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Rouchka EC, de Almeida C, House RB, Daneshmand JC, Chariker JH, Saraswat-Ohri S, Gomes C, Sharp M, Shum-Siu A, Cesarz GM, Petruska JC, Magnuson DSK. Construction of a Searchable Database for Gene Expression Changes in Spinal Cord Injury Experiments. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:1030-1043. [PMID: 37917105 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition with an estimated 18,000 new cases annually in the United States. The field has accepted and adopted standardized databases such as the Open Data Commons for Spinal Cord Injury (ODC-SCI) to aid in broader analyses, but these currently lack high-throughput data despite the availability of nearly 6000 samples from over 90 studies available in the Sequence Read Archive. This limits the potential for large datasets to enhance our understanding of SCI-related mechanisms at the molecular and cellular level. Therefore, we have developed a protocol for processing RNA-Seq samples from high-throughput sequencing experiments related to SCI resulting in both raw and normalized data that can be efficiently mined for comparisons across studies, as well as homologous discovery across species. We have processed 1196 publicly available RNA-Seq samples from 50 bulk RNA-Seq studies across nine different species, resulting in an SQLite database that can be used by the SCI research community for further discovery. We provide both the database as well as a web-based front-end that can be used to query the database for genes of interest, differential gene expression, genes with high variance, and gene set enrichments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Rouchka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Carlos de Almeida
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Randi B House
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jonah C Daneshmand
- Bioinformatics Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Julia H Chariker
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neuroscience Training, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sujata Saraswat-Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Cynthia Gomes
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Morgan Sharp
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alice Shum-Siu
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Greta M Cesarz
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Petruska
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - David S K Magnuson
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Wang XW, Yang SG, Hu MW, Wang RY, Zhang C, Kosanam AR, Ochuba AJ, Jiang JJ, Luo X, Guan Y, Qian J, Liu CM, Zhou FQ. Histone methyltransferase Ezh2 coordinates mammalian axon regeneration via regulation of key regenerative pathways. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e163145. [PMID: 38015636 PMCID: PMC10849760 DOI: 10.1172/jci163145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and neural injuries face major challenges, primarily due to the diminished regenerative capacity of neurons in the mammalian CNS as they mature. Here, we investigated the role of Ezh2, a histone methyltransferase, in regulating mammalian axon regeneration. We found that Ezh2 declined in the mouse nervous system during maturation but was upregulated in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury to facilitate spontaneous axon regeneration. In addition, overexpression of Ezh2 in retinal ganglion cells in the CNS promoted optic nerve regeneration via both histone methylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Further investigation revealed that Ezh2 fostered axon regeneration by orchestrating the transcriptional silencing of genes governing synaptic function and those inhibiting axon regeneration, while concurrently activating various factors that support axon regeneration. Notably, we demonstrated that GABA transporter 2, encoded by Slc6a13, acted downstream of Ezh2 to control axon regeneration. Overall, our study underscores the potential of modulating chromatin accessibility as a promising strategy for promoting CNS axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Shu-Guang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Rui-Ying Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anish R. Kosanam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arinze J. Ochuba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jing-Jing Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Chang-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Quan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Rouchka EC, de Almeida C, House RB, Daneshmand JC, Chariker JH, Saraswat-Ohri S, Gomes C, Sharp M, Shum-Siu A, Cesarz GM, Petruska JC, Magnuson DS. Construction of a searchable database for gene expression changes in spinal cord injury experiments. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.01.526630. [PMID: 36778366 PMCID: PMC9915599 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disease resulting in an estimated 18,000 new cases in the United States on an annual basis. Significant behavioral research on animal models has led to a large amount of data, some of which has been catalogued in the Open Data Commons for Spinal Cord Injury (ODC-SCI). More recently, high throughput sequencing experiments have been utilized to understand molecular mechanisms associated with SCI, with nearly 6,000 samples from over 90 studies available in the Sequence Read Archive. However, to date, no resource is available for efficiently mining high throughput sequencing data from SCI experiments. Therefore, we have developed a protocol for processing RNA-Seq samples from high-throughput sequencing experiments related to SCI resulting in both raw and normalized data that can be efficiently mined for comparisons across studies as well as homologous discovery across species. We have processed 1,196 publicly available RNA-seq samples from 50 bulk RNA-Seq studies across nine different species, resulting in an SQLite database that can be used by the SCI research community for further discovery. We provide both the database as well as a web-based front-end that can be used to query the database for genes of interest, differential gene expression, genes with high variance, and gene set enrichments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Rouchka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 522 East Gray Street, Louisville, KY USA 40202
- Bioinformatics Program, School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Carlos de Almeida
- Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Randi B. House
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jonah C. Daneshmand
- Bioinformatics Program, School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Julia H. Chariker
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 522 East Gray Street, Louisville, KY USA 40202
- Department of Neuroscience Training, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Sujata Saraswat-Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Cynthia Gomes
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Morgan Sharp
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Alice Shum-Siu
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Greta M. Cesarz
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jeffrey C. Petruska
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - David S.K. Magnuson
- Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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4
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Cho YH, Seo TB. Effect of concurrent aerobic exercise and bone marrow stromal cell transplantation on time-dependent changes of myogenic differentiation-related cascades in soleus muscle after sciatic nerve injury. J Exerc Rehabil 2023; 19:11-18. [PMID: 36910676 PMCID: PMC9993002 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2346004.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the time-dependent alteration in whether concurrent aerobic exercise and bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) engraftment could regulate myogenic differentiation-related signaling pathway in the soleus up to 35 days after sciatic nerve injury (SNI). The rats were divided as follows: the normal control (CON, n=5), sedentary group (SED, n=20), treadmill exercise group (TEX, n=20), BMSC transplantation group (BMSC, n=20), TEX+BMSC transplantation group (TEX+BMSC, n=20) 7, 14, 21, and 35 days after SNI. SNI was applied into the thigh and treadmill exercise was comprised of walking at a speed of 4 to 8 m/min for 30 min once a day. Harvested BMSC at a density of 5×106 in 50-μL phosphate-buff-ered saline was injected into the injury site. Phosphorylated (p) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 expression was dramatically upregulated in BMSC and BMSC+EX groups from 21 days after SNI compared to those in the SED group. P-ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK) was sharply increased 14 days later, and then rapidly downregulated from day 21, whereas TEX, BMSC and TEX+ BMSC groups significantly kept up expression levels of p-RSK until 35 days post injury than SED group. TEX+BMSC group significantly increased activation of protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin in the soleus from day 14 and myoblast determination protein 1-myogen-in pathways was activated in TEX+BMSC group from day 21. Present findings provide information that combined intervention of aerobic exercise and BMSC transplantation might be a reliable therapeutic strategy for overcoming the morphological and functional problems in denervated soleus muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Tae-Beom Seo
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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5
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Reprogramming neurons for regeneration: The fountain of youth. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 214:102284. [PMID: 35533809 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are terminally differentiated cells that gradually lose their ability to support regeneration during maturation due to changes in transcriptomic and chromatin landscape. Similar transcriptomic changes also occur during development when stem cells differentiate into different types of somatic cells. Importantly, differentiated cells can be reprogrammed back to induced pluripotent stems cells (iPSCs) via global epigenetic remodeling by combined overexpression of pluripotent reprogramming factors, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Nanog, and/or Lin28. Moreover, recent findings showed that many proneural transcription factors were able to convert non-neural somatic cells into neurons bypassing the pluripotent stage via direct reprogramming. Interestingly, many of these factors have recently been identified as key regulators of CNS neural regeneration. Recent studies indicated that these factors could rejuvenate mature CNS neurons back to a younger state through cellular state reprogramming, thus favoring regeneration. Here we will review some recent findings regarding the roles of genetic cellular state reprogramming in regulation of neural regeneration and explore the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, by using newly emerging techniques, such as multiomics sequencing with big data analysis and Crispr-based gene editing, we will discuss future research directions focusing on better revealing cellular state reprogramming-induced remodeling of chromatin landscape and potential translational application.
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Matsui Y, Kadoya K, Nagano Y, Endo T, Hara M, Matsumae G, Suzuki T, Yamamoto Y, Terkawi MA, Iwasaki N. IL4 stimulated macrophages promote axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury by secreting uPA to stimulate uPAR upregulated in injured axons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:289. [PMID: 35536429 PMCID: PMC11072050 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences suggest that M2 macrophages are involved with repair processes in the nervous system. However, whether M2 macrophages can promote axon regeneration by directly stimulating axons nor its precise molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, the current study demonstrated that typical M2 macrophages, which were generated by IL4 simulation, had the capacity to stimulate axonal growth by their direct effect on axons and that the graft of IL4 stimulated macrophages into the region of Wallerian degeneration enhanced axon regeneration and improved functional recovery after PNI. Importantly, uPA (urokinase plasminogen activator)-uPA receptor (uPAR) was identified as the central axis underlying the axon regeneration effect of IL4 stimulated macrophages. IL4 stimulated macrophages secreted uPA, and its inhibition abolished their axon regeneration effect. Injured but not intact axons expressed uPAR to be sensitive to uPA. These results unveil a cellular and molecular mechanism underlying the macrophage related axon regeneration and provide a basis of a novel therapy for PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nagano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Hokkaido Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masato Hara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Gen Matsumae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Mohamad Alaa Terkawi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
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Nieraad H, de Bruin N, Arne O, Hofmann MCJ, Pannwitz N, Resch E, Luckhardt S, Schneider AK, Trautmann S, Schreiber Y, Gurke R, Parnham MJ, Till U, Geisslinger G. The Roles of Long-Term Hyperhomocysteinemia and Micronutrient Supplementation in the AppNL–G–F Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:876826. [PMID: 35572151 PMCID: PMC9094364 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.876826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A causal contribution of hyperhomocysteinemia to cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as potential prevention or mitigation of the pathology by dietary intervention, have frequently been subjects of controversy. In the present in vivo study, we attempted to further elucidate the impact of elevated homocysteine (HCys) and homocysteic acid (HCA) levels, induced by dietary B-vitamin deficiency, and micronutrient supplementation on AD-like pathology, which was simulated using the amyloid-based AppNL–G–F knock-in mouse model. For this purpose, cognitive assessment was complemented by analyses of ex vivo parameters in whole blood, serum, CSF, and brain tissues from the mice. Furthermore, neurotoxicity of HCys and HCA was assessed in a separate in vitro assay. In confirmation of our previous study, older AppNL–G–F mice also exhibited subtle phenotypic impairment and extensive cerebral amyloidosis, whereas dietary manipulations did not result in significant effects. As revealed by proximity extension assay-based proteome analysis, the AppNL–G–F genotype led to an upregulation of AD-characteristic neuronal markers. Hyperhomocysteinemia, in contrast, indicated mainly vascular effects. Overall, since there was an absence of a distinct phenotype despite both a significant amyloid-β burden and serum HCys elevation, the results in this study did not corroborate the pathological role of amyloid-β according to the “amyloid hypothesis,” nor of hyperhomocysteinemia on cognitive performance. Nevertheless, this study aided in further characterizing the AppNL–G–F model and in elucidating the role of HCys in diverse biological processes. The idea of AD prevention with the investigated micronutrients, however, was not supported, at least in this mouse model of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Nieraad
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Natasja de Bruin
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- *Correspondence: Natasja de Bruin,
| | - Olga Arne
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martine C. J. Hofmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nina Pannwitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eduard Resch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sonja Luckhardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael J. Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Uwe Till
- Former Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Yamashita H, Komine O, Fujimori-Tonou N, Yamanaka K. Comprehensive expression analysis with cell-type-specific transcriptome in ALS-linked mutant SOD1 mice: Revisiting the active role of glial cells in disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1045647. [PMID: 36687517 PMCID: PMC9846815 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1045647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-cell autonomous mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an adult neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective motor neuron loss. While the emerging role of glial cells in ALS has been noted, the detailed cell-type-specific role of glial cells has not been clarified. Here, we examined mRNA expression changes using microarrays of the spinal cords of three distinct lines of mutant superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 transgenic mice, an established ALS model. Our analysis used a transcriptome database of component cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), as well as SOD1 G93A cell-type transcriptomes. More than half of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were highly expressed in microglia, and enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that immunological reactions were profoundly involved and some transcription factors were upregulated. Our analysis focused on DEGs that are highly expressed in each cell type, as well as chemokines, caspases, and heat shock proteins. Disease-associated microglial genes were upregulated, while homeostatic microglial genes were not, and galectin-3 (Mac2), a known activated microglial marker, was predicted to be ectopically expressed in astrocytes in mutant SOD1 mice. In mutant SOD1 mice, we developed a prediction model for the pathophysiology of different cell types related to TREM2, apolipoprotein E, and lipoproteins. Our analysis offers a viable resource to understand not only the molecular pathologies of each CNS constituent cell type, but also the cellular crosstalk between different cell types under both physiological and pathological conditions in model mice for various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Okiru Komine
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriko Fujimori-Tonou
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, RRD, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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9
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Lowell JA, O’Neill N, Danzi MC, Al-Ali H, Bixby JL, Lemmon VP. Phenotypic Screening Following Transcriptomic Deconvolution to Identify Transcription Factors Mediating Axon Growth Induced by a Kinase Inhibitor. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2021; 26:1337-1354. [PMID: 34218704 PMCID: PMC10509783 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211026270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After injury to the central nervous system (CNS), both neuron-intrinsic limitations on regenerative responses and inhibitory factors in the injured CNS environment restrict regenerative axon growth. Instances of successful axon regrowth offer opportunities to identify features that differentiate these situations from that of the normal adult CNS. One such opportunity is provided by the kinase inhibitor RO48, which dramatically enhances neurite outgrowth of neurons in vitro and substantially increased contralateral sprouting of corticospinal tract neurons when infused intraventricularly following unilateral pyramidotomy. The authors present here a transcriptomic deconvolution of RO48-associated axon growth, with the goal of identifying transcriptional regulators associated with axon growth in the CNS. Through the use of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and transcription factor binding site enrichment analysis, the authors identified a list of transcription factors putatively driving differential gene expression during RO48-induced neurite outgrowth of rat hippocampal neurons in vitro. The 82 transcription factor motifs identified in this way included some with known association to axon growth regulation, such as Jun, Klf4, Myc, Atf4, Stat3, and Nfatc2, and many with no known association to axon growth. A phenotypic loss-of-function screen was carried out to evaluate these transcription factors for their roles in neurite outgrowth; this screen identified several potential outgrowth regulators. Subsequent validation suggests that the Forkhead box (Fox) family transcription factor Foxp2 restricts neurite outgrowth, while FoxO subfamily members Foxo1 and Foxo3a promote neurite outgrowth. The authors' combined transcriptomic-phenotypic screening strategy therefore allowed identification of novel transcriptional regulators of neurite outgrowth downstream of a multitarget kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Lowell
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas O’Neill
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matt C. Danzi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hassan Al-Ali
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine and Peggy & Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - John L. Bixby
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vance P. Lemmon
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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10
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BMP2-induction of FN14 promotes protumorigenic signaling in gynecologic cancer cells. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110146. [PMID: 34517088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling promotes tumorigenesis in gynecologic cancer cells. BMP2 enhances proliferation of ovarian and endometrial cancer cells via c-KIT induction, and triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by SNAIL and/or SLUG induction, leading to increased cell migration. However, the downstream effectors of BMP signaling in gynecological cancer cells have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we performed RNA-sequencing of Ishikawa endometrial and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells after BMP2 stimulation, and identified TNFRSF12A, encoding fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (FN14) as a common BMP2-induced gene. FN14 knockdown suppressed BMP2-induced cell proliferation and migration, confirmed by MTS and scratch assays, respectively. In addition, FN14 silencing augmented chemosensitivity of SKOV3 cells. As a downstream effector of BMP signaling, FN14 modulated both c-KIT and SNAIL expression, which are important for growth and migration of ovarian and endometrial cancer cells. These results support the notion that the tumor promoting effects of BMP signaling in gynecological cancers are partially attributed to FN14 induction.
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11
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Wang J, Struebing FL, Geisert EE. Commonalities of optic nerve injury and glaucoma-induced neurodegeneration: Insights from transcriptome-wide studies. Exp Eye Res 2021; 207:108571. [PMID: 33844961 PMCID: PMC9890784 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a collection of diseases that lead to an irreversible vision loss due to damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Although the underlying events leading to RGC death are not fully understood, recent research efforts are beginning to define the genetic changes that play a critical role in the initiation and progression of glaucomatous injury and RGC death. Several genetic and experimental animal models have been developed to mimic glaucomatous neurodegeneration. These models differ in many respects but all result in the loss of RGCs. Assessing transcriptional changes across different models could provide a more complete perspective on the molecular drivers of RGC degeneration. For the past several decades, changes in the retinal transcriptome during neurodegeneration process were defined using microarray methods, RNA sequencing and now single cell RNA sequencing. It is understood that these methods have strengths and weaknesses due to technical differences and variations in the analytical tools used. In this review, we focus on the use of transcriptome-wide expression profiling of the changes occurring as RGCs are lost across different glaucoma models. Commonalities of optic nerve crush and glaucoma-induced neurodegeneration are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Wang
- Emory Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Felix L. Struebing
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany,Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Eldon E. Geisert
- Emory Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,Corresponding author: (E.E. Geisert)
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12
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Knocking Out Non-muscle Myosin II in Retinal Ganglion Cells Promotes Long-Distance Optic Nerve Regeneration. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107537. [PMID: 32320663 PMCID: PMC7219759 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to altered gene expression, pathological cytoskeletal dynamics in the axon are another key intrinsic barrier for axon regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that knocking out myosin IIA and IIB (myosin IIA/B) in retinal ganglion cells alone, either before or after optic nerve crush, induces significant optic nerve regeneration. Combined Lin28a overexpression and myosin IIA/B knockout lead to an additive promoting effect and long-distance axon regeneration. Immunostaining, RNA sequencing, and western blot analyses reveal that myosin II deletion does not affect known axon regeneration signaling pathways or the expression of regeneration-associated genes. Instead, it abolishes the retraction bulb formation and significantly enhances the axon extension efficiency. The study provides clear evidence that directly targeting neuronal cytoskeleton is sufficient to induce significant CNS axon regeneration and that combining altered gene expression in the soma and modified cytoskeletal dynamics in the axon is a promising approach for long-distance CNS axon regeneration.
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13
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Zurzolo C. Tunneling nanotubes: Reshaping connectivity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 71:139-147. [PMID: 33866130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), open membranous channels between connected cells, represent a novel direct way of communication between distant cells for the diffusion of various cellular material, including survival or death signals, genetic material, organelles, and pathogens. Their discovery prompted us to review our understanding of many physiological and pathological processes involving cellular communication but also allowed us to discover new mechanisms of communication at a distance. While this has enriched the field, it has also generated some confusion, as different TNT-like protrusions have been described, and it is not clear whether they have the same structure-function. Most studies have been based on low-resolution imaging methods, and one of the major problems is the inconsistency in demonstrating the capacity of these various connections to transfer material between cells belonging to different populations. This brief review examines the fundamental properties of TNTs. In adult tissues, TNTs are stimulated by different diseases, stresses, and inflammatory signals. 'Moreover', based on the similarity of the processes of development of synaptic spines and TNT formation, we argue that TNTs in the brain predate synaptic transmission, being instrumental in the orchestration of the immature neuronal circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zurzolo
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015, Paris, France.
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14
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Chen P, Wang C, Lin D, Li B, Ye S, Qu J, Wang W. Identification of Slc6a19os and SOX11 as Two Novel Essential Genes in Neuropathic Pain Using Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis and Experimental Verification. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:627945. [PMID: 33584192 PMCID: PMC7876402 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.627945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify critical genes associated with neuropathic pain. We also used the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis to identify related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (miRNAs) with potential regulatory roles. We downloaded GSE107180 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, screened differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using R software, performed comprehensive bioinformatic analyses, and validated the expression of lncRNA Slc6a19os, miR-125a-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-351-5p, and Sox11 by qRT-PCR and Western blots. We identified 620 DEGs in spared nerve injury (SNI) mice compared with sham (control) mice, including 309 mRNAs and 311 non-coding RNAs. The up-regulated mRNAs were enriched primarily in several inflammation-related GO biological processes and KEGG signaling pathways. A ceRNA network was constructed that included 82 mRNAs, 4 miRNAs, and 2 lnRNAs. An ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA)-based interaction network for mRNAs differentially expressed in the ceRNA identified several biological processes, including "cellular development, connective tissue development and function, tissue development." Compared with sham mice, lncRNA Slc6a19os and Sox11 expression were significantly up-regulated in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) samples from SNI mice detected using qRT-PCR and Western blots (P < 0.05). MiR-125a-5p, miR-125b-5p, and miR-351-5p expression were down-regulated in DRG samples from SNI mice detected using qRT-PCR (P < 0.05). We concluded that Sox11 and lncRNA Slc6a19os were novel essential genes in the pathogenesis and progression of neuropathic pain and speculated that these two genes were regulated by miR-125a-5p, miR-125b-5p, and miR-351-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Chen Wang
- First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Lin
- First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Ye
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinglian Qu
- Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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15
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Dzreyan VA, Rodkin SV, Pitinova MA, Uzdensky AB. HDAC1 Expression, Histone Deacetylation, and Protective Role of Sodium Valproate in the Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia After Sciatic Nerve Transection. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:217-228. [PMID: 32914392 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nerve injury is an important reason of human disability and death. We studied the role of histone deacetylation in the response of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells to sciatic nerve transection. Sciatic nerve transection in the rat thigh induced overexpression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) in the ipsilateral DRG at 1-4 h after axotomy. In the DRG neurons, HDAC1 initially upregulated at 1 h but then redistributed from the nuclei to the cytoplasm at 4 h after axotomy. Histone H3 was deacetylated at 24 h after axotomy. Deacetylation of histone H4, accumulation of amyloid precursor protein, a nerve injury marker, and GAP-43, an axon regeneration marker, were observed in the axotomized DRG on day 7. Neuronal injury occurred on day 7 after axotomy along with apoptosis of DRG cells, which were mostly the satellite glial cells remote from the site of sciatic nerve transection. Administration of sodium valproate significantly reduced apoptosis not only in the injured ipsilateral DRG but also in the contralateral ganglion. It also reduced the deacetylation of histones H3 and H4, prevented axotomy-induced accumulation of amyloid precursor protein, which indicated nerve injury, and overexpressed GAP-43, a nerve regeneration marker, in the axotomized DRG. Therefore, HDAC1 was involved in the axotomy-induced injury of DRG neurons and glial cells. HDAC inhibitor sodium valproate demonstrated the neuroprotective activity in the axotomized DRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Dzreyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachky Ave, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - S V Rodkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachky Ave, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - M A Pitinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachky Ave, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Anatoly B Uzdensky
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachky Ave, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia.
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16
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Koinuma S, Negishi R, Nomura R, Sato K, Kojima T, Segi-Nishida E, Goitsuka R, Iwakura Y, Wada N, Koriyama Y, Kiryu-Seo S, Kiyama H, Nakamura T. TC10, a Rho family GTPase, is required for efficient axon regeneration in a neuron-autonomous manner. J Neurochem 2020; 157:1196-1206. [PMID: 33156548 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular signaling pathways that promote axon regeneration are closely linked to the mechanism of neurite outgrowth. TC10, a signaling molecule that acts on neurite outgrowth through membrane transport, is a member of the Rho family G proteins. Axon injury increases the TC10 levels in motor neurons, suggesting that TC10 may be involved in axon regeneration. In this study, we tried to understand the roles of TC10 in the nervous system using TC10 knock-out mice. In cultured hippocampal neurons, TC10 ablation significantly reduced axon elongation without affecting ordinary polarization. We determined a role of TC10 in microtubule stabilization at the growth cone neck; therefore, we assume that TC10 limits axon retraction and promotes in vitro axon outgrowth. In addition, there were no notable differences in the size and structure of brains during prenatal and postnatal development between wild-type and TC10 knock-out mice. In motor neurons, axon regeneration after injury was strongly suppressed in mice lacking TC10 (both in conventional and injured nerve specific deletion). In retinal ganglion cells, TC10 ablation suppressed the axon regeneration stimulated by intraocular inflammation and cAMP after optic nerve crush. These results show that TC10 plays an important role in axon regeneration in both the peripheral and central nervous systems, and the role of TC10 in peripheral axon regeneration is neuron-intrinsic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Koinuma
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Ryota Negishi
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Riko Nomura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Takuya Kojima
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Segi-Nishida
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Goitsuka
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Wada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Koriyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Sumiko Kiryu-Seo
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
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17
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Fujimura M, Usuki F, Nakamura A. Fasudil, a Rho-Associated Coiled Coil-Forming Protein Kinase Inhibitor, Recovers Methylmercury-Induced Axonal Degeneration by Changing Microglial Phenotype in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2020; 168:126-136. [PMID: 30462329 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental neurotoxicant that induces neuropathological changes. In this study, we established chronic MeHg-intoxicated rats. These rats survived, and sustained MeHg-induced axonal degeneration, including the dorsal root nerve and the dorsal column of the spinal cord; these changes persisted 12 weeks after MeHg withdrawal. We demonstrated for the first time the restorative effect of Fasudil, a specific inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase, on axonal degeneration and corresponding neural dysfunction in the established chronic MeHg-intoxicated rats. To investigate the mechanism of this restorative effect, we focused on the expression of Rho protein families. This was supported by our previous study, which demonstrated that cotreatment with Fasudil prevented axonal degeneration by mitigating neurite extension/retraction incoordination caused by MeHg-induced suppression of Rac1 in vitro and in subacute MeHg-intoxicated rats. However, the mechanism of the restorative effect of Fasudil on axonal degeneration in chronic MeHg-intoxicated rats differed from MeHg-mediated neuritic extension/retraction incoordination. We found that the restorative effect of Fasudil was caused by the Fasudil-induced change of microglial phenotype, from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory; moreover, Fasudil suppressed Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase activity. Treatment with Fasudil decreased the expression of proinflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6; furthermore, it inactivated the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathway. Additionally, Fasudil treatment was associated with increased levels of anti-inflammatory factors arginase-1 and interleukin-10. These results suggest that Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase inhibition may recover MeHg-mediated axonal degeneration and neural dysfunction in chronic MeHg intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fusako Usuki
- Department of Clinical Medicine, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Kumamoto 867-0008, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Medicine, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Kumamoto 867-0008, Japan
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18
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Barros Ribeiro da Silva V, Porcionatto M, Toledo Ribas V. The Rise of Molecules Able To Regenerate the Central Nervous System. J Med Chem 2019; 63:490-511. [PMID: 31518122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the adult central nervous system (CNS) usually leads to permanent deficits of cognitive, sensory, and/or motor functions. The failure of axonal regeneration in the damaged CNS limits functional recovery. The lack of information concerning the biological mechanism of axonal regeneration and its complexity has delayed the process of drug discovery for many years compared to other drug classes. Starting in the early 2000s, the ability of many molecules to stimulate axonal regrowth was evaluated through automated screening techniques; many hits and some new mechanisms involved in axonal regeneration were identified. In this Perspective, we discuss the rise of the CNS regenerative drugs, the main biological techniques used to test these drug candidates, some of the most important screens performed so far, and the main challenges following the identification of a drug that is able to induce axonal regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Escola Paulista de Medicina, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Molecular, Departmento de Bioquímica , Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - third floor, 04039-032 São Paulo , São Paolo , Brazil
| | - Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, room O3-245 , - Campus Pampulha, 31270-901 , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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19
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Functional Genome-wide Screen Identifies Pathways Restricting Central Nervous System Axonal Regeneration. Cell Rep 2019; 23:415-428. [PMID: 29642001 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal regrowth is crucial for recovery from CNS injury but is severely restricted in adult mammals. We used a genome-wide loss-of-function screen for factors limiting axonal regeneration from cerebral cortical neurons in vitro. Knockdown of 16,007 individual genes identified 580 significant phenotypes. These molecules share no significant overlap with those suggested by previous expression profiles. There is enrichment for genes in pathways related to transport, receptor binding, and cytokine signaling, including Socs4 and Ship2. Among transport-regulating proteins, Rab GTPases are prominent. In vivo assessment with C. elegans validates a cell-autonomous restriction of regeneration by Rab27. Mice lacking Rab27b show enhanced retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration after optic nerve crush and greater motor function and raphespinal sprouting after spinal cord trauma. Thus, a comprehensive functional screen reveals multiple pathways restricting axonal regeneration and neurological recovery after injury.
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20
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Coordination between Rac1 and Rab Proteins: Functional Implications in Health and Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050396. [PMID: 31035701 PMCID: PMC6562727 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The small GTPases of the Rho family regulate many aspects of actin dynamics, but are functionally connected to many other cellular processes. Rac1, a member of this family, besides its known function in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton, plays a key role in the production of reactive oxygen species, in gene transcription, in DNA repair, and also has been proven to have specific roles in neurons. This review focuses on the cooperation between Rac1 and Rab proteins, analyzing how the coordination between these GTPases impact on cells and how alterations of their functions lead to disease.
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21
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Li Y, Struebing FL, Wang J, King R, Geisert EE. Different Effect of Sox11 in Retinal Ganglion Cells Survival and Axon Regeneration. Front Genet 2018; 9:633. [PMID: 30619460 PMCID: PMC6305287 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The present study examines the role of Sox11 in the initial response of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to axon damage and in optic nerve regeneration in mouse. Methods: Markers of retinal injury were identified using the normal retina database and optic nerve crush (ONC) database on GeneNetwork2 (www.genenetwork.org). One gene, Sox11, was highly upregulated following ONC. We examined the role of this transcription factor, Sox11, following ONC and optic nerve regeneration in mice. In situ hybridization was performed using the Affymetrix 2-plex Quantigene View RNA In Situ Hybridization Tissue Assay System. Sox11 was partially knocked out by intravitreal injection of AAV2-CMV-Cre-GFP in Sox11 f/f mice. Optic nerve regeneration model used Pten knockdown. Mice were perfused and the retinas and optic nerves were dissected and examined for RGC survival and axon growth. Results: Sox11 was dramatically upregulated in the retina following ONC injury. The level of Sox11 message increased by approximately eightfold 2 days after ONC. In situ hybridization demonstrated low-level Sox11 message in RGCs and cells in the inner nuclear layer in the normal retina as well as a profound increase in Sox11 message within the ganglion cells following ONC. In Sox11 f/f retinas, partially knocking out Sox11 significantly increased RGC survival after ONC as compared to the AAV2-CMV-GFP control group; however, it had little effect on the ability of axon regeneration. Combinatorial downregulation of both Sox11 and Pten resulted in a significant increase in RGC survival as compared to Pten knockdown only. When Pten was knocked down there was a remarkable increase in the number and the length of regenerating axons. Partially knocking out Sox11 in combination with Pten deletion resulted in a fewer regenerating axons. Conclusion: Taken together, these data demonstrate that Sox11 is involved in the initial response of the retina to injury, playing a role in the early attempts of axon regeneration and neuronal survival. Downregulation of Sox11 aids in RGC survival following injury of optic nerve axons, while a partial knockout of Sox11 negates the axon regeneration stimulated by Pten knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Felix L Struebing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rebecca King
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eldon E Geisert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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22
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Esaki S, Katsumi S, Hamajima Y, Nakamura Y, Murakami S. Transplantation of Olfactory Stem Cells with Biodegradable Hydrogel Accelerates Facial Nerve Regeneration After Crush Injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 8:169-178. [PMID: 30417987 PMCID: PMC6344901 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.15-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory mucosa contains neural stem cells, called olfactory stem cells (OSCs), which produce trophic support required for promoting axonal regeneration after nerve injury. However, the local tissue environment can reduce the viability/function of transplanted cells when placed directly on the injury. Although gelatin hydrogels have been shown to aid cell survival during transplantation, such OSC‐hydrogel combinations have not been extensively tested, particularly during recovery from facial nerve palsy. In this study, OSCs were isolated from the olfactory mucosae of newborn mice and were shown to express neural stem cell markers before differentiation, as well as cell‐type specific markers after differentiation, confirming their multipotency. The OSCs also secrete growth factors and various cytokines that promote nerve regeneration. To test the effects of OSC transplantation in vivo, Medgel, a biodegradable hydrogel sponge, was applied to retain OSCs around the injury site and to lessen the detrimental effects of the local environment in an established facial nerve palsy mouse model. When OSCs were transplanted into the injury site, accelerated recovery was observed for 1 week. When OSCs were transplanted with Medgel, a higher level and duration of accelerated recovery was observed. OSCs in Medgel also increased peripheral nerve function and increased the number of regenerated nerve fibers. These results suggest that OSCs implanted with Medgel accelerate and enhance recovery from facial palsy in mice. Because human OSCs can be easily obtained from olfactory mucosa biopsies with limited risk, this OSC‐Medgel combination is a candidate treatment option for accelerating recovery after facial nerve injury. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:169&10
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Esaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Katsumi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Hamajima
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nakamura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Murakami
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
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23
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Curcio M, Bradke F. Axon Regeneration in the Central Nervous System: Facing the Challenges from the Inside. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:495-521. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After an injury in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), lesioned axons fail to regenerate. This failure to regenerate contrasts with axons’ remarkable potential to grow during embryonic development and after an injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Several intracellular mechanisms—including cytoskeletal dynamics, axonal transport and trafficking, signaling and transcription of regenerative programs, and epigenetic modifications—control axon regeneration. In this review, we describe how manipulation of intrinsic mechanisms elicits a regenerative response in different organisms and how strategies are implemented to form the basis of a future regenerative treatment after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Curcio
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany;,
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany;,
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Cheadle L, Tzeng CP, Kalish BT, Harmin DA, Rivera S, Ling E, Nagy MA, Hrvatin S, Hu L, Stroud H, Burkly LC, Chen C, Greenberg ME. Visual Experience-Dependent Expression of Fn14 Is Required for Retinogeniculate Refinement. Neuron 2018; 99:525-539.e10. [PMID: 30033152 PMCID: PMC6101651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sensory experience influences the establishment of neural connectivity through molecular mechanisms that remain unclear. Here, we employ single-nucleus RNA sequencing to investigate the contribution of sensory-driven gene expression to synaptic refinement in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, a region of the brain that processes visual information. We find that visual experience induces the expression of the cytokine receptor Fn14 in excitatory thalamocortical neurons. By combining electrophysiological and structural techniques, we show that Fn14 is dispensable for early phases of refinement mediated by spontaneous activity but that Fn14 is essential for refinement during a later, experience-dependent period of development. Refinement deficits in mice lacking Fn14 are associated with functionally weaker and structurally smaller retinogeniculate inputs, indicating that Fn14 mediates both functional and anatomical rearrangements in response to sensory experience. These findings identify Fn14 as a molecular link between sensory-driven gene expression and vision-sensitive refinement in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Cheadle
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher P Tzeng
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian T Kalish
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Harmin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samuel Rivera
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emi Ling
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; BBS Program, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - M Aurel Nagy
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sinisa Hrvatin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linda Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hume Stroud
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linda C Burkly
- Research and Early Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chinfei Chen
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Michael E Greenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Sekine Y, Siegel CS, Sekine-Konno T, Cafferty WBJ, Strittmatter SM. The nociceptin receptor inhibits axonal regeneration and recovery from spinal cord injury. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaao4180. [PMID: 29615517 PMCID: PMC6179440 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao4180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Axonal growth after traumatic spinal cord injury is limited by endogenous inhibitors, selective blockade of which promotes partial neurological recovery. The partial repair phenotypes suggest that compensatory pathways limit improvement. Gene expression profiles of mice deficient in Ngr1, which encodes a receptor for myelin-associated inhibitors of axonal regeneration such as Nogo, revealed that trauma increased the mRNA expression of ORL1, which encodes the receptor for the opioid-related peptide nociceptin. Endogenous and overexpressed ORL1 coimmunoprecipitated with immature NgR1 protein, and ORL1 enhanced the O-linked glycosylation and surface expression of NgR1 in HEK293T and Neuro2A cells and primary neurons. ORL1 overexpression inhibited cortical neuron axon regeneration independently of NgR1. Furthermore, regeneration was inhibited by an ORL1 agonist and enhanced by the ORL1 antagonist J113397 through a ROCK-dependent mechanism. Mice treated with J113397 after dorsal hemisection of the mid-thoracic spinal cord recovered greater locomotor function and exhibited lumbar raphespinal axon sprouting. These effects were further enhanced by combined Ngr1 deletion and ORL1 inhibition. Thus, ORL1 limits neural repair directly and indirectly by enhancing NgR1 maturation, and ORL1 antagonists enhance recovery from traumatic CNS injuries in wild-type and Ngr1 null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Sekine
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Chad S Siegel
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Tomoko Sekine-Konno
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - William B J Cafferty
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
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26
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SoxC transcription factors: multifunctional regulators of neurodevelopment. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:91-103. [PMID: 29079881 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During development, generation of neurons is coordinated by the sequential activation of gene expression programs by stage- and subtype-specific transcription factor networks. The SoxC group transcription factors, Sox4 and Sox11, have recently emerged as critical components of this network. Initially identified as survival and differentiation factors for neural precursors, SoxC factors have now been linked to a broader array of developmental processes including neuronal subtype specification, migration, dendritogenesis and establishment of neuronal projections, and are now being employed in experimental strategies for neuronal replacement and axonal regeneration in the diseased central nervous system. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding SoxC factor function in CNS development and disease and their promise for regeneration.
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Ribas VT, Costa MR. Gene Manipulation Strategies to Identify Molecular Regulators of Axon Regeneration in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:231. [PMID: 28824380 PMCID: PMC5545589 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited axon regeneration in the injured adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) usually results in irreversible functional deficits. Both the presence of extrinsic inhibitory molecules at the injury site and the intrinsically low capacity of adult neurons to grow axons are responsible for the diminished capacity of regeneration in the adult CNS. Conversely, in the embryonic CNS, neurons show a high regenerative capacity, mostly due to the expression of genes that positively control axon growth and downregulation of genes that inhibit axon growth. A better understanding of the role of these key genes controlling pro-regenerative mechanisms is pivotal to develop strategies to promote robust axon regeneration following adult CNS injury. Genetic manipulation techniques have been widely used to investigate the role of specific genes or a combination of different genes in axon regrowth. This review summarizes a myriad of studies that used genetic manipulations to promote axon growth in the injured CNS. We also review the roles of some of these genes during CNS development and suggest possible approaches to identify new candidate genes. Finally, we critically address the main advantages and pitfalls of gene-manipulation techniques, and discuss new strategies to promote robust axon regeneration in the mature CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius T Ribas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcos R Costa
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
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Ghibaudi M, Boido M, Vercelli A. Functional integration of complex miRNA networks in central and peripheral lesion and axonal regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 158:69-93. [PMID: 28779869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
New players are emerging in the game of peripheral and central nervous system injury since their physiopathological mechanisms remain partially elusive. These mechanisms are characterized by several molecules whose activation and/or modification following a trauma is often controlled at transcriptional level. In this scenario, microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) have been identified as main actors in coordinating important molecular pathways in nerve or spinal cord injury (SCI). miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs whose functionality at network level is now emerging as a new level of complexity. Indeed they can act as an organized network to provide a precise control of several biological processes. Here we describe the functional synergy of some miRNAs in case of SCI and peripheral damage. In particular we show how several small RNAs can cooperate in influencing simultaneously the molecular pathways orchestrating axon regeneration, inflammation, apoptosis and remyelination. We report about the networks for which miRNA-target bindings have been experimentally demonstrated or inferred based on target prediction data: in both cases, the connection between one miRNA and its downstream pathway is derived from a validated observation or is predicted from the literature. Hence, we discuss the importance of miRNAs in some pathological processes focusing on their functional structure as participating in a cooperative and/or convergence network.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghibaudi
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Italian Institute of Neuroscience, Italy.
| | - M Boido
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Italian Institute of Neuroscience, Italy
| | - A Vercelli
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Italian Institute of Neuroscience, Italy
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29
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Ko HR, Kwon IS, Hwang I, Jin EJ, Shin JH, Brennan-Minnella AM, Swanson R, Cho SW, Lee KH, Ahn JY. Akt1-Inhibitor of DNA binding2 is essential for growth cone formation and axon growth and promotes central nervous system axon regeneration. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27938661 PMCID: PMC5153247 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of axon growth during development are beneficial to the search for neuron-intrinsic regulators of axon regeneration. Here, we discovered that, in the developing neuron from rat, Akt signaling regulates axon growth and growth cone formation through phosphorylation of serine 14 (S14) on Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2). This enhances Id2 protein stability by means of escape from proteasomal degradation, and steers its localization to the growth cone, where Id2 interacts with radixin that is critical for growth cone formation. Knockdown of Id2, or abrogation of Id2 phosphorylation at S14, greatly impairs axon growth and the architecture of growth cone. Intriguingly, reinstatement of Akt/Id2 signaling after injury in mouse hippocampal slices redeemed growth promoting ability, leading to obvious axon regeneration. Our results suggest that Akt/Id2 signaling is a key module for growth cone formation and axon growth, and its augmentation plays a potential role in CNS axonal regeneration. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20799.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Rim Ko
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Sun Kwon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inwoo Hwang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Jin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Angela M Brennan-Minnella
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, United States
| | - Raymond Swanson
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Lee
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yin Ahn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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30
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Mu Z, Zhang S, He C, Hou H, Liu D, Hu N, Xu H. Expression of SoxC Transcription Factors during Zebrafish Retinal and Optic Nerve Regeneration. Neurosci Bull 2016; 33:53-61. [PMID: 27743342 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The SoxC transcription factors (Sox4, Sox11, and Sox12) play important roles in the development of the vertebrate eye and retina. However, their expression and function during retinal and optic nerve regeneration remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the expression and possible functions of the SoxC genes after retinal and optic nerve injury in adult zebrafish. We found that among the five SoxC members, Sox11b was strongly induced in BrdU-positive cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL) after retinal injury, and morpholino-mediated Sox11b-knockdown significantly reduced the number of proliferating cells in the INL at 4 days post-injury. After optic nerve lesion, both Sox11a and Sox11b were strongly expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and knockdown of both Sox11a and Sox11b inhibited RGC axon regrowth in retinal explants. Our study thus uncovered a novel expression pattern of SoxC family genes after retinal and optic nerve injury, and suggests that they have important functions during retinal and optic nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Mu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Shuqiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chunjiao He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Haitao Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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31
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Offermann B, Knauer S, Singh A, Fernández-Cachón ML, Klose M, Kowar S, Busch H, Boerries M. Boolean Modeling Reveals the Necessity of Transcriptional Regulation for Bistability in PC12 Cell Differentiation. Front Genet 2016; 7:44. [PMID: 27148350 PMCID: PMC4830832 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor NGF has been shown to cause cell fate decisions toward either differentiation or proliferation depending on the relative activity of downstream pERK, pAKT, or pJNK signaling. However, how these protein signals are translated into and fed back from transcriptional activity to complete cellular differentiation over a time span of hours to days is still an open question. Comparing the time-resolved transcriptome response of NGF- or EGF-stimulated PC12 cells over 24 h in combination with protein and phenotype data we inferred a dynamic Boolean model capturing the temporal sequence of protein signaling, transcriptional response and subsequent autocrine feedback. Network topology was optimized by fitting the model to time-resolved transcriptome data under MEK, PI3K, or JNK inhibition. The integrated model confirmed the parallel use of MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and JNK/JUN for PC12 cell differentiation. Redundancy of cell signaling is demonstrated from the inhibition of the different MAPK pathways. As suggested in silico and confirmed in vitro, differentiation was substantially suppressed under JNK inhibition, yet delayed only under MEK/ERK inhibition. Most importantly, we found that positive transcriptional feedback induces bistability in the cell fate switch. De novo gene expression was necessary to activate autocrine feedback that caused Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) Receptor signaling to perpetuate the MAPK activity, finally resulting in the expression of late, differentiation related genes. Thus, the cellular decision toward differentiation depends on the establishment of a transcriptome-induced positive feedback between protein signaling and gene expression thereby constituting a robust control between proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Offermann
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Knauer
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amit Singh
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - María L Fernández-Cachón
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Klose
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silke Kowar
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; German Cancer ConsortiumFreiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; German Cancer ConsortiumFreiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
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Fragoso-Loyo H, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Nuñez-Alvarez CA, Llorente L. Utility of TWEAK to assess neuropsychiatric disease activity in systemic lupus erhytematosus. Lupus 2015; 25:364-9. [PMID: 26466614 DOI: 10.1177/0961203315610206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a biomarker in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). METHODS Thirty three NPSLE patients were evaluated at hospitalization and six months later. As controls, five SLE patients with septic meningitis, 51 hospitalized SLE patients without a history of neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations and without infections, 16 SLE patients without NP manifestations (surgical-SLE), four patients with primary neuropsychiatric disorders, and 25 patients with non-autoimmune diseases were also studied. Serum and CSF samples were drawn at hospitalization, except non-NPSLE patients, in whom only serum was studied, and six months later in 19 NPSLE and 27 non-NPSLE patients. Serum and CSF TWEAK levels were measured by ELISA; values are expressed in pg/mL. RESULTS The mean ± SD age of NPSLE patients was 31 ± 13.1 years, which was similar across study groups (p = 0.54). TWEAK levels in serum were not different across the study groups. In CSF, TWEAK levels were higher in NPSLE, surgical-SLE and primary neuropsychiatric groups than in non-autoimmune patients: median (IQR) 159.2 (94.1-374.9), 172.3 (125.3-421.9), 371.3 (143-543) vs. 122.1 (76.1-212.4), respectively; all p < 0.05. Six months later, when the neuropsychiatric manifestations were clinically in remission, serum or CSF TWEAK did not vary from baseline in NPSLE patients. CONCLUSIONS TWEAK levels are slightly elevated in CSF in SLE patients compared with non-autoimmune controls, irrespective of the presence of NP manifestations. TWEAK levels in serum and CSF do not seem to be a useful biomarker of CNS involvement in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fragoso-Loyo
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Y Atisha-Fregoso
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C A Nuñez-Alvarez
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Llorente
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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33
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Gundogdu EB, Bekar A, Turkyilmaz M, Gumus A, Kafa IM, Cansev M. CDP-choline modulates matrix metalloproteinases in rat sciatic injury. J Surg Res 2015; 200:655-63. [PMID: 26521098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CDP-choline (cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine) improves functional recovery, promotes nerve regeneration, and decreases perineural scarring in rat peripheral nerve injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of action of CDP-choline with regard to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in the rat-transected sciatic nerve injury model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomized into Sham, Saline, and CDP-choline groups. Rats in Sham group received Sham surgery, whereas rats in Saline and CDP-choline groups underwent right sciatic nerve transection followed by immediate primary saturation and injected intraperitoneally with 0.9% NaCl (1 mL/kg) and CDP-choline (600 μg/kg), respectively. Sciatic nerve samples were obtained 1, 3, and 7 d after the surgery and analyzed for levels and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9, levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-3, and axonal regeneration. RESULTS CDP-choline treatment decreased the levels and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9, whereas increasing levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 significantly on the third and seventh day after injury compared to Saline group. In addition, CDP-choline administration resulted in new axon formation and formation and advancement of myelination on newly formed islets (compartments) of axonal regrowth. CONCLUSIONS Our data show, for the first time, that CDP-choline modulates MMP activity and promotes the expression of TIMPs to stimulate axonal regeneration. These data help to explain one mechanism by which CDP-choline provides neuroprotection in peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmet Bekar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Mesut Turkyilmaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey
| | | | | | - Mehmet Cansev
- Department of Pharmacology, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey
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34
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Ma TC, Willis DE. What makes a RAG regeneration associated? Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:43. [PMID: 26300725 PMCID: PMC4528284 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative failure remains a significant barrier for functional recovery after central nervous system (CNS) injury. As such, understanding the physiological processes that regulate axon regeneration is a central focus of regenerative medicine. Studying the gene transcription responses to axon injury of regeneration competent neurons, such as those of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), has provided insight into the genes associated with regeneration. Though several individual “regeneration-associated genes” (RAGs) have been identified from these studies, the response to injury likely regulates the expression of functionally coordinated and complementary gene groups. For instance, successful regeneration would require the induction of genes that drive the intrinsic growth capacity of neurons, while simultaneously downregulating the genes that convey environmental inhibitory cues. Thus, this view emphasizes the transcriptional regulation of gene “programs” that contribute to the overall goal of axonal regeneration. Here, we review the known RAGs, focusing on how their transcriptional regulation can reveal the underlying gene programs that drive a regenerative phenotype. Finally, we will discuss paradigms under which we can determine whether these genes are injury-associated, or indeed necessary for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thong C Ma
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Dianna E Willis
- Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA ; Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute White Plains, NY, USA
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Wilson CL, Liu W, Yang JJ, Kang G, Ojha RP, Neale G, Srivastava DK, Gurney JG, Hudson MM, Robison LL, Ness KK. Genetic and clinical factors associated with obesity among adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort. Cancer 2015; 121:2262-70. [PMID: 25963547 PMCID: PMC4641835 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to identify treatment and genetic factors associated with obesity among childhood cancer survivors. METHODS Participants included 1996 survivors who previously received treatment for cancer at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and who survived ≥10 years from diagnosis (median age at diagnosis, 7.2 years; median age at follow-up, 32.4 years). Obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2) . The factors associated with adult obesity were identified by subgroup-specific (cranial radiation [CRT] exposure status) multivariable logistic regression. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with obesity were identified by subgroup-specific, exploratory, genome-wide association analyses using a 2-stage resampling approach with a type I error rate of 5 × 10(-6) . RESULTS Forty-seven percent of survivors who received CRT and 29.4% of those who did not receive CRT were obese at evaluation. In multivariable analyses, abdominal/pelvic radiation exposure was associated with decreased prevalence of obesity among survivors regardless of CRT status (P < .0001). The odds of obesity were increased among survivors who received CRT who had also received glucocorticoids (P = .014) or who were younger at diagnosis (P = .013). Among the survivors who had received CRT, 166 SNPs were associated with obesity. The strongest association was observed with reference SNP rs35669975 (P = 3.3 × 10(-8) ) on segment 33.3 of the long arm of chromosome 13 (13q33.3), approximately 30 kb downstream of FAM155A (family with sequence similarity 155, member A). SNPs within the glycine receptor α3 (GLRA3) gene and near the sex-determining region Y box 11 (SOX11) and cadherin 18 type 2 (CDH18) genes also were identified. These genes have been implicated in neural growth, repair, and connectivity. CONCLUSIONS Obesity in childhood cancer survivors remains associated with previous exposure to CRT and glucocorticoids. Genetic variants related to neural connectivity may modify the risk of obesity among survivors who receive CRT. Validation of these findings in independent cohorts is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Melissa M. Hudson
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control, Memphis, TN
- Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Kanaan NM, Collier TJ, Cole-Strauss A, Grabinski T, Mattingly ZR, Winn ME, Steece-Collier K, Sortwell CE, Manfredsson FP, Lipton JW. The longitudinal transcriptomic response of the substantia nigra to intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine reveals significant upregulation of regeneration-associated genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127768. [PMID: 25992874 PMCID: PMC4439078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the study of gene expression at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 16 weeks in the substantia nigra (SN) after intrastriatal 6-OHDA in the Sprague-Dawley rat (rattus norvegicus) would identify cellular responses during the degenerative process that could be axoprotective. Specifically, we hypothesized that genes expressed within the SN that followed a profile of being highly upregulated early after the lesion (during active axonal degeneration) and then progressively declined to baseline over 16 weeks as DA neurons died are indicative of potential protective responses to the striatal 6-OHDA insult. Utilizing a κ-means cluster analysis strategy, we demonstrated that one such cluster followed this hypothesized expression pattern over time, and that this cluster contained several interrelated transcripts that are classified as regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) including Atf3, Sprr1a, Ecel1, Gadd45a, Gpnmb, Sox11, Mmp19, Srgap1, Rab15,Lifr, Trib3, Tgfb1, and Sema3c. All exemplar transcripts tested from this cluster (Sprr1a, Ecel1, Gadd45a, Atf3 and Sox11) were validated by qPCR and a smaller subset (Sprr1a, Gadd45a and Sox11) were shown to be exclusively localized to SN DA neurons using a dual label approach with RNAScope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Upregulation of RAGs is typically associated with the response to axonal injury in the peripheral nerves and was not previously reported as part of the axodegenerative process for DA neurons of the SN. Interestingly, as part of this cluster, other transcripts were identified based on their expression pattern but without a RAG provenance in the literature. These "RAG-like" transcripts need further characterization to determine if they possess similar functions to or interact with known RAG transcripts. Ultimately, it is hoped that some of the newly identified axodegeneration-reactive transcripts could be exploited as axoprotective therapies in PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- Morris. K. Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Collier
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- Morris. K. Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Allyson Cole-Strauss
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- Morris. K. Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Tessa Grabinski
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Zachary R. Mattingly
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Winn
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- Morris. K. Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Caryl E. Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- Morris. K. Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Fredric P. Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Jack W. Lipton
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- Morris. K. Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Belin S, Nawabi H, Wang C, Tang S, Latremoliere A, Warren P, Schorle H, Uncu C, Woolf CJ, He Z, Steen JA. Injury-induced decline of intrinsic regenerative ability revealed by quantitative proteomics. Neuron 2015; 86:1000-1014. [PMID: 25937169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurons differ in their responses to injury, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using quantitative proteomics, we characterized the injury-triggered response from purified intact and axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Subsequent informatics analyses revealed a network of injury-response signaling hubs. In addition to confirming known players, such as mTOR, this also identified new candidates, such as c-myc, NFκB, and Huntingtin. Similar to mTOR, c-myc has been implicated as a key regulator of anabolic metabolism and is downregulated by axotomy. Forced expression of c-myc in RGCs, either before or after injury, promotes dramatic RGC survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Finally, in contrast to RGCs, neither c-myc nor mTOR was downregulated in injured peripheral sensory neurons. Our studies suggest that c-myc and other injury-responsive pathways are critical to the intrinsic regenerative mechanisms and might represent a novel target for developing neural repair strategies in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Belin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Homaira Nawabi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaojun Tang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alban Latremoliere
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Warren
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Department of Developmental Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ceren Uncu
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Judith A Steen
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Rau KK, Spears RC, Petruska JC. The prickly, stressful business of burn pain. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:752-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Fagoe ND, van Heest J, Verhaagen J. Spinal cord injury and the neuron-intrinsic regeneration-associated gene program. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:799-813. [PMID: 25269879 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of people worldwide and causes a significant physical, emotional, social and economic burden. The main clinical hallmark of SCI is the permanent loss of motor, sensory and autonomic function below the level of injury. In general, neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) are incapable of regeneration, whereas injury to the peripheral nervous system is followed by axonal regeneration and usually results in some degree of functional recovery. The weak neuron-intrinsic regeneration-associated gene (RAG) response upon injury is an important reason for the failure of neurons in the CNS to regenerate an axon. This response consists of the expression of many RAGs, including regeneration-associated transcription factors (TFs). Regeneration-associated TFs are potential key regulators of the RAG program. The function of some regeneration-associated TFs has been studied in transgenic and knock-out mice and by adeno-associated viral vector-mediated overexpression in injured neurons. Here, we review these studies and propose that AAV-mediated gene delivery of combinations of regeneration-associated TFs is a potential strategy to activate the RAG program in injured CNS neurons and achieve long-distance axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish D Fagoe
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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40
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Athippozhy A, Lehrberg J, Monaghan JR, Gardiner DM, Voss SR. Characterization of in vitro transcriptional responses of dorsal root ganglia cultured in the presence and absence of blastema cells from regenerating salamander limbs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1:1-10. [PMID: 25750744 PMCID: PMC4349419 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During salamander limb regeneration, nerves provide signals that induce the formation of a mass of proliferative cells called the blastema. To better understand these signals, we developed a blastema−dorsal root ganglia (DRG) co‐culture model system to test the hypothesis that nerves differentially express genes in response to cues provided by the blastema. DRG with proximal and distal nerve trunks were isolated from axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum), cultured for 5 days, and subjected to microarray analysis. Relative to freshly isolated DRG, 1541 Affymetrix probe sets were identified as differentially expressed and many of the predicted genes are known to function in injury and neurodevelopmental responses observed for mammalian DRG. We then cultured 5‐day DRG explants for an additional 5 days with or without co‐cultured blastema cells. On day 10, we identified 27 genes whose expression in cultured DRG was significantly affected by the presence or absence of blastema cells. Overall, our study established a DRG−blastema in vitro culture system and identified candidate genes for future investigations of axon regrowth, nerve−blastema signaling, and neural regulation of limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Athippozhy
- Department of Biology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Jeffrey Lehrberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - James R Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David M Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S Randal Voss
- Department of Biology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
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41
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Gurunathan S, Winkles JA, Ghosh S, Hayden MS. Regulation of fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) expression levels via ligand-independent lysosomal degradation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12976-88. [PMID: 24652288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.563478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) is a highly inducible cytokine receptor that engages multiple intracellular signaling pathways, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Fn14 expression is regulated by several cytokines and growth factors, and Fn14 is transiently up-regulated after injury. In contrast, in states of chronic inflammatory disease and in some solid tumors, Fn14 is persistently up-regulated. However, the post-translational regulation of Fn14 expression has not been directly investigated. Thus, we examined Fn14 proteostasis in the presence and absence of the Fn14 ligand TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK). Similar to other TNF receptor superfamily members, we found that TWEAK induces Fn14 internalization and degradation. Surprisingly, we also observed rapid, TWEAK-independent, constitutive Fn14 internalization and turnover. Fn14 levels are maintained in cell culture by ongoing synthesis and trafficking of the receptor, leading to subsequent down-regulation by lysosomal degradation. Unexpectedly, the extracellular domain of Fn14 is necessary and sufficient for constitutive turnover. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which constitutive down-regulation of Fn14 facilitates dynamic regulation of Fn14 protein levels and prevents spontaneous or inappropriate receptor signaling.
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Ferraz Franco C, Santos R, Varela Coelho A. Proteolytic events are relevant cellular responses during nervous system regeneration of the starfish Marthasterias glacialis. J Proteomics 2014; 99:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Winther M, Walmod PS. Neural cell adhesion molecules belonging to the family of leucine-rich repeat proteins. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:315-95. [PMID: 25300143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) are motifs that form protein-ligand interaction domains. There are approximately 140 human genes encoding proteins with extracellular LRRs. These encode cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), proteoglycans, G-protein-coupled receptors, and other types of receptors. Here we give a brief description of 36 proteins with extracellular LRRs that all can be characterized as CAMs or putative CAMs expressed in the nervous system. The proteins are involved in multiple biological processes in the nervous system including the proliferation and survival of cells, neuritogenesis, axon guidance, fasciculation, myelination, and the formation and maintenance of synapses. Moreover, the proteins are functionally implicated in multiple diseases including cancer, hearing impairment, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Thus, LRR-containing CAMs constitute a large group of proteins of pivotal importance for the development, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system.
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Boucard AA, Maxeiner S, Südhof TC. Latrophilins function as heterophilic cell-adhesion molecules by binding to teneurins: regulation by alternative splicing. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:387-402. [PMID: 24273166 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.504779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Latrophilin-1, -2, and -3 are adhesion-type G protein-coupled receptors that are auxiliary α-latrotoxin receptors, suggesting that they may have a synaptic function. Using pulldowns, we here identify teneurins, type II transmembrane proteins that are also candidate synaptic cell-adhesion molecules, as interactors for the lectin-like domain of latrophilins. We show that teneurin binds to latrophilins with nanomolar affinity and that this binding mediates cell adhesion, consistent with a role of teneurin binding to latrophilins in trans-synaptic interactions. All latrophilins are subject to alternative splicing at an N-terminal site; in latrophilin-1, this alternative splicing modulates teneurin binding but has no effect on binding of latrophilin-1 to another ligand, FLRT3. Addition to cultured neurons of soluble teneurin-binding fragments of latrophilin-1 decreased synapse density, suggesting that latrophilin binding to teneurin may directly or indirectly influence synapse formation and/or maintenance. These observations are potentially intriguing in view of the proposed role for Drosophila teneurins in determining synapse specificity. However, teneurins in Drosophila were suggested to act as homophilic cell-adhesion molecules, whereas our findings suggest a heterophilic interaction mechanism. Thus, we tested whether mammalian teneurins also are homophilic cell-adhesion molecules, in addition to binding to latrophilins as heterophilic cell-adhesion molecules. Strikingly, we find that although teneurins bind to each other in solution, homophilic teneurin-teneurin binding is unable to support stable cell adhesion, different from heterophilic teneurin-latrophilin binding. Thus, mammalian teneurins act as heterophilic cell-adhesion molecules that may be involved in trans-neuronal interaction processes such as synapse formation or maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony A Boucard
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305
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Gousset K, Marzo L, Commere PH, Zurzolo C. Myo10 is a key regulator of TNT formation in neuronal cells. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4424-35. [PMID: 23886947 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.129239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is essential in multicellular organisms. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) have emerged as a new type of intercellular spreading mechanism allowing the transport of various signals, organelles and pathogens. Here, we study the role of the unconventional molecular motor myosin-X (Myo10) in the formation of functional TNTs within neuronal CAD cells. Myo10 protein expression increases the number of TNTs and the transfer of vesicles between co-cultured cells. We also show that TNT formation requires both the motor and tail domains of the protein, and identify the F2 lobe of the FERM domain within the Myo10 tail as necessary for TNT formation. Taken together, these results indicate that, in neuronal cells, TNTs can arise from a subset of Myo10-driven dorsal filopodia, independent of its binding to integrins and N-cadherins. In addition our data highlight the existence of different mechanisms for the establishment and regulation of TNTs in neuronal cells and other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Gousset
- Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, Unité de Traffic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Lammens A, Baehner M, Kohnert U, Niewoehner J, von Proff L, Schraeml M, Lammens K, Hopfner KP. Crystal structure of human TWEAK in complex with the Fab fragment of a neutralizing antibody reveals insights into receptor binding. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62697. [PMID: 23667509 PMCID: PMC3648529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a multifunctional cytokine playing a key role in tissue regeneration and remodeling. Dysregulation of TWEAK signaling is involved in various pathological processes like autoimmune diseases and cancer. The unique interaction with its cognate receptor Fn14 makes both ligand and receptor promising targets for novel therapeutics. To gain insights into this important signaling pathway, we determined the structure of soluble human TWEAK in complex with the Fab fragment of an antibody selected for inhibition of receptor binding. In the crystallized complex TWEAK is bound by three Fab fragments of the neutralizing antibody. Homology modeling shows that Fab binding overlaps with the putative Fn14 binding site of TWEAK. Docking of the Fn14 cysteine rich domain (CRD) to that site generates a highly complementary interface with perfectly opposing charged and hydrophobic residues. Taken together the presented structure provides new insights into the biology of TWEAK and the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway, which will help to optimize the therapeutic strategy for treatment of related cancer types and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Lammens
- Center for Integrated Protein Science-CIPSM, Munich, Germany
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Plantman S, Zelano J, Novikova LN, Novikov LN, Cullheim S. Neuronal myosin-X is upregulated after peripheral nerve injury and mediates laminin-induced growth of neurites. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 56:96-101. [PMID: 23603155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful outcome of peripheral neuronal regeneration is attributed both to the growth permissive milieu and the intrinsic ability of the neuron to initiate appropriate cellular responses such as changes in gene expression and cytoskeletal rearrangements. Even though numerous studies have shown the importance of interactions between the neuron and the extracellular matrix (ECM) in axonal outgrowth, the molecular mechanisms underlying the contact between ECM receptors and the cellular cytoskeleton remain largely unknown. Unconventional myosins constitute an important group of cytoskeletal-associated motor proteins. One member of this family is the recently described myosin-X. This protein interacts with several members of the axon growth-associated ECM receptor family of integrins and could therefore be important in neuronal outgrowth. In this study, using radioactive in situ hybridization, we found that expression of myosin-X mRNA is upregulated in adult rat sensory neurons and spinal motoneurons after peripheral nerve injury, but not after central injury. Thus, myosin-X was upregulated after injuries that can be followed by axonal regeneration. We also found that the protein is localized to neuronal growth cones and that silencing of myosin-X using RNA interference impairs the integrin-mediated growth of neurites on laminin, but has no effect on non-integrin mediated growth on N-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Plantman
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Amelioration of autoimmune neuroinflammation by the fusion molecule Fn14·TRAIL. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:36. [PMID: 23497038 PMCID: PMC3599748 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a, T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, the management of which remains challenging. The recently described fusion protein, Fn14·TRAIL, combining the extracellular domain of Fn14 (capable of blocking the pro-inflammatory TWEAK ligand) fused to the extracellular domain of the TRAIL ligand (capable of sending apoptotic signals through its receptors on activated inflammatory cells) was designed to modulate the immune system as an anti-inflammatory agent. The present study explores the efficacy of this purified protein as an anti-inflammatory agent, using the animal model of MS - experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods EAE was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Fn14·TRAIL or vehicle were injected daily for 4 to 16 days, at different time points after disease induction. Animals were examined daily and evaluated for EAE clinical signs. Lymphocytes were analyzed for ex vivo re-stimulation, cytokine secretion, transcription factor expression and subtype cell analysis. Spinal cords were checked for inflammatory foci. The Mann- Whitney rank sum test, Student’s t-test or ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. Results Significant improvement of EAE in the group treated with Fn14·TRAIL was noted from day 6 of disease onset and lasted until the end of follow-up (day 40 from disease induction), even in animals treated for 4 days only. Clinical improvement was linked to decreased lymphocyte infiltrates in the central nervous system (CNS) and to decreased Th1 and Th17 responses and to increased number of T- regulatory in the treated mice. No liver or kidney toxicity was evident. In vitro assays established the ability of Fn14·TRAIL to induce apoptosis of T cell lines expressing TRAIL receptors and TWEAK. Conclusions In this study we established the potency of Fn14·TRAIL, a unique fusion protein combining two potentially functional domains, in inhibiting the clinical course of EAE, even when given for a short time, without apparent toxicity. These findings make Fn14·TRAIL a highly promising agent to be used for targeted amelioration of neuro-inflammatory processes, as well as other autoimmune pathologies.
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Quadrato G, Di Giovanni S. Waking up the sleepers: shared transcriptional pathways in axonal regeneration and neurogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:993-1007. [PMID: 22899311 PMCID: PMC11113138 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the last several years, relevant progress has been made in our understanding of the transcriptional machinery regulating CNS repair after acute injury, such as following trauma or stroke. In order to survive and functionally reconnect to the synaptic network, injured neurons activate an intrinsic rescue program aimed to increase their plasticity. Perhaps, in the attempt to switch back to a plastic and growth-competent state, post-mitotic neurons wake up and re-express a set of transcription factors that are also critical for the regulation of their younger brothers, the neural stem cells. Here, we review and discuss the transcriptional pathways regulating both axonal regeneration and neurogenesis highlighting the connection between the two. Clarification of their common molecular substrate may help simultaneous targeting of both neurogenesis and axonal regeneration with the hope to enhance functional recovery following CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Quadrato
- Laboratory for NeuroRegeneration and Repair, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller Strasse 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Laboratory for NeuroRegeneration and Repair, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller Strasse 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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DLK initiates a transcriptional program that couples apoptotic and regenerative responses to axonal injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4039-44. [PMID: 23431164 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211074110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell intrinsic factors that determine whether a neuron regenerates or undergoes apoptosis in response to axonal injury are not well defined. Here we show that the mixed-lineage dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) is an essential upstream mediator of both of these divergent outcomes in the same cell type. Optic nerve crush injury leads to rapid elevation of DLK protein, first in the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and then in their cell bodies. DLK is required for the majority of gene expression changes in RGCs initiated by injury, including induction of both proapoptotic and regeneration-associated genes. Deletion of DLK in retina results in robust and sustained protection of RGCs from degeneration after optic nerve injury. Despite this improved survival, the number of axons that regrow beyond the injury site is substantially reduced, even when the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is deleted to enhance intrinsic growth potential. These findings demonstrate that these seemingly contradictory responses to injury are mechanistically coupled through a DLK-based damage detection mechanism.
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