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Thor S. Indirect neurogenesis in space and time. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41583-024-00833-x. [PMID: 38951687 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) generate neurons and glia in two different ways. In direct neurogenesis, daughter cells differentiate directly into neurons or glia, whereas in indirect neurogenesis, neurons or glia are generated after one or more daughter cell divisions. Intriguingly, indirect neurogenesis is not stochastically deployed and plays instructive roles during CNS development: increased generation of cells from specific lineages; increased generation of early or late-born cell types within a lineage; and increased cell diversification. Increased indirect neurogenesis might contribute to the anterior CNS expansion evident throughout the Bilateria and help to modify brain-region size without requiring increased NPC numbers or extended neurogenesis. Increased indirect neurogenesis could be an evolutionary driver of the gyrencephalic (that is, folded) cortex that emerged during mammalian evolution and might even have increased during hominid evolution. Thus, selection of indirect versus direct neurogenesis provides a powerful developmental and evolutionary instrument that drives not only the evolution of CNS complexity but also brain expansion and modulation of brain-region size, and thereby the evolution of increasingly advanced cognitive abilities. This Review describes indirect neurogenesis in several model species and humans, and highlights some of the molecular genetic mechanisms that control this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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2
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Serneels L, Bammens L, Zwijsen A, Tolia A, Chávez-Gutiérrez L, De Strooper B. Functional and topological analysis of PSENEN, the fourth subunit of the γ-secretase complex. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105533. [PMID: 38072061 PMCID: PMC10790097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The γ-secretase complexes are intramembrane cleaving proteases involved in the generation of the Aβ peptides in Alzheimer's disease. The complex consists of four subunits, with Presenilin harboring the catalytic site. Here, we study the role of the smallest subunit, PSENEN or Presenilin enhancer 2, encoded by the gene Psenen, in vivo and in vitro. We find a profound Notch deficiency phenotype in Psenen-/- embryos confirming the essential role of PSENEN in the γ-secretase complex. We used Psenen-/- fibroblasts to explore the structure-function of PSENEN by the scanning cysteine accessibility method. Glycine 22 and proline 27, which border the membrane domains 1 and 2 of PSENEN, are involved in complex formation and stabilization of γ-secretase. The hairpin structured hydrophobic membrane domains 1 and 2 are exposed to a water-containing cavity in the complex, while transmembrane domain 3 is not water exposed. We finally demonstrate the essential role of PSENEN for the cleavage activity of the complex. PSENEN is more than a structural component of the γ-secretase complex and might contribute to the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutgarde Serneels
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Bammens
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Zwijsen
- Laboratory of Developmental Signaling, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Tolia
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Dai W, Wang H, Zhan Y, Li N, Li F, Wang J, Yan H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wu L, Liu H, Fan Y, Tao Y, Mo X, Yang JJ, Sun K, Chen G, Yu Y. CCNK Gene Deficiency Influences Neural Progenitor Cells Via Wnt5a Signaling in CCNK-Related Syndrome. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:1136-1154. [PMID: 37597256 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rare variants of CCNK (cyclin K) give rise to a syndrome with intellectual disability. The purpose of this study was to describe the genotype-phenotype spectrum of CCNK-related syndrome and the underlying molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. METHODS We identified a number of de novo CCNK variants in unrelated patients. We generated patient-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) as disease models. In addition, we constructed NPC-specific Ccnk knockout (KO) mice and performed molecular and morphological analyses. RESULTS We identified 2 new patients harboring CCNK missense variants and followed-up 3 previous reported patients, which constitute the largest patient population analysis of the disease. We demonstrate that both the patient-derived NPC models and the Ccnk KO mouse displayed deficient NPC proliferation and enhanced apoptotic cell death. RNA sequencing analyses of these NPC models uncovered transcriptomic signatures unique to CCNK-related syndrome, revealing significant changes in genes, including WNT5A, critical for progenitor proliferation and cell death. Further, to confirm WNT5A's role, we conducted rescue experiments using NPC and mouse models. We found that a Wnt5a inhibitor significantly increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis in NPCs derived from patients with CCNK-related syndrome and NPCs in the developing cortex of Ccnk KO mice. INTERPRETATION We discussed the genotype-phenotype relationship of CCNK-related syndrome. Importantly, we demonstrated that CCNK plays critical roles in NPC proliferation and NPC apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Together, our study highlights that Wnt5a may serve as a promising therapeutic target for the disease intervention. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:1136-1154.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqian Dai
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongkun Zhan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Child Primary Care, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Departmentof Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Yan
- Departmentof Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Departmentof Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junyu Wang
- Departmentof Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjie Fan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Tao
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Mo
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Center of Clinical Genetics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongguo Yu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
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Cheng Q, Wu J, Xia Y, Cheng Q, Zhao Y, Zhu P, Zhang W, Zhang S, Zhang L, Yuan Y, Li C, Chen G, Xue B. Disruption of protein geranylgeranylation in the cerebellum causes cerebellar hypoplasia and ataxia via blocking granule cell progenitor proliferation. Mol Brain 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 36782228 PMCID: PMC9923931 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prenylation of proteins is involved in a variety of biological functions. However, it remains unknown whether it plays an important role in the morphogenesis of the cerebellum. To address this question, we generated a mouse model, in which the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (Ggps1) gene is inactivated in neural progenitor cells in the developing cerebellum. We report that conditional knockout (cKO) of Ggps1 leads to severe ataxia and deficient locomotion. To identify the underlying mechanisms, we completed a series of cellular and molecular experiments. First, our morphological analysis revealed significantly decreased population of granule cell progenitors (GCPs) and impaired proliferation of GCPs in the developing cerebellum of Ggps1 cKO mice. Second, our molecular analysis showed increased expression of p21, an important cell cycle regulator in Ggps1 cKO mice. Together, this study highlights a critical role of Ggpps-dependent protein prenylation in the proliferation of cerebellar GCPs during cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cheng
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XMedical School of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Jing Wu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 China
| | - Yingqian Xia
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XMedical School of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Qing Cheng
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004 Jiangsu China
| | - Yinjuan Zhao
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu China
| | - Peixiang Zhu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XMedical School of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Wangling Zhang
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XMedical School of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Shihu Zhang
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Medical Imaging Center of Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang, Anhui Province China
| | - Yushan Yuan
- Medical Imaging Center of Fuyang People’s Hospital, Fuyang, Anhui Province China
| | - Chaojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and China International Joint Research Center On Environment and Human Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Guiquan Chen
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Bin Xue
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Liu T, Zhu X, Huang C, Chen J, Shu S, Chen G, Xu Y, Hu Y. ERK inhibition reduces neuronal death and ameliorates inflammatory responses in forebrain-specific Ppp2cα knockout mice. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22515. [PMID: 35997299 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200293r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that PP2A is critical for apoptosis in neural progenitor cells. However, it remains unknown whether PP2A is required for neuronal survival. To address this question, we generated forebrain-specific Ppp2cα knockout (KO) mice. We show that Ppp2cα KO mice display robust neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory responses in the postnatal cortex. Previous evidence has revealed that PD98059 is a potent ERK inhibitor and may protect the brain against cell death after cardiac arrest. To study whether PD98059 may have any effects on Ppp2cα KO mice, the latter was treated with this inhibitor. We demonstrated that the total number of cleaved caspase3 positive (+) cells in the cortex was significantly reduced in Ppp2cα KO mice treated with PD98059 compared with those without PD98059 treatment. We observed that the total number of IBA1+ cells in the cortex was significantly decreased in Ppp2cα KO mice treated with PD98059. Mechanistic analysis reveals that deletion of PP2Aca causes DNA damage, which may be attenuated by PD98059. Together, this study suggests that inhibition of ERK may be an effective strategy to reduce cell death in brain diseases with abnormal neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoli Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Shu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimin Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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Xia Y, Zhang Y, Xu M, Zou X, Gao J, Ji MH, Chen G. Presenilin enhancer 2 is crucial for the transition of apical progenitors into neurons but into not basal progenitors in the developing hippocampus. Development 2022; 149:275418. [PMID: 35575074 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen2; Psenen) plays an essential role in corticogenesis by regulating the switch of apical progenitors (APs) to basal progenitors (BPs). The hippocampus is a brain structure required for advanced functions, including spatial navigation, learning and memory. However, it remains unknown whether Pen2 is important for hippocampal morphogenesis. To address this question, we generated Pen2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice, in which Pen2 is inactivated in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the hippocampal primordium. We showed that Pen2 cKO mice exhibited hippocampal malformation and decreased population of NPCs in the neuroepithelium of the hippocampus. We found that deletion of Pen2 neither affected the proliferative capability of APs nor the switch of APs to BPs in the hippocampus, and that it caused enhanced transition of APs to neurons. We demonstrated that expression of the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) significantly increased the population of NPCs in the Pen2 cKO hippocampus. Collectively, this study uncovers a crucial role for Pen2 in the maintenance of NPCs during hippocampal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Xia
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211166
| | - Xiaochuan Zou
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211166
| | - Mu-Huo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210003
| | - Guiquan Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China, 226001
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Hou J, Bi H, Ye Z, Huang W, Zou G, Zou X, Shi YS, Shen Y, Ma Q, Kirchhoff F, Hu Y, Chen G. Pen-2 Negatively Regulates the Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells into Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4976-4990. [PMID: 33972402 PMCID: PMC8197633 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2455-19.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations on γ-secretase subunits are associated with neurologic diseases. Whereas the role of γ-secretase in neurogenesis has been intensively studied, little is known about its role in astrogliogenesis. Recent evidence has demonstrated that astrocytes can be generated from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). However, it is not well understood what mechanism may control OPCs to differentiate into astrocytes. To address the above questions, we generated two independent lines of oligodendrocyte lineage-specific presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen-2) conditional KO mice. Both male and female mice were used. Here we demonstrate that conditional inactivation of Pen-2 mediated by Olig1-Cre or NG2-CreERT2 causes enhanced generation of astrocytes. Lineage-tracing experiments indicate that abnormally generated astrocytes are derived from Cre-expressing OPCs in the CNS in Pen-2 conditional KO mice. Mechanistic analysis reveals that deletion of Pen-2 inhibits the Notch signaling to upregulate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, which triggers activation of GFAP to promote astrocyte differentiation. Together, these novel findings indicate that Pen-2 regulates the specification of astrocytes from OPCs through the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Astrocytes and oligodendrocyte (OLs) play critical roles in the brain. Recent evidence has demonstrated that astrocytes can be generated from OL precursor cells (OPCs). However, it remains poorly understood what mechanism governs the differentiation of OPCs into astrocytes. In this study, we took advantage of OL lineage cells specific presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen-2) conditional KO mice. We show that deletion of Pen-2 leads to dramatically enhanced astrocyte differentiation from OPCs in the CNS. Mechanistic analysis reveals that deletion of Pen-2 inhibits Hes1 and activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 to trigger GFAP activation which promotes astrocyte differentiation. Overall, this study identifies a novel function of Pen-2 in astrogliogenesis from OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Huiru Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Zhuoyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, D-66421, Germany
| | - Gang Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xiaochuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Quanhong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, D-66421, Germany
| | - Yimin Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
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8
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Bi HR, Zhou CH, Zhang YZ, Cai XD, Ji MH, Yang JJ, Chen GQ, Hu YM. Neuron-specific deletion of presenilin enhancer2 causes progressive astrogliosis and age-related neurodegeneration in the cortex independent of the Notch signaling. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:174-185. [PMID: 32961023 PMCID: PMC7816208 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Presenilin enhancer2 (Pen‐2) is an essential subunit of γ‐secretase, which is a key protease responsible for the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. Mutations on Pen‐2 cause familial Alzheimer disease (AD). However, it remains unknown whether Pen‐2 regulates neuronal survival and neuroinflammation in the adult brain. Methods Forebrain neuron‐specific Pen‐2 conditional knockout (Pen‐2 cKO) mice were generated for this study. Pen‐2 cKO mice expressing Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) conditionally in cortical neurons were also generated. Results Loss of Pen‐2 causes astrogliosis followed by age‐dependent cortical atrophy and neuronal loss. Loss of Pen‐2 results in microgliosis and enhanced inflammatory responses in the cortex. Expression of NICD in Pen‐2 cKO cortices ameliorates neither neurodegeneration nor neuroinflammation. Conclusions Pen‐2 is required for neuronal survival in the adult cerebral cortex. The Notch signaling may not be involved in neurodegeneration caused by loss of Pen‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Bi
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui-Hua Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Zhang
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Cai
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mu-Huo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gui-Quan Chen
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Min Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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Huang C, Liu T, Wang Q, Hou W, Zhou C, Song Z, Shi YS, Gao X, Chen G, Yin Z, Hu Y. Loss of PP2A Disrupts the Retention of Radial Glial Progenitors in the Telencephalic Niche to Impair the Generation for Late-Born Neurons During Cortical Development†. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4183-4196. [PMID: 32186707 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Telencephalic radial glial progenitors (RGPs) are retained in the ventricular zone (VZ), the niche for neural stem cells during cortical development. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. To study whether protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) may regulate the above process, we generate Ppp2cα conditional knockout (cKO) mice, in which PP2A catalytic subunit α (PP2Acα) is inactivated in neural progenitor cells in the dorsal telencephalon. We show that RGPs are ectopically distributed in cortical areas outside of the VZ in Ppp2cα cKO embryos. Whereas deletion of PP2Acα does not affect the proliferation of RGPs, it significantly impairs the generation of late-born neurons. We find complete loss of apical adherens junctions (AJs) in the ventricular membrane in Ppp2cα cKO cortices. We observe abundant colocalization for N-cadherin and PP2Acα in control AJs. Moreover, in vitro analysis reveals direct interactions of N-cadherin to PP2Acα and to β-catenin. Overall, this study not only uncovers a novel function of PP2Acα in retaining RGPs into the VZ but also demonstrates the impact of PP2A-dependent retention of RGPs on the generation for late-born neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoli Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Weikang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Cuihua Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Zeyuan Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatric, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yimin Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
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