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Furukawa T, Fukuda A. Maternal taurine as a modulator of Cl - homeostasis as well as of glycine/GABA A receptors for neocortical development. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1221441. [PMID: 37601283 PMCID: PMC10435090 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1221441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During brain and spinal cord development, GABA and glycine, the inhibitory neurotransmitters, cause depolarization instead of hyperpolarization in adults. Since glycine and GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are chloride (Cl-) ion channel receptor, the conversion of GABA/glycine actions during development is influenced by changes in the transmembrane Cl- gradient, which is regulated by Cl- transporters, NKCC1 (absorption) and KCC2 (expulsion). In immature neurons, inhibitory neurotransmitters are released in a non-vesicular/non-synaptic manner, transitioning to vesicular/synaptic release as the neuron matures. In other word, in immature neurons, neurotransmitters generally act tonically. Thus, the glycine/GABA system is a developmentally multimodal system that is required for neurogenesis, differentiation, migration, and synaptogenesis. The endogenous agonists for these receptors are not fully understood, we address taurine. In this review, we will discuss about the properties and function of taurine during development of neocortex. Taurine cannot be synthesized by fetuses or neonates, and is transferred from maternal blood through the placenta or maternal milk ingestion. In developing neocortex, taurine level is higher than GABA level, and taurine tonically activates GABAARs to control radial migration as a stop signal. In the marginal zone (MZ) of the developing neocortex, endogenous taurine modulates the spread of excitatory synaptic transmission, activating glycine receptors (GlyRs) as an endogenous agonist. Thus, taurine affects information processing and crucial developmental processes such as axonal growth, cell migration, and lamination in the developing cerebral cortex. Additionally, we also refer to the possible mechanism of taurine-regulating Cl- homeostasis. External taurine is uptake by taurine transporter (TauT) and regulates NKCC1 and KCC2 mediated by intracellular signaling pathway, with-no-lysine kinase 1 (WNK1) and its subsequent kinases STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress response kinase-1 (OSR1). Through the regulation of NKCC1 and KCC2, mediated by the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling pathway, taurine plays a role in maintaining Cl- homeostasis during normal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Furukawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Atsuo Fukuda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Romero-Martínez BS, Sommer B, Solís-Chagoyán H, Calixto E, Aquino-Gálvez A, Jaimez R, Gomez-Verjan JC, González-Avila G, Flores-Soto E, Montaño LM. Estrogenic Modulation of Ionic Channels, Pumps and Exchangers in Airway Smooth Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097879. [PMID: 37175587 PMCID: PMC10178541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To preserve ionic homeostasis (primarily Ca2+, K+, Na+, and Cl-), in the airway smooth muscle (ASM) numerous transporters (channels, exchangers, and pumps) regulate the influx and efflux of these ions. Many of intracellular processes depend on continuous ionic permeation, including exocytosis, contraction, metabolism, transcription, fecundation, proliferation, and apoptosis. These mechanisms are precisely regulated, for instance, through hormonal activity. The lipophilic nature of steroidal hormones allows their free transit into the cell where, in most cases, they occupy their cognate receptor to generate genomic actions. In the sense, estrogens can stimulate development, proliferation, migration, and survival of target cells, including in lung physiology. Non-genomic actions on the other hand do not imply estrogen's intracellular receptor occupation, nor do they initiate transcription and are mostly immediate to the stimulus. Among estrogen's non genomic responses regulation of calcium homeostasis and contraction and relaxation processes play paramount roles in ASM. On the other hand, disruption of calcium homeostasis has been closely associated with some ASM pathological mechanism. Thus, this paper intends to summarize the effects of estrogen on ionic handling proteins in ASM. The considerable diversity, range and power of estrogens regulates ionic homeostasis through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Romero-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Bettina Sommer
- Laboratorio de Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Héctor Solís-Chagoyán
- Neurociencia Cognitiva Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Calixto
- Departamento de Neurobiología, Dirección de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ruth Jaimez
- Laboratorio de Estrógenos y Hemostasis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan C Gomez-Verjan
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría (INGER), Ciudad de México 10200, Mexico
| | - Georgina González-Avila
- Laboratorio de Oncología Biomédica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", México City 14080, Mexico
| | - Edgar Flores-Soto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis M Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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The Alteration of Chloride Homeostasis/GABAergic Signaling in Brain Disorders: Could Oxidative Stress Play a Role? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081316. [PMID: 34439564 PMCID: PMC8389245 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In neuronal precursors and immature neurons, the depolarizing (excitatory) effect of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling is associated with elevated [Cl−]i; as brain cells mature, a developmental switch occurs, leading to the decrease of [Cl−]i and to the hyperpolarizing (inhibitory) effect of GABAergic signaling. [Cl−]i is controlled by two chloride co-transporters: NKCC1, which causes Cl− to accumulate into the cells, and KCC2, which extrudes it. The ontogenetic upregulation of the latter determines the above-outlined switch; however, many other factors contribute to the correct [Cl−]i in mature neurons. The dysregulation of chloride homeostasis is involved in seizure generation and has been associated with schizophrenia, Down’s Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Recently, much effort has been put into developing new drugs intended to inhibit NKCC1 activity, while no attention has been paid to the origin of [Cl−]i dysregulation. Our study examines the pathophysiology of Cl− homeostasis and focuses on the impact of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation on the activity of Cl− co-transporters, highlighting the relevance of OS in numerous brain abnormalities and diseases. This hypothesis supports the importance of primary prevention during pregnancy. It also integrates the therapeutic framework addressed to restore normal GABAergic signaling by counteracting the alteration in chloride homeostasis in central nervous system (CNS) cells, aiming at limiting the use of drugs that potentially pose a health risk.
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Josiah SS, Meor Azlan NF, Zhang J. Targeting the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 Pathway and Cation-Chloride Cotransporters for the Therapy of Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1232. [PMID: 33513812 PMCID: PMC7865768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major culprits responsible for morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the currently available pharmacological strategies to combat this global disease are scanty. Cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) are expressed in several tissues (including neurons) and extensively contribute to the maintenance of numerous physiological functions including chloride homeostasis. Previous studies have implicated two CCCs, the Na+-K+-Cl- and K+-Cl- cotransporters (NKCCs and KCCs) in stroke episodes along with their upstream regulators, the with-no-lysine kinase (WNKs) family and STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine rich kinase (SPAK) or oxidative stress response kinase (OSR1) via a signaling pathway. As the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway reciprocally regulates NKCC and KCC, a growing body of evidence implicates over-activation and altered expression of NKCC1 in stroke pathology whilst stimulation of KCC3 during and even after a stroke event is neuroprotective. Both inhibition of NKCC1 and activation of KCC3 exert neuroprotection through reduction in intracellular chloride levels and thus could be a novel therapeutic strategy. Hence, this review summarizes the current understanding of functional regulations of the CCCs implicated in stroke with particular focus on NKCC1, KCC3, and WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling and discusses the current and potential pharmacological treatments for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinwei Zhang
- Hatherly Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK; (S.S.J.); (N.F.M.A.)
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Zhang G, Meng Q, Blencowe M, Agrawal R, Gomez-Pinilla F, Yang X. Multi-Tissue Multi-Omics Nutrigenomics Indicates Context-Specific Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Rat Brain. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000788. [PMID: 33063454 PMCID: PMC8046846 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The influence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cardiometabolic and cognitive phenotypes, and multi-omic alterations in the brain under two metabolic conditions is explored to understand context-specific nutritional effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats are randomly assigned to a DHA-rich or a control chow diet while drinking water or high fructose solution, followed by profiling of metabolic and cognitive phenotypes and the transcriptome and DNA methylome of the hypothalamus and hippocampus. DHA reduces serum triglyceride and improves insulin resistance and memory exclusively in the fructose-consuming rats. In hippocampus, DHA affects genes related to synapse functions in the chow group but immune functions in the fructose group; in hypothalamus, DHA alters immune pathways in the chow group but metabolic pathways in the fructose group. Network modeling reveals context-specific regulators of DHA effects, including Klf4 and Dusp1 for chow condition and Lum, Fn1, and Col1a1 for fructose condition in hippocampus, as well as Cyr61, JunB, Ier2, and Pitx2 under chow condition and Hcar1, Cdh1, and Osr1 under fructose condition in hypothalamus. CONCLUSION DHA exhibits differential influence on epigenetic loci, genes, pathways, and metabolic and cognitive phenotypes under different dietary contexts, supporting population stratification in DHA studies to achieve precision nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Qingying Meng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Montgomery Blencowe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rahul Agrawal
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Abstract
The hippocampus is central to spatial learning and stress responsiveness, both of which differ in form and function in males versus females, yet precisely how the hippocampus contributes to these sex differences is largely unknown. In reproductively mature individuals, sex differences in the steroid hormone milieu undergirds many sex differences in hippocampal-related endpoints. However, there is also evidence for developmental programming of adult hippocampal function, with a central role for androgens as well as their aromatized byproduct, estrogens. These include sex differences in cell genesis, synapse formation, dendritic arborization, and excitatory/inhibitory balance. Enduring effects of steroid hormone modulation occur during two developmental epochs, the first being the classic perinatal critical period of sexual differentiation of the brain and the other being adolescence and the associated hormonal changes of puberty. The cellular mechanisms by which steroid hormones enduringly modify hippocampal form and function are poorly understood, but we here review what is known and highlight where attention should be focused.
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Li N, Xu N, Lin Y, Lei L, Ju LS, Morey TE, Gravenstein N, Zhang J, Martynyuk AE. Roles of Testosterone and Estradiol in Mediation of Acute Neuroendocrine and Electroencephalographic Effects of Sevoflurane During the Sensitive Period in Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:545973. [PMID: 33101193 PMCID: PMC7556268 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.545973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Testosterone (T), predominantly acting through its derivative 17β-estradiol (E2), regulates the brain's sexual differentiation in rodents during the perinatal sensitive period, which mirrors the window of vulnerability to the adverse effects of general anesthetics. The mechanisms of anesthesia's adverse effects are poorly understood. We investigated whether sevoflurane alters T and E2 levels and whether they contribute to sevoflurane's acute adverse effects in postnatal day 5 Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats underwent electroencephalography recordings for 2 h of baseline activity or for 1 h before and another hour during 2.1% sevoflurane exposure, followed by collection of trunk blood and brain tissue. Pharmacological agents, including the GABA type A receptor inhibitor bicuculline and the aromatase inhibitor formestane, were administered 30 min before sevoflurane anesthesia. Sevoflurane increased serum T levels in males only. All other effects of sevoflurane were similar in both sexes, including increases in serum levels of E2, hypothalamic mRNA levels of aromatase, estrogen receptor α (Erα) [not estrogen receptor β (Erβ)], Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter (Nkcc1)/K+-Cl- cotransporter (Kcc2) mRNA ratio, electroencephalography-detectable seizures, and stress-like corticosterone secretion. Bicuculline and formestane alleviated these effects, except the T level increases. The ERα antagonist MPP, but not the ERβ antagonist PHTPP, reduced electroencephalography-detectable seizures and normalized the Nkcc1/Kcc2 mRNA ratio. Collectively, sevoflurane exacerbates levels of T in males and E2 in both sexes during the period of their organizational effects in rodents. Sevoflurane acts through GABAAR-mediated, systemic T-independent elevation of E2 to cause electroencephalography-detectable seizures, stress-like corticosterone secretion, and changes in the expression of genes critical for brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningtao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yunan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ling-Sha Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Timothy E. Morey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nikolaus Gravenstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jiaqiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaqiang Zhang, ; Anatoly E. Martynyuk,
| | - Anatoly E. Martynyuk
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jiaqiang Zhang, ; Anatoly E. Martynyuk,
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Kipnis PA, Sullivan BJ, Kadam SD. Sex-Dependent Signaling Pathways Underlying Seizure Susceptibility and the Role of Chloride Cotransporters. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050448. [PMID: 31085988 PMCID: PMC6562404 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizure incidence, severity, and antiseizure medication (ASM) efficacy varies between males and females. Differences in sex-dependent signaling pathways that determine network excitability may be responsible. The identification and validation of sex-dependent molecular mechanisms that influence seizure susceptibility is an emerging focus of neuroscience research. The electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) of the SLC12A gene family utilize Na+-K+-ATPase generated electrochemical gradients to transport chloride into or out of neurons. CCCs regulate neuronal chloride gradients, cell volume, and have a strong influence over the electrical response to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Acquired or genetic causes of CCCs dysfunction have been linked to seizures during early postnatal development, epileptogenesis, and refractoriness to ASMs. A growing number of studies suggest that the developmental expression of CCCs, such as KCC2, is sex-dependent. This review will summarize the reports of sexual dimorphism in epileptology while focusing on the role of chloride cotransporters and their associated modulators that can influence seizure susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Kipnis
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Brennan J Sullivan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Shilpa D Kadam
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Pathogenic potential of human SLC12A5 variants causing KCC2 dysfunction. Brain Res 2019; 1710:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Schulte JT, Wierenga CJ, Bruining H. Chloride transporters and GABA polarity in developmental, neurological and psychiatric conditions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:260-271. [PMID: 29729285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal chloride regulation is a determinant factor for the dynamic tuning of GABAergic inhibition during and beyond brain development. This regulation is mainly dependent on the two co-transporters K+/Cl- co-transporter KCC2 and Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporter NKCC1, whose activity can decrease or increase neuronal chloride concentrations respectively. Altered expression and/or activity of either of these co-transporters has been associated with a wide variety of brain disorders including developmental disorders, epilepsy, schizophrenia and stroke. Here, we review current knowledge on chloride transporter expression and activity regulation and highlight the intriguing potential for existing and future interventions to support chloride homeostasis across a wide range of mental disorders and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joran T Schulte
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Corette J Wierenga
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilgo Bruining
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht The Netherlands.
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Kight KE, McCarthy MM. Sex differences and estrogen regulation of BDNF gene expression, but not propeptide content, in the developing hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:345-354. [PMID: 27870444 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in adult brain function are frequently determined developmentally through the actions of steroid hormones during sensitive periods of prenatal and early postnatal life. In rodents, various cellular end points of the developing brain are affected by estradiol that is derived from the aromatization of circulating testosterone and/or synthesized within the brain. We have previously described a sex difference in neurogenesis in the hippocampus of neonatal rats that is modulated by estradiol. In this report, we examined a potential downstream regulator of the effects of estradiol on hippocampal cell proliferation by measuring gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophin (BDNF) in male and female neonatal rats in response to estradiol. Males had higher baseline BDNF gene expression in dentate gyrus and CA1 regions of the hippocampus compared with females. Neonatal administration of exogenous estradiol resulted in opposite effects on BDNF expression in these areas of the neonatal hippocampus, such that BDNF transcripts increased in CA1 but decreased in dentate. Blocking endogenous estradiol signaling by antagonizing estrogen receptors decreased BDNF expression in the dentate of males, but not females, and had no effect in CA1. Interestingly, this sex difference and response to estradiol was not mirrored by translational output, as no differences in BDNF precursor peptide were observed. The sex- and region-specific effects of estradiol on BDNF expression in the neonatal hippocampus suggest a complex functional relationship between these pleiotropic factors in regulating developmental neurogenesis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Kight
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Margaret M McCarthy
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Karimy JK, Zhang J, Kurland DB, Theriault BC, Duran D, Stokum JA, Furey CG, Zhou X, Mansuri MS, Montejo J, Vera A, DiLuna ML, Delpire E, Alper SL, Gunel M, Gerzanich V, Medzhitov R, Simard JM, Kahle KT. Inflammation-dependent cerebrospinal fluid hypersecretion by the choroid plexus epithelium in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Nat Med 2017; 23:997-1003. [PMID: 28692063 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) secretes higher volumes of fluid (cerebrospinal fluid, CSF) than any other epithelium and simultaneously functions as the blood-CSF barrier to gate immune cell entry into the central nervous system. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), an expansion of the cerebral ventricles due to CSF accumulation following intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), is a common disease usually treated by suboptimal CSF shunting techniques. PHH is classically attributed to primary impairments in CSF reabsorption, but little experimental evidence supports this concept. In contrast, the potential contribution of CSF secretion to PHH has received little attention. In a rat model of PHH, we demonstrate that IVH causes a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)- and NF-κB-dependent inflammatory response in the CPE that is associated with a ∼3-fold increase in bumetanide-sensitive CSF secretion. IVH-induced hypersecretion of CSF is mediated by TLR4-dependent activation of the Ste20-type stress kinase SPAK, which binds, phosphorylates, and stimulates the NKCC1 co-transporter at the CPE apical membrane. Genetic depletion of TLR4 or SPAK normalizes hyperactive CSF secretion rates and reduces PHH symptoms, as does treatment with drugs that antagonize TLR4-NF-κB signaling or the SPAK-NKCC1 co-transporter complex. These data uncover a previously unrecognized contribution of CSF hypersecretion to the pathogenesis of PHH, demonstrate a new role for TLRs in regulation of the internal brain milieu, and identify a kinase-regulated mechanism of CSF secretion that could be targeted by repurposed US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs to treat hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Karimy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, UK
| | - David B Kurland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Daniel Duran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jesse A Stokum
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Xu Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - M Shahid Mansuri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Julio Montejo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alberto Vera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael L DiLuna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Vascular Biology Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Martín-Aragón Baudel MAS, Poole AV, Darlison MG. Chloride co-transporters as possible therapeutic targets for stroke. J Neurochem 2016; 140:195-209. [PMID: 27861901 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide. The major type of stroke is an ischaemic one, which is caused by a blockage that interrupts blood flow to the brain. There are currently very few pharmacological strategies to reduce the damage and social burden triggered by this pathology. The harm caused by the interruption of blood flow to the brain unfolds in the subsequent hours and days, so it is critical to identify new therapeutic targets that could reduce neuronal death associated with the spread of the damage. Here, we review some of the key molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of neuronal death, focusing on some new and promising studies. In particular, we focus on the potential of the chloride co-transporter (CCC) family of proteins, mediators of the GABAergic response, both during the early and later stages of stroke, to promote neuroprotection and recovery. Different studies of CCCs during the chronic and recovery phases post-stroke reveal the importance of timing when considering CCCs as potential neuroprotective and/or neuromodulator targets. The molecular regulatory mechanisms of the two main neuronal CCCs, NKCC1 and KCC2, are further discussed as an indirect approach for promoting neuroprotection and neurorehabilitation following an ischaemic insult. Finally, we mention the likely importance of combining different strategies in order to achieve more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy V Poole
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark G Darlison
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, UK
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14
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Schwartz N, Verma A, Bivens CB, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Rapid steroid hormone actions via membrane receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2289-98. [PMID: 27288742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate a wide variety of physiological and developmental functions. Traditional steroid hormone signaling acts through nuclear and cytosolic receptors, altering gene transcription and subsequently regulating cellular activity. This is particularly important in hormonally-responsive cancers, where therapies that target classical steroid hormone receptors have become clinical staples in the treatment and management of disease. Much progress has been made in the last decade in detecting novel receptors and elucidating their mechanisms, particularly their rapid signaling effects and subsequent impact on tumorigenesis. Many of these receptors are membrane-bound and lack DNA-binding sites, functionally separating them from their classical cytosolic receptor counterparts. Membrane-bound receptors have been implicated in a number of pathways that disrupt the cell cycle and impact tumorigenesis. Among these are pathways that involve phospholipase D, phospholipase C, and phosphoinositide-3 kinase. The crosstalk between these pathways has been shown to affect apoptosis and proliferation in cardiac cells, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes as well as cancer cells. This review focuses on rapid signaling by 17β-estradiol and 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 to examine the integrated actions of classical and rapid steroid signaling pathways both in contrast to each other and in concert with other rapid signaling pathways. This new approach lends insight into rapid signaling by steroid hormones and its potential for use in targeted drug therapies that maximize the benefits of traditional steroid hormone-directed therapies while mitigating their less desirable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofrat Schwartz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Caroline B Bivens
- School of Art, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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15
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Zhang J, Xu C, Puentes DL, Seubert CN, Gravenstein N, Martynyuk AE. Role of Steroids in Hyperexcitatory Adverse and Anesthetic Effects of Sevoflurane in Neonatal Rats. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:440-51. [PMID: 26159049 PMCID: PMC4698089 DOI: 10.1159/000437267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent studies have demonstrated that long-term developmental effects of neonatal anesthesia were more prominent in males. We tested whether steroids, in general, and sex steroids, in particular, are involved in the mediation of sevoflurane-caused paradoxical cortical seizures during the early postnatal period. METHODS Cortical electroencephalograms, hippocampal synaptic activity, serum levels of steroids and the loss of the righting reflex (LORR), a marker of anesthetic effect, were measured on postnatal days 4-6 in Sprague Dawley rats of both genders exposed to 2.1% sevoflurane. RESULTS Episodes of seizures, persistent spikes in electroencephalograms and increases in serum corticosterone were similar in both genders. In the order of increasing potency, the corticosteroid receptor antagonist RU 28318, the estradiol receptor antagonist ICI 182780 and the estradiol synthesis inhibitor formestane decreased sevoflurane-induced seizures. Exogenous estradiol increased sevoflurane-caused seizures, spikes and serum levels of corticosterone. These estradiol-enhanced seizures and spikes were depressed by ICI 182780 and the NKCC1 inhibitor, bumetanide, while RU 28318 decreased seizures only. In hippocampal CA1 neurons, estradiol increased the amplitude, rise time and area under the curve of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR)-mediated miniature postsynaptic currents. Exogenous estradiol shortened, while ICI 182780 and formestane lengthened the time needed for sevoflurane to induce LORR. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence for gender-independent acute electroencephalographic effects of sevoflurane at this age. Corticosterone and estradiol are involved in the mediation of sevoflurane-induced seizures. Estradiol, but not corticosterone, also contributes to sevoflurane-caused spikes, by enhancing GABAAR-mediated excitation in the cortex. By increasing GABAAR-mediated inhibition in more mature caudal regions of the brain, estradiol contributes to sevoflurane-induced LORR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hosptial of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Dyanet L. Puentes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Christoph N. Seubert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Nikolaus Gravenstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Anatoly E. Martynyuk
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
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16
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Watanabe M, Fukuda A. Development and regulation of chloride homeostasis in the central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:371. [PMID: 26441542 PMCID: PMC4585146 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the mature central nervous system (CNS). The developmental switch of GABAergic transmission from excitation to inhibition is induced by changes in Cl− gradients, which are generated by cation-Cl− co-transporters. An accumulation of Cl− by the Na+-K+-2Cl− co-transporter (NKCC1) increases the intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i) such that GABA depolarizes neuronal precursors and immature neurons. The subsequent ontogenetic switch, i.e., upregulation of the Cl−-extruder KCC2, which is a neuron-specific K+-Cl− co-transporter, with or without downregulation of NKCC1, results in low [Cl−]i levels and the hyperpolarizing action of GABA in mature neurons. Development of Cl− homeostasis depends on developmental changes in NKCC1 and KCC2 expression. Generally, developmental shifts (decreases) in [Cl−]i parallel the maturation of the nervous system, e.g., early in the spinal cord, hypothalamus and thalamus, followed by the limbic system, and last in the neocortex. There are several regulators of KCC2 and/or NKCC1 expression, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Therefore, regionally different expression of these regulators may also contribute to the regional developmental shifts of Cl− homeostasis. KCC2 and NKCC1 functions are also regulated by phosphorylation by enzymes such as PKC, Src-family tyrosine kinases, and WNK1–4 and their downstream effectors STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK)-oxidative stress responsive kinase-1 (OSR1). In addition, activation of these kinases is modulated by humoral factors such as estrogen and taurine. Because these transporters use the electrochemical driving force of Na+ and K+ ions, topographical interaction with the Na+-K+ ATPase and its modulators such as creatine kinase (CK) should modulate functions of Cl− transporters. Therefore, regional developmental regulation of these regulators and modulators of Cl− transporters may also play a pivotal role in the development of Cl− homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Watanabe
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Atsuo Fukuda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu, Japan
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17
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Kang SK, Markowitz GJ, Kim ST, Johnston MV, Kadam SD. Age- and sex-dependent susceptibility to phenobarbital-resistant neonatal seizures: role of chloride co-transporters. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:173. [PMID: 26029047 PMCID: PMC4429249 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia in the immature brain is an important cause of neonatal seizures. Temporal evolution of acquired neonatal seizures and their response to anticonvulsants are of great interest, given the unreliability of the clinical correlates and poor efficacy of first-line anti-seizure drugs. The expression and function of the electroneutral chloride co-transporters KCC2 and NKCC1 influence the anti-seizure efficacy of GABAA-agonists. To investigate ischemia-induced seizure susceptibility and efficacy of the GABAA-agonist phenobarbital (PB), with NKCC1 antagonist bumetanide (BTN) as an adjunct treatment, we utilized permanent unilateral carotid-ligation to produce acute ischemic-seizures in post-natal day 7, 10, and 12 CD1 mice. Immediate post-ligation video-electroencephalograms (EEGs) quantitatively evaluated baseline and post-treatment seizure burdens. Brains were examined for stroke-injury and western blot analyses to evaluate the expression of KCC2 and NKCC1. Severity of acute ischemic seizures post-ligation was highest at P7. PB was an efficacious anti-seizure agent at P10 and P12, but not at P7. BTN failed as an adjunct, at all ages tested and significantly blunted PB-efficacy at P10. Significant acute post-ischemic downregulation of KCC2 was detected at all ages. At P7, males displayed higher age-dependent seizure susceptibility, associated with a significant developmental lag in their KCC2 expression. This study established a novel neonatal mouse model of PB-resistant seizures that demonstrates age/sex-dependent susceptibility. The age-dependent profile of KCC2 expression and its post-insult downregulation may underlie the PB-resistance reported in this model. Blocking NKCC1 with low-dose BTN following PB treatment failed to improve PB-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Kyu Kang
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Geoffrey J Markowitz
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shin Tae Kim
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael V Johnston
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shilpa D Kadam
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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Pappas A, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, Korzeniewski SJ, Cortez JC, Bhatti G, Gomez-Lopez N, Hassan SS, Shankaran S, Tarca AL. Transcriptomics of maternal and fetal membranes can discriminate between gestational-age matched preterm neonates with and without cognitive impairment diagnosed at 18-24 months. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118573. [PMID: 25822971 PMCID: PMC4379164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive impairment among children born preterm may arise from complex interactions between genes and the intra-uterine environment. OBJECTIVES (1) To characterize the transcriptomic profiles of chorioamniotic membranes in preterm neonates with and without neurocognitive impairment via microarrays and (2) to determine if neonates with neurocognitive impairment can be identified at birth. MATERIALS/METHODS A retrospective case-control study was conducted to examine the chorioamniotic transcriptome of gestational-age matched very preterm neonates with and without neurocognitive impairment at 18-24 months' corrected-age defined by a Bayley-III Cognitive Composite Score <80 (n = 14 each). Pathway analysis with down-weighting of overlapping genes (PADOG) was performed to identify KEGG pathways relevant to the phenotype. Select differentially expressed genes were profiled using qRT-PCR and a multi-gene disease prediction model was developed using linear discriminant analysis. The model's predictive performance was tested on a new set of cases and controls (n = 19 each). RESULTS 1) 117 genes were differentially expressed among neonates with and without subsequent neurocognitive impairment (p<0.05 and fold change >1.5); 2) Gene ontology analysis indicated enrichment of 19 biological processes and 3 molecular functions; 3)PADOG identified 4 significantly perturbed KEGG pathways: oxidative phosphorylation, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease (q-value <0.1); 4) 48 of 90 selected differentially expressed genes were confirmed by qRT-PCR, including genes implicated in energy metabolism, neuronal signaling, vascular permeability and response to injury (e.g., up-regulation of SEPP1, APOE, DAB2, CD163, CXCL12, VWF; down-regulation of HAND1, OSR1)(p<0.05); and 5) a multi-gene model predicted 18-24 month neurocognitive impairment (using the ratios of OSR1/VWF and HAND1/VWF at birth) in a larger, independent set (sensitivity = 74%, at specificity = 83%). CONCLUSIONS Gene expression patterns in the chorioamniotic membranes link neurocognitive impairment in preterm infants to neurodegenerative disease pathways and might be used to predict neurocognitive impairment. Further prospective studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Pappas
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development / NIH / DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AP); (AT)
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development / NIH / DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development / NIH / DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Korzeniewski
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development / NIH / DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Josef C. Cortez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development / NIH / DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development / NIH / DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development / NIH / DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development / NIH / DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Seetha Shankaran
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development / NIH / DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development / NIH / DHHS, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AP); (AT)
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GABAergic transmission to kisspeptin neurons is differentially regulated by time of day and estradiol in female mice. J Neurosci 2015; 34:16296-308. [PMID: 25471569 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3057-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion is regulated by estradiol feedback. This feedback switches from negative to positive in females; this switch depends on time of day in many species. Estradiol feedback is likely conveyed via afferents. Kisspeptin neurons of the arcuate nucleus and anteroventral-periventricular region (AVPV) may differentially regulate GnRH neurons during negative and positive feedback, respectively. We tested estradiol and time of day regulation of GABAergic transmission and postsynaptic response to GABA in these two populations using transgenic mice with GFP-identified kisspeptin neurons. Ovariectomized (OVX) mice treated or not with estradiol (E) were studied in the AM (negative feedback) or PM (positive feedback). GABAA receptor reversal potential was unaffected by time of day or estradiol. GABA depolarized the membrane potential of arcuate neurons from OVX+E mice; this response was blunted in cells from OVX mice. GABA hyperpolarized AVPV kisspeptin neurons, except in the OVX PM group in which GABA did not alter membrane potential attributable to a PM hyperpolarization of baseline membrane potential. In both kisspeptin neuron populations from OVX mice, the frequency of GABAergic spontaneous postsynaptic currents was increased in the PM; this increase was blunted by estradiol. In arcuate, but not AVPV, kisspeptin neurons, estradiol reduced miniature postsynaptic current amplitude independent of time of day. Using nonstationary fluctuation analysis and diazepam to manipulate GABAA receptor apparent affinity, the decrease in arcuate miniature postsynaptic current amplitude was attributed to decreased number of receptors bound by GABA. Time of day and estradiol feedback thus both target presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms to differentially regulate kisspeptin neurons via GABAergic transmission.
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20
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Kaur A, Bali A, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Investigating the stress attenuating potential of furosemide in immobilization and electric foot-shock stress models in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:497-507. [PMID: 25604076 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the antistress effect of furosemide (sodium potassium chloride co-transporter inhibitor) in immobilization and foot-shock stress-induced behavioral alterations in the mice. Acute stress was induced in Swiss albino mice either by applying electric foot shocks of 0.6-mA intensity of 1-s duration with 30-s inter-shock interval for 1 h or immobilizing for 150 min. The acute stress-induced behavioral changes were assessed by using actophotometer, hole board, open-field, and social interaction tests. Biochemically, the corticosterone levels were estimated in the serum as a biomarker of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Acute stress resulted in the development of behavioral alterations and elevation of the corticosterone levels. Intraperitoneal administration of furosemide (25 and 50 mg/kg) significantly attenuated immobilization and foot-shock stress-induced behavioral changes along with normalization of the corticosterone levels. It may be concluded that furosemide produces beneficial effects in reestablishing the behavioral and biochemical alterations in immobilization and foot-shock-induced acute stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalamjeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
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Rojas-Vega L, Reyes-Castro LA, Ramírez V, Bautista-Pérez R, Rafael C, Castañeda-Bueno M, Meade P, de Los Heros P, Arroyo-Garza I, Bernard V, Binart N, Bobadilla NA, Hadchouel J, Zambrano E, Gamba G. Ovarian hormones and prolactin increase renal NaCl cotransporter phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F799-808. [PMID: 25587121 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00447.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Unique situations in female physiology require volume retention. Accordingly, a dimorphic regulation of the thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) has been reported, with a higher activity in females than in males. However, little is known about the hormones and mechanisms involved. Here, we present evidence that estrogens, progesterone, and prolactin stimulate NCC expression and phosphorylation. The sex difference in NCC abundance, however, is species dependent. In rats, NCC phosphorylation is higher in females than in males, while in mice both NCC expression and phosphorylation is higher in females, and this is associated with increased expression and phosphorylation of full-length STE-20 proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK). Higher expression/phosphorylation of NCC was corroborated in humans by urinary exosome analysis. Ovariectomy in rats resulted in decreased expression and phosphorylation of the cotransporter and promoted the shift of SPAK isoforms toward the short inhibitory variant SPAK2. Conversely, estradiol or progesterone administration to ovariectomized rats restored NCC phosphorylation levels and shifted SPAK expression and phosphorylation towards the full-length isoform. Estradiol administration to male rats induced a significant increase in NCC phosphorylation. NCC is also modulated by prolactin. Administration of this peptide hormone to male rats induced increased phosphorylation of NCC, an effect that was observed even using the ex vivo kidney perfusion strategy. Our results indicate that estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin, the hormones that are involved in sexual cycle, pregnancy and lactation, upregulate the activity of NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rojas-Vega
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis A Reyes-Castro
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victoria Ramírez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Chloe Rafael
- INSERM UMR970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Meade
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Isidora Arroyo-Garza
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valérie Bernard
- INSERM U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and
| | - Nadine Binart
- INSERM U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- INSERM UMR970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Elena Zambrano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico;
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Kight KE, McCarthy MM. Using sex differences in the developing brain to identify nodes of influence for seizure susceptibility and epileptogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt B:136-43. [PMID: 24892888 PMCID: PMC5322568 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual differentiation of the developing brain organizes the neural architecture differently between males and females, and the main influence on this process is exposure to gonadal steroids during sensitive periods of prenatal and early postnatal development. Many molecular and cellular processes are influenced by steroid hormones in the developing brain, including gene expression, cell birth and death, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, and synaptic activity. Perturbations in these processes can alter neuronal excitability and circuit activity, leading to increased seizure susceptibility and the promotion of pathological processes that constitute epileptogenesis. In this review, we will provide a general overview of sex differences in the early developing brain that may be relevant for altered seizure susceptibility in early life, focusing on limbic areas of the brain. Sex differences that have the potential to alter the progress of epileptogenesis are evident at molecular and cellular levels in the developing brain, and include differences in neuronal excitability, response to environmental insult, and epigenetic control of gene expression. Knowing how these processes differ between the sexes can help us understand fundamental mechanisms underlying gender differences in seizure susceptibility and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Kight
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Margaret M McCarthy
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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23
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Li C, Feng M, Shi Z, Hao Q, Song X, Wang W, Zhao Y, Jiao S, Zhou Z. Structural and biochemical insights into the activation mechanisms of germinal center kinase OSR1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35969-78. [PMID: 25389294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.592097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative stress-responsive 1 (OSR1) kinase belongs to the mammalian STE20-like kinase family. OSR1 is activated by with no lysine [K] (WNKs) kinases, and then it phosphorylates cation-coupled Cl-cotransporters, regulating ion homeostasis and cell volume in mammalian cells. However, the specific mechanisms of OSR1 activation remains poorly defined, largely due to its extremely low basal activity. Here, we dissect in detail the regulatory mechanisms of OSR1 activation from the aspects of autoinhibition, upstream kinase WNK, and the newly identified master regulator mouse protein-25 (MO25). Based on our structural and biochemical studies, we propose a "double lock" model, accounting for the tight autoinhibition of OSR1, an effect that has to be removed by WNK before MO25 further activates OSR1. Particularly, the conserved C-terminal (CCT) domain and αAL helix act together to strongly suppress OSR1 basal activity. WNKs bind to the CCT and trigger its conformational rearrangement to release the kinase domain of OSR1, allowing for MO25 binding and full activation. Finally, the regulatory mechanisms of OSR1 activation were further corroborated by cellular studies of OSR1-regulated cell volume control through WNK-OSR1 signaling pathway. Collectively, these results provide insights into the OSR1 kinase activation to facilitate further functional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanchuan Li
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Miao Feng
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Zhubing Shi
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qian Hao
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Xiaomin Song
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Wenjia Wang
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Yun Zhao
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Shi Jiao
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Zhaocai Zhou
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
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24
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Saritas T, Borschewski A, McCormick JA, Paliege A, Dathe C, Uchida S, Terker A, Himmerkus N, Bleich M, Demaretz S, Laghmani K, Delpire E, Ellison DH, Bachmann S, Mutig K. SPAK differentially mediates vasopressin effects on sodium cotransporters. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:407-18. [PMID: 23393317 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-)-cotransporter (NKCC2) and the Na(+)-Cl(-)-cotransporter (NCC) by vasopressin includes their phosphorylation at defined, conserved N-terminal threonine and serine residues, but the kinase pathways that mediate this action of vasopressin are not well understood. Two homologous Ste20-like kinases, SPS-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress responsive kinase (OSR1), can phosphorylate the cotransporters directly. In this process, a full-length SPAK variant and OSR1 interact with a truncated SPAK variant, which has inhibitory effects. Here, we tested whether SPAK is an essential component of the vasopressin stimulatory pathway. We administered desmopressin, a V2 receptor-specific agonist, to wild-type mice, SPAK-deficient mice, and vasopressin-deficient rats. Desmopressin induced regulatory changes in SPAK variants, but not in OSR1 to the same degree, and activated NKCC2 and NCC. Furthermore, desmopressin modulated both the full-length and truncated SPAK variants to interact with and phosphorylate NKCC2, whereas only full-length SPAK promoted the activation of NCC. In summary, these results suggest that SPAK mediates the effect of vasopressin on sodium reabsorption along the distal nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Saritas
- Department of Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Gagnon KB, Delpire E. Molecular physiology of SPAK and OSR1: two Ste20-related protein kinases regulating ion transport. Physiol Rev 2013; 92:1577-617. [PMID: 23073627 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SPAK (Ste20-related proline alanine rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress responsive kinase) are members of the germinal center kinase VI subfamily of the mammalian Ste20 (Sterile20)-related protein kinase family. Although there are 30 enzymes in this protein kinase family, their conservation across the fungi, plant, and animal kingdom confirms their evolutionary importance. Already, a large volume of work has accumulated on the tissue distribution, binding partners, signaling cascades, and physiological roles of mammalian SPAK and OSR1 in multiple organ systems. After reviewing this basic information, we will examine newer studies that demonstrate the pathophysiological consequences to SPAK and/or OSR1 disruption, discuss the development and analysis of genetically engineered mouse models, and address the possible role these serine/threonine kinases might have in cancer proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Gagnon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2520, USA
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26
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Sánchez P, Torres JM, Castro B, Del Moral RG, de Dios Luna J, Ortega E. Steroid 5α-reductase in adult rat brain after neonatal dihydrotestosterone administration. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:557-63. [PMID: 23229791 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone (T) is known to play an important masculinizing role in the developing brain of rat, including the regulation of 5α-reductase (5α-R) isozymes. However, the effects of dihydrotesterone (DHT), a more potent androgen than T, have not been elucidated. In this study, DHT was administered from day 5 through day 20 of postnatal life (period of postnatal sexual differentiation of the central nervous system) at doses of: 12 mg/kg/d on days 5, 6, 7, 8, 19, and 20; 15 mg/kg/d on days 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, and 18; and 18 mg/kg/d on days 13, 14, and 15. In adulthood, quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure mRNA levels of 5α-R1 and 5α-R2 isozymes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of male and female rats with varied androgenic status. Under our study conditions, neonatal DHT administration influenced on adult PFC 5α-R isozymes levels and their regulation pattern by androgens, and this pattern was the inverse of that reported in adult neonatally T-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. de Madrid s/n, 18012, Granada, Spain
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