1
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Naffaa MM. Neurogenesis dynamics in the olfactory bulb: deciphering circuitry organization, function, and adaptive plasticity. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1565-1581. [PMID: 38934393 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis persists after birth in the subventricular zone, with new neurons migrating to the granule cell layer and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb, where they integrate into existing circuitry as inhibitory interneurons. The generation of these new neurons in the olfactory bulb supports both structural and functional plasticity, aiding in circuit remodeling triggered by memory and learning processes. However, the presence of these neurons, coupled with the cellular diversity within the olfactory bulb, presents an ongoing challenge in understanding its network organization and function. Moreover, the continuous integration of new neurons in the olfactory bulb plays a pivotal role in regulating olfactory information processing. This adaptive process responds to changes in epithelial composition and contributes to the formation of olfactory memories by modulating cellular connectivity within the olfactory bulb and interacting intricately with higher-order brain regions. The role of adult neurogenesis in olfactory bulb functions remains a topic of debate. Nevertheless, the functionality of the olfactory bulb is intricately linked to the organization of granule cells around mitral and tufted cells. This organizational pattern significantly impacts output, network behavior, and synaptic plasticity, which are crucial for olfactory perception and memory. Additionally, this organization is further shaped by axon terminals originating from cortical and subcortical regions. Despite the crucial role of olfactory bulb in brain functions and behaviors related to olfaction, these complex and highly interconnected processes have not been comprehensively studied as a whole. Therefore, this manuscript aims to discuss our current understanding and explore how neural plasticity and olfactory neurogenesis contribute to enhancing the adaptability of the olfactory system. These mechanisms are thought to support olfactory learning and memory, potentially through increased complexity and restructuring of neural network structures, as well as the addition of new granule granule cells that aid in olfactory adaptation. Additionally, the manuscript underscores the importance of employing precise methodologies to elucidate the specific roles of adult neurogenesis amidst conflicting data and varying experimental paradigms. Understanding these processes is essential for gaining insights into the complexities of olfactory function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moawiah M Naffaa
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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2
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Bao S, Romero JM, Belfort BD, Arenkiel BR. Signaling mechanisms underlying activity-dependent integration of adult-born neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb. Genesis 2024; 62:e23595. [PMID: 38553878 PMCID: PMC10987073 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has fascinated the field of neuroscience for decades given the prospects of harnessing mechanisms that facilitate the rewiring and/or replacement of adult brain tissue. The subgranular zone of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle are the two main areas in the brain that exhibit ongoing neurogenesis. Of these, adult-born neurons within the olfactory bulb have proven to be a powerful model for studying circuit plasticity, providing a broad and accessible avenue into neuron development, migration, and continued circuit integration within adult brain tissue. This review focuses on some of the recognized molecular and signaling mechanisms underlying activity-dependent adult-born neuron development. Notably, olfactory activity and behavioral states contribute to adult-born neuron plasticity through sensory and centrifugal inputs, in which calcium-dependent transcriptional programs, local translation, and neuropeptide signaling play important roles. This review also highlights areas of needed continued investigation to better understand the remarkable phenomenon of adult-born neuron integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyang Bao
- Development, Disease Models, and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Juan M. Romero
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin D.W. Belfort
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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3
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Chen Y, Ren P, He X, Yan F, Gu R, Bai J, Zhang X. Olfactory bulb neurogenesis depending on signaling in the subventricular zone. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11102-11111. [PMID: 37746807 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is a crucial sense that is essential for the well-being and survival of individuals. Olfactory bulb (OB) is the first olfactory relay station, and its function depends on newly generated neurons from the subventricular zone (SVZ). These newly born neurons constantly migrate through the rostral migratory stream to integrate into existing neural networks within the OB, thereby contributing to olfactory information processing. However, the mechanisms underlying the contribution of SVZ adult neurogenesis to OB neurogenesis remain largely elusive. Adult neurogenesis is a finely regulated multistep process involving the proliferation of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) and neural precursor cells, as well as the migration and differentiation of neuroblasts, and integration of newly generated neurons into preexisting neuronal circuitries. Recently, extensive studies have explored the mechanism of SVZ and OB neurogenesis. This review focused on elucidating various molecules and signaling pathways associated with OB neurogenesis dependent on the SVZ function. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the OB neurogenesis on the adult brain is an attractive prospect to induce aNSCs in SVZ to generate new neurons to ameliorate olfactory dysfunction that is involved in various diseases. It will also contribute to developing new strategies for the human aNSCs-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Peng Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiongjie He
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rou Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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4
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Guvatova ZG, Borisov PV, Alekseev AA, Moskalev AA. Age-Related Changes in Extracellular Matrix. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1535-1551. [PMID: 36717445 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922120112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is an extracellular tissue structure that, in addition to mechanical support to the cell, is involved in regulation of many cellular processes, including chemical transport, growth, migration, differentiation, and cell senescence. Age-related changes in the structure and composition of the matrix and increase of ECM stiffness with age affect functioning of many tissues and contribute to the development of various pathological conditions. This review considers age-related changes of ECM in various tissues and organs, in particular, effect of ECM changes on aging is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiia G Guvatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 129226, Russia
| | - Pavel V Borisov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey A Alekseev
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 129226, Russia
| | - Alexey A Moskalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 129226, Russia
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5
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Tufo C, Poopalasundaram S, Dorrego-Rivas A, Ford MC, Graham A, Grubb MS. Development of the mammalian main olfactory bulb. Development 2022; 149:274348. [PMID: 35147186 PMCID: PMC8918810 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian main olfactory bulb is a crucial processing centre for the sense of smell. The olfactory bulb forms early during development and is functional from birth. However, the olfactory system continues to mature and change throughout life as a target of constitutive adult neurogenesis. Our Review synthesises current knowledge of prenatal, postnatal and adult olfactory bulb development, focusing on the maturation, morphology, functions and interactions of its diverse constituent glutamatergic and GABAergic cell types. We highlight not only the great advances in the understanding of olfactory bulb development made in recent years, but also the gaps in our present knowledge that most urgently require addressing. Summary: This Review describes the morphological and functional maturation of cells in the mammalian main olfactory bulb, from embryonic development to adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Tufo
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Subathra Poopalasundaram
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Ana Dorrego-Rivas
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Marc C Ford
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anthony Graham
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Matthew S Grubb
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Kjell J, Fischer-Sternjak J, Thompson AJ, Friess C, Sticco MJ, Salinas F, Cox J, Martinelli DC, Ninkovic J, Franze K, Schiller HB, Götz M. Defining the Adult Neural Stem Cell Niche Proteome Identifies Key Regulators of Adult Neurogenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 26:277-293.e8. [PMID: 32032526 PMCID: PMC7005820 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian brain contains few niches for neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of generating new neurons, whereas other regions are primarily gliogenic. Here we leverage the spatial separation of the sub-ependymal zone NSC niche and the olfactory bulb, the region to which newly generated neurons from the sub-ependymal zone migrate and integrate, and present a comprehensive proteomic characterization of these regions in comparison to the cerebral cortex, which is not conducive to neurogenesis and integration of new neurons. We find differing compositions of regulatory extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the neurogenic niche. We further show that quiescent NSCs are the main source of their local ECM, including the multi-functional enzyme transglutaminase 2, which we show is crucial for neurogenesis. Atomic force microscopy corroborated indications from the proteomic analyses that neurogenic niches are significantly stiffer than non-neurogenic parenchyma. Together these findings provide a powerful resource for unraveling unique compositions of neurogenic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kjell
- Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Germany
| | - Judith Fischer-Sternjak
- Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Germany
| | - Amelia J Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Friess
- Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Sticco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Favio Salinas
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - David C Martinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Germany; Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Herbert B Schiller
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany.
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7
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Bressan C, Saghatelyan A. Intrinsic Mechanisms Regulating Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:620379. [PMID: 33519385 PMCID: PMC7838331 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.620379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental brain development process that allows cells to move from their birthplaces to their sites of integration. Although neuronal migration largely ceases during embryonic and early postnatal development, neuroblasts continue to be produced and to migrate to a few regions of the adult brain such as the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). In the SVZ, a large number of neuroblasts migrate into the olfactory bulb (OB) along the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Neuroblasts migrate in chains in a tightly organized micro-environment composed of astrocytes that ensheath the chains of neuroblasts and regulate their migration; the blood vessels that are used by neuroblasts as a physical scaffold and a source of molecular factors; and axons that modulate neuronal migration. In addition to diverse sets of extrinsic micro-environmental cues, long-distance neuronal migration involves a number of intrinsic mechanisms, including membrane and cytoskeleton remodeling, Ca2+ signaling, mitochondria dynamics, energy consumption, and autophagy. All these mechanisms are required to cope with the different micro-environment signals and maintain cellular homeostasis in order to sustain the proper dynamics of migrating neuroblasts and their faithful arrival in the target regions. Neuroblasts in the postnatal brain not only migrate into the OB but may also deviate from their normal path to migrate to a site of injury induced by a stroke or by certain neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we will focus on the intrinsic mechanisms that regulate long-distance neuroblast migration in the adult brain and on how these pathways may be modulated to control the recruitment of neuroblasts to damaged/diseased brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Bressan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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8
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Rathjen FG, Hodge R. Early Days of Tenascin-R Research: Two Approaches Discovered and Shed Light on Tenascin-R. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612482. [PMID: 33488619 PMCID: PMC7820773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz G Rathjen
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Russell Hodge
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Mencio CP, Hussein RK, Yu P, Geller HM. The Role of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in Nervous System Development. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:61-80. [PMID: 32936033 PMCID: PMC7780190 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420959147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The orderly development of the nervous system is characterized by phases of cell proliferation and differentiation, neural migration, axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, and stabilization. Each of these processes is a result of the modulation of genetic programs by extracellular cues. In particular, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) have been found to be involved in almost every aspect of this well-orchestrated yet delicate process. The evidence of their involvement is complex, often contradictory, and lacking in mechanistic clarity; however, it remains obvious that CSPGs are key cogs in building a functional brain. This review focuses on current knowledge of the role of CSPGs in each of the major stages of neural development with emphasis on areas requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rowan K Hussein
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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10
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Nakajima C, Sawada M, Sawamoto K. Postnatal neuronal migration in health and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:1-9. [PMID: 32717548 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal neuronal migration modulates neuronal circuit formation and function throughout life and is conserved among species. Pathological conditions activate the generation of neuroblasts in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) and promote their migration towards a lesion. However, the neuroblasts generally terminate their migration before reaching the lesion site unless their intrinsic capacity is modified or the environment is improved. It is important to understand which factors impede neuronal migration for functional recovery of the brain. We highlight similarities and differences in the mechanisms of neuroblast migration under physiological and pathological conditions to provide novel insights into endogenous neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Nakajima
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.
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11
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Hunyadi A, Gaál B, Matesz C, Meszar Z, Morawski M, Reimann K, Lendvai D, Alpar A, Wéber I, Rácz É. Distribution and classification of the extracellular matrix in the olfactory bulb. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 225:321-344. [PMID: 31858237 PMCID: PMC6957564 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-02010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) became an important player over the last few decades when studying the plasticity and regeneration of the central nervous system. In spite of the established role of ECM in these processes throughout the central nervous system (CNS), only few papers were published on the ECM of the olfactory system, which shows a lifelong plasticity, synaptic remodeling and postnatal neurogenesis. In the present study, we have described the localization and organization of major ECM molecules, the hyaluronan, the lecticans, tenascin-R and HAPLN1 link protein in the olfactory bulb (OB) of the rat. We detected all of these molecules in the OB showing differences in the molecular composition, staining intensity, and organization of ECM between the layers and in some cases within a single layer. One of the striking features of ECM staining pattern in the OB was that the reactions are shown dominantly in the neuropil, the PNNs were found rarely and they exhibited thin or diffuse appearance Similar organization was shown in human and mice samples. As the PNN limits the neural plasticity, its rare appearance may be related to the high degree of plasticity in the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hunyadi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Botond Gaál
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Clara Matesz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,MTA-DE Neuroscience Research Group, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Meszar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,MTA-DE Neuroscience Research Group, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Reimann
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Lendvai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Alan Alpar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.,SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Wéber
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Éva Rácz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary. .,MTA-DE Neuroscience Research Group, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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12
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Adams KV, Morshead CM. Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:2-36. [PMID: 29902499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Canada.
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13
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Andreopoulou E, Arampatzis A, Patsoni M, Kazanis I. Being a Neural Stem Cell: A Matter of Character But Defined by the Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1041:81-118. [PMID: 29204830 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69194-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cells that build the nervous system, either this is a small network of ganglia or a complicated primate brain, are called neural stem and progenitor cells. Even though the very primitive and the very recent neural stem cells (NSCs) share common basic characteristics that are hard-wired within their character, such as the expression of transcription factors of the SoxB family, their capacity to give rise to extremely different neural tissues depends significantly on instructions from the microenvironment. In this chapter we explore the nature of the NSC microenvironment, looking through evolution, embryonic development, maturity and even disease. Experimental work undertaken over the last 20 years has revealed exciting insight into the NSC microcosmos. NSCs are very capable in producing their own extracellular matrix and in regulating their behaviour in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence indicates an important role for the vasculature, especially within the NSC niches of the postnatal brain; while novel results reveal direct links between the metabolic state of the organism and the function of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Andreopoulou
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Asterios Arampatzis
- Wellcome Trust- MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Biology Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Melina Patsoni
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ilias Kazanis
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
- Wellcome Trust- MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Biology Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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14
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Malvaut S, Gribaudo S, Hardy D, David LS, Daroles L, Labrecque S, Lebel-Cormier MA, Chaker Z, Coté D, De Koninck P, Holzenberger M, Trembleau A, Caille I, Saghatelyan A. CaMKIIα Expression Defines Two Functionally Distinct Populations of Granule Cells Involved in Different Types of Odor Behavior. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3315-3329.e6. [PMID: 29107547 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Granule cells (GCs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) play an important role in odor information processing. Although they have been classified into various neurochemical subtypes, the functional roles of these subtypes remain unknown. We used in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging combined with cell-type-specific identification of GCs in the mouse OB to examine whether functionally distinct GC subtypes exist in the bulbar network. We showed that half of GCs express Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα+) and that these neurons are preferentially activated by olfactory stimulation. The higher activity of CaMKIIα+ neurons is due to the weaker inhibitory input that they receive compared to their CaMKIIα-immunonegative (CaMKIIα-) counterparts. In line with these functional data, immunohistochemical analyses showed that 75%-90% of GCs expressing the immediate early gene cFos are CaMKIIα+ in naive animals and in mice that have been exposed to a novel odor and go/no-go operant conditioning, or that have been subjected to long-term associative memory and spontaneous habituation/dishabituation odor discrimination tasks. On the other hand, a perceptual learning task resulted in increased activation of CaMKIIα- cells. Pharmacogenetic inhibition of CaMKIIα+ GCs revealed that this subtype is involved in habituation/dishabituation and go/no-go odor discrimination, but not in perceptual learning. In contrast, pharmacogenetic inhibition of GCs in a subtype-independent manner affected perceptual learning. Our results indicate that functionally distinct populations of GCs exist in the OB and that they play distinct roles during different odor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Malvaut
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Simona Gribaudo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Hardy
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | | | - Laura Daroles
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Simon Labrecque
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | | | - Zayna Chaker
- INSERM and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Coté
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Paul De Koninck
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Martin Holzenberger
- INSERM and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Alain Trembleau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Caille
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 75005 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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15
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Ravi N, Sanchez-Guardado L, Lois C, Kelsch W. Determination of the connectivity of newborn neurons in mammalian olfactory circuits. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:849-867. [PMID: 27695873 PMCID: PMC11107630 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory bulb is a forebrain structure just one synapse downstream from the olfactory sensory neurons and performs the complex computations of sensory inputs. The formation of this sensory circuit is shaped through activity-dependent and cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that cell-type specific connectivity and the organization of synapses in dendritic compartments are determined through cell-intrinsic programs already preset in progenitor cells. These progenitor programs give rise to subpopulations within a neuron type that have distinct synaptic organizations. The intrinsically determined formation of distinct synaptic organizations requires factors from contacting cells that match the cell-intrinsic programs. While certain genes control wiring within the newly generated neurons, other regulatory genes provide intercellular signals and are only expressed in neurons that will form contacts with the newly generated cells. Here, the olfactory system has provided a useful model circuit to reveal the factors regulating assembly of the highly structured connectivity in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namasivayam Ravi
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Luis Sanchez-Guardado
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Carlos Lois
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Kelsch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
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16
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Downregulation of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Promotes the Switch from Tangential to Radial Migration in the OB. J Neurosci 2016; 35:13659-72. [PMID: 26446219 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1353-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neuroblast migration is a highly orchestrated process that ensures the proper integration of newborn neurons into complex neuronal circuits. In the postnatal rodent brain, neuroblasts migrate long distances from the subependymal zone of the lateral ventricles to the olfactory bulb (OB) within the rostral migratory stream (RMS). They first migrate tangentially in close contact to each other and later radially as single cells until they reach their final destination in the OB. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that interacts with cell-surface receptors to exert different cellular responses. Although well studied in other systems and a target for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, little is known about S1P in the postnatal brain. Here, we report that the S1P receptor 1 (S1P1) is expressed in neuroblasts migrating in the RMS. Using in vivo and in vitro gain- and loss-of-function approaches in both wild-type and transgenic mice, we found that the activation of S1P1 by its natural ligand S1P, acting as a paracrine signal, contributes to maintain neuroblasts attached to each other while they migrate in chains within the RMS. Once in the OB, neuroblasts cease to express S1P1, which results in cell detachment and initiation of radial migration, likely via downregulation of NCAM1 and β1 integrin. Our results reveal a novel physiological function for S1P1 in the postnatal brain, directing the path followed by newborn neurons in the neurogenic niche. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The function of each neuron is highly determined by the position it occupies within a neuronal circuit. Frequently, newborn neurons must travel long distances from their birthplace to their predetermined final location and, to do so, they use different modes of migration. In this study, we identify the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1 (S1P1) as one of the key players that govern the switch from tangential to radial migration of postnatally generated neuroblasts in the olfactory bulb. Of interest is the evidence that the ligand, S1P, is provided by nearby astrocytes. Finally, we also propose adhesion molecules that act downstream of S1P1 and initiate the transition from tangential chain migration to individual radial migration outside of the stream.
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17
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Yoshihara SI, Takahashi H, Tsuboi A. Molecular Mechanisms Regulating the Dendritic Development of Newborn Olfactory Bulb Interneurons in a Sensory Experience-Dependent Manner. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:514. [PMID: 26793053 PMCID: PMC4709855 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons in the olfactory bulb are generated continuously throughout life in the subventricular zone and differentiate into periglomerular and granule cells. Neural circuits that undergo reorganization by newborn olfactory bulb interneurons are necessary for odor detection, odor discrimination, olfactory memory, and innate olfactory responses. Although sensory experience has been shown to regulate development in a variety of species and in various structures, including the retina, cortex, and hippocampus, little is known about how sensory experience regulates the dendritic development of newborn olfactory bulb interneurons. Recent studies revealed that the 5T4 oncofetal trophoblast glycoprotein and the neuronal Per/Arnt/Sim domain protein 4 (Npas4) transcription factor regulate dendritic branching and dendritic spine formation, respectively, in olfactory bulb interneurons. Here, we summarize the molecular mechanisms that underlie the sensory input-dependent development of newborn interneurons and the formation of functional neural circuitry in the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Ichi Yoshihara
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Neural Systems, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nara Medical University Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroo Takahashi
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Neural Systems, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nara Medical University Kashihara, Japan
| | - Akio Tsuboi
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Neural Systems, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nara Medical University Kashihara, Japan
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18
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Regalado-Santiago C, Juárez-Aguilar E, Olivares-Hernández JD, Tamariz E. Mimicking Neural Stem Cell Niche by Biocompatible Substrates. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1513285. [PMID: 26880934 PMCID: PMC4736764 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1513285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) participate in the maintenance, repair, and regeneration of the central nervous system. During development, the primary NSCs are distributed along the ventricular zone of the neural tube, while, in adults, NSCs are mainly restricted to the subependymal layer of the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. The circumscribed areas where the NSCs are located contain the secreted proteins and extracellular matrix components that conform their niche. The interplay among the niche elements and NSCs determines the balance between stemness and differentiation, quiescence, and proliferation. The understanding of niche characteristics and how they regulate NSCs activity is critical to building in vitro models that include the relevant components of the in vivo niche and to developing neuroregenerative approaches that consider the extracellular environment of NSCs. This review aims to examine both the current knowledge on neurogenic niche and how it is being used to develop biocompatible substrates for the in vitro and in vivo mimicking of extracellular NSCs conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlalli Regalado-Santiago
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Luis Castelazo Ayala, s/n, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Enrique Juárez-Aguilar
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Luis Castelazo Ayala, s/n, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Juan David Olivares-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Luis Castelazo Ayala, s/n, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Elisa Tamariz
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Luis Castelazo Ayala, s/n, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
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19
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The Role of Adult-Born Neurons in the Constantly Changing Olfactory Bulb Network. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:1614329. [PMID: 26839709 PMCID: PMC4709761 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1614329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian brain is remarkably plastic and constantly undergoes structurofunctional modifications in response to environmental stimuli. In many regions plasticity is manifested by modifications in the efficacy of existing synaptic connections or synapse formation and elimination. In a few regions, however, plasticity is brought by the addition of new neurons that integrate into established neuronal networks. This type of neuronal plasticity is particularly prominent in the olfactory bulb (OB) where thousands of neuronal progenitors are produced on a daily basis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) towards the OB. In the OB, these neuronal precursors differentiate into local interneurons, mature, and functionally integrate into the bulbar network by establishing output synapses with principal neurons. Despite continuous progress, it is still not well understood how normal functioning of the OB is preserved in the constantly remodelling bulbar network and what role adult-born neurons play in odor behaviour. In this review we will discuss different levels of morphofunctional plasticity effected by adult-born neurons and their functional role in the adult OB and also highlight the possibility that different subpopulations of adult-born cells may fulfill distinct functions in the OB neuronal network and odor behaviour.
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20
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Schmalbach B, Lepsveridze E, Djogo N, Papashvili G, Kuang F, Leshchyns'ka I, Sytnyk V, Nikonenko AG, Dityatev A, Jakovcevski I, Schachner M. Age-dependent loss of parvalbumin-expressing hippocampal interneurons in mice deficient in CHL1, a mental retardation and schizophrenia susceptibility gene. J Neurochem 2015; 135:830-44. [PMID: 26285062 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In humans, deletions/mutations in the CHL1/CALL gene are associated with mental retardation and schizophrenia. Juvenile CHL1-deficient (CHL1(-/-) ) mice have been shown to display abnormally high numbers of parvalbumin-expressing (PV(+) ) hippocampal interneurons and, as adults, display behavioral traits observed in neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we addressed the question whether inhibitory interneurons and synaptic plasticity in the CHL1(-/-) mouse are affected during brain maturation and in adulthood. We found that hippocampal, but not neocortical, PV(+) interneurons were reduced with age in CHL1(-/-) mice, from a surplus of +27% at 1 month to a deficit of -20% in adulthood compared with wild-type littermates. This loss occurred during brain maturation, correlating with microgliosis and enhanced interleukin-6 expression. In parallel with the loss of PV(+) interneurons, the inhibitory input to adult CA1 pyramidal cells was reduced and a deficit in short- and long-term potentiation developed at CA3-CA1 excitatory synapses between 2 and 9 months of age in CHL1(-/-) mice. This deficit could be abrogated by a GABAA receptor agonist. We propose that region-specific aberrant GABAergic synaptic connectivity resulting from the mutation and a subsequently enhanced synaptic elimination during brain maturation lead to microgliosis, increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, loss of interneurons, and impaired synaptic plasticity. Close homolog of L1-deficient (CHL1(-/-) ) mice have abnormally high numbers of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing hippocampal interneurons in juvenile animals, but in adult animals a loss of these cells is observed. This loss correlates with an increased density of microglia (M), enhanced interleukin-6 (IL6) production and a deficit in short- and long-term potentiation at CA3-CA1 excitatory synapses. Furthermore, adult CHL1(-/-) mice display behavioral traits similar to those observed in neuropsychiatric disorders of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schmalbach
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eka Lepsveridze
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nevena Djogo
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giorgi Papashvili
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fang Kuang
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iryna Leshchyns'ka
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vladimir Sytnyk
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander G Nikonenko
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cytology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Experimental Neurophysiology, University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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21
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Abrous DN, Wojtowicz JM. Interaction between Neurogenesis and Hippocampal Memory System: New Vistas. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:7/6/a018952. [PMID: 26032718 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, the questions on the functionality of adult neurogenesis have changed their emphasis from if to how the adult-born neurons participate in a variety of memory processes. The emerging answers are complex because we are overwhelmed by a variety of behavioral tasks that apparently require new neurons to be performed optimally. With few exceptions, the hippocampal memory system seems to use the newly generated neurons for multiple roles. Adult neurogenesis has given the dentate gyrus new capabilities not previously thought possible within the scope of traditional synaptic plasticity. Looking at these new developments from the perspective of past discoveries, the science of adult neurogenesis has emerged from its initial phase of being, first, a surprising oddity and, later, exciting possibility, to the present state of being an integral part of mainstream neuroscience. The answers to many remaining questions regarding adult neurogenesis will come along only with our growing understanding of the functionality of the brain as a whole. This, in turn, will require integration of multiple levels of organization from molecules and cells to circuits and systems, ultimately resulting in comprehension of behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djoher Nora Abrous
- Inserm U862, Bordeaux-F33077, France Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-F33077, France
| | - Jan Martin Wojtowicz
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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22
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Bakhshetyan K, Saghatelyan A. Tracking Neuronal Migration in Adult Brain Slices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:3.28.1-3.28.13. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0328s71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bakhshetyan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Institut Universitaire en santé mentale de Québec Quebec City Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Institut Universitaire en santé mentale de Québec Quebec City Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval Quebec City Canada
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23
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Ravi N, Li Z, Oettl LL, Bartsch D, Schönig K, Kelsch W. Postnatal subventricular zone progenitors switch their fate to generate neurons with distinct synaptic input patterns. Development 2014; 142:303-13. [PMID: 25519243 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New granule cell neurons (GCs) generated in the neonatal and adult subventricular zone (SVZ) have distinct patterns of input synapses in their dendritic domains. These synaptic input patterns determine the computations that the neurons eventually perform in the olfactory bulb. We observed that GCs generated earlier in postnatal life had acquired an 'adult' synaptic development only in one dendritic domain, and only later-born GCs showed an 'adult' synaptic development in both dendritic domains. It is unknown to what extent the distinct synaptic input patterns are already determined in SVZ progenitors and/or by the brain circuit into which neurons integrate. To distinguish these possibilities, we heterochronically transplanted retrovirally labeled SVZ progenitor cells. Once these transplanted progenitors, which mainly expressed Mash1, had differentiated into GCs, their glutamatergic input synapses were visualized by genetic tags. We observed that GCs derived from neonatal progenitors differentiating in the adult maintained their characteristic neonatal synapse densities. Grafting of adult SVZ progenitors to the neonate had a different outcome. These GCs formed synaptic densities that corresponded to neither adult nor neonatal patterns in two dendritic domains. In summary, progenitors in the neonatal and adult brain generate distinct GC populations and switch their fate to generate neurons with specific synaptic input patterns. Once they switch, adult progenitors require specific properties of the circuit to maintain their characteristic synaptic input patterns. Such determination of synaptic input patterns already at the progenitor-cell level may be exploited for brain repair to engineer neurons with defined wiring patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namasivayam Ravi
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68159, Germany German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Zhijun Li
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lars-Lennart Oettl
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68159, Germany German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dusan Bartsch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Kai Schönig
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kelsch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68159, Germany German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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24
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Levy AD, Omar MH, Koleske AJ. Extracellular matrix control of dendritic spine and synapse structure and plasticity in adulthood. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:116. [PMID: 25368556 PMCID: PMC4202714 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the receptive contacts at most excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. Spines are dynamic in the developing brain, changing shape as they mature as well as appearing and disappearing as they make and break connections. Spines become much more stable in adulthood, and spine structure must be actively maintained to support established circuit function. At the same time, adult spines must retain some plasticity so their structure can be modified by activity and experience. As such, the regulation of spine stability and remodeling in the adult animal is critical for normal function, and disruption of these processes is associated with a variety of late onset diseases including schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. The extracellular matrix (ECM), composed of a meshwork of proteins and proteoglycans, is a critical regulator of spine and synapse stability and plasticity. While the role of ECM receptors in spine regulation has been extensively studied, considerably less research has focused directly on the role of specific ECM ligands. Here, we review the evidence for a role of several brain ECM ligands and remodeling proteases in the regulation of dendritic spine and synapse formation, plasticity, and stability in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Levy
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA ; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mitchell H Omar
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA ; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA ; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA ; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
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25
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Cowley AW, Moreno C, Jacob HJ, Peterson CB, Stingo FC, Ahn KW, Liu P, Vannucci M, Laud PW, Reddy P, Lazar J, Evans L, Yang C, Kurth T, Liang M. Characterization of biological pathways associated with a 1.37 Mbp genomic region protective of hypertension in Dahl S rats. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:398-410. [PMID: 24714719 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00179.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to narrow a region of chromosome 13 to only several genes and then apply unbiased statistical approaches to identify molecular networks and biological pathways relevant to blood-pressure salt sensitivity in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. The analysis of 13 overlapping subcongenic strains identified a 1.37 Mbp region on chromosome 13 that influenced the mean arterial blood pressure by at least 25 mmHg in SS rats fed a high-salt diet. DNA sequencing and analysis filled genomic gaps and provided identification of five genes in this region, Rfwd2, Fam5b, Astn1, Pappa2, and Tnr. A cross-platform normalization of transcriptome data sets obtained from our previously published Affymetrix GeneChip dataset and newly acquired RNA-seq data from renal outer medullary tissue provided 90 observations for each gene. Two Bayesian methods were used to analyze the data: 1) a linear model analysis to assess 243 biological pathways for their likelihood to discriminate blood pressure levels across experimental groups and 2) a Bayesian graphical modeling of pathways to discover genes with potential relationships to the candidate genes in this region. As none of these five genes are known to be involved in hypertension, this unbiased approach has provided useful clues to be experimentally explored. Of these five genes, Rfwd2, the gene most strongly expressed in the renal outer medulla, was notably associated with pathways that can affect blood pressure via renal transcellular Na(+) and K(+) electrochemical gradients and tubular Na(+) transport, mitochondrial TCA cycle and cell energetics, and circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin;
| | - Carol Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Howard J Jacob
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Francesco C Stingo
- Department of Biostatistics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Kwang Woo Ahn
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Purushottam W Laud
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Prajwal Reddy
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jozef Lazar
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Louise Evans
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Theresa Kurth
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mingyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Akerblom M, Petri R, Sachdeva R, Klussendorf T, Mattsson B, Gentner B, Jakobsson J. microRNA-125 distinguishes developmentally generated and adult-born olfactory bulb interneurons. Development 2014; 141:1580-8. [PMID: 24598163 DOI: 10.1242/dev.101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
New neurons, originating from the subventricular zone, are continuously integrating into neuronal circuitry in the olfactory bulb (OB). Using a transgenic sensor mouse, we found that adult-born OB interneurons express microRNA-125 (miR-125), whereas the pre-existing developmentally generated OB interneurons represent a unique population of cells in the adult brain, without miR-125 activity. Stable inhibition of miR-125 in newborn OB neurons resulted in enhanced dendritic morphogenesis, as well as in increased synaptic activation in response to odour sensory stimuli. These data demonstrate that miR-125 controls functional synaptic integration of adult-born OB interneurons. Our results also suggest that absence of an otherwise broadly expressed miRNA is a novel mechanism with which to achieve neuronal subtype specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Akerblom
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Xu JC, Xiao MF, Jakovcevski I, Sivukhina E, Hargus G, Cui YF, Irintchev A, Schachner M, Bernreuther C. The extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-R regulates neurogenesis during development and in the adult dentate gyrus of mice. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:641-52. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.137612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal generation of inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid synthesizing (GABAergic) neurons is characteristic of neuropsychological disorders. We provide evidence that the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-R (TNR) – being predominantly expressed, among neurons, by subpopulation of interneurons - plays a role in the generation of GABAergic and granule neurons in the murine dentate gyrus by regulating fate determination of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs). During development, absence of TNR in constitutively TNR-deficient (TNR−/−) mice results in increased numbers of dentate gyrus GABAergic neurons, being associated with decreased expression of its receptor β1 integrin, increased activation of p38 MAPK, and increased expression of the GABAergic specification gene ASCL1. Postnatally, increased GABAergic input to adult hippocampal NSCs in TNR−/− mice is associated not only with increased numbers of GABAergic and, particularly, parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons, as seen during development, but also with increased numbers of granule neurons, thus contributing to the increased differentiation of NSCs into granule cells. These findings indicate the importance of TNR in the regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis and suggest that TNR acts through distinct direct and indirect mechanisms during development and in the adult.
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