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Su Z, Liu M, Yuan Y, Jiao H. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation selectively affects cortical neurovascular coupling across neuronal types and LFP frequency bands. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad465. [PMID: 38044470 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have affirmed that transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) can influence cortical neurovascular coupling across low-frequency (0-2 Hz)/high-frequency (160-200 Hz) neural oscillations and hemodynamics. Nevertheless, the selectivity of this coupling triggered by transcranial ultrasound stimulation for spike activity (> 300 Hz) and additional frequency bands (4-150 Hz) remains elusive. We applied transcranial ultrasound stimulation to mice visual cortex while simultaneously recording total hemoglobin concentration, spike activity, and local field potentials. Our findings include (1) a significant increase in coupling strength between spike firing rates of putative inhibitory neurons/putative excitatory neurons and total hemoglobin concentration post-transcranial ultrasound stimulation; (2) an ~ 2.1-fold higher Pearson correlation coefficient between putative inhibitory neurons and total hemoglobin concentration compared with putative excitatory neurons and total hemoglobin concentration (*P < 0.05); (3) a notably greater cross-correlation between putative inhibitory neurons and total hemoglobin concentration than that between putative excitatory neurons and total hemoglobin concentration (*P < 0.05); (4) an enhancement of Pearson correlation coefficient between the relative power of γ frequency band (30-80 Hz), hγ frequency band (80-150 Hz) and total hemoglobin concentration following transcranial ultrasound stimulation (*P < 0.05); and (5) strongest cross-correlation observed at negative delay for θ frequency band, and positive delay for α, β, γ, hγ frequency bands. Collectively, these results demonstrate that cortical neurovascular coupling evoked by transcranial ultrasound stimulation exhibits selectivity concerning neuronal types and local field potential frequency bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Su
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Honglei Jiao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
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2
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Zafirova Y, Bognár A, Vogels R. Configuration-sensitive face-body interactions in primate visual cortex. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 232:102545. [PMID: 38042248 PMCID: PMC10788614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the neural processing of faces and bodies is studied separately, although they are encountered together, as parts of an agent. Despite its social importance, it is poorly understood how faces and bodies interact, particularly at the single-neuron level. Here, we examined the interaction between faces and bodies in the macaque inferior temporal (IT) cortex, targeting an fMRI-defined patch. We recorded responses of neurons to monkey images in which the face was in its natural location (natural face-body configuration), or in which the face was mislocated with respect to the upper body (unnatural face-body configuration). On average, the neurons did not respond stronger to the natural face-body configurations compared to the summed responses to their faces and bodies, presented in isolation. However, the neurons responded stronger to the natural compared to the unnatural face-body configurations. This configuration effect was present for face- and monkey-centered images, did not depend on local feature differences between configurations, and was present when the face was replaced by a small object. The face-body interaction rules differed between natural and unnatural configurations. In sum, we show for the first time that single IT neurons process faces and bodies in a configuration-specific manner, preferring natural face-body configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordanka Zafirova
- Laboratorium voor Neuro, en Psychofysiologie, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Bognár
- Laboratorium voor Neuro, en Psychofysiologie, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratorium voor Neuro, en Psychofysiologie, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Claron J, Provansal M, Salardaine Q, Tissier P, Dizeux A, Deffieux T, Picaud S, Tanter M, Arcizet F, Pouget P. Co-variations of cerebral blood volume and single neurons discharge during resting state and visual cognitive tasks in non-human primates. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112369. [PMID: 37043356 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand how the brain allows primates to perform various sets of tasks, the ability to simultaneously record neural activity at multiple spatiotemporal scales is challenging but necessary. However, the contribution of single-unit activities (SUAs) to neurovascular activity remains to be fully understood. Here, we combine functional ultrasound imaging of cerebral blood volume (CBV) and SUA recordings in visual and fronto-medial cortices of behaving macaques. We show that SUA provides a significant estimate of the neurovascular response below the typical fMRI spatial resolution of 2mm3. Furthermore, our results also show that SUAs and CBV activities are statistically uncorrelated during the resting state but correlate during tasks. These results have important implications for interpreting functional imaging findings while one constructs inferences of SUA during resting state or tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Claron
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U1208, Bron, France; Paris Brain Institute, Institut du Cerveau, INSERM 1127, CNRS 7225 Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Quentin Salardaine
- Paris Brain Institute, Institut du Cerveau, INSERM 1127, CNRS 7225 Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Tissier
- Paris Brain Institute, Institut du Cerveau, INSERM 1127, CNRS 7225 Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Dizeux
- Physics for Medicine, ESPCI, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Deffieux
- Physics for Medicine, ESPCI, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- Institut de la Vision, CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Physics for Medicine, ESPCI, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| | - Fabrice Arcizet
- Institut de la Vision, CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Paris Brain Institute, Institut du Cerveau, INSERM 1127, CNRS 7225 Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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4
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Zhang Q, Cramer SR, Turner KL, Neuberger T, Drew PJ, Zhang N. High-frequency neuronal signal better explains multi-phase BOLD response. Neuroimage 2023; 268:119887. [PMID: 36681134 PMCID: PMC9962576 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual stimulation-evoked blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) responses can exhibit more complex temporal dynamics than a simple monophasic response. For instance, BOLD responses sometimes include a phase of positive response followed by a phase of post-stimulus undershoot. Whether the BOLD response during these phases reflects the underlying neuronal signal fluctuations or is contributed by non-neuronal physiological factors remains elusive. When presenting blocks of sustained (i.e. DC) light ON-OFF stimulations to unanesthetized rats, we observed that the response following a decrease in illumination (i.e. OFF stimulation-evoked BOLD response) in the visual cortices displayed reproducible multiple phases, including an initial positive BOLD response, followed by an undershoot and then an overshoot before the next ON trial. This multi-phase BOLD response did not result from the entrainment of the periodic stimulation structure. When we measured the neural correlates of these responses, we found that the high-frequency band from the LFP power (300 - 3000 Hz, multi-unit activity (MUA)), but not the power in the gamma band (30 - 100 Hz) exhibited the same multiphasic dynamics as the BOLD signal. This study suggests that the post-stimulus phases of the BOLD response can be better explained by the high-frequency neuronal signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Samuel R Cramer
- The Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Kevin L Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Thomas Neuberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; The Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Neurosurgery, and Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; The Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
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5
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Ziogas A, Habermeyer E, Santtila P, Poeppl TB, Mokros A. Neuroelectric Correlates of Human Sexuality: A Review and Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:497-596. [PMID: 32016814 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Many reviews on sexual arousal in humans focus on different brain imaging methods and behavioral observations. Although neurotransmission in the brain is mainly performed through electrochemical signals, there are no systematic reviews of the electrophysiological correlates of sexual arousal. We performed a systematic search on this subject and reviewed 255 studies including various electrophysiological methods. Our results show how neuroelectric signals have been used to investigate genital somatotopy as well as basic genital physiology during sexual arousal and how cortical electric signals have been recorded during orgasm. Moreover, experiments on the interactions of cognition and sexual arousal in healthy subjects and in individuals with abnormal sexual preferences were analyzed as well as case studies on sexual disturbances associated with diseases of the nervous system. In addition, 25 studies focusing on brain potentials during the interaction of cognition and sexual arousal were eligible for meta-analysis. The results showed significant effect sizes for specific brain potentials during sexual stimulation (P3: Cohen's d = 1.82, N = 300, LPP: Cohen's d = 2.30, N = 510) with high heterogeneity between the combined studies. Taken together, our review shows how neuroelectric methods can consistently differentiate sexual arousal from other emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Ziogas
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Alleestrasse 61A, 8462, Rheinau, Switzerland.
| | - Elmar Habermeyer
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pekka Santtila
- Department of Arts & Sciences, New York University-Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Timm B Poeppl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mokros
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology, Fern Universität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, Germany
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6
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Khadka N, Bikson M. Neurocapillary-Modulation. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:1299-1311. [PMID: 33340187 PMCID: PMC8213863 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We consider two consequences of brain capillary ultrastructure in neuromodulation. First, blood-brain barrier (BBB) polarization as a consequence of current crossing between interstitial space and the blood. Second, interstitial current flow distortion around capillaries impacting neuronal stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed computational models of BBB ultrastructure morphologies to first assess electric field amplification at the BBB (principle 1) and neuron polarization amplification by the presence of capillaries (principle 2). We adapt neuron cable theory to develop an analytical solution for maximum BBB polarization sensitivity. RESULTS Electrical current crosses between the brain parenchyma (interstitial space) and capillaries, producing BBB electric fields (EBBB) that are >400x of the average parenchyma electric field (ĒBRAIN), which in turn modulates transport across the BBB. Specifically, for a BBB space constant (λBBB) and wall thickness (dth-BBB), the analytical solution for maximal BBB electric field (EABBB) is given as: (ĒBRAIN × λBBB)/dth-BBB. Electrical current in the brain parenchyma is distorted around brain capillaries, amplifying neuronal polarization. Specifically, capillary ultrastructure produces ∼50% modulation of the ĒBRAIN over the ∼40 μm inter-capillary distance. The divergence of EBRAIN (Activating function) is thus ∼100 kV/m2 per unit ĒBRAIN. CONCLUSIONS BBB stimulation by principle 1 suggests novel therapeutic strategies such as boosting metabolic capacity or interstitial fluid clearance. Whereas the spatial profile of EBRAIN is traditionally assumed to depend only on macroscopic anatomy, principle 2 suggests a central role for local capillary ultrastructure-which impact forms of neuromodulation including deep brain stimulation (DBS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)/transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Khadka
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Reliable, Fast and Stable Contrast Response Function Estimation. VISION (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 6:vision6040062. [PMID: 36278674 PMCID: PMC9589942 DOI: 10.3390/vision6040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine stable cortical contrast response functions (CRFs) accurately and repeatedly in the shortest possible experimentation time. The method consisted of searching for experimental temporal aspects (number and duration of trials and number and distribution of contrasts used) with a model based on inhomogeneous Poisson spike trains to varying contrast levels. The set of values providing both short experimental duration and maximizing fit of the CRFs were saved, and then tested on cats' visual cortical neurons. Our analysis revealed that 4 sets of parameters with less or equal to 6 experimental visual contrasts satisfied our premise of obtaining good CRFs' performance in a short recording period, in which the number of trials seems to be the experimental condition that stabilizes the fit.
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8
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Nunez-Elizalde AO, Krumin M, Reddy CB, Montaldo G, Urban A, Harris KD, Carandini M. Neural correlates of blood flow measured by ultrasound. Neuron 2022; 110:1631-1640.e4. [PMID: 35278361 PMCID: PMC9235295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) is an appealing method for measuring blood flow and thus infer brain activity, but it relies on the physiology of neurovascular coupling and requires extensive signal processing. To establish to what degree fUSI trial-by-trial signals reflect neural activity, we performed simultaneous fUSI and neural recordings with Neuropixels probes in awake mice. fUSI signals strongly correlated with the slow (<0.3 Hz) fluctuations in the local firing rate and were closely predicted by the smoothed firing rate of local neurons, particularly putative inhibitory neurons. The optimal smoothing filter had a width of ∼3 s, matched the hemodynamic response function of awake mice, was invariant across mice and stimulus conditions, and was similar in the cortex and hippocampus. fUSI signals also matched neural firing spatially: firing rates were as highly correlated across hemispheres as fUSI signals. Thus, blood flow measured by ultrasound bears a simple and accurate relationship to neuronal firing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Krumin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK
| | - Charu Bai Reddy
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK
| | - Gabriel Montaldo
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan Urban
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenneth D Harris
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK
| | - Matteo Carandini
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK.
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9
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Klink PC, Chen X, Vanduffel V, Roelfsema P. Population receptive fields in non-human primates from whole-brain fMRI and large-scale neurophysiology in visual cortex. eLife 2021; 10:67304. [PMID: 34730515 PMCID: PMC8641953 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Population receptive field (pRF) modeling is a popular fMRI method to map the retinotopic organization of the human brain. While fMRI-based pRF maps are qualitatively similar to invasively recorded single-cell receptive fields in animals, it remains unclear what neuronal signal they represent. We addressed this question in awake nonhuman primates comparing whole-brain fMRI and large-scale neurophysiological recordings in areas V1 and V4 of the visual cortex. We examined the fits of several pRF models based on the fMRI blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal, multi-unit spiking activity (MUA), and local field potential (LFP) power in different frequency bands. We found that pRFs derived from BOLD-fMRI were most similar to MUA-pRFs in V1 and V4, while pRFs based on LFP gamma power also gave a good approximation. fMRI-based pRFs thus reliably reflect neuronal receptive field properties in the primate brain. In addition to our results in V1 and V4, the whole-brain fMRI measurements revealed retinotopic tuning in many other cortical and subcortical areas with a consistent increase in pRF size with increasing eccentricity, as well as a retinotopically specific deactivation of default mode network nodes similar to previous observations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xing Chen
- Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Pieter Roelfsema
- Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Zhang Q, Gheres KW, Drew PJ. Origins of 1/f-like tissue oxygenation fluctuations in the murine cortex. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001298. [PMID: 34264930 PMCID: PMC8282088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentration of oxygen in the brain spontaneously fluctuates, and the distribution of power in these fluctuations has a 1/f-like spectra, where the power present at low frequencies of the power spectrum is orders of magnitude higher than at higher frequencies. Though these oscillations have been interpreted as being driven by neural activity, the origin of these 1/f-like oscillations is not well understood. Here, to gain insight of the origin of the 1/f-like oxygen fluctuations, we investigated the dynamics of tissue oxygenation and neural activity in awake behaving mice. We found that oxygen signal recorded from the cortex of mice had 1/f-like spectra. However, band-limited power in the local field potential did not show corresponding 1/f-like fluctuations. When local neural activity was suppressed, the 1/f-like fluctuations in oxygen concentration persisted. Two-photon measurements of erythrocyte spacing fluctuations and mathematical modeling show that stochastic fluctuations in erythrocyte flow could underlie 1/f-like dynamics in oxygenation. These results suggest that the discrete nature of erythrocytes and their irregular flow, rather than fluctuations in neural activity, could drive 1/f-like fluctuations in tissue oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguang Zhang
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QZ); (PJD)
| | - Kyle W. Gheres
- Graduate Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Drew
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QZ); (PJD)
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11
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Das A, Murphy K, Drew PJ. Rude mechanicals in brain haemodynamics: non-neural actors that influence blood flow. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 376:20190635. [PMID: 33190603 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations in blood oxygenation and flow are widely used to infer brain activity during resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, there are strong systemic and vascular contributions to resting-state signals that are unrelated to ongoing neural activity. Importantly, these non-neural contributions to haemodynamic signals (or 'rude mechanicals') can be as large as or larger than the neurally evoked components. Here, we review the two broad classes of drivers of these signals. One is systemic and is tied to fluctuations in external drivers such as heart rate and breathing, and the robust autoregulatory mechanisms that try to maintain a constant milieu in the brain. The other class comprises local, active fluctuations that appear to be intrinsic to vascular tissue and are likely similar to active local fluctuations seen in vasculature all over the body. In this review, we describe these non-neural fluctuations and some of the tools developed to correct for them when interpreting fMRI recordings. However, we also emphasize the links between these vascular fluctuations and brain physiology and point to ways in which fMRI measurements can be used to exploit such links to gain valuable information about neurovascular health and about internal brain states. This article is part of the theme issue 'Key relationships between non-invasive functional neuroimaging and the underlying neuronal activity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Das
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Neurosurgery, and Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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12
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Drew PJ, Mateo C, Turner KL, Yu X, Kleinfeld D. Ultra-slow Oscillations in fMRI and Resting-State Connectivity: Neuronal and Vascular Contributions and Technical Confounds. Neuron 2020; 107:782-804. [PMID: 32791040 PMCID: PMC7886622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-slow, ∼0.1-Hz variations in the oxygenation level of brain blood are widely used as an fMRI-based surrogate of "resting-state" neuronal activity. The temporal correlations among these fluctuations across the brain are interpreted as "functional connections" for maps and neurological diagnostics. Ultra-slow variations in oxygenation follow a cascade. First, they closely track changes in arteriole diameter. Second, interpretable functional connections arise when the ultra-slow changes in amplitude of γ-band neuronal oscillations, which are shared across even far-flung but synaptically connected brain regions, entrain the ∼0.1-Hz vasomotor oscillation in diameter of local arterioles. Significant confounds to estimates of functional connectivity arise from residual vasomotor activity as well as arteriole dynamics driven by self-generated movements and subcortical common modulatory inputs. Last, methodological limitations of fMRI can lead to spurious functional connections. The neuronal generator of ultra-slow variations in γ-band amplitude, including that associated with self-generated movements, remains an open issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Drew
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Celine Mateo
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin L Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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13
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Morioka H, Calhoun V, Hyvärinen A. Nonlinear ICA of fMRI reveals primitive temporal structures linked to rest, task, and behavioral traits. Neuroimage 2020; 218:116989. [PMID: 32485305 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from whole brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggests that the human brain at rest is functionally organized in a spatially and temporally constrained manner. However, because of their complexity, the fundamental mechanisms underlying time-varying functional networks are still not well understood. Here, we develop a novel nonlinear feature extraction framework called local space-contrastive learning (LSCL), which extracts distinctive nonlinear temporal structure hidden in time series, by training a deep temporal convolutional neural network in an unsupervised, data-driven manner. We demonstrate that LSCL identifies certain distinctive local temporal structures, referred to as temporal primitives, which repeatedly appear at different time points and spatial locations, reflecting dynamic resting-state networks. We also show that these temporal primitives are also present in task-evoked spatiotemporal responses. We further show that the temporal primitives capture unique aspects of behavioral traits such as fluid intelligence and working memory. These results highlight the importance of capturing transient spatiotemporal dynamics within fMRI data and suggest that such temporal primitives may capture fundamental information underlying both spontaneous and task-induced fMRI dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Morioka
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan; ATR Neural Information Analysis Laboratories, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan
| | - Vince Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Aapo Hyvärinen
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inria, CEA, 91120 Palaiseau, France; Department of Computer Science and HIIT, University of Helsinki, 00560 Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Noor MS, Yu L, Murari K, Kiss ZHT. Neurovascular coupling during deep brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:916-927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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15
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Hermes D, Petridou N, Kay KN, Winawer J. An image-computable model for the stimulus selectivity of gamma oscillations. eLife 2019; 8:e47035. [PMID: 31702552 PMCID: PMC6839904 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma oscillations in visual cortex have been hypothesized to be critical for perception, cognition, and information transfer. However, observations of these oscillations in visual cortex vary widely; some studies report little to no stimulus-induced narrowband gamma oscillations, others report oscillations for only some stimuli, and yet others report large oscillations for most stimuli. To better understand this signal, we developed a model that predicts gamma responses for arbitrary images and validated this model on electrocorticography (ECoG) data from human visual cortex. The model computes variance across the outputs of spatially pooled orientation channels, and accurately predicts gamma amplitude across 86 images. Gamma responses were large for a small subset of stimuli, differing dramatically from fMRI and ECoG broadband (non-oscillatory) responses. We propose that gamma oscillations in visual cortex serve as a biomarker of gain control rather than being a fundamental mechanism for communicating visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Hermes
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUMC Utrecht Brain CenterUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Natalia Petridou
- Center for Image SciencesUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Kendrick N Kay
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), Department of RadiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Jonathan Winawer
- Department of PsychologyNew York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Center for Neural ScienceNew York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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16
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Laminar Differences in Responses to Naturalistic Texture in Macaque V1 and V2. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9748-9756. [PMID: 31666355 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1743-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most single units recorded from macaque secondary visual cortex (V2) respond with higher firing rates to synthetic texture images containing "naturalistic" higher-order statistics than to spectrally matched "noise" images lacking these statistics. In contrast, few single units in V1 show this property. We explored how the strength and dynamics of response vary across the different layers of visual cortex by recording multiunit (defined as high-frequency power in the local field potential) and gamma-band activity evoked by brief presentations of naturalistic and noise images in V1 and V2 of anesthetized macaque monkeys of both sexes. As previously reported, recordings in V2 showed consistently stronger responses to naturalistic texture than to spectrally matched noise. In contrast to single-unit recordings, V1 multiunit activity showed a preference for images with naturalistic statistics, and in gamma-band activity this preference was comparable across V1 and V2. Sensitivity to naturalistic image structure was strongest in the supragranular and infragranular layers of V1, but weak in granular layers, suggesting that it might reflect feedback from V2. Response timing was consistent with this idea. Visual responses appeared first in V1, followed by V2. Sensitivity to naturalistic texture emerged first in V2, followed by the supragranular and infragranular layers of V1, and finally in the granular layers of V1. Our results demonstrate laminar differences in the encoding of higher-order statistics of natural texture, and suggest that this sensitivity first arises in V2 and is fed back to modulate activity in V1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The circuit mechanisms responsible for visual representations of intermediate complexity are largely unknown. We used a well validated set of synthetic texture stimuli to probe the temporal and laminar profile of sensitivity to the higher-order statistical structure of natural images. We found that this sensitivity emerges first and most strongly in V2 but soon after in V1. However, sensitivity in V1 is higher in the laminae (extragranular) and recording modalities (local field potential) most likely affected by V2 connections, suggesting a feedback origin. Our results show how sensitivity to naturalistic image structure emerges across time and circuitry in the early visual cortex.
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17
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Drew PJ. Vascular and neural basis of the BOLD signal. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 58:61-69. [PMID: 31336326 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural activity in the brain is usually coupled to increases in local cerebral blood flow, leading to the increase in oxygenation that generates the BOLD fMRI signal. Recent work has begun to elucidate the vascular and neural mechanisms underlying the BOLD signal. The dilatory response is distributed throughout the vascular network. Arteries actively dilate within a second following neural activity increases, while venous distensions are passive and have a time course that last tens of seconds. Vasodilation, and thus local blood flow, is controlled by the activity of both neurons and astrocytes via multiple different pathways. The relationship between sensory-driven neural activity and the vascular dynamics in sensory areas are well-captured with a linear convolution model. However, depending on the behavioral state or brain region, the coupling between neural activity and hemodynamic signals can be weak or even inverted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Drew
- Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Biomedical Engineering and Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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18
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Cardoso MMB, Lima B, Sirotin YB, Das A. Task-related hemodynamic responses are modulated by reward and task engagement. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000080. [PMID: 31002659 PMCID: PMC6493772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic recordings from visual cortex contain powerful endogenous task-related responses that may reflect task-related arousal, or "task engagement" distinct from attention. We tested this hypothesis with hemodynamic measurements (intrinsic-signal optical imaging) from monkey primary visual cortex (V1) while the animals' engagement in a periodic fixation task over several hours was varied through reward size and as animals took breaks. With higher rewards, animals appeared more task-engaged; task-related responses were more temporally precise at the task period (approximately 10-20 seconds) and modestly stronger. The 2-5 minute blocks of high-reward trials led to ramp-like decreases in mean local blood volume; these reversed with ramp-like increases during low reward. The blood volume increased even more sharply when the animal shut his eyes and disengaged completely from the task (5-10 minutes). We propose a mechanism that controls vascular tone, likely along with local neural responses in a manner that reflects task engagement over the full range of timescales tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M. B. Cardoso
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bruss Lima
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yevgeniy B. Sirotin
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Identity and Data Science Laboratory of Science Applications International Corporation, Annapolis Junction, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aniruddha Das
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Input-dependent modulation of MEG gamma oscillations reflects gain control in the visual cortex. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8451. [PMID: 29855596 PMCID: PMC5981429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-band oscillations arise from the interplay between neural excitation (E) and inhibition (I) and may provide a non-invasive window into the state of cortical circuitry. A bell-shaped modulation of gamma response power by increasing the intensity of sensory input was observed in animals and is thought to reflect neural gain control. Here we sought to find a similar input-output relationship in humans with MEG via modulating the intensity of a visual stimulation by changing the velocity/temporal-frequency of visual motion. In the first experiment, adult participants observed static and moving gratings. The frequency of the MEG gamma response monotonically increased with motion velocity whereas power followed a bell-shape. In the second experiment, on a large group of children and adults, we found that despite drastic developmental changes in frequency and power of gamma oscillations, the relative suppression at high motion velocities was scaled to the same range of values across the life-span. In light of animal and modeling studies, the modulation of gamma power and frequency at high stimulation intensities characterizes the capacity of inhibitory neurons to counterbalance increasing excitation in visual networks. Gamma suppression may thus provide a non-invasive measure of inhibitory-based gain control in the healthy and diseased brain.
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20
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Kupers ER, Wang HX, Amano K, Kay KN, Heeger DJ, Winawer J. A non-invasive, quantitative study of broadband spectral responses in human visual cortex. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29529085 PMCID: PMC5846788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, non-invasive methods for studying the human brain do not routinely and reliably measure spike-rate-dependent signals, independent of responses such as hemodynamic coupling (fMRI) and subthreshold neuronal synchrony (oscillations and event-related potentials). In contrast, invasive methods—microelectrode recordings and electrocorticography (ECoG)—have recently measured broadband power elevation in field potentials (~50–200 Hz) as a proxy for locally averaged spike rates. Here, we sought to detect and quantify stimulus-related broadband responses using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Extracranial measurements like MEG and EEG have multiple global noise sources and relatively low signal-to-noise ratios; moreover high frequency artifacts from eye movements can be confounded with stimulus design and mistaken for signals originating from brain activity. For these reasons, we developed an automated denoising technique that helps reveal the broadband signal of interest. Subjects viewed 12-Hz contrast-reversing patterns in the left, right, or bilateral visual field. Sensor time series were separated into evoked (12-Hz amplitude) and broadband components (60–150 Hz). In all subjects, denoised broadband responses were reliably measured in sensors over occipital cortex, even in trials without microsaccades. The broadband pattern was stimulus-dependent, with greater power contralateral to the stimulus. Because we obtain reliable broadband estimates with short experiments (~20 minutes), and with sufficient signal-to-noise to distinguish responses to different stimuli, we conclude that MEG broadband signals, denoised with our method, offer a practical, non-invasive means for characterizing spike-rate-dependent neural activity for addressing scientific questions about human brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline R. Kupers
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Helena X. Wang
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kaoru Amano
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kendrick N. Kay
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David J. Heeger
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Winawer
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
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21
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Hussey EK, Christianson K, Treiman DM, Smith KA, Steinmetz PN. Single neuron recordings of bilinguals performing in a continuous recognition memory task. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181850. [PMID: 28832639 PMCID: PMC5568109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the results of a bilingual continuous recognition memory task during which single- and multi-neuron activity was recorded in human subjects with intracranial microwire implants. Subjects (n = 5) were right-handed Spanish-English bilinguals who were undergoing evaluation prior to surgery for severe epilepsy. Subjects were presented with Spanish and English words and the task was to determine whether any given word had been seen earlier in the testing session, irrespective of the language in which it had appeared. Recordings in the left and right hippocampus revealed notable laterality, whereby both Spanish and English items that had been seen previously in the other language (switch trials) triggered increased neural firing in the left hippocampus. Items that had been seen previously in the same language (repeat trials) triggered increased neural firings in the right hippocampus. These results are consistent with theories that propose roles of both the left- and right-hemisphere in real-time linguistic processing. Importantly, this experiment presents the first instance of intracranial recordings in bilinguals performing a task with switching demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika K. Hussey
- Cognitive Science Team, U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kiel Christianson
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David M. Treiman
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kris A. Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Peter N. Steinmetz
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Nakamoto Brain Research Institute, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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22
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van Bergen RS, Jehee JFM. Modeling correlated noise is necessary to decode uncertainty. Neuroimage 2017; 180:78-87. [PMID: 28801251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain decoding algorithms form an important part of the arsenal of analysis tools available to neuroscientists, allowing for a more detailed study of the kind of information represented in patterns of cortical activity. While most current decoding algorithms focus on estimating a single, most likely stimulus from the pattern of noisy fMRI responses, the presence of noise causes this estimate to be uncertain. This uncertainty in stimulus estimates is a potentially highly relevant aspect of cortical stimulus processing, and features prominently in Bayesian or probabilistic models of neural coding. Here, we focus on sensory uncertainty and how best to extract this information with fMRI. We first demonstrate in simulations that decoding algorithms that take into account correlated noise between fMRI voxels better recover the amount of uncertainty (quantified as the width of a probability distribution over possible stimuli) associated with the decoded estimate. Furthermore, we show that not all correlated variability should be treated equally, as modeling tuning-dependent correlations has the greatest impact on decoding performance. Next, we examine actual noise correlations in human visual cortex, and find that shared variability in areas V1-V3 depends on the tuning properties of fMRI voxels. In line with our simulations, accounting for this shared noise between similarly tuned voxels produces important benefits in decoding. Our findings underscore the importance of accurate noise models in fMRI decoding approaches, and suggest a statistically feasible method to incorporate the most relevant forms of shared noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S van Bergen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - J F M Jehee
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Hermes D, Nguyen M, Winawer J. Neuronal synchrony and the relation between the blood-oxygen-level dependent response and the local field potential. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001461. [PMID: 28742093 PMCID: PMC5524566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The most widespread measures of human brain activity are the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal and surface field potential. Prior studies report a variety of relationships between these signals. To develop an understanding of how to interpret these signals and the relationship between them, we developed a model of (a) neuronal population responses and (b) transformations from neuronal responses into the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) BOLD signal and electrocorticographic (ECoG) field potential. Rather than seeking a transformation between the two measures directly, this approach interprets each measure with respect to the underlying neuronal population responses. This model accounts for the relationship between BOLD and ECoG data from human visual cortex in V1, V2, and V3, with the model predictions and data matching in three ways: across stimuli, the BOLD amplitude and ECoG broadband power were positively correlated, the BOLD amplitude and alpha power (8-13 Hz) were negatively correlated, and the BOLD amplitude and narrowband gamma power (30-80 Hz) were uncorrelated. The two measures provide complementary information about human brain activity, and we infer that features of the field potential that are uncorrelated with BOLD arise largely from changes in synchrony, rather than level, of neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Hermes
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mai Nguyen
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Winawer
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
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24
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Herman MC, Cardoso MMB, Lima B, Sirotin YB, Das A. Simultaneously estimating the task-related and stimulus-evoked components of hemodynamic imaging measurements. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:031223. [PMID: 28721355 PMCID: PMC5502953 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.3.031223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Task-related hemodynamic responses contribute prominently to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. They reflect behaviorally important brain states, such as arousal and attention, and can dominate stimulus-evoked responses, yet they remain poorly understood. To help characterize these responses, we present a method for parametrically estimating both stimulus-evoked and task-related components of hemodynamic responses from subjects engaged in temporally predictable tasks. The stimulus-evoked component is modeled by convolving a hemodynamic response function (HRF) kernel with spiking. The task-related component is modeled by convolving a Fourier-series task-related function (TRF) kernel with task timing. We fit this model with simultaneous electrode recordings and intrinsic-signal optical imaging from the primary visual cortex of alert, task-engaged monkeys. With high [Formula: see text], the model returns HRFs that are consistent across experiments and recording sites for a given animal and TRFs that entrain to task timing independent of stimulation or local spiking. When the task schedule conflicts with that of stimulation, the TRF remains locked to the task emphasizing its behavioral origins. The current approach is strikingly more robust to fluctuations than earlier ones and gives consistently, if modestly, better fits. This approach could help parse the distinct components of fMRI recordings made in the context of a task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Charles Herman
- Columbia University, Department of Neuroscience, New York, New York, United States
| | - Mariana M. B. Cardoso
- Columbia University, Department of Neuroscience, New York, New York, United States
- University of California at San Francisco, Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Bruss Lima
- Columbia University, Department of Neuroscience, New York, New York, United States
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yevgeniy B. Sirotin
- Columbia University, Department of Neuroscience, New York, New York, United States
| | - Aniruddha Das
- Columbia University, Department of Neuroscience, New York, New York, United States
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25
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Impact of Altered Cholinergic Tones on the Neurovascular Coupling Response to Whisker Stimulation. J Neurosci 2017; 37:1518-1531. [PMID: 28069927 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1784-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain imaging techniques that use vascular signals to map changes in neuronal activity rely on the coupling between electrophysiology and hemodynamics, a phenomenon referred to as "neurovascular coupling" (NVC). It is unknown whether this relationship remains reliable under altered brain states associated with acetylcholine (ACh) levels, such as attention and arousal and in pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. We therefore assessed the effects of varying ACh tone on whisker-evoked NVC responses in rat barrel cortex, measured by cerebral blood flow (CBF) and neurophysiological recordings (local field potentials, LFPs). We found that acutely enhanced ACh tone significantly potentiated whisker-evoked CBF responses through muscarinic ACh receptors and concurrently facilitated neuronal responses, as illustrated by increases in the amplitude and power in high frequencies of the evoked LFPs. However, the cellular identity of the activated neuronal network within the responsive barrel was unchanged, as characterized by c-Fos upregulation in pyramidal cells and GABA interneurons coexpressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. In contrast, chronic ACh deprivation hindered whisker-evoked CBF responses and the amplitude and power in most frequency bands of the evoked LFPs and reduced the rostrocaudal extent and area of the activated barrel without altering its identity. Correlations between LFP power and CBF, used to estimate NVC, were enhanced under high ACh tone and disturbed significantly by ACh depletion. We conclude that ACh is not only a facilitator but also a prerequisite for the full expression of sensory-evoked NVC responses, indicating that ACh may alter the fidelity of hemodynamic signals in assessing changes in evoked neuronal activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurovascular coupling, defined as the tight relationship between activated neurons and hemodynamic responses, is a fundamental brain function that underlies hemodynamic-based functional brain imaging techniques. However, the impact of altered brain states on this relationship is largely unknown. We therefore investigated how acetylcholine (ACh), known to drive brain states of attention and arousal and to be deficient in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, would alter neurovascular coupling responses to sensory stimulation. Whereas acutely increased ACh enhanced neuronal responses and the resulting hemodynamic signals, chronic loss of cholinergic input resulted in dramatic impairments in both types of sensory-evoked signals. We conclude that ACh is not only a potent modulator but also a requirement for the full expression of sensory-evoked neurovascular coupling responses.
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26
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Tanigawa H, Chen G, Roe AW. Spatial Distribution of Attentional Modulation at Columnar Resolution in Macaque Area V4. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:102. [PMID: 28018181 PMCID: PMC5149540 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention to a location in a visual scene affects neuronal responses in visual cortical areas in a retinotopically specific manner. Optical imaging studies have revealed that cortical responses consist of two components of different sizes: the stimulus-nonspecific global signal and the stimulus-specific mapping signal (domain activity). It remains unclear whether either or both of these components are modulated by spatial attention. In this study, to determine the spatial distribution of attentional modulation at columnar resolution, we performed cerebral blood volume (CBV)-based optical imaging in area V4 of monkeys performing a color change detection task in which spatial attention was manipulated. We found that spatial attention enhanced global signals of the hemodynamic responses, but did not affect stimulus-selective domain activities. These results indicate the involvement of global signals in neural processing of spatial attention. We propose that global signals reflect the neural substrate of the normalization pool in normalization models of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Tanigawa
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Anna W Roe
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
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27
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Schmid F, Wachsmuth L, Schwalm M, Prouvot PH, Jubal ER, Fois C, Pramanik G, Zimmer C, Faber C, Stroh A. Assessing sensory versus optogenetic network activation by combining (o)fMRI with optical Ca2+ recordings. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1885-1900. [PMID: 26661247 PMCID: PMC5094300 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15619428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Encoding of sensory inputs in the cortex is characterized by sparse neuronal network activation. Optogenetic stimulation has previously been combined with fMRI (ofMRI) to probe functional networks. However, for a quantitative optogenetic probing of sensory-driven sparse network activation, the level of similarity between sensory and optogenetic network activation needs to be explored. Here, we complement ofMRI with optic fiber-based population Ca2+ recordings for a region-specific readout of neuronal spiking activity in rat brain. Comparing Ca2+ responses to the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal upon sensory stimulation with increasing frequencies showed adaptation of Ca2+ transients contrasted by an increase of blood oxygenation level-dependent responses, indicating that the optical recordings convey complementary information on neuronal network activity to the corresponding hemodynamic response. To study the similarity of optogenetic and sensory activation, we quantified the density of cells expressing channelrhodopsin-2 and modeled light propagation in the tissue. We estimated the effectively illuminated volume and numbers of optogenetically stimulated neurons, being indicative of sparse activation. At the functional level, upon either sensory or optogenetic stimulation we detected single-peak short-latency primary Ca2+ responses with similar amplitudes and found that blood oxygenation level-dependent responses showed similar time courses. These data suggest that ofMRI can serve as a representative model for functional brain mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmid
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Miriam Schwalm
- Focus Program translational Neuroscience & Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pierre-Hugues Prouvot
- Focus Program translational Neuroscience & Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eduardo Rosales Jubal
- Focus Program translational Neuroscience & Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo Fois
- Focus Program translational Neuroscience & Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gautam Pramanik
- Focus Program translational Neuroscience & Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stroh
- Focus Program translational Neuroscience & Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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28
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Larsson J, Solomon SG, Kohn A. fMRI adaptation revisited. Cortex 2015; 80:154-60. [PMID: 26703375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation has been widely used in functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) studies to infer neuronal response properties in human cortex. fMRI adaptation has been criticized because of the complex relationship between fMRI adaptation effects and the multiple neuronal effects that could underlie them. Many of the longstanding concerns about fMRI adaptation have received empirical support from neurophysiological studies over the last decade. We review these studies here, and also consider neuroimaging studies that have investigated how fMRI adaptation effects are influenced by high-level perceptual processes. The results of these studies further emphasize the need to interpret fMRI adaptation results with caution, but they also provide helpful guidance for more accurate interpretation and better experimental design. In addition, we argue that rather than being used as a proxy for measurements of neuronal stimulus selectivity, fMRI adaptation may be most useful for studying population-level adaptation effects across cortical processing hierarchies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Larsson
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.
| | - Samuel G Solomon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Adam Kohn
- Dominick Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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29
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Newhoff M, Treiman DM, Smith KA, Steinmetz PN. Gender differences in human single neuron responses to male emotional faces. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:499. [PMID: 26441597 PMCID: PMC4568342 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-documented differences in the psychology and behavior of men and women have spurred extensive exploration of gender's role within the brain, particularly regarding emotional processing. While neuroanatomical studies clearly show differences between the sexes, the functional effects of these differences are less understood. Neuroimaging studies have shown inconsistent locations and magnitudes of gender differences in brain hemodynamic responses to emotion. To better understand the neurophysiology of these gender differences, we analyzed recordings of single neuron activity in the human brain as subjects of both genders viewed emotional expressions. This study included recordings of single-neuron activity of 14 (6 male) epileptic patients in four brain areas: amygdala (236 neurons), hippocampus (n = 270), anterior cingulate cortex (n = 256), and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (n = 174). Neural activity was recorded while participants viewed a series of avatar male faces portraying positive, negative or neutral expressions. Significant gender differences were found in the left amygdala, where 23% (n = 15∕66) of neurons in men were significantly affected by facial emotion, vs. 8% (n = 6∕76) of neurons in women. A Fisher's exact test comparing the two ratios found a highly significant difference between the two (p < 0.01). These results show specific differences between genders at the single-neuron level in the human amygdala. These differences may reflect gender-based distinctions in evolved capacities for emotional processing and also demonstrate the importance of including subject gender as an independent factor in future studies of emotional processing by single neurons in the human amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Newhoff
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - David M Treiman
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kris A Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Peter N Steinmetz
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute Phoenix, AZ, USA
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30
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Heikkinen H, Sharifian F, Vigario R, Vanni S. Feedback to distal dendrites links fMRI signals to neural receptive fields in a spiking network model of the visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:57-69. [PMID: 25925319 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00169.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response has been strongly associated with neuronal activity in the brain. However, some neuronal tuning properties are consistently different from the BOLD response. We studied the spatial extent of neural and hemodynamic responses in the primary visual cortex, where the BOLD responses spread and interact over much longer distances than the small receptive fields of individual neurons would predict. Our model shows that a feedforward-feedback loop between V1 and a higher visual area can account for the observed spread of the BOLD response. In particular, anisotropic landing of inputs to compartmental neurons were necessary to account for the BOLD signal spread, while retaining realistic spiking responses. Our work shows that simple dendrites can separate tuning at the synapses and at the action potential output, thus bridging the BOLD signal to the neural receptive fields with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Heikkinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Aalto Neuroimaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland;
| | - Fariba Sharifian
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Aalto Neuroimaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ricardo Vigario
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; and
| | - Simo Vanni
- Aalto Neuroimaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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BOLD fMRI Correlation Reflects Frequency-Specific Neuronal Correlation. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1368-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Sprague TC, Saproo S, Serences JT. Visual attention mitigates information loss in small- and large-scale neural codes. Trends Cogn Sci 2015; 19:215-26. [PMID: 25769502 PMCID: PMC4532299 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The visual system transforms complex inputs into robust and parsimonious neural codes that efficiently guide behavior. Because neural communication is stochastic, the amount of encoded visual information necessarily decreases with each synapse. This constraint requires that sensory signals are processed in a manner that protects information about relevant stimuli from degradation. Such selective processing--or selective attention--is implemented via several mechanisms, including neural gain and changes in tuning properties. However, examining each of these effects in isolation obscures their joint impact on the fidelity of stimulus feature representations by large-scale population codes. Instead, large-scale activity patterns can be used to reconstruct representations of relevant and irrelevant stimuli, thereby providing a holistic understanding about how neuron-level modulations collectively impact stimulus encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Sprague
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA.
| | - Sameer Saproo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John T Serences
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA.
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