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Tu C, Chen YB, Lai SQ, Yu YP, Huang ZW, Li HZ, Ao RF, Han D, Gao JW, Zhu GZ, Wu DZ, Huang YS, Zhao K, Meng TT, Zhong ZM. Accumulation of β-aminoisobutyric acid mediates hyperalgesia in ovariectomized mice through Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167269. [PMID: 38810919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Hyperalgesia is typified by reduced pain thresholds and heightened responses to painful stimuli, with a notable prevalence in menopausal women, but the underlying mechanisms are far from understood. β-Aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), a product of valine and thymine catabolism, has been reported to be a novel ligand of the Mas-related G protein coupled receptor D (MrgprD), which mediates pain and hyperalgesia. Here, we established a hyperalgesia model in 8-week-old female mice through ovariectomy (OVX). A significant increase in BAIBA plasma level was observed and was associated with decline of mechanical withdrawal threshold, thermal and cold withdrawal latency in mice after 6 weeks of OVX surgery. Increased expression of MrgprD in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was shown in OVX mice compared to Sham mice. Interestingly, chronic loading with BAIBA not only exacerbated hyperalgesia in OVX mice, but also induced hyperalgesia in gonadally intact female mice. BAIBA supplementation also upregulated the MrgprD expression in DRG of both OVX and intact female mice, and enhanced the excitability of DRG neurons in vitro. Knockout of MrgprD markedly suppressed the effects of BAIBA on hyperalgesia and excitability of DRG neurons. Collectively, our data suggest the involvement of BAIBA in the development of hyperalgesia via MrgprD-dependent pathway, and illuminate the mechanisms underlying hyperalgesia in menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Orthopeadics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Biao Chen
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Qi Lai
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Peng Yu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Huang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zhou Li
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Feng Ao
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Han
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Wen Gao
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Zheng Zhu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di-Zheng Wu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Huang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Meng
- Unit of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhao-Ming Zhong
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Hawker P, Zhang L, Liu L. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors in gastrointestinal dysfunction and inflammatory bowel disease: A review. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2197-2211. [PMID: 36787888 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic debilitating condition, hallmarked by persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite recent advances in clinical treatments, the aetiology of IBD is unknown, and a large proportion of patients are refractory to pharmacotherapy. Understanding IBD immunopathogenesis is crucial to discern the cause of IBD and optimise treatments. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs) are a family of approximately 50 G protein-coupled receptors that were first identified over 20 years ago. Originally known for their expression in skin nociceptors and their role in transmitting the sensation of itch in the periphery, new reports have described the presence of Mrgprs in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we consider the impact of these findings and assess the evidence that suggests that Mrgprs may be involved in the disrupted homeostatic processes that contribute to gastrointestinal disorders and IBD. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hawker
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Zhan D, Zhang J, Su S, Ren X, Zhao S, Zang W, Cao J. TET1 Participates in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced Trigeminal Inflammatory Pain by Regulating Kv7.2 in a Mouse Model. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:707-718. [PMID: 37973721 PMCID: PMC11178721 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal inflammatory pain is one of the most severe pain-related disorders in humans; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the possible contribution of interaction between ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) and the voltage-gated K+ channel Kv7.2 (encoded by Kcnq2) to orofacial inflammatory pain in mice. We found that complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection reduced the expression of Kcnq2/Kv7.2 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and induced orofacial inflammatory pain. The involvement of Kv7.2 in CFA-induced orofacial pain was further confirmed by Kv7.2 knockdown or overexpression. Moreover, TET1 knockdown in Tet1flox/flox mice significantly reduced the expression of Kv7.2 and M currents in the TG and led to pain-like behaviors. Conversely, TET1 overexpression by lentivirus rescued the CFA-induced decreases of Kcnq2 and M currents and alleviated mechanical allodynia. Our data suggest that TET1 is implicated in CFA-induced trigeminal inflammatory pain by positively regulating Kv7.2 in TG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengcheng Zhan
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Songxue Su
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiuhua Ren
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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4
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Gholami Z, Hekmat AS, Abbasi A, Javanmardi K. Alamandine injection in the periaqueductal gray and rostral ventromedial medulla attenuates allodynia induced by sciatic nerve ligation in rats. Neurosci Lett 2024; 818:137568. [PMID: 38008350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Alamandine, a peptide known to interact with Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor subtype D (MrgD), has been implicated in moderating inflammatory signals. MrgD receptors are abundantly found in pain transmission pathways, but the role of alamandine/MrgD in pain modulation has not been thoroughly explored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of alamandine (10, 40, and 100 pmol) in a rat model of allodynia induced by sciatic nerve ligation, with a specific focus on examining the involvement of MrgD receptors, NMDAR1, and serotonin transporter (SERT) in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). Microinjection of alamandine into the vlPAG at a dose of 100 pmol and into the RVM at doses of 40 and 100 pmol resulted in a significant increase in paw withdrawal threshold (PWT). Additionally, co-administration of D-Pro7-Ang-(1-7) at 50 pmol, an MrgD receptor antagonist, effectively blocked the analgesic effects of alamandine. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed the presence of MrgD receptors in both the vlPAG and RVM regions. Importantly, an upregulation of MrgD receptor expression was observed following allodynia induction, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism in response to pain. Our findings support the co-localization of MrgD receptors with NMDAR1 in vlPAG neurons, suggesting their ability to initiate analgesic pathways similar to those activated by NMDA receptors in the vlPAG. Furthermore, our results underscore a significant co-localization of MrgD receptors with the SERT in the RVM, underscoring their potential impact on serotonergic neurons involved in promoting analgesic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Gholami
- Department of Physiology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ava Soltani Hekmat
- Department of Physiology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ali Abbasi
- Department of Physiology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Kazem Javanmardi
- Department of Physiology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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Brauwers B, Machado FVC, Beijers RJHCG, Spruit MA, Franssen FME. Combined Exercise Training and Nutritional Interventions or Pharmacological Treatments to Improve Exercise Capacity and Body Composition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5136. [PMID: 38140395 PMCID: PMC10747351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The burden of respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation can translate to reduced physical activity, in turn contributing to poor exercise capacity, muscle dysfunction, and body composition abnormalities. These extrapulmonary features of the disease are targeted during pulmonary rehabilitation, which provides patients with tailored therapies to improve the physical and emotional status. Patients with COPD can be divided into metabolic phenotypes, including cachectic, sarcopenic, normal weight, obese, and sarcopenic with hidden obesity. To date, there have been many studies performed investigating the individual effects of exercise training programs as well as nutritional and pharmacological treatments to improve exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD. However, little research is available investigating the combined effect of exercise training with nutritional or pharmacological treatments on these outcomes. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential additional beneficial effects of combinations of exercise training and nutritional or pharmacological treatments to target exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD with different metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Brauwers
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe V. C. Machado
- BIOMED (Biomedical Research Institute), REVAL (Rehabilitation Research Centre), Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Rosanne J. H. C. G. Beijers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martijn A. Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Frits M. E. Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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6
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Bhebhe CN, Higham JP, Gupta RA, Raine T, Bulmer DC. K V7 but not dual small and intermediate K Ca channel openers inhibit the activation of colonic afferents by noxious stimuli. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G436-G445. [PMID: 37667839 PMCID: PMC10894664 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00141.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In numerous subtypes of central and peripheral neurons, small and intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK and IK, respectively) channels are important regulators of neuronal excitability. Transcripts encoding SK channel subunits, as well as the closely related IK subunit, are coexpressed in the soma of colonic afferent neurons with receptors for the algogenic mediators ATP and bradykinin, P2X3 and B2, highlighting the potential utility of these channels as drug targets for the treatment of abdominal pain in gastrointestinal diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome. Despite this, pretreatment with the dual SK/IK channel opener SKA-31 had no effect on the colonic afferent response to ATP, bradykinin, or noxious ramp distention of the colon. Inhibition of SK or IK channels with apamin or TRAM-34, respectively, yielded no change in spontaneous baseline afferent activity, indicating these channels are not tonically active. In contrast to its lack of effect in electrophysiological experiments, comparable concentrations of SKA-31 abolished ongoing peristaltic activity in the colon ex vivo. Treatment with the KV7 channel opener retigabine blunted the colonic afferent response to all applied stimuli. Our data therefore highlight the potential utility of KV7, but not SK/IK, channel openers as analgesic agents for the treatment of abdominal pain.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Despite marked coexpression of small (Kcnn1, Kcnn2) and intermediate (Kcnn4) conductance calcium-activated potassium channel transcripts with P2X3 (P2rx3) or bradykinin B2 (Bdkrb2) receptors in colonic sensory neurons, pharmacological activation of these channels had no effect on the colonic afferent response to ATP, bradykinin or luminal distension of the colon. This is in contrast to the robust inhibitory effect of the KV7 channel opener, retigabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity N Bhebhe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rohit A Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Raine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Teaching Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David C Bulmer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Maestre-Hernández AB, Pérez-Piñero S, López-Román FJ, Andreu-Caravaca L, Luque-Rubia AJ, Ramos-Campo DJ, Díaz-Silvestre MJ, Ávila-Gandía V. Effect of a sustained-release formulation of β-alanine on laboratory parameters and paresthesia in recreational trained men: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1213105. [PMID: 37766731 PMCID: PMC10520961 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1213105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Beta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid that has been a focus of increasing research by its role as ergogenic aid to improve muscle performance. Methods A randomized, double-blind and controlled trial was conducted to determine the effect of a nutritional supplement of a sustained-release formulation of β-alanine in recreational trained men. The active product was an innovative sustained-release β-alanine microgranules powder blend, administered at high doses (15 g/day) divided into 3 intakes during 30 days. There were 10 participants in the experimental group and 9 in the placebo group, with a mean age of 22.5 ± 3.3 years. Participants were testing at baseline and at the end of study. Results In the β-alanine group, there were statistically increases in serum triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and urea nitrogen at the end of the study as compared with baseline, although there were no differences with the control group. The occurrence of paresthesia, described above all as tickling, was the majority but presented VAS score less than 3/10 in almost all subjects. Discussion More studies are required to evaluate the changes in blood parameters that can be caused by high intake of β-alanine during a long period of time. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier (NCT05334121).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Maestre-Hernández
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Piñero
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier López-Román
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain
- Primary Care Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Andreu-Caravaca
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte. UCAM, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Luque-Rubia
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Domingo J. Ramos-Campo
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Díaz-Silvestre
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Vicente Ávila-Gandía
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain
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Fernández-Lázaro D, Fiandor EM, García JF, Busto N, Santamaría-Peláez M, Gutiérrez-Abejón E, Roche E, Mielgo-Ayuso J. β-Alanine Supplementation in Combat Sports: Evaluation of Sports Performance, Perception, and Anthropometric Parameters and Biochemical Markers-A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2023; 15:3755. [PMID: 37686787 PMCID: PMC10490143 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
β-alanine does not have an ergogenic effect by itself, but it does as a precursor for the synthesis of carnosine in human skeletal muscle. β-alanine and carnosine together help improve the muscles' functionality, especially in high-intensity exercises such as combat sports. Therefore, β-alanine could be considered a nutritional ergogenic aid to improve sports performance in combat athletes. We aimed to critically review clinical trial evidence on the impact of β-alanine supplementation on sports performance, perception, and anthropometric parameters, as well as circulating biochemical markers in combat athletes. This systematic review was conducted following the specific methodological guidelines of the Preferred Report Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA), the PICOS question model, the Critical Review Form of McMaster, and the PEDro scale. Furthermore, the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool was used. The search was carried out in the SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS), and Medline (PubMed) databases for studies published from the beginning of the database until July 31, 2023. Of the 41 registers identified, only 7 met the established criteria and were included in this systematic review. Overall, performance parameters related to strength, power, total exercise work capacity, and combat-specific parameters were significantly improved (p < 0.05). Perception parameters increased non-significantly (p > 0.05). Regarding biochemical parameters, carnosine increased significantly (p < 0.05), pH decreased non-significantly (p > 0.05), and the results for blood bicarbonate and blood lactate were heterogeneous. Finally, there was a non-significant (p > 0.05) improvement in the anthropometric parameters of lean mass and fat mass. β-alanine supplementation appears to be safe and could be a suitable nutritional ergogenic aid for combat athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Research Group “Nutrition and Physical Activity”, Spanish Nutrition Society “SEÑ”, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (J.M.-A.)
| | - Emma Marianne Fiandor
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, European University, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Juan F. García
- Department of Mechanical, Informatics and Aerospatial Engineering, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Natalia Busto
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Mirian Santamaría-Peláez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Pharmacy Directorate, Castilla y León Health Council, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Enrique Roche
- Research Group “Nutrition and Physical Activity”, Spanish Nutrition Society “SEÑ”, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (J.M.-A.)
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Research Group “Nutrition and Physical Activity”, Spanish Nutrition Society “SEÑ”, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (J.M.-A.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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9
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Safety of beta-alanine supplementation in humans: a narrative review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-023-01052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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10
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Carnovale C, Perrotta C, Baldelli S, Cattaneo D, Montrasio C, Barbieri SS, Pompilio G, Vantaggiato C, Clementi E, Pozzi M. Antihypertensive drugs and brain function: mechanisms underlying therapeutically beneficial and harmful neuropsychiatric effects. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 119:647-667. [PMID: 35895876 PMCID: PMC10153433 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A bidirectional relationship exists between hypertension and psychiatric disorders, including unipolar and bipolar depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychosis, schizophrenia, mania, and dementia/cognitive decline. Repurposing of antihypertensive drugs to treat mental disorders is thus being explored. A systematic knowledge of the mechanisms of action and clinical consequences of the use of antihypertensive agents on neuropsychiatric functions has not been achieved yet. In this article, we review the putative role of antihypertensive agents in psychiatric disorders, discuss the targets and mechanisms of action, and examine how and to what extent specific drug classes/molecules may trigger, worsen, or mitigate psychiatric symptoms. In addition, we review pharmacokinetics (brain penetration of drugs) and pharmacogenetics data that add important information to assess risks and benefits of antihypertensive drugs in neuropsychiatric settings. The scientific literature shows robust evidence of a positive effect of α1 blockers on PTSD symptoms, nightmares and sleep quality, α2 agonists on core symptoms, executive function and quality of life in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, PTSD, Tourette's syndrome, and β blockers on anxiety, aggression, working memory, and social communication. Renin-angiotensin system modulators exert protective effects on cognition, depression, and anxiety, and the loop diuretic bumetanide reduced the core symptoms of autism in a subset of patients. There is no evidence of clear benefits of calcium channel blockers in mood disorders in the scientific literature. These findings are mainly from preclinical studies; clinical data are still insufficient or of anecdotal nature, and seldom systematic. The information herewith provided can support a better therapeutic approach to hypertension, tailored to patients with, or with high susceptibility to, psychiatric illness. It may prompt clinical studies exploring the potential benefit of antihypertensive drugs in selected patients with neuropsychiatric comorbidities that include outcomes of neuropsychiatric interest and specifically assess undesirable effects or interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Carnovale
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Baldelli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Montrasio
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia S Barbieri
- Unit of Brain-Heart axis: cellular and molecular mechanisms - Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine - Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emilio Clementi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy.,Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Marco Pozzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
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11
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Structural insight into the activation mechanism of MrgD with heterotrimeric Gi-protein revealed by cryo-EM. Commun Biol 2022; 5:707. [PMID: 35840655 PMCID: PMC9287403 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MrgD, a member of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (MRGPR) family, has high basal activity for Gi activation. It recognizes endogenous ligands, such as β-alanine, and is involved in pain and itch signaling. The lack of a high-resolution structure for MrgD hinders our understanding of whether its activation is ligand-dependent or constitutive. Here, we report two cryo-EM structures of the MrgD-Gi complex in the β-alanine-bound and apo states at 3.1 Å and 2.8 Å resolution, respectively. These structures show that β-alanine is bound to a shallow pocket at the extracellular domains. The extracellular half of the sixth transmembrane helix undergoes a significant movement and is tightly packed into the third transmembrane helix through hydrophobic residues, creating the active form. Our structures demonstrate a structural basis for the characteristic ligand recognition of MrgD. These findings provide a framework to guide drug designs targeting the MrgD receptor. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals the structure and activation mechanism of MrgD, a member of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor family of GPCRs involved in itch and nociception.
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12
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Synthesis of alamandine glycoside analogs as new drug candidates to antagonize the MrgD receptor for pain relief. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptors (Mrgprs) as Mediators of Gut Neuro-Immune Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:259-269. [PMID: 36587165 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, the research field on Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs), a relatively new family of rhodopsin A-like G protein-coupled receptors, has expanded enormously, and a plethora of recent studies have provided evidence that several of these Mrgpr family members play an important role in the underlying mechanisms of itch and pain, as well as in the initiation and modulation of inflammatory/allergic responses. Initial studies mainly focused on the skin, but more recently also visceral organs such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts emerged as sites for Mrgpr involvement. It has become clear that the gastrointestinal tract and its innervation in close association with the immune system represent a novel expression site for Mrgprs where they contribute to the interoceptive mechanisms maintaining homeostasis and might constitute promising targets in chronic abdominal pain disorders. In this short review, we provide an update of our current knowledge on the expression, distribution, and function of members of this Mrgpr family in intrinsic and extrinsic neuro-immune pathways related to the gastrointestinal tract, their mediatory role(s) in gut neuro-immune signaling, and their involvement in visceral afferent (nociceptive) pathways.
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14
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Arora R, Van Theemsche KM, Van Remoortel S, Snyders DJ, Labro AJ, Timmermans JP. Constitutive, Basal, and β-Alanine-Mediated Activation of the Human Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor D Induces Release of the Inflammatory Cytokine IL-6 and Is Dependent on NF-κB Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413254. [PMID: 34948051 PMCID: PMC8703779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as key players in regulating (patho)physiological processes, including inflammation. Members of the Mas-related G protein coupled receptors (MRGPRs), a subfamily of GPCRs, are largely expressed by sensory neurons and known to modulate itch and pain. Several members of MRGPRs are also expressed in mast cells, macrophages, and in cardiovascular tissue, linking them to pseudo-allergic drug reactions and suggesting a pivotal role in the cardiovascular system. However, involvement of the human Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor D (MRGPRD) in the regulation of the inflammatory mediator interleukin 6 (IL-6) has not been demonstrated to date. By stimulating human MRGPRD-expressing HeLa cells with the agonist β-alanine, we observed a release of IL-6. β-alanine-induced signaling through MRGPRD was investigated further by probing downstream signaling effectors along the Gαq/Phospholipase C (PLC) pathway, which results in an IkB kinases (IKK)-mediated canonical activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and stimulation of IL-6 release. This IL-6 release could be blocked by a Gαq inhibitor (YM-254890), an IKK complex inhibitor (IKK-16), and partly by a PLC inhibitor (U-73122). Additionally, we investigated the constitutive (ligand-independent) and basal activity of MRGPRD and concluded that the observed basal activity of MRGPRD is dependent on the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in the culture medium. Consequently, the dynamic range for IL-6 detection as an assay for β-alanine-mediated activation of MRGPRD is substantially increased by culturing the cells in FBS free medium before treatment. Overall, the observation that MRGPRD mediates the release of IL-6 in an in vitro system, hints at a role as an inflammatory mediator and supports the notion that IL-6 can be used as a marker for MRGPRD activation in an in vitro drug screening assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Arora
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (R.A.); (S.V.R.)
- Laboratory for Molecular, Cellular and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.M.V.T.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Kenny M. Van Theemsche
- Laboratory for Molecular, Cellular and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.M.V.T.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Samuel Van Remoortel
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (R.A.); (S.V.R.)
| | - Dirk J. Snyders
- Laboratory for Molecular, Cellular and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.M.V.T.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Alain J. Labro
- Laboratory for Molecular, Cellular and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.M.V.T.); (D.J.S.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: (A.J.L.); (J.-P.T.); Tel.: +32-9-3320034 (A.J.L.); +32-3-2653327 (J.-P.T.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (R.A.); (S.V.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.L.); (J.-P.T.); Tel.: +32-9-3320034 (A.J.L.); +32-3-2653327 (J.-P.T.)
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15
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Xu M, Li J, Zhang Z, Liu L, Wan F, Tang Z, Lan L. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D is involved in modulation of murine gastrointestinal motility. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2502-2516. [PMID: 34647371 DOI: 10.1113/ep089958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The physiological function of Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D (MrgprD) in gastrointestinal motility is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of MrgprD and its receptor agonists on murine gastrointestinal motility. What is the main finding and its importance? Mrgprd deficiency improved murine gastrointestinal motility in vivo but had no effects on the spontaneous contractions of murine intestinal rings ex vivo. Systemic administration of the MrgprD ligand, either β-alanine or alamandine, delayed gastrointestinal transit in vivo and attenuated the spontaneous contractions of isolated intestinal rings ex vivo. ABSTRACT Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D (MrgprD) was first identified in sensory neurons of mouse dorsal root ganglion and has been demonstrated to be involved in sensations of pain and itch. Although expression of MrgprD has recently been found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, its physiological role in GI motility is unknown. To address this question, we used Mrgprd knockout (Mrgprd-/- ) mice and MrgprD agonists to examine the effects of Mrgprd gene deletion and MrgprD signalling activation, respectively, on murine intestinal motility, both in vivo and ex vivo. We observed that the deletion of Mrgprd accelerated the transmission of charcoal through the mouse GI tract. But Mrgprd deficiency did not affect the mean amplitudes and frequencies of spontaneous contractions in ileum ex vivo. Colonic motor complexes in the proximal and the distal colon were recorded from wild-type and Mrgprd-/- mice, but their control frequencies were not different. Moreover, in wild-type mice, systemic administration of an MrgprD agonist, either β-alanine or alamandine, delayed GI transit in vivo and suppressed spontaneous contractions in the ileum and colonic motor complexes in the colon ex vivo. Our results suggest that MrgprD and its agonist are involved in the modulation of GI motility in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhudi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fengyi Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zongxiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lei Lan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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16
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de Salazar L, Segarra I, López-Román FJ, Torregrosa-García A, Pérez-Piñero S, Ávila-Gandía V. Increased Bioavailability of β-Alanine by a Novel Controlled-Release Powder Blend Compared to a Slow-Release Tablet. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1517. [PMID: 34575593 PMCID: PMC8467909 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Alanine is a sport supplement with increasing popularity due to its consistent ability to improve physical performance, with the downside of requiring several weeks of supplementation as imposed to the maximum daily and single dose tolerated without side effects (i.e., paresthesia). To date, the only alternative to overcome this problem has been use of a sustained-release tablet, while powders are the most commonly used format to deliver several grams of amino acids in a single dose. In this study we assessed the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and paresthesia effect of β-alanine after administration in a novel controlled-released powder blend (test) versus a sustained-release tablet (reference). METHODS Twelve subjects (25.6 ± 3.2 y, 50% female) participated in a randomized, single-blind, crossover study. Each participant was administered orally the test (β-alanine 8 g, l-histidine 300 mg, carnosine 100 mg) or the reference product (10 tablets to reach β-alanine 8 g, Zinc 20 mg) with a 1-week washout period. β-Alanine plasma concentrations (0-8 h) were determined by LC-MS/MS and model-independent pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out. Paresthesia intensity was evaluated using a Visual Analog Score (VAS) and the categorical Intensity Sensory Score (ISS). RESULTS The CMAX and AUC0→∞ increased 1.6- and 2.1-fold (both p < 0.001) in the test product, respectively, which yielded 2.1-fold higher bioavailability; Ka decreased in the test (0.0199 ± 0.0107 min-1) versus the reference (0.0299 ± 0.0121 min-1) product (p = 0.0834) as well as V/F and Cl/F (both p < 0.001); MRT0→last increased in the test (143 ± 19 min) versus reference (128 ± 16 min) formulation (p = 0.0449); t1/2 remained similar (test: 63.5 ± 8.7 min, reference: 68.9 ± 9.8 min). Paresthesia EMAX increased 1.7-fold using the VAS (p = 0.086) and the ISS (p = 0.009). AUEC increased 1.9-fold with the VAS (p = 0.107) and the ISS (p = 0.019) reflecting scale intrinsic differences. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis showed a clockwise hysteresis loop without prediction ability between CMAX, AUC0→∞ and EMAX or AUEC. No side effects were reported (except paresthesia). CONCLUSIONS The novel controlled-release powder blend shows 100% higher bioavailability of β-alanine, opening a new paradigm that shifts from chronic to short or mid-term supplementation strategies to increase carnosine stores in sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia de Salazar
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain; (L.d.S.); (S.P.-P.); (V.Á.-G.)
| | - Ignacio Segarra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain;
- Pharmacokinetics, Patient Care and Translational Bioethics Research Group, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier López-Román
- Health Sciences Department, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Torregrosa-García
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain; (L.d.S.); (S.P.-P.); (V.Á.-G.)
- Health Sciences PhD Program, Campus de los Jerónimos N° 135, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Piñero
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain; (L.d.S.); (S.P.-P.); (V.Á.-G.)
| | - Vicente Ávila-Gandía
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain; (L.d.S.); (S.P.-P.); (V.Á.-G.)
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17
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Abstract
Kv7.1-Kv7.5 (KCNQ1-5) K+ channels are voltage-gated K+ channels with major roles in neurons, muscle cells and epithelia where they underlie physiologically important K+ currents, such as neuronal M current and cardiac IKs. Specific biophysical properties of Kv7 channels make them particularly well placed to control the activity of excitable cells. Indeed, these channels often work as 'excitability breaks' and are targeted by various hormones and modulators to regulate cellular activity outputs. Genetic deficiencies in all five KCNQ genes result in human excitability disorders, including epilepsy, arrhythmias, deafness and some others. Not surprisingly, this channel family attracts considerable attention as potential drug targets. Here we will review biophysical properties and tissue expression profile of Kv7 channels, discuss recent advances in the understanding of their structure as well as their role in various neurological, cardiovascular and other diseases and pathologies. We will also consider a scope for therapeutic targeting of Kv7 channels for treatment of the above health conditions.
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18
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Steele HR, Han L. The signaling pathway and polymorphisms of Mrgprs. Neurosci Lett 2020; 744:135562. [PMID: 33388356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs) are a family of receptors implicated in a diverse array of human diseases. Since their discovery in 2001, great progress has been made in determining their relation to human disease. Vital for Mrgprs therapeutic efforts across all disease disciplines is a thorough understanding of Mrgprs signal transduction pathways and polymorphisms, as these offer insights into new drug candidates, existing discrepancies in drug response, and differences in disease susceptibility. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding Mrgprs signaling pathways and polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley R Steele
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Liang Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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19
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Dalangin R, Kim A, Campbell RE. The Role of Amino Acids in Neurotransmission and Fluorescent Tools for Their Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6197. [PMID: 32867295 PMCID: PMC7503967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmission between neurons, which can occur over the span of a few milliseconds, relies on the controlled release of small molecule neurotransmitters, many of which are amino acids. Fluorescence imaging provides the necessary speed to follow these events and has emerged as a powerful technique for investigating neurotransmission. In this review, we highlight some of the roles of the 20 canonical amino acids, GABA and β-alanine in neurotransmission. We also discuss available fluorescence-based probes for amino acids that have been shown to be compatible for live cell imaging, namely those based on synthetic dyes, nanostructures (quantum dots and nanotubes), and genetically encoded components. We aim to provide tool developers with information that may guide future engineering efforts and tool users with information regarding existing indicators to facilitate studies of amino acid dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelin Dalangin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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20
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Zhang D, Men H, Zhang L, Gao X, Wang J, Li L, Zhu Q, Zhang H, Jia Z. Inhibition of M/K v7 Currents Contributes to Chloroquine-Induced Itch in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:105. [PMID: 32694980 PMCID: PMC7339983 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
M/Kv7 potassium channels play a key role in regulation of neuronal excitability. Modulation of neuronal excitability of primary sensory neurons determines the itch sensation induced by a variety of itch-causing substances including chloroquine (CQ). In the present study, we demonstrate that suppression of M/Kv7 channel activity contributes to generation of itch in mice. CQ enhances excitability of the primary sensory neurons through inhibiting M/Kv7 potassium currents in a Ca2+ influx-dependent manner. Specific M/Kv7 channel opener retigabine (RTG) or tannic acid (TA) not only reverses the CQ-induced enhancement of neuronal excitability but also suppresses the CQ-induced itch behavior. Systemic application of RTG or TA also significantly inhibits the itch behavior induced by a variety of pruritogens. Taken together, our findings provide novel insight into the molecular basis of CQ-induced itch sensation in mammals that can be applied to the development of strategies to mitigate itch behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongchao Men
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ludi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangxin Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Leying Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiaoying Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhanfeng Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, China
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21
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Orefice LL. Peripheral Somatosensory Neuron Dysfunction: Emerging Roles in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuroscience 2020; 445:120-129. [PMID: 32035119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in somatosensory (touch and pain) behaviors are highly prevalent among people with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, the neural mechanisms underlying abnormal touch and pain-related behaviors in ASDs and how altered somatosensory reactivity might contribute to ASD pathogenesis has not been well studied. Here, we provide a brief review of somatosensory alterations observed in people with ASDs and recent evidence from animal models that implicates peripheral neurons as a locus of dysfunction for somatosensory abnormalities in ASDs. Lastly, we describe current efforts to understand how altered peripheral sensory neuron dysfunction may impact brain development and complex behaviors in ASD models, and whether targeting peripheral somatosensory neurons to improve their function might also improve related ASD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Orefice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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22
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Perim P, Marticorena FM, Ribeiro F, Barreto G, Gobbi N, Kerksick C, Dolan E, Saunders B. Can the Skeletal Muscle Carnosine Response to Beta-Alanine Supplementation Be Optimized? Front Nutr 2019; 6:135. [PMID: 31508423 PMCID: PMC6718727 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is an abundant histidine-containing dipeptide in human skeletal muscle and formed by beta-alanine and L-histidine. It performs various physiological roles during exercise and has attracted strong interest in recent years with numerous investigations focused on increasing its intramuscular content to optimize its potential ergogenic benefits. Oral beta-alanine ingestion increases muscle carnosine content although large variation in response to supplementation exists and the amount of ingested beta-alanine converted into muscle carnosine appears to be low. Understanding of carnosine and beta-alanine metabolism and the factors that influence muscle carnosine synthesis with supplementation may provide insight into how beta-alanine supplementation may be optimized. Herein we discuss modifiable factors that may further enhance the increase of muscle carnosine in response to beta-alanine supplementation including, (i) dose; (ii) duration; (iii) beta-alanine formulation; (iv) dietary influences; (v) exercise; and (vi) co-supplementation with other substances. The aim of this narrative review is to outline the processes involved in muscle carnosine metabolism, discuss theoretical and mechanistic modifiable factors which may optimize the muscle carnosine response to beta-alanine supplementation and to make recommendations to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Perim
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Miguel Marticorena
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ribeiro
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathan Gobbi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chad Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhou C, Li J, Liu L, Tang Z, Wan F, Lan L. Expression and localization of MrgprD in mouse intestinal tract. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:259-268. [PMID: 30919047 PMCID: PMC6647478 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MrgprD, a Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor, is initially identified in sensory neurons of mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and has been suggested to participate in somatosensation. However, MrgprD has recently been found to be expressed outside the nervous system such as in aortic endothelia cells and neutrophils. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to detect the expression and localization of MrgprD in mouse intestinal tract. The immunoreactivity (IR) of MrgprD was found in the smooth muscle layers of small intestine, colon and rectum. In addition, MrgprD IR was colocalized with F4/80-positive macrophages and CD3-positive T lymphocytes resident in the lamina propria of intestinal mucosa. MrgprD was also found to be expressed in primary peritoneal macrophages and splenic T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the presence of MrgprD mRNA and its protein was detected in murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 and human T lymphocyte Jurkat cell lines. Our study shows, for the first time, the expression and localization of MrgprD in the intestinal tract and in macrophages and T lymphocytes, indicating the potential roles of MrgprD in intestinal mobility and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongxiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengyi Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Lei Lan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
In this study, we sought to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying human Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X1 (MrgprX1) mediated itch sensation. We found that activation of MrgprX1 by BAM8-22 triggered robust action potential discharges in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. This neuronal excitability is not mediated by Transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels, M-type potassium channels, or chloride channels. Instead, activation of MrgprX1 lowers the activation threshold of TTX-resistant sodium channels and induces inward sodium currents. These MrgprX1-elicited action potential discharges can be blocked by Pertussis toxin (PTX) and a Gβγ inhibitor - Gallein. Behavioral results showed that Nav1.9 knockout but not Trpa1 knockout significantly reduced BAM8-22 evoked scratching behavior. Collectively, these data suggest that activation of MrgprX1 triggers itch sensation by increasing the activity of TTX-resistant voltage-gated sodium channels.
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Schleifenbaum J. Alamandine and Its Receptor MrgD Pair Up to Join the Protective Arm of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:107. [PMID: 31245374 PMCID: PMC6579891 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a few years ago, alamandine was found to be a member of the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system. It turned out to be an endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor MrgD. So far, MrgD had predominantly been studied in a neuronal context. The expression of the receptor in non-neuronal tissue showed hitherto unknown effects mediated by MrgD, most strikingly alamandine-induced vasodilation. Alamandine being a part of the non-classical renin-angiotensin system, a protective role of receptor activation seemed natural. This review summarizes the different effects of MrgD activation by alamandine in vasculature, in the central nervous system, and in organs as kidney and heart. Alamandine and MrgD are promising novel drug targets to protect the kidney and heart through anti-hypertensive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schleifenbaum
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Nociceptor Signalling through ion Channel Regulation via GPCRs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102488. [PMID: 31137507 PMCID: PMC6566991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prime task of nociceptors is the transformation of noxious stimuli into action potentials that are propagated along the neurites of nociceptive neurons from the periphery to the spinal cord. This function of nociceptors relies on the coordinated operation of a variety of ion channels. In this review, we summarize how members of nine different families of ion channels expressed in sensory neurons contribute to nociception. Furthermore, data on 35 different types of G protein coupled receptors are presented, activation of which controls the gating of the aforementioned ion channels. These receptors are not only targeted by more than 20 separate endogenous modulators, but can also be affected by pharmacotherapeutic agents. Thereby, this review provides information on how ion channel modulation via G protein coupled receptors in nociceptors can be exploited to provide improved analgesic therapy.
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27
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Bautzova T, Hockley JRF, Perez-Berezo T, Pujo J, Tranter MM, Desormeaux C, Barbaro MR, Basso L, Le Faouder P, Rolland C, Malapert P, Moqrich A, Eutamene H, Denadai-Souza A, Vergnolle N, Smith ESJ, Hughes DI, Barbara G, Dietrich G, Bulmer DC, Cenac N. 5-oxoETE triggers nociception in constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome through MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor D. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaal2171. [PMID: 30563864 PMCID: PMC6411128 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that is characterized by chronic abdominal pain concurrent with altered bowel habit. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites are increased in abundance in IBS and are implicated in the alteration of sensation to mechanical stimuli, which is defined as visceral hypersensitivity. We sought to quantify PUFA metabolites in patients with IBS and evaluate their role in pain. Quantification of PUFA metabolites by mass spectrometry in colonic biopsies showed an increased abundance of 5-oxoeicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxoETE) only in biopsies taken from patients with IBS with predominant constipation (IBS-C). Local administration of 5-oxoETE to mice induced somatic and visceral hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli without causing tissue inflammation. We found that 5-oxoETE directly acted on both human and mouse sensory neurons as shown by lumbar splanchnic nerve recordings and Ca2+ imaging of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We showed that 5-oxoETE selectively stimulated nonpeptidergic, isolectin B4 (IB4)-positive DRG neurons through a phospholipase C (PLC)- and pertussis toxin-dependent mechanism, suggesting that the effect was mediated by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The MAS-related GPCR D (Mrgprd) was found in mouse colonic DRG afferents and was identified as being implicated in the noxious effects of 5-oxoETE. Together, these data suggest that 5-oxoETE, a potential biomarker of IBS-C, induces somatic and visceral hyperalgesia without inflammation in an Mrgprd-dependent manner. Thus, 5-oxoETE may play a pivotal role in the abdominal pain associated with IBS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Bautzova
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - James R F Hockley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB1 2PD, UK
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UK
| | - Teresa Perez-Berezo
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Pujo
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael M Tranter
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UK
| | - Cleo Desormeaux
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Lilian Basso
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Le Faouder
- INSERM UMR1048, Lipidomic Core Facility, Metatoul Platform, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Rolland
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Malapert
- Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Aziz Moqrich
- Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Helene Eutamene
- Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Team, UMR 1331, INRA Toxalim, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ewan St John Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB1 2PD, UK
| | - David I Hughes
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - David C Bulmer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB1 2PD, UK
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UK
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- INSERM, UMR1220, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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28
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24-Week β-alanine ingestion does not affect muscle taurine or clinical blood parameters in healthy males. Eur J Nutr 2018; 59:57-65. [PMID: 30552505 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of chronic beta-alanine (BA) supplementation on muscle taurine content, blood clinical markers and sensory side-effects. METHODS Twenty-five healthy male participants (age 27 ± 4 years, height 1.75 ± 0.09 m, body mass 78.9 ± 11.7 kg) were supplemented with 6.4 g day-1 of sustained-release BA (N = 16; CarnoSyn™, NAI, USA) or placebo (PL; N = 9; maltodextrin) for 24 weeks. Resting muscle biopsies of the m. vastus lateralis were taken at 0, 12 and 24 weeks and analysed for taurine content (BA, N = 12; PL, N = 6) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Resting venous blood samples were taken every 4 weeks and analysed for markers of renal, hepatic and muscle function (BA, N = 15; PL, N = 8; aspartate transaminase; alanine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; lactate dehydrogenase; albumin; globulin; creatinine; estimated glomerular filtration rate and creatine kinase). RESULTS There was a significant main effect of group (p = 0.04) on muscle taurine, with overall lower values in PL, although there was no main effect of time or interaction effect (both p > 0.05) and no differences between specific timepoints (week 0, BA: 33.67 ± 8.18 mmol kg-1 dm, PL: 27.75 ± 4.86 mmol kg-1 dm; week 12, BA: 35.93 ± 8.79 mmol kg-1 dm, PL: 27.67 ± 4.75 mmol kg-1 dm; week 24, BA: 35.42 ± 6.16 mmol kg-1 dm, PL: 31.99 ± 5.60 mmol kg-1 dm). There was no effect of treatment, time or any interaction effects on any blood marker (all p > 0.05) and no self-reported side-effects in these participants throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that 24 weeks of BA supplementation at 6.4 g day-1 did not significantly affect muscle taurine content, clinical markers of renal, hepatic and muscle function, nor did it result in chronic sensory side-effects, in healthy individuals. Since athletes are likely to engage in chronic supplementation, these data provide important evidence to suggest that supplementation with BA at these doses for up to 24 weeks is safe for healthy individuals.
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29
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Varanoske AN, Hoffman JR, Church DD, Coker NA, Baker KM, Dodd SJ, Harris RC, Oliveira LP, Dawson VL, Wang R, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. Comparison of sustained-release and rapid-release β-alanine formulations on changes in skeletal muscle carnosine and histidine content and isometric performance following a muscle-damaging protocol. Amino Acids 2018; 51:49-60. [PMID: 30003336 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
β-alanine supplementation increases muscle carnosine content and improves anaerobic exercise performance by enhancing intracellular buffering capacity. β-alanine ingestion in its traditional rapid-release formulation (RR) is associated with the symptoms of paresthesia. A sustained-release formulation (SR) of β-alanine has been shown to circumvent paresthesia and extend the period of supply to muscle for carnosine synthesis. The purpose of this investigation was to compare 28 days of SR and RR formulations of β-alanine (6 g day-1) on changes in carnosine content of the vastus lateralis and muscle fatigue. Thirty-nine recreationally active men and women were assigned to one of the three groups: SR, RR, or placebo (PLA). Participants supplementing with SR and RR formulations increased muscle carnosine content by 50.1% (3.87 mmol kg-1ww) and 37.9% (2.62 mmol kg-1ww), respectively. The change in muscle carnosine content in participants consuming SR was significantly different (p = 0.010) from those consuming PLA, but no significant difference was noted between RR and PLA (p = 0.077). Although participants ingesting SR experienced a 16.4% greater increase in muscle carnosine than RR, fatigue during maximal voluntary isometric contractions was significantly attenuated in both SR and RR compared to PLA (p = 0.002 and 0.024, respectively). Symptoms of paresthesia were significantly more frequent in RR compared to SR, the latter of which did not differ from PLA. Results of this study demonstrated that only participants consuming the SR formulation experienced a significant increase in muscle carnosine. Differences in the muscle carnosine response between these formulations may have practical significance for athletic populations in which small changes may have important implications on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N Varanoske
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816-1250, USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816-1250, USA.
| | - David D Church
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816-1250, USA
| | - Nicholas A Coker
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816-1250, USA
| | - Kayla M Baker
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816-1250, USA
| | - Sarah J Dodd
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816-1250, USA
| | | | - Leonardo P Oliveira
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Virgil L Dawson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ran Wang
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816-1250, USA
| | - David H Fukuda
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816-1250, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32816-1250, USA
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Abstract
Chronic, persistent itch is a devastating symptom that causes much suffering. In recent years, there has been great progress made in understanding the molecules, cells, and circuits underlying itch sensation. Once thought to be carried by pain-sensing neurons, itch is now believed to be capable of being transmitted by dedicated sensory labeled lines. Members of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (Mrgpr) family demarcate an itch-specific labeled line in the peripheral nervous system. In the spinal cord, the expression of other proteins identifies additional populations of itch-dedicated sensory neurons. However, as evidence for labeled-line coding has mounted, studies promoting alternative itch-coding strategies have emerged, complicating our understanding of the neural basis of itch. In this review, we cover the molecules, cells, and circuits related to understanding the neural basis of itch, with a focus on the role of Mrgprs in mediating itch sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Meixiong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and the Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and the Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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31
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He SQ, Xu Q, Tiwari V, Yang F, Anderson M, Chen Z, Grenald SA, Raja SN, Dong X, Guan Y. Oligomerization of MrgC11 and μ-opioid receptors in sensory neurons enhances morphine analgesia. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaao3134. [PMID: 29921657 PMCID: PMC6328051 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist morphine is commonly used for pain management, but it has severe adverse effects and produces analgesic tolerance. Thus, alternative ways of stimulating MOR activity are needed. We found that MrgC11, a sensory neuron-specific G protein-coupled receptor, may form heteromeric complexes with MOR. Peptide-mediated activation of MrgC11 enhanced MOR recycling by inducing coendocytosis and sorting of MOR for membrane reinsertion. MrgC11 activation also inhibited the coupling of MOR to β-arrestin-2 and enhanced the morphine-dependent inhibition of cAMP production. Intrathecal coadministration of a low dose of an MrgC agonist potentiated acute morphine analgesia and reduced chronic morphine tolerance in wild-type mice but not in Mrg-cluster knockout (Mrg KO) mice. BAM22, a bivalent agonist of MrgC and opioid receptors, enhanced the interaction between MrgC11 and MOR and produced stronger analgesia than did the individual monovalent agonists. Morphine-induced neuronal and pain inhibition was reduced in Mrg KO mice compared to that in wild-type mice. Our results uncover MrgC11-MOR interactions that lead to positive functional modulation of MOR. MrgC shares genetic homogeneity and functional similarity with human MrgX1. Thus, harnessing this positive modulation of MOR function by Mrg signaling may enhance morphine analgesia in a sensory neuron-specific fashion to limit central side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Qiu He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Qian Xu
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Anderson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shaness A Grenald
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Srinivasa N Raja
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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32
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Du X, Gao H, Jaffe D, Zhang H, Gamper N. M-type K + channels in peripheral nociceptive pathways. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2158-2172. [PMID: 28800673 PMCID: PMC5980636 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological pain is a hyperexcitability disorder. Since the excitability of a neuron is set and controlled by a complement of ion channels it expresses, in order to understand and treat pain, we need to develop a mechanistic insight into the key ion channels controlling excitability within the mammalian pain pathways and how these ion channels are regulated and modulated in various physiological and pathophysiological settings. In this review, we will discuss the emerging data on the expression in pain pathways, functional role and modulation of a family of voltage-gated K+ channels called 'M channels' (KCNQ, Kv 7). M channels are increasingly recognized as important players in controlling pain signalling, especially within the peripheral somatosensory system. We will also discuss the therapeutic potential of M channels as analgesic drug targets. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Du
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of EducationHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and ToxicologyShijiazhuangHebei ProvinceChina
| | - Haixia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of EducationHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and ToxicologyShijiazhuangHebei ProvinceChina
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - David Jaffe
- Department of Biology, UTSA Neurosciences InstituteUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of EducationHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and ToxicologyShijiazhuangHebei ProvinceChina
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of EducationHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and ToxicologyShijiazhuangHebei ProvinceChina
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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Peiris M, Hockley JR, Reed DE, Smith ESJ, Bulmer DC, Blackshaw LA. Peripheral K V7 channels regulate visceral sensory function in mouse and human colon. Mol Pain 2018; 13:1744806917709371. [PMID: 28566000 PMCID: PMC5456027 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917709371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic visceral pain is a defining symptom of many gastrointestinal disorders. The KV7 family (KV7.1–KV7.5) of voltage-gated potassium channels mediates the M current that regulates excitability in peripheral sensory nociceptors and central pain pathways. Here, we use a combination of immunohistochemistry, gut-nerve electrophysiological recordings in both mouse and human tissues, and single-cell qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of gut-projecting sensory neurons, to investigate the contribution of peripheral KV7 channels to visceral nociception. Results Immunohistochemical staining of mouse colon revealed labelling of KV7 subtypes (KV7.3 and KV7.5) with CGRP around intrinsic enteric neurons of the myenteric plexuses and within extrinsic sensory fibres along mesenteric blood vessels. Treatment with the KV7 opener retigabine almost completely abolished visceral afferent firing evoked by the algogen bradykinin, in agreement with significant co-expression of mRNA transcripts by single-cell qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for KCNQ subtypes and the B2 bradykinin receptor in retrogradely labelled extrinsic sensory neurons from the colon. Retigabine also attenuated responses to mechanical stimulation of the bowel following noxious distension (0–80 mmHg) in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas the KV7 blocker XE991 potentiated such responses. In human bowel tissues, KV7.3 and KV7.5 were expressed in neuronal varicosities co-labelled with synaptophysin and CGRP, and retigabine inhibited bradykinin-induced afferent activation in afferent recordings from human colon. Conclusions We show that KV7 channels contribute to the sensitivity of visceral sensory neurons to noxious chemical and mechanical stimuli in both mouse and human gut tissues. As such, peripherally restricted KV7 openers may represent a viable therapeutic modality for the treatment of gastrointestinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madusha Peiris
- 1 Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James Rf Hockley
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Reed
- 3 GI Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - David C Bulmer
- 1 Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - L Ashley Blackshaw
- 1 Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Hill RZ, Hoffman BU, Morita T, Campos SM, Lumpkin EA, Brem RB, Bautista DM. The signaling lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates mechanical pain. eLife 2018; 7:e33285. [PMID: 29561262 PMCID: PMC5896955 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons mediate responses to diverse mechanical stimuli, from innocuous touch to noxious pain. While recent studies have identified distinct populations of A mechanonociceptors (AMs) that are required for mechanical pain, the molecular underpinnings of mechanonociception remain unknown. Here, we show that the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P Receptor 3 (S1PR3) are critical regulators of acute mechanonociception. Genetic or pharmacological ablation of S1PR3, or blockade of S1P production, significantly impaired the behavioral response to noxious mechanical stimuli, with no effect on responses to innocuous touch or thermal stimuli. These effects are mediated by fast-conducting A mechanonociceptors, which displayed a significant decrease in mechanosensitivity in S1PR3 mutant mice. We show that S1PR3 signaling tunes mechanonociceptor excitability via modulation of KCNQ2/3 channels. Our findings define a new role for S1PR3 in regulating neuronal excitability and establish the importance of S1P/S1PR3 signaling in the setting of mechanical pain thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Z Hill
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Benjamin U Hoffman
- Department of Physiology and Cellular BiophysicsColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramColumbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | | | - Ellen A Lumpkin
- Department of Physiology and Cellular BiophysicsColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
- Neurobiology CourseMarine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
| | - Rachel B Brem
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovatoUnited States
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Neurobiology CourseMarine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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Jackson L, Eldahshan W, Fagan SC, Ergul A. Within the Brain: The Renin Angiotensin System. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E876. [PMID: 29543776 PMCID: PMC5877737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, modulators of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) have been trusted by clinicians for the control of essential hypertension. It was recently demonstrated that these modulators have other pleiotropic properties independent of their hypotensive effects, such as enhancement of cognition. Within the brain, different components of the RAS have been extensively studied in the context of neuroprotection and cognition. Interestingly, a crosstalk between the RAS and other systems such as cholinergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic systems have been demonstrated. In this review, the preclinical and clinical evidence for the impact of RAS modulators on cognitive impairment of multiple etiologies will be discussed. In addition, the expression and function of different receptor subtypes within the RAS such as: Angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R), Angiotensin II type II receptor (AT2R), Angiotensin IV receptor (AT4R), Mas receptor (MasR), and Mas-related-G protein-coupled receptor (MrgD), on different cell types within the brain will be presented. We aim to direct the attention of the scientific community to the plethora of evidence on the importance of the RAS on cognition and to the different disease conditions in which these agents can be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaDonya Jackson
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Wael Eldahshan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Susan C Fagan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA.
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Hrenak J, Paulis L, Simko F. Angiotensin A/Alamandine/MrgD Axis: Another Clue to Understanding Cardiovascular Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071098. [PMID: 27447621 PMCID: PMC4964474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a crucial role in cardiovascular regulations and its modulation is a challenging target for the vast majority of cardioprotective strategies. However, many biological effects of these drugs cannot be explained by the known mode of action. Our comprehension of the RAS is thus far from complete. The RAS represents an ingenious system of "checks and balances". It incorporates vasoconstrictive, pro-proliferative, and pro-inflammatory compounds on one hand and molecules with opposing action on the other hand. The list of these molecules is still not definitive because new biological properties can be achieved by minor alteration of the molecular structure. The angiotensin A/alamandine-MrgD cascade associates the deleterious and protective branches of the RAS. Its identification provided a novel clue to the understanding of the RAS. Angiotensin A (Ang A) is positioned at the "crossroad" in this system since it either elicits direct vasoconstrictive and pro-proliferative actions or it is further metabolized to alamandine, triggering opposing effects. Alamandine, the central molecule of this cascade, can be generated both from the "deleterious" Ang A as well as from the "protective" angiotensin 1-7. This pathway modulates peripheral and central blood pressure regulation and cardiovascular remodeling. Further research will elucidate its interactions in cardiovascular pathophysiology and its possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Hrenak
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- 1st Clinic of Medicine, Donauisar Klinikum, 944 69 Deggendorf, Germany.
| | - Ludovit Paulis
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 814 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Fedor Simko
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- 3rd Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 833 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, BMC, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 814 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Rohacs T. Phosphoinositide signaling in somatosensory neurons. Adv Biol Regul 2016; 61:2-16. [PMID: 26724974 PMCID: PMC4884561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia (TG) are responsible for detecting thermal and tactile stimuli. They are also the primary neurons mediating pain and itch. A large number of cell surface receptors in these neurons couple to phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes leading to the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] and the generation of downstream signaling molecules. These neurons also express many different ion channels, several of which are regulated by phosphoinositides. This review will summarize the knowledge on phosphoinositide signaling in DRG neurons, with special focus on effects on sensory and other ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Rohacs
- Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Schütze S, Orozco IJ, Jentsch TJ. KCNQ Potassium Channels Modulate Sensitivity of Skin Down-hair (D-hair) Mechanoreceptors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5566-5575. [PMID: 26733196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
M-current-mediating KCNQ (Kv7) channels play an important role in regulating the excitability of neuronal cells, as highlighted by mutations in Kcnq2 and Kcnq3 that underlie certain forms of epilepsy. In addition to their expression in brain, KCNQ2 and -3 are also found in the somatosensory system. We have now detected both KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 in a subset of dorsal root ganglia neurons that correspond to D-hair Aδ-fibers and demonstrate KCNQ3 expression in peripheral nerve endings of cutaneous D-hair follicles. Electrophysiological recordings from single D-hair afferents from Kcnq3(-/-) mice showed increased firing frequencies in response to mechanical ramp-and-hold stimuli. This effect was particularly pronounced at slow indentation velocities. Additional reduction of KCNQ2 expression further increased D-hair sensitivity. Together with previous work on the specific role of KCNQ4 in rapidly adapting skin mechanoreceptors, our results show that different KCNQ isoforms are specifically expressed in particular subsets of mechanosensory neurons and modulate their sensitivity directly in sensory nerve endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schütze
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin and
| | - Ian J Orozco
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin and
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin and; Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Tiwari V, Tiwari V, He S, Zhang T, Raja SN, Dong X, Guan Y. Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptors Offer Potential New Targets for Pain Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 904:87-103. [PMID: 26900065 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7537-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The founding member of the Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor (Mrgpr) family was discovered in 1986. Since then, many more members of this receptor family have been identified in multiple species, and their physiologic functions have been investigated widely. Because they are expressed exclusively in small-diameter primary sensory neurons, the roles of Mrgpr proteins in pain and itch have been best studied. This review will focus specifically on the current knowledge of their roles in pathological pain and the potential development of new pharmacotherapies targeted at some Mrgprs for the treatment of chronic pain. We will also discuss the limitations and future scope of this receptor family in pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Tiwari
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shaoqiu He
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Srinivasa N Raja
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yun Guan
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Bader M, Alenina N, Andrade-Navarro MA, Santos RA. MAS and its related G protein-coupled receptors, Mrgprs. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:1080-105. [PMID: 25244929 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs or Mas-related genes) comprise a subfamily of receptors named after the first discovered member, Mas. For most Mrgprs, pruriception seems to be the major function based on the following observations: 1) they are relatively promiscuous in their ligand specificity with best affinities for itch-inducing substances; 2) they are expressed in sensory neurons and mast cells in the skin, the main cellular components of pruriception; and 3) they appear in evolution first in tetrapods, which have arms and legs necessary for scratching to remove parasites or other noxious substances from the skin before they create harm. Because parasites coevolved with hosts, each species faced different parasitic challenges, which may explain another striking observation, the multiple independent duplication and expansion events of Mrgpr genes in different species as a consequence of parallel adaptive evolution. Their predominant expression in dorsal root ganglia anticipates additional functions of Mrgprs in nociception. Some Mrgprs have endogenous ligands, such as β-alanine, alamandine, adenine, RF-amide peptides, or salusin-β. However, because the functions of these agonists are still elusive, the physiologic role of the respective Mrgprs needs to be clarified. The best studied Mrgpr is Mas itself. It was shown to be a receptor for angiotensin-1-7 and to exert mainly protective actions in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge about Mrgprs, their evolution, their ligands, their possible physiologic functions, and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B., N.A., M.A.A.-N.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (M.B., N.A., R.A.S.)
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B., N.A., M.A.A.-N.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (M.B., N.A., R.A.S.)
| | - Miguel A Andrade-Navarro
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B., N.A., M.A.A.-N.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (M.B., N.A., R.A.S.)
| | - Robson A Santos
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B., N.A., M.A.A.-N.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (M.B., N.A., R.A.S.)
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Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Wilborn CD, Sale C, Kreider RB, Jäger R, Earnest CP, Bannock L, Campbell B, Kalman D, Ziegenfuss TN, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:30. [PMID: 26175657 PMCID: PMC4501114 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the mechanisms and use of beta-alanine supplementation. Based on the current available literature, the conclusions of the ISSN are as follows: 1) Four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation (4-6 g daily) significantly augments muscle carnosine concentrations, thereby acting as an intracellular pH buffer; 2) Beta-alanine supplementation currently appears to be safe in healthy populations at recommended doses; 3) The only reported side effect is paraesthesia (tingling), but studies indicate this can be attenuated by using divided lower doses (1.6 g) or using a sustained-release formula; 4) Daily supplementation with 4 to 6 g of beta-alanine for at least 2 to 4 weeks has been shown to improve exercise performance, with more pronounced effects in open end-point tasks/time trials lasting 1 to 4 min in duration; 5) Beta-alanine attenuates neuromuscular fatigue, particularly in older subjects, and preliminary evidence indicates that beta-alanine may improve tactical performance; 6) Combining beta-alanine with other single or multi-ingredient supplements may be advantageous when supplementation of beta-alanine is high enough (4-6 g daily) and long enough (minimum 4 weeks); 7) More research is needed to determine the effects of beta-alanine on strength, endurance performance beyond 25 min in duration, and other health-related benefits associated with carnosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Trexler
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Craig Sale
- Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, 2138 E Lafayette Pl, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Conrad P Earnest
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA.,Nutrabolt International, Bryan, TX USA
| | | | - Bill Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Douglas Kalman
- Department of Nutrition & Endocrinology, Miami Research Associates, QPS-MRA, Miami, FL USA
| | - Tim N Ziegenfuss
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, 4302 Allen Rd, STE 120 Stow, OH USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sports Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA
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Solinski HJ, Gudermann T, Breit A. Pharmacology and signaling of MAS-related G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:570-97. [PMID: 24867890 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) regulates many vital body functions. Consequently, dysfunction of GPCR signaling leads to pathologic states, and approximately 30% of all modern clinical drugs target GPCR. One decade ago, an entire new GPCR family was discovered, which was recently named MAS-related G protein-coupled receptors (MRGPR) by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. The MRGPR family consists of ∼40 members that are grouped into nine distinct subfamilies (MRGPRA to -H and -X) and are predominantly expressed in primary sensory neurons and mast cells. All members are formally still considered "orphan" by the Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. However, several distinct peptides and amino acids are discussed as potential ligands, including β-alanine, angiotensin-(1-7), alamandine, GABA, cortistatin-14, and cleavage products of proenkephalin, pro-opiomelanocortin, prodynorphin, or proneuropeptide-FF-A. The full spectrum of biologic roles of all MRGPR is still ill-defined, but there is evidence pointing to a role of distinct MRGPR subtypes in nociception, pruritus, sleep, cell proliferation, circulation, and mast cell degranulation. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 10 years on the phylogenetic relationships, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and agonist-promoted regulation of all MRGPR subfamilies. Furthermore, we highlight interactions between MRGPR and other hormonal systems, paying particular attention to receptor multimerization and morphine tolerance. Finally, we discuss the challenges the field faces presently and emphasize future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jürgen Solinski
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Breit
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Itch is a complex sensory modality that can be evoked by an extremely diverse set of stimuli and has multiple components of disease etiology. Thus, determining the basic molecular and cellular players is essential before we can tackle the more complex aspects of itch. The identification of novel itch receptors has been extremely fruitful and has uncovered novel signaling pathways and pruritogens. Mrgprs encode a family of G protein-coupled receptors, many of which are expressed specifically in sensory nerves and function as itch receptors in mediating histamine-independent itch. In this chapter, we will review the discovery of the receptor family, their specific expression, their roles as itch receptors, and the itch-inducing agonists. Furthermore, we will summarize the results indicating that Mrgpr-expressing sensory neurons are itch-sensing neurons. In the end we will discuss the role of Mrgprs and Mrgpr-positive neurons in chronic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA,
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Du X, Hao H, Gigout S, Huang D, Yang Y, Li L, Wang C, Sundt D, Jaffe DB, Zhang H, Gamper N. Control of somatic membrane potential in nociceptive neurons and its implications for peripheral nociceptive transmission. Pain 2014; 155:2306-22. [PMID: 25168672 PMCID: PMC4247381 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral sensory ganglia contain somata of afferent fibres conveying somatosensory inputs to the central nervous system. Growing evidence suggests that the somatic/perisomatic region of sensory neurons can influence peripheral sensory transmission. Control of resting membrane potential (Erest) is an important mechanism regulating excitability, but surprisingly little is known about how Erest is regulated in sensory neuron somata or how changes in somatic/perisomatic Erest affect peripheral sensory transmission. We first evaluated the influence of several major ion channels on Erest in cultured small-diameter, mostly capsaicin-sensitive (presumed nociceptive) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The strongest and most prevalent effect on Erest was achieved by modulating M channels, K2P and 4-aminopiridine-sensitive KV channels, while hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated, voltage-gated Na+, and T-type Ca2+ channels to a lesser extent also contributed to Erest. Second, we investigated how varying somatic/perisomatic membrane potential, by manipulating ion channels of sensory neurons within the DRG, affected peripheral nociceptive transmission in vivo. Acute focal application of M or KATP channel enhancers or a hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel blocker to L5 DRG in vivo significantly alleviated pain induced by hind paw injection of bradykinin. Finally, we show with computational modelling how somatic/perisomatic hyperpolarization, in concert with the low-pass filtering properties of the t-junction within the DRG, can interfere with action potential propagation. Our study deciphers a complement of ion channels that sets the somatic Erest of nociceptive neurons and provides strong evidence for a robust filtering role of the somatic and perisomatic compartments of peripheral nociceptive neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China.
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Sylvain Gigout
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dongyang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Yuehui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Caixue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Danielle Sundt
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David B Jaffe
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China; Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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New Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Alamandine and the Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor D. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 16:433. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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46
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Du X, Gamper N. Potassium channels in peripheral pain pathways: expression, function and therapeutic potential. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:621-40. [PMID: 24396338 PMCID: PMC3849788 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical excitation of peripheral somatosensory nerves is a first step in generation of most pain signals in mammalian nervous system. Such excitation is controlled by an intricate set of ion channels that are coordinated to produce a degree of excitation that is proportional to the strength of the external stimulation. However, in many disease states this coordination is disrupted resulting in deregulated peripheral excitability which, in turn, may underpin pathological pain states (i.e. migraine, neuralgia, neuropathic and inflammatory pains). One of the major groups of ion channels that are essential for controlling neuronal excitability is potassium channel family and, hereby, the focus of this review is on the K+ channels in peripheral pain pathways. The aim of the review is threefold. First, we will discuss current evidence for the expression and functional role of various K+ channels in peripheral nociceptive fibres. Second, we will consider a hypothesis suggesting that reduced functional activity of K+ channels within peripheral nociceptive pathways is a general feature of many types of pain. Third, we will evaluate the perspectives of pharmacological enhancement of K+ channels in nociceptive pathways as a strategy for new analgesic drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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47
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Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D is coupled to endogenous calcium-activated chloride channel in Xenopus oocytes. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 70:185-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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48
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Abstract
Electrophysiological recordings from an acutely sliced preparation provide information on ionic currents and excitability of native neurons under near physiological conditions. Although this technique is commonly used on central nervous system structures such as spinal cord and brain, structures within the peripheral nervous system (including sensory ganglia and fibers) have proven to be much more difficult to study in acute preparations. Here we describe a method for patch-clamp recordings from rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) slices.
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49
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Distinct Expression of Mas1-Related G-Protein-Coupled Receptor B4 in Dorsal Root and Trigeminal Ganglia—Implications for Altered Behaviors in Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 3-Deficient Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:820-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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50
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Davenport AP, Alexander SPH, Sharman JL, Pawson AJ, Benson HE, Monaghan AE, Liew WC, Mpamhanga CP, Bonner TI, Neubig RR, Pin JP, Spedding M, Harmar AJ. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXVIII. G protein-coupled receptor list: recommendations for new pairings with cognate ligands. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:967-86. [PMID: 23686350 PMCID: PMC3698937 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2005, the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR) published a catalog of all of the human gene sequences known or predicted to encode G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), excluding sensory receptors. This review updates the list of orphan GPCRs and describes the criteria used by NC-IUPHAR to recommend the pairing of an orphan receptor with its cognate ligand(s). The following recommendations are made for new receptor names based on 11 pairings for class A GPCRs: hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors [HCA₁ (GPR81) with lactate, HCA₂ (GPR109A) with 3-hydroxybutyric acid, HCA₃ (GPR109B) with 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid]; lysophosphatidic acid receptors [LPA₄ (GPR23), LPA₅ (GPR92), LPA₆ (P2Y5)]; free fatty acid receptors [FFA4 (GPR120) with omega-3 fatty acids]; chemerin receptor (CMKLR1; ChemR23) with chemerin; CXCR7 (CMKOR1) with chemokines CXCL12 (SDF-1) and CXCL11 (ITAC); succinate receptor (SUCNR1) with succinate; and oxoglutarate receptor [OXGR1 with 2-oxoglutarate]. Pairings are highlighted for an additional 30 receptors in class A where further input is needed from the scientific community to validate these findings. Fifty-seven human class A receptors (excluding pseudogenes) are still considered orphans; information has been provided where there is a significant phenotype in genetically modified animals. In class B, six pairings have been reported by a single publication, with 28 (excluding pseudogenes) still classified as orphans. Seven orphan receptors remain in class C, with one pairing described by a single paper. The objective is to stimulate research into confirming pairings of orphan receptors where there is currently limited information and to identify cognate ligands for the remaining GPCRs. Further information can be found on the IUPHAR Database website (http://www.iuphar-db.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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