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Chen J, Zhao H, Liu M, Chen L. A new perspective on the autophagic and non-autophagic functions of the GABARAP protein family: a potential therapeutic target for human diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1415-1441. [PMID: 37440122 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian autophagy-related protein Atg8, including the LC3 subfamily and GABARAP subfamily. Atg8 proteins play a vital role in autophagy initiation, autophagosome formation and transport, and autophagy-lysosome fusion. GABARAP subfamily proteins (GABARAPs) share a high degree of homology with LC3 family proteins, and their unique roles are often overlooked. GABARAPs are as indispensable as LC3 in autophagy. Deletion of GABARAPs fails autophagy flux induction and autophagy lysosomal fusion, which leads to the failure of autophagy. GABARAPs are also involved in the transport of selective autophagy receptors. They are engaged in various particular autophagy processes, including mitochondrial autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum autophagy, Golgi autophagy, centrosome autophagy, and dorphagy. Furthermore, GABARAPs are closely related to the transport and delivery of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-GABAA and the angiotensin II AT1 receptor (AT1R), tumor growth, metastasis, and prognosis. GABARAPs also have been confirmed to be involved in various diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. In order to better understand the role and therapeutic potential of GABARAPs, this article comprehensively reviews the autophagic and non-autophagic functions of GABARAPs, as well as the research progress of the role and mechanism of GABARAPs in cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. It emphasizes the significance of GABARAPs in the clinical prevention and treatment of diseases, and may provide new therapeutic ideas and targets for human diseases. GABARAP and GABARAPL1 in the serum of cancer patients are positively correlated with the prognosis of patients, which can be used as a clinical biomarker, predictor and potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Central Laboratory of Yan'nan Hospital Affiliated to Kunming, Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases of Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, No. 245, Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Central Laboratory of Yan'nan Hospital Affiliated to Kunming, Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases of Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, No. 245, Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- School of Nursing, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Meiqing Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yan'nan Hospital Affiliated to Kunming, Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases of Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, No. 245, Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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Squillace S, Salvemini D. Nitroxidative stress in pain and opioid-induced adverse effects: therapeutic opportunities. Pain 2022; 163:205-213. [PMID: 34145168 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Squillace
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Alexander RPD, Bowie D. Intrinsic plasticity of cerebellar stellate cells is mediated by NMDA receptor regulation of voltage-gated Na + channels. J Physiol 2020; 599:647-665. [PMID: 33146903 DOI: 10.1113/jp280627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We show that NMDA receptors (NMDARs) elicit a long-term increase in the firing rates of inhibitory stellate cells of the cerebellum NMDARs induce intrinsic plasticity through a Ca2+ - and CaMKII-dependent pathway that drives shifts in the activation and inactivation properties of voltage-gated Na+ (Nav ) channels An identical Ca2+ - and CaMKII-dependent signalling pathway is triggered during whole-cell recording which lowers the action potential threshold by causing a hyperpolarizing shift in the gating properties of Nav channels. Our findings open the more general possibility that NMDAR-mediated intrinsic plasticity found in other cerebellar neurons may involve similar shifts in Nav channel gating. ABSTRACT Memory storage in the mammalian brain is mediated not only by long-lasting changes in the efficacy of neurotransmitter receptors but also by long-term modifications to the activity of voltage-gated ion channels. Activity-dependent plasticity of voltage-gated ion channels, or intrinsic plasticity, is found throughout the brain in virtually all neuronal types, including principal cells and interneurons. Although intrinsic plasticity has been identified in neurons of the cerebellum, it has yet to be studied in inhibitory cerebellar stellate cells of the molecular layer which regulate activity outflow from the cerebellar cortex by feedforward inhibition onto Purkinje cells. The study of intrinsic plasticity in stellate cells has been particularly challenging as membrane patch breakthrough in electrophysiology experiments unintentionally triggers changes in spontaneous firing rates. Using cell-attached patch recordings to avoid disruption, we show that activation of extrasynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) elicits a long-term increase in the firing properties of stellate cells by stimulating a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ and activation of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). An identical signalling pathway is triggered during whole-cell recording which lowers the action potential threshold by causing a hyperpolarizing shift in the gating properties of voltage-gated sodium (Nav ) channels. Together, our findings identify an unappreciated role of Nav channel-dependent intrinsic plasticity in cerebellar stellate cells which, in concert with non-canonical NMDAR signalling, provides the cerebellum with an unconventional mechanism to fine-tune motor behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P D Alexander
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Derek Bowie
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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