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Afzal O, Dalhat MH, Altamimi ASA, Rasool R, Alzarea SI, Almalki WH, Murtaza BN, Iftikhar S, Nadeem S, Nadeem MS, Kazmi I. Green Tea Catechins Attenuate Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cognitive Deficits. Molecules 2022; 27:7604. [PMID: 36364431 PMCID: PMC9655201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases exert an overwhelming socioeconomic burden all around the globe. They are mainly characterized by modified protein accumulation that might trigger various biological responses, including oxidative stress, inflammation, regulation of signaling pathways, and excitotoxicity. These disorders have been widely studied during the last decade in the hopes of developing symptom-oriented therapeutics. However, no definitive cure has yet been discovered. Tea is one of the world's most popular beverages. The same plant, Camellia Sinensis (L.).O. Kuntze, is used to make green, black, and oolong teas. Green tea has been most thoroughly studied because of its anti-cancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The beneficial effect of consumption of tea on neurodegenerative disorders has been reported in several human interventional and observational studies. The polyphenolic compounds found in green tea, known as catechins, have been demonstrated to have many therapeutic effects. They can help in preventing and, somehow, treating neurodegenerative diseases. Catechins show anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant effects via blocking cytokines' excessive production and inflammatory pathways, as well as chelating metal ions and free radical scavenging. They may inhibit tau protein phosphorylation, amyloid beta aggregation, and release of apoptotic proteins. They can also lower alpha-synuclein levels and boost dopamine levels. All these factors have the potential to affect neurodegenerative disorders. This review will examine catechins' neuroprotective effects by highlighting their biological, pharmacological, antioxidant, and metal chelation abilities, with a focus on their ability to activate diverse cellular pathways in the brain. This review also points out the mechanisms of catechins in various neurodegenerative and cognitive diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and cognitive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Hassan Dalhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabia Rasool
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bibi Nazia Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22310, Pakistan
| | - Saima Iftikhar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shamaila Nadeem
- Department of Zoology, Kinnaird College for Women, 93-Jail Road Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Mitra S, Anjum J, Muni M, Das R, Rauf A, Islam F, Bin Emran T, Semwal P, Hemeg HA, Alhumaydhi FA, Wilairatana P. Exploring the journey of emodin as a potential neuroprotective agent: Novel therapeutic insights with molecular mechanism of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112877. [PMID: 35367766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin is an anthraquinone derivative found in the roots and bark of a variety of plants, molds, and lichens. Emodin has been used as a traditional medication for more than 2000 years and is still common in numerous herbal drugs. Emodin is plentiful in the three plant families, including Polygonaceae (Rheum, Rumex, and Polygonum spp.), Fabaceae (Cassia spp.), and Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus, Frangula, and Ventilago spp.). Emerging experimental evidences indicate that emodin confers a wide range of pharmacological activities; special focus was implemented toward neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, anxiety and depression, schizophrenia, chronic hyperglycemic peripheral neuropathy, etc. Numerous preclinical evidences were established in support of the neuroprotection of emodin. However, this review highlighted the role of emodin as a potent neurotherapeutic agent; therefore, its evidence-based functionality on neurological disorders (NDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Juhaer Anjum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Maniza Muni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Pakistan.
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh.
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Al-Medinah Al-Monawara 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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3
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Millien G, Wang H, Zhang Z, Alkon DL, Hongpaisan J. PKCε Activation Restores Loss of PKCε, Manganese Superoxide Dismutase, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, and Microvessels in Aged and Alzheimer’s Disease Hippocampus. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:836634. [PMID: 35299945 PMCID: PMC8922019 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.836634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial dysfunction and capillary loss are currently considered to be a primary phenotype of normal human aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Activation of protein kinase C (PKCε) improves several molecular, cellular, physiological, and behavioral endpoints, yet it is not known whether a loss of PKCε activity occurs in the microvascular endothelium in aged and AD hippocampi, whether this loss contributes to microvascular change, or whether activation of PKCε protects against microvascular damage, an early change that induces age-associated memory defect and AD. We investigated the effect of the PKCε activation on microvascular loss in the hippocampus, important for memory storage. In cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells, tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidative stress and a decrease in manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mRNA and protein expression that were blocked by the antioxidant drugs. The PKCε activators bryostatin and DCPLA methyl ester increased PKCε, associated with an increase in MnSOD mRNA and its protein as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which was inhibited by the mRNA-stabilizing HuR inhibitors. In rats (>24 months old) and AD transgenic mice Tg2576 (5 months old), bryostatin or DCP-LA prevented a decrease in vascular PKCε, MnSOD, and VEGF and prevented microvascular loss and age-related memory impairment. An autopsy-confirmed AD hippocampus showed a decrease in PKCε and MnSOD mRNAs and their proteins and VEGF as well as in microvascular density compared to non-AD controls. In conclusion, the PKCε activation can rescue a decrease in PKCε, MnSOD, and VEGF via posttranscription regulation and alleviate oxidative stress, and in doing so, prevent microvascular loss during aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guetchyn Millien
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Huaixing Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zongxiu Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dan L. Alkon
- Neurotrope Bioscience, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - Jarin Hongpaisan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jarin Hongpaisan,
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4
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Zhang HL, Hu BX, Li ZL, Du T, Shan JL, Ye ZP, Peng XD, Li X, Huang Y, Zhu XY, Chen YH, Feng GK, Yang D, Deng R, Zhu XF. PKCβII phosphorylates ACSL4 to amplify lipid peroxidation to induce ferroptosis. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:88-98. [PMID: 35027735 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of lipid peroxides is recognized as a determinant of the occurrence of ferroptosis. However, the sensors and amplifying process of lipid peroxidation linked to ferroptosis remain obscure. Here we identify PKCβII as a critical contributor of ferroptosis through independent genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 and kinase inhibitor library screening. Our results show that PKCβII senses the initial lipid peroxides and amplifies lipid peroxidation linked to ferroptosis through phosphorylation and activation of ACSL4. Lipidomics analysis shows that activated ACSL4 catalyses polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing lipid biosynthesis and promotes the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products, leading to ferroptosis. Attenuation of the PKCβII-ACSL4 pathway effectively blocks ferroptosis in vitro and impairs ferroptosis-associated cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Our results identify PKCβII as a sensor of lipid peroxidation, and the lipid peroxidation-PKCβII-ACSL4 positive-feedback axis may provide potential targets for ferroptosis-associated disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Lu Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gong-Kan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dajun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Hernández-Rojas R, Jiménez-Arellano C, de la Fuente-Granada M, Ordaz-Rosado D, García-Becerra R, Valencia-Mayoral P, de Lourdes Álvarez-Arellano M, Eguía-Aguilar P, Velasco-Velázquez MA, González-Arenas A. The interplay between estrogen receptor beta and protein kinase C, a crucial collaboration for medulloblastoma cell proliferation and invasion. Cell Signal 2022; 92:110246. [PMID: 35033667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common and aggressive pediatric intracranial tumor. Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression correlates with MB development and its phosphorylation modifies its transcriptional activity in a ligand-dependent or independent manner. Using in silico tools, we have identified several residues in ERβ protein as potential targets of protein kinases C (PKCs) α and δ. Using Daoy cells, we observed that PKCα and PKCδ associate with ERβ and induce its phosphorylation. The activation of ERβ promotes MB cells proliferation and invasion, and PKCs downregulation dysregulates these steroid receptor mediated processes. Our data suggest that these kinases may play a crucial role in the regulation of the ERβ transcriptional activity. Overexpression of both PKCα and PKCδ in MB biopsies samples supports their relevance in MB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubí Hernández-Rojas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carolina Jiménez-Arellano
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marisol de la Fuente-Granada
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - David Ordaz-Rosado
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, 14080 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rocío García-Becerra
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama y Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Pedro Valencia-Mayoral
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 06720 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Pilar Eguía-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Patología Clínica y Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico
| | - Marco A Velasco-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Aliesha González-Arenas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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6
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Ovcjak A, Xiao A, Kim JS, Xu B, Szeto V, Turlova E, Abussaud A, Chen NH, Miller SP, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Ryanodine receptor inhibitor dantrolene reduces hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. Exp Neurol 2022; 351:113985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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7
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Varlamova EG, Turovsky EA, Babenko VA, Plotnikov EY. The Mechanisms Underlying the Protective Action of Selenium Nanoparticles against Ischemia/Reoxygenation Are Mediated by the Activation of the Ca 2+ Signaling System of Astrocytes and Reactive Astrogliosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312825. [PMID: 34884629 PMCID: PMC8657910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, much attention has been paid to the study of the therapeutic effect of the microelement selenium, its compounds, especially selenium nanoparticles, with a large number of works devoted to their anticancer effects. Studies proving the neuroprotective properties of selenium nanoparticles in various neurodegenerative diseases began to appear only in the last 5 years. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of the neuroprotective action of selenium nanoparticles under conditions of ischemia and reoxygenation remain unexplored, especially for intracellular Ca2+ signaling and neuroglial interactions. This work is devoted to the study of the cytoprotective mechanisms of selenium nanoparticles in the neuroglial networks of the cerebral cortex under conditions of ischemia/reoxygenation. It was shown for the first time that selenium nanoparticles dose-dependently induce the generation of Ca2+ signals selectively in astrocytes obtained from different parts of the brain. The generation of these Ca2+ signals by astrocytes occurs through the release of Ca2+ ions from the endoplasmic reticulum through the IP3 receptor upon activation of the phosphoinositide signaling pathway. An increase in the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ in astrocytes leads to the opening of connexin Cx43 hemichannels and the release of ATP and lactate into the extracellular medium, which trigger paracrine activation of the astrocytic network through purinergic receptors. Incubation of cerebral cortex cells with selenium nanoparticles suppresses ischemia-induced increase in cytosolic Ca2+ and necrotic cell death. Activation of A2 reactive astrocytes exclusively after ischemia/reoxygenation, a decrease in the expression level of a number of proapoptotic and proinflammatory genes, an increase in lactate release by astrocytes, and suppression of the hyperexcitation of neuronal networks formed the basis of the cytoprotective effect of selenium nanoparticles in our studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Varlamova
- Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences”, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.G.V.); (E.A.T.)
| | - Egor A. Turovsky
- Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences”, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.G.V.); (E.A.T.)
| | - Valentina A. Babenko
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Wang J, Thomas HR, Li Z, Yeo NC(F, Scott HE, Dang N, Hossain MI, Andrabi SA, Parant JM. Puma, noxa, p53, and p63 differentially mediate stress pathway induced apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:659. [PMID: 34193827 PMCID: PMC8245518 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular stress can lead to several human disease pathologies due to aberrant cell death. The p53 family (tp53, tp63, and tp73) and downstream transcriptional apoptotic target genes (PUMA/BBC3 and NOXA/PMAIP1) have been implicated as mediators of stress signals. To evaluate the importance of key stress response components in vivo, we have generated zebrafish null alleles in puma, noxa, p53, p63, and p73. Utilizing these genetic mutants, we have deciphered that the apoptotic response to genotoxic stress requires p53 and puma, but not p63, p73, or noxa. We also identified a delayed secondary wave of genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis that is p53/puma independent. Contrary to genotoxic stress, ER stress-induced apoptosis requires p63 and puma, but not p53, p73, or noxa. Lastly, the oxidative stress-induced apoptotic response requires p63, and both noxa and puma. Our data also indicate that while the neural tube is poised for apoptosis due to genotoxic stress, the epidermis is poised for apoptosis due to ER and oxidative stress. These data indicate there are convergent as well as unique molecular pathways involved in the different stress responses. The commonality of puma in these stress pathways, and the lack of gross or tumorigenic phenotypes with puma loss suggest that a inhibitor of Puma may have therapeutic application. In addition, we have also generated a knockout of the negative regulator of p53, mdm2 to further evaluate the p53-induced apoptosis. Our data indicate that the p53 null allele completely rescues the mdm2 null lethality, while the puma null completely rescues the mdm2 null apoptosis but only partially rescues the phenotype. Indicating Puma is the key mediator of p53-dependent apoptosis. Interestingly the p53 homozygous null zebrafish develop tumors faster than the previously described p53 homozygous missense mutant zebrafish, suggesting the missense allele may be hypomorphic allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Holly R. Thomas
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Zhang Li
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Nan Cher (Florence) Yeo
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Hannah E. Scott
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Collage of Arts and Sciences Department and Genetics Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Nghi Dang
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Mohammed Iqbal Hossain
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Shaida A. Andrabi
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - John M. Parant
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
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9
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Hisano K, Yoshida H, Kawase S, Mimura T, Haniu H, Tsukahara T, Kurihara T, Matsuda Y, Saito N, Uemura T. Abundant oleoyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine in brain stimulates neurite outgrowth and protects against glutamate toxicity in cultured cortical neurons. J Biochem 2021; 170:327-336. [PMID: 33822960 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs) are bioactive lysophospholipids that have been suggested to play important roles in several biological processes. We performed a quantitative analysis of LPE species and showed their composition in mouse brain. We examined the roles of oleoyl-LPE (18:1 LPE), which is one of the abundant LPE species in brain. In cultured cortical neurons, application of 18:1 LPE stimulated neurite outgrowth. The effect of 18:1 LPE on neurite outgrowth was inhibited by Gq/11 inhibitor YM-254890, phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Go6983, or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor U0126. Additionally, 18:1 LPE increased the phosphorylation of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. These results suggest that the action of 18:1 LPE on neurite outgrowth is mediated by the Gq/11/PLC/PKC/MAPK pathway. Moreover, we found that application of 18:1 LPE protects neurons from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. This effect of 18:1 LPE was suppressed by PKC inhibitor Go6983. These results suggest that 18:1 LPE protects neurons from glutamate toxicity via PKC inhibitor Go6983-sensitive PKC subtype. Collectively, our results demonstrated that 18:1 LPE stimulates neurite outgrowth and protects against glutamate toxicity in cultured cortical neurons. Our findings provide insights into the physiological or pathological roles of 18:1 LPE in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Hisano
- Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshida
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shiori Kawase
- Division of Gene Research, Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Mimura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hisao Haniu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tsukahara
- Department of Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8531, Japan
| | - Taiga Kurihara
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281, Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Matsuda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmaceutics, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281, Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Naoto Saito
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uemura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Division of Gene Research, Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
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10
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Henríquez G, Gomez A, Guerrero E, Narayan M. Potential Role of Natural Polyphenols against Protein Aggregation Toxicity: In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2915-2934. [PMID: 32822152 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main features of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease is the amyloidogenic behavior of disease-specific proteins including amyloid β, tau, α-synuclein, and mutant Huntingtin which participate in the formation, accumulation, and deposition of toxic misfolded aggregates. Consequently, these proteins not only associated with the progress of their respective neurodegenerative pathologies but also qualify as disease-specific biomarkers. The aim of using natural polyphenols is to target amyloid-dependent proteopathies by decreasing free radical damage and inhibiting and dissolving amyloid fibrils. We explore the effectiveness of the polyphenols epigallocatechin-3-gallate, oleuropein aglycone, and quercetin on their ability to inhibit aggregation of amyloid β, tau, and α-synuclein and mitigate other pathological features for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The analysis was carried from in vitro and cell line studies to animal models and clinical trials. This Review describes the use of phytochemical compounds as prophylactic agents for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other proteopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Henríquez
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Alejandra Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Erick Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Mahesh Narayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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11
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Malar DS, Prasanth MI, Brimson JM, Sharika R, Sivamaruthi BS, Chaiyasut C, Tencomnao T. Neuroprotective Properties of Green Tea ( Camellia sinensis) in Parkinson's Disease: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E3926. [PMID: 32867388 PMCID: PMC7504552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is a collective term given for the clinical condition, which results in progressive degeneration of neurons and the loss of functions associated with the affected brain region. Apart from the increase in age, neurodegenerative diseases are also partly affected by diet and lifestyle practices. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slow onset neurodegenerative disorder and the second most common neurodegenerative disease, which affects the motor system. Although there is no prescribed treatment method to prevent and cure PD, clinical procedures help manage the disease symptoms. Green tea polyphenols are known for several health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activity. The current manuscript summarizes the possible mechanisms of neuroprotective potential of green tea with a special focus on PD. Studies have suggested that the consumption of green tea protects against free-radicals, inflammation, and neuro-damages. Several in vivo studies aid in understanding the overall mechanism of green tea. However, the same dose may not be sufficient in humans to elicit similar effects due to complex physiological, social, and cultural development. Future research focused on more clinical trials could identify an optimum dose that could impart maximum health benefits to impart neuroprotection in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicson Sheeja Malar
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (D.S.M.); (M.I.P.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (D.S.M.); (M.I.P.); (J.M.B.)
| | - James Michael Brimson
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (D.S.M.); (M.I.P.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Rajasekharan Sharika
- 309, Vrinda, 10th Cross, Railway Layout, Vijayanagar 2nd Stage, Mysuru, Karnataka 570016, India;
| | - Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (B.S.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (B.S.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (D.S.M.); (M.I.P.); (J.M.B.)
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12
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Ivanova MA, Kokorina AD, Timofeeva PD, Karelina TV, Abushik PA, Stepanenko JD, Sibarov DA, Antonov SM. Calcium Export from Neurons and Multi-Kinase Signaling Cascades Contribute to Ouabain Neuroprotection in Hyperhomocysteinemia. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081104. [PMID: 32722349 PMCID: PMC7464744 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological homocysteine (HCY) accumulation in the human plasma, known as hyperhomocysteinemia, exacerbates neurodegenerative diseases because, in the brain, this amino acid acts as a persistent N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor agonist. We studied the effects of 0.1–1 nM ouabain on intracellular Ca2+ signaling, mitochondrial inner membrane voltage (φmit), and cell viability in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons in glutamate and HCY neurotoxic insults. In addition, apoptosis-related protein expression and the involvement of some kinases in ouabain-mediated effects were evaluated. In short insults, HCY was less potent than glutamate as a neurotoxic agent and induced a 20% loss of φmit, whereas glutamate caused a 70% decrease of this value. Subnanomolar ouabain exhibited immediate and postponed neuroprotective effects on neurons. (1) Ouabain rapidly reduced the Ca2+ overload of neurons and loss of φmit evoked by glutamate and HCY that rescued neurons in short insults. (2) In prolonged 24 h excitotoxic insults, ouabain prevented neuronal apoptosis, triggering proteinkinase A and proteinkinase C dependent intracellular neuroprotective cascades for HCY, but not for glutamate. We, therefore, demonstrated here the role of PKC and PKA involving pathways in neuronal survival caused by ouabain in hyperhomocysteinemia, which suggests existence of different appropriate pharmacological treatment for hyperhomocysteinemia and glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Huang Q, Zhu X, Xu M. Silencing of TRIM10 alleviates apoptosis in cellular model of Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:451-458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sasa Quelpaertensis Nakai Induced Antidepressant-Like Effect in Ovariectomized Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5815604. [PMID: 31380432 PMCID: PMC6657632 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5815604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai extract (SQE) or dwarf bamboo has been extensively investigated for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects; however, no previous study assessed its effect as an antidepressant agent. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the effect of oral SQE administration in ameliorating menopausal depressive symptoms and to evaluate its mechanisms in ovariectomized rats with repeated stress. Methods All experimental groups except normal group underwent ovariectomy and then immobilization for 14 consecutive days. During these 2 weeks, two rat groups received SQE (100 and 300 mg/kg orally) and their cutaneous body temperature was measured. The tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) were performed in order to evaluate depression-like behavior. Additionally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry were carried out to evaluate the central monoaminergic neurotransmitter levels and activity. Results Oral SQE (100 mg/kg) administration had reduced immobility time in TST and FST. Additionally, the SQE 100 and 300 mg/kg administration had decreased the cutaneous body temperature in the rats compared to those without treatment. In ELISA analysis, the SQE 100 group expressed elevated levels of serotonin and dopamine in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Antityrosine hydroxylase (anti-TH) antibodies showed a tremendous increase in the density of TH positive cells in the locus coeruleus (LC) region of the SQE 100 group. Likewise, the SQE 100 elevated the number of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and protein kinase C (PKC) immunoreactive cell counts and density in the hypothalamic region. Conclusion These results suggested that the oral SQE administration induced the antidepressant-like effect in the ovariectomized rats with repeated stress via upregulating the levels of serotonin and dopamine through enhancing the expression of TH, TPH, and PKC in many brain areas.
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15
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Yang X, Ye A, Chen L, Xia Y, Jiang W, Sun W. Involvement of calcium in 50-Hz magnetic field-induced activation of sphingosine kinase 1 signaling pathway. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:180-187. [PMID: 30920672 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we found that exposure to a 50-Hz magnetic field (MF) could induce human amniotic epithelial (FL) cell proliferation and sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) activation, but the mechanism was not clearly understood. In the present study, the possible signaling pathways which were involved in SK1 activation induced by 50-Hz MF exposure were investigated. Results showed that MF exposure increased intracellular Ca2+ which was dependent on the L-type calcium channel, and induced Ca2+ -dependent phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), SK1, and protein kinase C α (PKCα). Also, treatment with U0126, an inhibitor of ERK, could block MF-induced SK1 phosphorylation, but had no effect on PKCα phosphorylation. Also, the inhibitor of PKCα, Gö6976, had no effect on MF-induced SK1 activation in FL cells. In addition, the activation of ERK and PKCα could be abolished by SKI II, the inhibitor of SK1. In conclusion, the intracellular Ca2+ mediated the 50-Hz MF-induced SK1 activation which enhanced PKCα phosphorylation, and there might be a feedback mechanism between SK1 and ERK activation in responding to MF exposure in FL cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 9999:XX-XX, 2019. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yang
- Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anfang Ye
- Department of Occupational Disease of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangjing Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongpeng Xia
- Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Occupational Disease of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Radovanović V, Vlainić J, Hanžić N, Ukić P, Oršolić N, Baranović G, Jazvinšćak Jembrek M. Neurotoxic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Propolis in the Presence of Copper Ions is Mediated through Enhanced Production of ROS and Stimulation of caspase-3/7 Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050273. [PMID: 31096598 PMCID: PMC6563224 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated amounts of copper are considered to be contributing factor in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases as they promote oxidative stress conditions. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) against copper-induced neuronal damage. In cultured P19 neuronal cells, EEP exacerbated copper-provoked neuronal cell death by increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and through the activation of caspase-3/7 activity. EEP augmented copper-induced up-regulation of p53 and Bax mRNA expressions. Neurotoxic effects of EEP were accompanied by a strong induction of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression and decrease in the expression of c-fos mRNA. SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) prevented detrimental effects of EEP, whereas SP600125, an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), exacerbated EEP-induced neuronal cell death. Quercetin, a polyphenolic nutraceutical, which is usually present in propolis, was also able to exacerbate copper-induced neuronal death. Our data indicates a pro-oxidative and apoptotic mode of EEP action in the presence of excess copper, wherein ROS/p53/p38 interactions play an important role in death cascades. Our study also pointed out that detailed pharmacological and toxicological studies must be carried out for propolis and other dietary supplements in order to fully recognize the potential adverse effects in specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Radovanović
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 100000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Josipa Vlainić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 100000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikolina Hanžić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 100000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Petra Ukić
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nada Oršolić
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Goran Baranović
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maja Jazvinšćak Jembrek
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 100000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Shen L, Yang Q, He Y, Zou X, Cao Z. BmK NT1-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by PKC/CaMKⅡ-dependent ERK1/2 and p38 activation in primary cultured cerebellar granule cells. Toxicology 2019; 421:22-29. [PMID: 30940546 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) represent molecular targets for a number of potent neurotoxins that affect the ion permeation or gating kinetics. BmK NT1, an α-scorpion toxin purified from Buthus martensii Karch (BMK), induces excitatory neurotoxicity by activation of VGSCs with subsequent overloading of intracellular Ca2+ in cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). In the current study, we further investigated signaling pathways responsible for BmK NT1-induced neurotoxicity in CGCs. BmK NT1 exposure induced neuronal death in different development stages of CGCs with similar potencies ranging from 0.21-0.48 μM. The maximal neuronal death induced by BmK NT1 gradually increased from 25.6% at 7 days in vitro (DIVs) to 42.1%, 47.8%, and 67.2% at 10, 13, and 16 DIVs, respectively, suggesting that mature CGCs are more vulnerable to BmK NT1 exposure. Application of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ (CaMKⅡ) inhibitors, KN-62 or KN-93, but not Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) inhibitor, STO-609, completely abolished BmK NT1-induced neuronal death. Moreover, BmK NT1 exposure stimulated CaMKⅡ phosphorylation. BmK NT1 also stimulated extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 phosphorylation which was abolished by tetrodotoxin demonstrating the role of VGSCs on BmK NT1-induced ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation. However, BmK NT1 didn't affect c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. In addition, both ERK1/2 inhibitor, U0126 and p38 inhibitor, SB203580 attenuated BmK NT1-induced neuronal death. Both PKC inhibitor, Gö 6983 and CaMKⅡ inhibitor, KN-62 abolished BmK NT1-induced ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation. Considered together, these data demonstrate that BmK NT1-induced neurotoxicity is through PKC/CaMKⅡ mediated ERK1/2 and p38 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Qundi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Yuwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Xiaohan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
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Hirata Y, Iwasaki T, Makimura Y, Okajima S, Oh-Hashi K, Takemori H. Inhibition of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase prevents oxytosis and ferroptosis in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. Toxicology 2019; 418:1-10. [PMID: 30817950 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is a component of signal transduction pathways mediating various stress signals including oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and is suggested to be implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Cell death in neurodegenerative conditions has been linked to oxidative stress; however, the involvement of PKR in endogenous oxidative stress such as oxytosis and ferroptosis which is quite distinct from classical apoptosis remains unknown. We investigated here the effect of a PKR inhibitor C16 (an imidazole-oxindole derivative) on oxytosis and ferroptosis in cultured HT22 mouse hippocampal cells. C16 prevented glutamate- and erastin-induced cell death, reactive oxygen species accumulation, Ca2+ influx, phosphorylation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), one of the three branches of ER stress signaling and its downstream signaling components. On the other hand, C16 did not prevent oxidative stress-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression; instead, C16 activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. The protective effect of C16 is diminished in PKR knockout HT22 cells. Real time measurements of the oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate over a long period of time leading to cell death showed that C16 partially prevented erastin-induced mitochondrial and glycolytic dysfunction. These results suggest that PKR is an important component of oxytosis and ferroptosis and the inhibition of PKR is neuroprotective against endogenous oxidative stress-induced cell death and provide an effective strategy for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Takuya Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yukimi Makimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sayaka Okajima
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Tripathi RKP, Ayyannan SR. Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors as potential neurotherapeutic agents: An overview and update. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1603-1706. [PMID: 30604512 DOI: 10.1002/med.21561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors have made significant contributions and remain an indispensable approach of molecular and mechanistic diversity for the discovery of antineurodegenerative drugs. However, their usage has been hampered by nonselective and/or irreversible action which resulted in drawbacks like liver toxicity, cheese effect, and so forth. Hence, the search for selective MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) has become a substantial focus in current drug discovery. This review summarizes our current understanding on MAO-A/MAO-B including their structure, catalytic mechanism, and biological functions with emphases on the role of MAO-B as a potential therapeutic target for the development of medications treating neurodegenerative disorders. It also highlights the recent developments in the discovery of potential MAO-B inhibitors (MAO-BIs) belonging to diverse chemical scaffolds, arising from intensive chemical-mechanistic and computational studies documented during past 3 years (2015-2018), with emphases on their potency and selectivity. Importantly, readers will gain knowledge of various newly established MAO-BI scaffolds and their development potentials. The comprehensive information provided herein will hopefully accelerate ideas for designing novel selective MAO-BIs with superior activity profiles and critical discussions will inflict more caution in the decision-making process in the MAOIs discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Kailash Prasad Tripathi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, India
| | - Senthil Raja Ayyannan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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The Antidepressant-Like Effect of Lactate in an Animal Model of Menopausal Depression. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6040108. [PMID: 30469388 PMCID: PMC6316721 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant-like effect of lactate and elucidate its mechanisms in ovariectomized rats with repeated stress. METHODS Two experiments were conducted on female rats in which all groups, except normal, were ovariectomized and underwent immobilization for 14 days. Lactate was administered orally (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days, and the rats' cutaneous body temperature was measured during the same period. Depression-like behavior in rats was assessed by the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST). Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry were conducted to evaluate the changes that occurred in the neurotransmitter levels and activity. RESULTS The lactate 100 and 250 groups had reduced time spent immobile in TST and FST and decreased peripheral body temperature. In ELISA tests, the lactate 250 group expressed elevated levels of serotonin and dopamine in many brain areas. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), and protein kinase C (PKC) immunoreactive cells showed increased density and cell counts in lactate administered groups. CONCLUSION Results indicated that lactate has an antidepressant effect that is achieved by activation of PKC and upregulation of TH and TPH expression, which eventually leads to enhanced serotonin and dopamine levels in the menopausal rat's brain.
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Savelieff MG, Nam G, Kang J, Lee HJ, Lee M, Lim MH. Development of Multifunctional Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the Last Decade. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1221-1322. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masha G. Savelieff
- SciGency Science Communications, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, United States
| | - Geewoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhye Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Chlorogenic Acid Prevents AMPA-Mediated Excitotoxicity in Optic Nerve Oligodendrocytes Through a PKC and Caspase-Dependent Pathways. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:559-573. [PMID: 30006682 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the CNS, including the optic nerve, oligodendrocytes play a critical role in the myelination of axons. Oligodendrocytes are exceptionally sensitive to insults to the CNS, such as injury, ischemia, or inflammation, which result in the loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin and eventually secondary axon degeneration. Oligodendrocytes are sensitive to excitotoxic insults mediated by overactivation of their AMPA ionotropic glutamate receptors. Phenolic compounds, which are widely distributed in fruits and vegetables, received the great attention of scientists due to their antioxidant activities and free radical scavenging abilities. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been demonstrated to possess potent neuroprotective activities against oxidative stress in various cellular models and pathological conditions. Hence, CGA protect against oxidative stress and excitotoxic insults mediated by AMPA receptors and that the protective mechanisms involve free radical scavenging, Ca2+ handling in the cytosol, and modulating antioxidant enzyme system. CGA was associated with the protein kinase A (PKC) signaling pathways transduction. Caspases and calpains have been studied as apoptotic mediators and cell death in this model of AMPA toxicity. Inhibitors of caspases initiators, caspases 1, 8, and 9, the upstream of caspase 3 effectors, have totally abrogated the protective activity of CGA. Inhibitors of calpains also totally abrogated the protective activity of CGA. In addition, a potential role for the CGA in inhibiting Bax in oligodendrocyte cell model undergoing AMPA is inducing excitotoxic death. Our results indicate that CGA exhibits a protective potential via antioxidant and apoptosis caspases and calpains dependent against AMPA-mediated excitotoxicity, and these finding indicate that CGA is able to be a good candidate for preventive approach for neurodegenerative disorders associated with loss and damage in oligodendrocytes and AMPA-mediated excitotoxicity.
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Jung UJ, Kim SR. Beneficial Effects of Flavonoids Against Parkinson's Disease. J Med Food 2018; 21:421-432. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Un Ju Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Lewerenz J, Ates G, Methner A, Conrad M, Maher P. Oxytosis/Ferroptosis-(Re-) Emerging Roles for Oxidative Stress-Dependent Non-apoptotic Cell Death in Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:214. [PMID: 29731704 PMCID: PMC5920049 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nerve cell death is the hallmark of many neurological diseases, the processes underlying this death are still poorly defined. However, there is a general consensus that neuronal cell death predominantly proceeds by regulated processes. Almost 30 years ago, a cell death pathway eventually named oxytosis was described in neuronal cells that involved glutathione depletion, reactive oxygen species production, lipoxygenase activation, and calcium influx. More recently, a cell death pathway that involved many of the same steps was described in tumor cells and termed ferroptosis due to a dependence on iron. Since then there has been a great deal of discussion in the literature about whether these are two distinct pathways or cell type- and insult-dependent variations on the same pathway. In this review, we compare and contrast in detail the commonalities and distinctions between the two pathways concluding that the molecular pathways involved in the regulation of ferroptosis and oxytosis are highly similar if not identical. Thus, we suggest that oxytosis and ferroptosis should be regarded as two names for the same cell death pathway. In addition, we describe the potential physiological relevance of oxytosis/ferroptosis in multiple neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gamze Ates
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Axel Methner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
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25
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Chen SQ, Wang ZS, Ma YX, Zhang W, Lu JL, Liang YR, Zheng XQ. Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Tea Bioactive Components in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:E512. [PMID: 29495349 PMCID: PMC6017384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) impose a heavy burden on society and families. The pathogeneses of PD and AD are complex. There are no radical cures for the diseases, and existing therapeutic agents for PD and AD have diverse side effects. Tea contains many bioactive components such as polyphenols, theanine, caffeine, and theaflavins. Some investigations of epidemiology have demonstrated that drinking tea can decrease the risk of PD and AD. Tea polyphenols can lower the morbidity of PD and AD by reducing oxidative stress and regulating signaling pathways and metal chelation. Theanine can inhibit the glutamate receptors and regulate the extracellular concentration of glutamine, presenting neuroprotective effects. Additionally, the neuroprotective mechanisms of caffeine and theaflavins may contribute to the ability to antagonize the adenosine receptor A2AR and the antioxidant properties, respectively. Thus, tea bioactive components might be useful for neuronal degeneration treatment in the future. In the present paper, the neuro protection and the mechanisms of tea and its bioactive components are reviewed. Moreover, the potential challenges and future work are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qing Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ze-Shi Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yi-Xiao Ma
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jian-Liang Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Sen A, Nelson TJ, Alkon DL, Hongpaisan J. Loss in PKC Epsilon Causes Downregulation of MnSOD and BDNF Expression in Neurons of Alzheimer's Disease Hippocampus. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:1173-1189. [PMID: 29710707 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The growth and maintenance of neuronal networks are influenced by brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, which is promoted by protein kinase C epsilon (PKCɛ). We investigated the reciprocal interaction among oxidative stress, Aβ, and PKCɛ levels and subsequent PKCɛ-dependent MnSOD and BDNF expression in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Reduced levels of PKCɛ, MnSOD, and BDNF and an increased level of Aβ were also found in hippocampal neurons from autopsy-confirmed AD patients. In cultured human primary hippocampal neurons, spherical aggregation of Aβ (amylospheroids) decreased PKCɛ and MnSOD. Treatment with t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) increased superoxide, the oxidative DNA/RNA damage marker, 8-OHG, and Aβ levels, but reduced PKCɛ, MnSOD, BDNF, and cultured neuron density. These changes were reversed with the PKCɛ activators, bryostatin and DCPLA-ME. PKCɛ knockdown suppressed PKCɛ, MnSOD, and BDNF but increased Aβ. In cultured neurons, the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with reduced PKCɛ during neurodegeneration was inhibited by the SOD mimetic MnTMPyP and the ROS scavenger NAc, indicating that strong oxidative stress suppresses PKCɛ level. Reduction of PKCɛ and MnSOD was prevented with the PKCɛ activator bryostatin in 5-6-month-old Tg2576 AD transgenic mice. In conclusion, oxidative stress and Aβ decrease PKCɛ expression. Reciprocally, a depression of PKCɛ reduces BDNF and MnSOD, resulting in oxidative stress. These changes can be prevented with the PKCɛ-specific activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Sen
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Thomas J Nelson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Jarin Hongpaisan
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Prevention of oxytosis-induced c-Raf down-regulation by (arylthio)cyclopentenone prostaglandins is neuroprotective. Toxicology 2017; 390:83-87. [PMID: 28888848 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of glutamate leads to cell type specific glutathione depletion and resulting oxidative stress, known as oxytosis. As a result of glutathione depletion, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ influx are increased; however, the specific target of oxytosis has yet to be identified. In the present study, we focused on the effect of glutamate-induced oxidative stress on the extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway using the murine hippocampal HT22 cell line. Although the contribution of the ERK pathway to glutamate-induced oxytosis in HT22 cells is controversial, Western blot analysis revealed that glutamate caused down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (c-Raf) and a resulting decrease in the phosphorylation of c-Raf, as well as of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase1/2 (MEK1/2) and ERK1/2, downstream components of the c-Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Furthermore, neuroprotective (arylthio)cyclopentenone prostaglandins prevented glutamate-induced c-Raf down-regulation and consequently maintained the basal activity of c-Raf and its downstream signaling components. A pull-down assay using biotin-labeled cyclopentenone prostaglandins revealed that they preferentially bound to c-Raf relative to other signaling molecules of the ERK pathway, including Ras, MEK1/2, and ERK. These results suggest that neuroprotective (arylthio)cyclopentenone prostaglandins directly bind to c-Raf protein and protect cells from down-regulation of the c-Raf protein itself, resulting in neuroprotection against oxidative stress.
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Allium cepa Extract and Quercetin Protect Neuronal Cells from Oxidative Stress via PKC- ε Inactivation/ERK1/2 Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2495624. [PMID: 27668036 PMCID: PMC5030440 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2495624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of various neurologic disorders. Allium cepa extract (ACE) and their main flavonoid component quercetin (QCT) possess antioxidant activities and protect neurons from oxidative stress. We investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms, particularly those linked to the antioxidant effects of the ACE. Primary cortical neuronal cells derived from mouse embryos were preincubated with ACE or QCT for 30 min and exposed to L-buthionine sulfoximine for 4~24 h. We found that ACE and QCT significantly decreased neuronal death and the ROS increase induced by L-buthionine-S, R-sulfoximine (BSO) in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, ACE and QCT activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), leading to downregulation of protein kinase C-ε (PKC-ε) in BSO-stimulated neuronal cells. In addition, ACE and QCT decreased the phosphorylated levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Our results provide new insight into the protective mechanism of ACE and QCT against oxidative stress in neuronal cells. The results suggest that the inactivation of PKC-ε induced by phosphorylating ERK1/2 is responsible for the neuroprotective effect of ACE and QCT against BSO-induced oxidative stress.
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Son ES, Kyung SY, Lee SP, Jeong SH, Shin JY, Ohba M, Yeo EJ, Park JW. Role of protein kinase C-η in cigarette smoke extract-induced apoptosis in MRC-5-cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 34:869-77. [PMID: 25504686 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114561343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor for emphysema, which causes cell death in structural cells of the lung by mechanisms that are still not completely understood. We demonstrated previously that CS extract (CSE) induces caspase activation in MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts, activated protein kinase C-η (PKC-η), and translocated PKC-η from the cytosol to the membrane. The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of PKC-η activation in a CSE-induced extrinsic apoptotic pathway. We determined that CSE increases expression of caspase 3 and 8 cleavage in MRC-5 cells and overexpression of PKC-η significantly increased expression of caspase 3 and 8 cleavage compared with control LacZ-infected cells. In contrast, dominant negative (dn) PKC-η inhibited apoptosis in MRC-5 cells exposed to CSE and decreased expression of caspase 3 and 8 compared with control cells. Exposure to 10% CSE for >8 h significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase release in PKC-η-infected cells compared with LacZ-infected cells. Additionally, PKC-η-infected cells had an increased number of Hoechst 33342 stained nuclei compared with LacZ-infected cells, while dn PKC-η-infected cells exhibited fewer morphological changes than LacZ-infected cells under phase-contrast microscopy. In conclusion, PKC-η activation plays a pro-apoptotic role in CSE-induced extrinsic apoptotic pathway in MRC-5 cells. These results suggest that modulation of PKC-η may be a useful tool for regulating the extrinsic apoptosis of MRC-5 cells by CSE and may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of CS-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Son
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - S Y Kyung
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - S P Lee
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - S H Jeong
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - J Y Shin
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - M Ohba
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Showa University, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E J Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - J W Park
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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The neurotoxicity of 5-S-cysteinyldopamine is mediated by the early activation of ERK1/2 followed by the subsequent activation of ASK1/JNK1/2 pro-apoptotic signalling. Biochem J 2014; 463:41-52. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20131519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
5-S-cysteinyldopamine is an endogenous neurotoxin with relevance to Parkinson's disease. The present study shows for the first time that the endogenous formation of 5-S-cysteinyldopamine in the Parkinsonian brain may be causally related to nigrostriatal tract degeneration.
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31
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Formisano L, Guida N, Laudati G, Boscia F, Esposito A, Secondo A, Di Renzo G, Canzoniero LMT. Extracellular signal-related kinase 2/specificity protein 1/specificity protein 3/repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor pathway is involved in Aroclor 1254-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:167-77. [PMID: 25093670 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) cause a wide spectrum of toxic effects in the brain through undefined mechanisms. Exposure to the PCB mixture Aroclor-1254 (A1254) increases the repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) expression, leading to neuronal death. This study sought to understand the sequence of some molecular mechanisms to determine whether A1254 could increase REST expression and the cytoprotective effect of the phorbol ester tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) on A1254-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. As shown by Western blot analysis, A1254 (10 µg/ml) downregulates extracellular signal-related kinase 2 (ERK2) phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner, thereby triggering the binding of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and Sp3 to the REST gene promoter as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. This chain of events results in an increase in REST mRNA and cell death, as assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and dimethylthiazolyl-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide assay, respectively. Accordingly, TPA prevented both the A1254-induced decrease in ERK2 phosphorylation and the A1254-induced increase in Sp1, Sp3, and REST protein expression. After 48 hr, TPA prevented A1254-induced cell death. ERK2 overexpression counteracted the A1254-induced increase in Sp1 and Sp3 protein expression and prevented A1254-induced Sp1 and Sp3 binding to the REST gene promoter, thus counteracting the increase in REST mRNA expression induced by the toxicant. In neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, ERK2/Sp1/SP3/REST is a new pathway underlying the neurotoxic effect of PCB. The ERK2/Sp1/Sp3/REST pathway, which underlies A1254-induced neuronal death, might represent a new drug signaling cascade in PCB-induced neuronal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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Han YJ, Je JH, Kim SH, Ahn SM, Kim HN, Kim YR, Choi YW, Shin HK, Choi BT. Gastrodia elata Shows Neuroprotective Effects via Activation of PI3K Signaling against Oxidative Glutamate Toxicity in HT22 Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:1007-19. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dried roots of Gastrodia elata have traditionally been used in Korean medicine for the treatment of neurological disorders such as scotodinia, paralysis, and epilepsy. In our study, we attempted to investigate the neuroprotective effects of methanol extract from G. elata (MEGE) against glutamate-mediated oxidative stress and to explore underlying neuroprotective mechanisms. Analyses for cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), flow cytometry, Western blot, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were performed in HT22 hippocampal cells. Pretreatment with MEGE resulted in a potent neuroprotective effect against oxidative glutamate toxicity and these effects were exerted mainly by the abrogation of glutamate-induced apoptotic death. Treatment with glutamate resulted in a significant expression of both phosphorylated p38 and dephosphorylated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). However, pretreatment with MEGE resulted in the inhibition of these expressions. In the inhibitor studies, treatment with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 resulted in the abrogation of the neuroprotective effect of MEGE. In addition, pretreatment with MEGE also resulted in the suppression of the glutamate-induced production of ROS. Treatment with MEGE and anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) resulted in the enhanced phosphorylation of both PI3K and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB), and, in particular, treatment with MEGE resulted in significantly enhanced expression of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These results suggest that the extract from G. elata mainly exerted neuroprotective effects through the up-regulation of the PI3K signaling pathway in association with BDNF and may be a useful therapeutic agent for treatment of oxidative neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Han
- Department of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hui Je
- Department of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyoung Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Ahn
- Department of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ri Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 626-706, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Anti-Aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Anti-Aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Anti-Aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Saberi B, Ybanez MD, Johnson HS, Gaarde WA, Han D, Kaplowitz N. Protein kinase C (PKC) participates in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity through c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. Hepatology 2014; 59:1543-1554. [PMID: 23873604 PMCID: PMC3997165 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study examines the role of protein kinase C (PKC) and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) in acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. Treatment of primary mouse hepatocytes with broad-spectrum PKC inhibitors (Ro-31-8245, Go6983), protected against APAP cytotoxicity despite sustained c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Broad-spectrum PKC inhibitor treatment enhanced p-AMPK levels and AMPK regulated survival-energy pathways including autophagy. AMPK inhibition by compound C or activation using an AMPK activator oppositely modulated APAP cytotoxicity, suggesting that p-AMPK and AMPK regulated energy survival pathways, particularly autophagy, play a critical role in APAP cytotoxicity. Ro-31-8245 treatment in mice up-regulated p-AMPK levels, increased autophagy (i.e., increased LC3-II formation, p62 degradation), and protected against APAP-induced liver injury, even in the presence of sustained JNK activation and translocation to mitochondria. In contrast, treatment of hepatocytes with a classical PKC inhibitor (Go6976) protected against APAP by inhibiting JNK activation. Knockdown of PKC-α using antisense (ASO) in mice also protected against APAP-induced liver injury by inhibiting JNK activation. APAP treatment resulted in PKC-α translocation to mitochondria and phosphorylation of mitochondrial PKC substrates. JNK 1 and 2 silencing in vivo decreased APAP-induced PKC-α translocation to mitochondria, suggesting PKC-α and JNK interplay in a feed-forward mechanism to mediate APAP-induced liver injury. CONCLUSION PKC-α and other PKC(s) regulate death (JNK) and survival (AMPK) proteins, to modulate APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Saberi
- University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
| | - Maria D. Ybanez
- University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
| | - Heather S. Johnson
- University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
| | | | - Derick Han
- KGI School of Biopharmacy, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Drive Claremont, CA 91711
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
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34
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Zhang HM, Su Q. PKC in developmental hypothyroid rat brain. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1161-6. [PMID: 24682728 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for the proper development of mammalian central nervous system. TH deficiency during the critical period of brain development results in permanent cognitive and neurological impairments. Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family play a key role in the regulation of cellular functions in the nervous system. Alteration of PKC can be involved in the pathogenesis of neuronal disorders. This review details recent progress made in determining the roles played by PKC isoforms in developing hypothyroid rat brain. Evidence indicates that hippocampus down-regulation of PKCβ and PKCγ may be related to impaired learning and memory observed in perinatal hypothyroid rats. Enhanced PKCα activity in neonatal hypothyroid brain may bring about oxidative stress and cause brain damage. The activated pro-apoptotic PKCs including PKCδ can cause extensive apoptosis in the hypothyroid rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
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Xu C, Liu QY, Alkon DL. PKC activators enhance GABAergic neurotransmission and paired-pulse facilitation in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Neuroscience 2014; 268:75-86. [PMID: 24637095 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatin-1, a potent agonist of protein kinase C (PKC), has recently been found to enhance spatial learning and long-term memory in rats, mice, rabbits and the nudibranch Hermissenda, and to exert profound neuroprotective effects on Alzheimer's disease (AD) in transgenic mice. However, details of the mechanistic effects of bryostatin on learning and memory remain unclear. To address this issue, whole-cell recording, a dual-recording approach and extracellular recording techniques were performed on young (2-4months) Brown-Norway rats. We found that bath-applied bryostatin-1 significantly increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs). The firing rate of GABAergic interneurons significantly was also increased as recorded with a loosely-attached extracellular recording configuration. Simultaneous recordings from communicating cell pairs of interneuron and pyramidal neuron revealed unique activity-dependent properties of GABAergic synapses. Furthermore, the bryostatin-induced increase of the frequency and amplitude of IPSCs was blocked by methionine enkephalin which selectively suppressed the excitability of interneurons. Pretreatment with RO-32-0432, a relatively specific PKCα antagonist, blocked the effect of bryostatin on sIPSCs. Finally, bryostatin increased paired-pulse ratio of GABAergic synapses that lasted for at least 20min while pretreatment with RO-32-0432 significantly reduced the ratio. In addition, 8-[2-(2-pentyl-cyclopropylmethl)-cyclopropyl]-octanoic acid (DCP-LA), a selective PKCε activator, also increased the frequency and amplitude of sIPSCs. Taken together, these results suggest that bryostatin enhances GABAergic neurotransmission in pyramidal neurons by activating the PKCα & ε-dependent pathway and by a presynaptic mechanism with excitation of GABAergic interneurons. These effects of bryostatin on GABAergic transmissions and modifiability may contribute to the improvement of learning and memory previously observed to be induced by bryostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Xu
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States of America.
| | - Q-Y Liu
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States of America
| | - D L Alkon
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States of America
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Senut MC, Sen A, Cingolani P, Shaik A, Land SJ, Ruden DM. Lead exposure disrupts global DNA methylation in human embryonic stem cells and alters their neuronal differentiation. Toxicol Sci 2014; 139:142-61. [PMID: 24519525 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to lead (Pb) during childhood can result in learning disabilities and behavioral problems. Although described in animal models, whether Pb exposure also alters neuronal differentiation in the developing brains of exposed children is unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of physiologically relevant concentrations of Pb (from 0.4 to 1.9μM) on the capacity of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to progress to a neuronal fate. We found that neither acute nor chronic exposure to Pb prevented hESCs from generating neural progenitor cells (NPCs). NPCs derived from hESCs chronically exposed to 1.9μM Pb throughout the neural differentiation process generated 2.5 times more TUJ1-positive neurons than those derived from control hESCs. Pb exposure of hESCs during the stage of neural rosette formation resulted in a significant decrease in the expression levels of the neural marker genes PAX6 and MSI1. Furthermore, the resulting NPCs differentiated into neurons with shorter neurites and less branching than control neurons, as assessed by Sholl analysis. DNA methylation studies of control, acutely treated hESCs and NPCs derived from chronically exposed hESCs using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip demonstrated that Pb exposure induced changes in the methylation status of genes involved in neurogenetic signaling pathways. In summary, our study shows that exposure to Pb subtly alters the neuronal differentiation of exposed hESCs and that these changes could be partly mediated by modifications in the DNA methylation status of genes crucial to brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Senut
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, C.S. Mott Center for Human Health and Development, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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Caceres LG, Cid MP, Uran SL, Zorrilla Zubilete MA, Salvatierra NA, Guelman LR. Pharmacological alterations that could underlie radiation-induced changes in associative memory and anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 111:37-43. [PMID: 23958578 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is widely known that ionizing radiation is a physical agent broadly used to kill tumor cells during human cancer therapy. Unfortunately, adjacent normal tissues can concurrently undergo undesirable cell injury. Previous data of our laboratory demonstrated that exposure of developing rats to ionizing radiations induced a variety of behavioral differences respect to controls, including changes in associative memory and in anxiety state. However, there is a lack of data concerning modifications in different related pharmacological intermediaries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether the behavioral differences observed in young animals irradiated at birth might be underlain by early changes in PKCß1 levels which, in turn, could lead to changes in hippocampal GABAergic neurotransmission. Male Wistar rats were irradiated with 5Gy of X rays between 24 and 48 h after birth. Different pharmacological markers related to the affected behavioral tasks were assessed in control and irradiated hippocampus at 15 and 30 days, namely GABAA receptor, GAD65-67, ROS and PKCß1. Results showed that all measured parameters were increased in the hippocampus of 30-days-old irradiated animals. In contrast, in the hippocampus of 15-days-old irradiated animals only the levels of PKCß1 were decreased. These data suggest that PKCß1 might constitute a primary target for neonatal radiation damage on the hippocampus. Therefore, it could be hypothesized that an initial decrease in the levels of this protein can trigger a subsequent compensatory increase that, in turn, could be responsible for the plethora of biochemical changes that might underlie the previously observed behavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Caceres
- 1ª Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CEFyBO-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, piso 15, (1121) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rué L, Alcalá-Vida R, López-Soop G, Creus-Muncunill J, Alberch J, Pérez-Navarro E. Early down-regulation of PKCδ as a pro-survival mechanism in Huntington's disease. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 16:25-37. [PMID: 23896721 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A balance between cell survival and apoptosis is crucial to avoid neurodegeneration. Here, we analyzed whether the pro-apoptotic protein PKCδ, and the pro-survival PKCα and βII, were dysregulated in the brain of R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD). Protein levels of the three PKCs examined were reduced in all the brain regions analyzed being PKCδ the most affected isoform. Interestingly, PKCδ protein levels were also decreased in the striatum and cortex of R6/2 and Hdh(Q111/Q111) mice, and in the putamen of HD patients. Nuclear PKCδ induces apoptosis, but we detected reduced PKCδ in both cytoplasmic and nuclear enriched fractions from R6/1 mouse striatum, cortex and hippocampus. In addition, we show that phosphorylation and ubiquitination of PKCδ are increased in 30-week-old R6/1 mouse brain. All together these results suggest a pro-survival role of reduced PKCδ levels in response to mutant huntingtin-induced toxicity. In fact, we show that over-expression of PKCδ increases mutant huntingtin-induced cell death in vitro, whereas over-expression of a PKCδ dominant negative form or silencing of endogenous PKCδ partially blocks mutant huntingtin-induced cell death. Finally, we show that the analysis of lamin B protein levels could be a good marker of PKCδ activity, but it is not involved in PKCδ-mediated cell death in mutant huntingtin-expressing cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that neurons increase the degradation of PKCδ as a compensatory pro-survival mechanism in response to mutant huntingtin-induced toxicity that can help to understand why cell death appears late in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rué
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
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Burdo JR. Using chick forebrain neurons to model neurodegeneration and protection in an undergraduate neuroscience laboratory course. JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE NEUROSCIENCE EDUCATION : JUNE : A PUBLICATION OF FUN, FACULTY FOR UNDERGRADUATE NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 11:A178-A186. [PMID: 23805059 PMCID: PMC3692248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since 2009 at Boston College, we have been offering a Research in Neuroscience course using cultured neurons in an in vitro model of stroke. The students work in groups to learn how to perform sterile animal cell culture and run several basic bioassays to assess cell viability. They are then tasked with analyzing the scientific literature in an attempt to identify and predict the intracellular pathways involved in neuronal death, and identify dietary antioxidant compounds that may provide protection based on their known effects in other cells. After each group constructs a hypothesis pertaining to the potential neuroprotection, we purchase one compound per group and the students test their hypotheses using a commonly performed viability assay. The groups generate quantitative data and perform basic statistics on that data to analyze it for statistical significance. Finally, the groups compile their data and other elements of their research experience into a poster for our departmental research celebration at the end of the spring semester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Burdo
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Joseph Burdo, Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467.
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Protective effect of creatine against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: Involvement of intracellular signaling pathways. Neuroscience 2013; 238:185-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tiwari V, Chopra K. Resveratrol abrogates alcohol-induced cognitive deficits by attenuating oxidative-nitrosative stress and inflammatory cascade in the adult rat brain. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:861-9. [PMID: 23422878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol intake is known to induce permanent cognitive deficits along with enhanced oxidative-nitrosative stress and activation of neuroinflammatory cascade. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin against chronic alcohol-induced cognitive dysfunction and neuroiflammatory cascade in the brain of adult rats chronically administered ethanol. Male Wistar rats were adminstered ethanol (10g/kg; oral gavage) for ten weeks and treated with resveratrol (5, 10 and 20mg/kg) for the same duration. Ethanol-exposed rats showed impaired spatial navigation in the Morris water maze test and poor retention in the elevated plus maze task which was coupled with enhanced acetylcholinesterase activity, increased oxidative-nitrosative stress, cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta), NF-kappa β and caspase-3 levels in different brain regions (cerebral cortex and hippocampus) of ethanol-treated rats. Co-administration with resveratrol significantly and dose-dependently prevented all the behavioral, biochemical and molecular deficits. Correlatively, the results of the present study revealed that treatment with resveratrol significantly prevented cognitive deficits induced by chronic ethanol exposure not only by modulating oxido-nitrosative stress but also by attenuating the enhanced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), NF-kβ and caspase-3 in different brain regions of ethanol treated rats. Therefore, mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol observed in our study may be due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuromodulating activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Tiwari
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Center of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
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Lewerenz J, Hewett SJ, Huang Y, Lambros M, Gout PW, Kalivas PW, Massie A, Smolders I, Methner A, Pergande M, Smith SB, Ganapathy V, Maher P. The cystine/glutamate antiporter system x(c)(-) in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:522-55. [PMID: 22667998 PMCID: PMC3545354 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The antiporter system x(c)(-) imports the amino acid cystine, the oxidized form of cysteine, into cells with a 1:1 counter-transport of glutamate. It is composed of a light chain, xCT, and a heavy chain, 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc), and, thus, belongs to the family of heterodimeric amino acid transporters. Cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for the important antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and, along with cystine, it also forms a key redox couple on its own. Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). By phylogenetic analysis, we show that system x(c)(-) is a rather evolutionarily new amino acid transport system. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate system x(c)(-), including the transcriptional regulation of the xCT light chain, posttranscriptional mechanisms, and pharmacological inhibitors of system x(c)(-). Moreover, the roles of system x(c)(-) in regulating GSH levels, the redox state of the extracellular cystine/cysteine redox couple, and extracellular glutamate levels are discussed. In vitro, glutamate-mediated system x(c)(-) inhibition leads to neuronal cell death, a paradigm called oxidative glutamate toxicity, which has successfully been used to identify neuroprotective compounds. In vivo, xCT has a rather restricted expression pattern with the highest levels in the CNS and parts of the immune system. System x(c)(-) is also present in the eye. Moreover, an elevated expression of xCT has been reported in cancer. We highlight the diverse roles of system x(c)(-) in the regulation of the immune response, in various aspects of cancer and in the eye and the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Abstract
1-42 β-Amyloid (Aβ(1-42)) peptide is a key molecule involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Some of its effects are manifested at the neuronal morphological level. These morphological changes involve loss of neurites due to cytoskeleton alterations. However, the mechanism of Aβ(1-42) peptide activation of the neurodegenerative program is still poorly understood. Here, Aβ(1-42) peptide-induced transduction of cellular death signals through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphoinositol-dependent kinase (PDK)/novel protein kinase C (nPKC)/Rac 1 axis is described. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PDK1 and nPKC activities blocks Rac 1 activation and neuronal cell death. Our results provide insights into an unsuspected connection between PDK1, nPKCs and Rac 1 in the same signal-transduction pathway and points out nPKCs and Rac 1 as potential therapeutic targets to block the toxic effects of Aβ(1-42) peptide in neurons.
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Genistein inhibits Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ -induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via PKC signaling pathway. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2787-94. [PMID: 22949092 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway is recognized as an important molecular mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the regulation of neuronal plasticity and survival. Genistein, the most active molecule of soy isoflavones, exerts neuroprotective roles in AD. However, the detailed mechanism has not been fully understood yet. The present study aimed to investigate whether the neuroprotective effects of genistein against amyloid β (Aβ)-induced toxicity in cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells is involved in PKC signaling pathway. PC12 cells were pretreated with genistein for 2 h following incubation with Aβ(25-35) for additional 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by MTT. Hoechst33342/PI staining was applied to determine the apoptotic cells. PKC activity, intracellular calcium level and caspase-3 activity were analyzed by assay kits. The results showed that pretreatment with genistein significantly increased cell viability and PKC activity, decreased the levels of intracellular calcium, attenuated Hoechst/PI staining and blocked caspase-3 activity in Aβ(25-35)-treated PC12 cells. Pretreatment of Myr, a general PKC inhibitor, significantly attenuated the neuroprotective effect of genistein against Aβ(25-35)-treated PC12 cells. The present study indicates that PKC signaling pathway is involved in the neuroprotective action of genistein against Aβ(25-35)-induced toxicity in PC12 cells.
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Yang HQ, Li X, Yang WM, Feng SM, Ma JJ. Neuroprotective effects of new protein kinase C activator TPPB against Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2213-21. [PMID: 22832950 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by presence of senile plaques in the hippocampus, which are composed mainly of extracellular deposition of a polypeptide known as the beta amyloid, the Aβ. It has been demonstrated on numerous occasions that it was the deposition and aggregation of this Aβ peptide that cause neuronal dysfunction and even finally, the dementia. Lowering the deposition of Aβ or decreasing its neurotoxicity has long been one of the purposes of AD therapy. In previous study, we reported that protein kinase C (PKC) activator TPPB could regulate APP processing by increasing α-secretase activity. In this study we further investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of TPPB against Aβ(25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. The results indicated that TPPB at concentration of 1 μM could antagonize Aβ(25-35) induced cell damage as evidenced by MTT assays, LDH release and by morphological changes. Furthermore, the neuroprotection in cell viability can be blocked by inhibitors of PKC, Akt and MAPK. The experiment also indicated that TPPB could increase the phosphorylation of Akt, PKC, MARCKS and MAPK, which were inhibited by Aβ(25-35) treatment. Finally, TPPB inhibited the activation of caspase-3 induced by Aβ(25-35). Taken together, the experiment here implies that TPPB has a role against Aβ(25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and may suggest its therapeutic potential in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Flavonoids as modulators of memory and learning: molecular interactions resulting in behavioural effects. Proc Nutr Soc 2012; 71:246-62. [PMID: 22414320 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665112000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the potential of a group of dietary-derived phytochemicals known as flavonoids in modulating neuronal function and thereby influencing memory, learning and cognitive function. The present review begins by detailing the molecular events that underlie the acquisition and consolidation of new memories in the brain in order to provide a critical background to understanding the impact of flavonoid-rich diets or pure flavonoids on memory. Data suggests that despite limited brain bioavailability, dietary supplementation with flavonoid-rich foods, such as blueberry, green tea and Ginkgo biloba lead to significant reversals of age-related deficits on spatial memory and learning. Furthermore, animal and cellular studies suggest that the mechanisms underpinning their ability to induce improvements in memory are linked to the potential of absorbed flavonoids and their metabolites to interact with and modulate critical signalling pathways, transcription factors and gene and/or protein expression which control memory and learning processes in the hippocampus; the brain structure where spatial learning occurs. Overall, current evidence suggests that human translation of these animal investigations are warranted, as are further studies, to better understand the precise cause-and-effect relationship between flavonoid intake and cognitive outputs.
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47
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Characterization of Novel Neuroprotective Lipid Analogues for the Treatment of Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lawal AO, Ellis EM. Nrf2-mediated adaptive response to cadmium-induced toxicity involves protein kinase C delta in human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 32:54-62. [PMID: 21787730 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal, and exposure to Cd causes a range of changes within the cell. At high concentrations, Cd causes damage to cells via a range of mechanisms. At low concentrations, Cd can stimulate expression of genes that are part of an adaptive response. In this study, we have used the astrocytoma cell line 1321N1 as a model to investigate the induction of protective enzymes in response to Cd. We have shown that expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and haem oxygenase enzymes are induced as the protein level by -fold and -fold, and in response to 5 and 10 μM Cd. Levels of NQO1 and HO1 mRNA are also increased by -fold and -fold following 24h exposure to 5 and 10 μM cadmium. An increase in the nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor Nrf2 was also observed following Cd treatment. Through the use of the protein kinase C inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (VIII) acetate we have demonstrated the involvement PKC in the Nrf2-mediated response of 1321N1 cells to 5-10 μM Cd. We have also shown through the used of 10 μM rottlerin that PKCδ is the isoform responsible for mediating this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeem O Lawal
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow G1 1XW, United Kingdom.
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Tiong CX, Lu M, Bian JS. Protective effect of hydrogen sulphide against 6-OHDA-induced cell injury in SH-SY5Y cells involves PKC/PI3K/Akt pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 161:467-80. [PMID: 20735429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) is a novel neuromodulator. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of H(2)S against cell injury induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a selective dopaminergic neurotoxin often used to establish a model of Parkinson's disease for studying the underlying mechanisms of this condition. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability in SH-SY5Y cells was measured using MTT assay. Western blot analysis and pharmacological manipulation were employed to study the signalling mechanisms. KEY RESULTS Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 6-OHDA (50-200 microM) for 12 h decreased cell viability. Exogenous application of NaHS (an H(2)S donor, 100-1000 microM) or overexpression of cystathionine beta-synthase (a predominant enzyme to produce endogenous H(2)S in SH-SY5Y cells) protected cells against 6-OHDA-induced cell apoptosis and death. Furthermore, NaHS reversed 6-OHDA-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase. Western blot analysis showed that NaHS reversed the down-regulation of PKCalpha, epsilon and Akt and the up-regulation of PKCdelta in 6-OHDA-treated cells. Blockade of PKCalpha with Gö6976 (2 microM), PKCepsilon with EAVSLKPT (200 microM) or PI3K with LY294002 (20 microM) reduced the protective effects of H(2)S. However, inhibition of PKCdelta with rottlerin (5 microM) failed to affect 6-OHDA-induced cell injury. These data suggest that the protective effects of NaHS mainly resulted from activation of PKCalpha, epsilon and PI3K/Akt pathway. In addition, NaHS-induced Akt phosphorylation was significantly attenuated by Gö6976 and EAVSLKPT, suggesting that the activation of Akt by NaHS is PKCalpha, epsilon-dependent. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS H(2)S protects SH-SY5Y cells against 6-OHDA-induced cell injury by activating the PKCalpha, epsilon/PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Xin Tiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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50
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Kang SM, Yoon JY, Kim YJ, Lee SP, Jeong SH, Park JW. Inhibition of PKC Epsilon Attenuates Cigarette Smoke Extract-Induced Apoptosis in Human Lung Fibroblasts (MRC-5 Cells). Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2011.71.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Myung Kang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin Young Yoon
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang Pyo Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Jeong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Woong Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
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