Y. Homozygous GAD65 and heterozygous GAD67 knock-out mice reveal normal retinal development and maintenance despite reduced amounts of GABA. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 113:101-3. [PMID: 17089133 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-006-0157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Albrecht May
- Department of Anatomy, Carl Gustav Carus Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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