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Liu L, Lei Y, Zheng Z, Zhou X, Chen S, Zeng G, Yu L, Wang P, Chen L. 6-Mercaptopurine potently inhibits recruitment of SHP2 by phosphorylated PD-1 to inhibit PD-1 signalling and enhance T cell function. Immunology 2023; 170:230-242. [PMID: 37259771 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody inhibitors that block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have been approved for oncological clinics, yielding impressive treatment effects. Small molecules inhibiting PD-1 signalling are at various stages of development, given that small molecular drugs are expected to outperform protein drugs in several ways. Currently, a significant portion of these small molecular inhibitors achieve this purpose by binding to a limited region of the PD-L1 protein, thereby limiting the choice of chemical structures. Alternative strategies for developing small-molecular PD-1 inhibitors are urgently needed to broaden the choice of chemical structures. Here, we report that 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) inhibits PD-1 signalling, activates T cell function in vitro and in vivo and shrinks tumours by activating cytotoxic T cells. Mechanistically, 6-MP potently inhibited PD-1 signalling by blocking the recruitment of SHP2 by PD-1. Considering that 6-MP is a chemotherapeutic agent already approved by the FDA for childhood leukaemia, our work revealed a novel anti-tumour mechanism for this drug and suggests that 6-MP warrants further clinical evaluation for other tumour types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Lei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyao Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingang Zhou
- Department of Pathlogy & Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guandi Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathlogy & Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Xiong H, Tang F, Guo Y, Xu R, Lei P. Neural Circuit Changes in Neurological Disorders: Evidence from in vivo Two-photon Imaging. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101933. [PMID: 37061201 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuits, such as synaptic plasticity and neural activity, are critical components of healthy brain function. The consequent dynamic remodeling of neural circuits is an ongoing procedure affecting neuronal activities. Disruption of this essential process results in diseases. Advanced microscopic applications such as two-photon laser scanning microscopy have recently been applied to understand neural circuit changes during disease since it can visualize fine structural and functional cellular activation in living animals. In this review, we have summarized the latest work assessing the dynamic rewiring of postsynaptic dendritic spines and modulation of calcium transients in neurons of the intact living brain, focusing on their potential roles in neurological disorders (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and epilepsy). Understanding the fine changes that occurred in the brain during disease is crucial for future clinical intervention developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China; Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fei Tang
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Buttigieg E, Scheller A, El Waly B, Kirchhoff F, Debarbieux F. Contribution of Intravital Neuroimaging to Study Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:22-38. [PMID: 36653665 PMCID: PMC10119369 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex and long-lasting neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by the loss of myelin within the white matter and cortical fibers, axonopathy, and inflammatory responses leading to consequent sensory-motor and cognitive deficits of patients. While complete resolution of the disease is not yet a reality, partial tissue repair has been observed in patients which offers hope for therapeutic strategies. To address the molecular and cellular events of the pathomechanisms, a variety of animal models have been developed to investigate distinct aspects of MS disease. Recent advances of multiscale intravital imaging facilitated the direct in vivo analysis of MS in the animal models with perspective of clinical transfer to patients. This review gives an overview of MS animal models, focusing on the current imaging modalities at the microscopic and macroscopic levels and emphasizing the importance of multimodal approaches to improve our understanding of the disease and minimize the use of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Buttigieg
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bilal El Waly
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Franck Debarbieux
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France.
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
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A Journey to the Conformational Analysis of T-Cell Epitope Peptides Involved in Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060356. [PMID: 32521758 PMCID: PMC7349157 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious central nervous system (CNS) disease responsible for disability problems and deterioration of the quality of life. Several approaches have been applied to medications entering the market to treat this disease. However, no effective therapy currently exists, and the available drugs simply ameliorate the destructive disability effects of the disease. In this review article, we report on the efforts that have been conducted towards establishing the conformational properties of wild-type myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) epitopes or altered peptide ligands (ALPs). These efforts have led to the aim of discovering some non-peptide mimetics possessing considerable activity against the disease. These efforts have contributed also to unveiling the molecular basis of the molecular interactions implicated in the trimolecular complex, T-cell receptor (TCR)–peptide–major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or human leucocyte antigen (HLA).
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5
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Liu S, Rezende RM, Moreira TG, Tankou SK, Cox LM, Wu M, Song A, Dhang FH, Wei Z, Costamagna G, Weiner HL. Oral Administration of miR-30d from Feces of MS Patients Suppresses MS-like Symptoms in Mice by Expanding Akkermansia muciniphila. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:779-794.e8. [PMID: 31784260 PMCID: PMC6948921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fecal transfer from healthy donors is being explored as a microbiome modality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to affect the microbiome. Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have been shown to have an altered gut microbiome. Here, we unexpectedly found that transfer of feces harvested at peak disease from the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS ameliorates disease in recipients in a miRNA-dependent manner. Specifically, we show that miR-30d is enriched in the feces of peak EAE and untreated MS patients. Synthetic miR-30d given orally ameliorates EAE through expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Mechanistically, miR-30d regulates the expression of a lactase in Akkermansia muciniphila, which increases Akkermansia abundance in the gut. The expanded Akkermansia in turn increases Tregs to suppress EAE symptoms. Our findings report the mechanistic underpinnings of a miRNA-microbiome axis and suggest that the feces of diseased subjects might be enriched with miRNAs with therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Liu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Rafael M Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thais G Moreira
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie K Tankou
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura M Cox
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anya Song
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fyonn H Dhang
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhiyun Wei
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gianluca Costamagna
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Molecular dynamics at the receptor level of immunodominant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 epitope implicated in multiple sclerosis. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 68:78-86. [PMID: 27388119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a common autoimmune disease whereby myelin is destroyed by the immune system. The disease is triggered by the stimulation of encephalitogenic T-cells via the formation of a trimolecular complex between the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA), an immunodominant epitope of myelin proteins and T-cell Receptor (TCR). Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) is located on the external surface of myelin and has been implicated in MS induction. The immunodominant 35-55 epitope of MOG is widely used for in vivo biological evaluation and immunological studies that are related with chronic Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE, animal model of MS), inflammatory diseases and MS. In this report, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were used to explore the interactions of MOG35-55 at the receptor level. A detailed mapping of the developed interactions during the creation of the trimolecular complex is reported. This is the first attempt to gain an understanding of the molecular recognition of the MOG35-55 epitope by the HLA and TCR receptors. During the formation of the trimolecular complex, the residues Arg(41) and Arg(46) of MOG35-55 have been confirmed to serve as TCR anchors while Tyr(40) interacts with HLA. The present structural findings indicate that the Arg at positions 41 and 46 is a key residue for the stimulation of the encephalitogenic T-cells.
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Lee JY, Biemond M, Petratos S. Axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: defining therapeutic targets by identifying the causes of pathology. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 5:527-48. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutics in multiple sclerosis (MS) target the putative inflammation and immune attack on CNS myelin. Despite their effectiveness in blunting the relapse rate in MS patients, such therapeutics do not prevent MS disease progression. Importantly, specific clinical dilemma arises through inability to predict MS progression and thereby therapeutically target axonal injury during MS, limiting permanent disability. The current review identifies immune and neurobiological principles that govern the sequelae of axonal degeneration during MS disease progression. Defining the specific disease arbiters, inflammatory and autoimmune, oligodendrocyte dystrophy and degenerative myelin, we discuss a basis for a molecular mechanism in axons that may be targeted therapeutically, in spatial and temporal manner to limit axonal degeneration and thereby halt progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Melissa Biemond
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
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