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Mendoza-Martínez GD, Hernández-García PA, Díaz-Galván C, Razo-Ortiz PB, Ojeda-Carrasco JJ, Sánchez-López N, de la Torre-Hernández ME. Evaluation of Increasing Dietary Concentrations of a Multi-Enzyme Complex in Feedlot Lambs' Rations. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1215. [PMID: 38672363 PMCID: PMC11047411 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of the M-E complex (xylanase, glucanase, cellulase, and invertase) Optimax E® on the performance of growing lambs, their digestibility, and their rumen microbiota, and to estimate NEm, NEg, and ruminal methane levels. Forty lambs (Katahdin x Dorset; 22.91 ± 4.16 kg) were randomly assigned to dietary concentrations of ME (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8% DM) and fed individually for 77 days. Increasing M-E improved feed conversion (p < 0.05) as well as NEm and NEg (p < 0.05), which were associated with increased in vivo DM and NDF digestion (linear and quadratic p < 0.01). Few microbial families showed abundancy changes (Erysipelotrichaceae, Christensenellaceae, Lentisphaerae, and Clostridial Family XIII); however, the dominant phylum Bacteroidetes was linearly reduced, while Firmicutes increased (p < 0.01), resulting in a greater Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio. Total Entodinium showed a quadratic response (p < 0.10), increasing its abundancy as the enzyme dose was augmented. The daily emission intensity of methane (per kg of DMI or AGD) was reduced linearly (p < 0.01). In conclusion, adding the M-E complex Optimax E® to growing lambs' diets improves their productive performance by acting synergistically with the rumen microbiota, modifying the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio toward more efficient fermentation, and shows the potential to reduce the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions from lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán David Mendoza-Martínez
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, México City 04960, Mexico; (G.D.M.-M.); (C.D.-G.)
| | - Pedro Abel Hernández-García
- Centro Universitario Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Amecameca 56900, Mexico; (P.B.R.-O.)
| | - Cesar Díaz-Galván
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, México City 04960, Mexico; (G.D.M.-M.); (C.D.-G.)
| | - Pablo Benjamín Razo-Ortiz
- Centro Universitario Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Amecameca 56900, Mexico; (P.B.R.-O.)
| | - Juan José Ojeda-Carrasco
- Centro Universitario Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Amecameca 56900, Mexico; (P.B.R.-O.)
| | - Nalley Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, México City 04960, Mexico; (G.D.M.-M.); (C.D.-G.)
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Bugoni M, Takiya CS, Grigoletto NTS, Vittorazzi Júnior PC, Nunes AT, Chesini RG, da Silva GG, Durman T, Pettigrew JE, Rennó FP. Feeding amylolytic and proteolytic exogenous enzymes: Effects on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3192-3202. [PMID: 36907755 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous enzymes are added to diets to improve nutrient utilization and feed efficiency. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary exogenous enzyme products with amylolytic (Amaize, Alltech) and proteolytic (Vegpro, Alltech) activity on performance, excretion of purine derivatives, and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows. A total of 24 Holstein cows, 4 of which were ruminally cannulated (161 ± 88 d in milk, 681 ± 96 body weight, and 35.2 ± 5.2 kg/d of milk yield), were blocked by milk yield, days in milk, and body weight, and then distributed in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Experimental periods lasted 21 d, of which the first 14 d were allowed for treatment adaptation and the last 7 d were used for data collection. Treatments were as follows: (1) control (CON) with no feed additives, (2) amylolytic enzyme product added at 0.5 g/kg diet dry matter (DM; AML), (3) amylolytic enzyme product at 0.5 g/kg of diet DM and proteolytic enzyme product at 0.2 g/kg of diet DM (low level; APL), and (4) amylolytic enzyme products added at 0.5 g/kg diet DM and proteolytic enzyme product at 0.4 g/kg of diet DM (high level; APH). Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc.). Differences between treatments were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts: CON versus all enzyme groups (ENZ); AML versus APL+APH; and APL versus APH. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatments. Sorting index for feed particles with size <4 mm was lower for ENZ group than for CON. Total-tract apparent digestibility of DM and nutrients (organic matter, starch, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, and ether extract) were similar between CON and ENZ. Starch digestibility was greater in cows fed APL and APH treatments (86.3%) compared with those in the AML group (83.6%). Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was greater in APH cows compared with those in the APL group (58.1 and 55.2%, respectively). Ruminal pH and NH3-N concentration were not affected by treatments. Molar percentage of propionate tended to be greater in cows fed ENZ treatments than in those fed CON. Molar percentage of propionate was greater in cows fed AML than those fed the blends of amylase and protease (19.2 and 18.5%, respectively). Purine derivative excretions in urine and milk were similar in cows fed ENZ and CON. Uric acid excretion tended to be greater in cows consuming APL and APH than in those in the AML group. Serum urea N concentration tended to be greater in cows fed ENZ than in those fed CON. Milk yield was greater in cows fed ENZ treatments compared with CON (32.0, 33.1, 33.1, and 33.3 kg/d for CON, AML, APL, and APH, respectively). Fat-corrected milk and lactose yields were higher when feeding ENZ. Feed efficiency tended to be greater in cows fed ENZ than in those fed CON. Feeding ENZ benefited cows' performance, whereas the effects on nutrient digestibility were more pronounced when the combination of amylase and protease was fed at the highest dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bugoni
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Caio S Takiya
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Nathalia T S Grigoletto
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | | | - Alanne T Nunes
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G Chesini
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G da Silva
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Francisco P Rennó
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil.
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Amaro FX, Kim D, Agarussi MCN, Silva VP, Fernandes T, Arriola KG, Jiang Y, Cervantes AP, Adesogan AT, Ferraretto LF, Yu S, Li W, Vyas D. Effects of exogenous α-amylases, glucoamylases, and proteases on ruminal in vitro dry matter and starch digestibility, gas production, and volatile fatty acids of mature dent corn grain. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txaa222. [PMID: 34142013 PMCID: PMC8205108 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two separate experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of incremental doses of 10 exogenous endo-acting α-amylase and exo-acting glucoamylase; 1LAT (bacterial α-amylase), 2AK, 3AC, 4Cs4, 5Trga, 6Afuga, 7Fvga, and 10Tg (fungal α-amylases, glucoamylases, and α-glucosidase), 8Star and 9Syn (fungal amylase-mixtures; experiment 1) and three exogenous proteases; 11P14L, 12P7L, and 13P30L (bacterial proteases; experiment 2) on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro starch digestibility (IVSD) of mature dent corn grain using a batch culture system. Incremental doses of the exogenous enzymes (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mg/g of dried substrate) were applied directly to the substrate (0.5 g of ground corn, 4 mm) in sextuplicate (experiment 1) or quadruplicate (experiment 2) within F57 filter bags, which were incubated at 39 °C in buffered rumen fluid for 7 h. Rumen fluid was collected 2-3 h after the morning feeding from three lactating dairy cows and pooled. Cows were consuming a midlactation total mixed ration (TMR; 1.60 Mcal/kg DM and 15.4%; net energy of lactation and crude protein, respectively). Three independent runs were carried out for each experiment. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using run as the blocking factor. Dose was used as a fixed factor while run was considered a random factor. Linear, quadratic, and cubic orthogonal contrasts were also tested. In experiment 1, enzymes 2AK, 3AC, and 10Tg did not increase (P > 0.10) IVDMD and IVSD, whereas 0.25 mg of enzymes 1LAT, 5Trga, and 8Star increased (P < 0.01) IVDMD by 23%, 47%, and 62% and IVSD by 35%, 41%, and 58%, respectively, compared with the control. Enzymes 4Cs4, 6Afuga, 7Fvga, and 9Syn linearly increased IVDMD and IVSD (P < 0.01). Greatest increases in IVDMD (82.9%) and IVSD (85.9%) resulted with 1 mg of 6Afuga compared to control. In experiment 2, the lowest dose of exogenous proteases 11P14L and 12P7L increased (P < 0.01) IVDMD by 98% and 87% and IVSD by 57% and 64%, respectively, whereas the highest dose of 13P30L increased (P = 0.02) IVDMD by 44.8% and IVSD by 30%, relative to the control. In conclusion, IVSD and IVDMD were increased by one α-amylase, certain glucoamylases, and all proteases tested, with the glucoamylase 6Afuga in experiment 1 and the neutral protease 12P7L in experiment 2, increasing IVDMD and IVSD to the greater extents. Future in vivo studies are required to validate these findings before these enzyme additives can be recommended for improving the digestibility of mature dent corn grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe X Amaro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
| | - Donghyeon Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
| | - Mariele C N Agarussi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
- Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa P Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
- Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Fernandes
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Kathy G Arriola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
| | | | | | - Luiz F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
| | - Shukun Yu
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Wenting Li
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Wilmington, DE
| | - Diwakar Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
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Devant M, Yu S, Genís S, Larsen T, Wenting L. Effects of Exogenous Glucoamylase Enzymes Alone or in Combination with a Neutral Protease on Apparent Total Tract Digestibility and Feces D-Lactate in Crossbred Angus Bulls Fed a Ration Rich in Rolled Corn. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061077. [PMID: 32585817 PMCID: PMC7341326 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dietary enzyme supplementation, as a feed additive, has been well adopted in monogastric production to increase feed efficiency. However, in ruminants, considerably fewer studies have been done and fewer, if any, commercial enzymes have been adopted as a feeding strategy. Feedlot cattle are commonly fed high-starch diets, with varying starch digestibilities depending on type of grain, and degree of grain processing. Improvement in starch digestibility in low processed grain diets will undoubtedly warrant economic benefits to feedlot producers and reduce environmental impact of intensive beef production. In this study, we have shown that dietary glucoamylase supplementation improved 7 to 13% apparent digestibility of dry matter and starch in bulls fed rolled corn-based diets, suggesting that enzyme (glucoamylase) supplementation could be a promising strategy to improve starch efficiency for finishing beef cattle. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two glucoamylases (GA) and the combination of one GA with a neutral protease on apparent total tract digestibility in beef bulls fed a total mixed ration (TMR) rich in rolled corn. Sixteen Angus beef bulls (266 ± 4.9 kg of initial BW, and 182 ± 1.7 d of age) were distributed in 4 blocks, each block consisted of 4 animals balanced by BW. The experimental design was a 4 × 4 Latin square (4 blocks and 4 periods, 2 w per period). Four treatments were tested; (1) control, (2) GA preparation from Trichoderma reesei (TrGA); (3) GA from Aspergillus fumigatus (AfuGA); (4) AfuGA in combination with a neutral protease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BamPro). Apparent total tract digestibility and fecal D-lactate concentration were analyzed. Enzyme supplementation, regardless of enzyme type, increased apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (from 66.7% to 73.1% ± 2.01), and starch (from 74.7% to 81.8% ± 2.25), without affecting feces D-lactate concentration. Irrespective of glucoamylase type, glucoamylase supplementation improved apparent digestibility of dry matter and starch, and the addition of a protease did not have additional benefits on nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Devant
- Ruminant production, IRTA, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shukun Yu
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, 8220 Brabrand, Denmark;
| | - Sandra Genís
- Ruminant production, IRTA, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain;
- BonÀrea Agrupa, Traspalau 8, 25210 Guissona, Spain
| | - Torben Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark;
| | - Li Wenting
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA;
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Freiria LBD, Zervoudakis JT, Paula NFD, Cabral LDS, Tedeschi LO, Silva PIJLDRE, Melo ACB, Possamai AJ. Exogenous enzyme on in vitro gas production and ruminal fermentation of diet containing high level of concentrate. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402018000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Exogenous enzyme preparations (fibrolytic activity (FIB), 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 mg/ml liquid volume incubated; amylolytic activity (AMZ), 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg/ml liquid volume incubated; proteolytic activity (PRO), 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg/ml liquid volume incubated) were incubated in vitro. Their fermentation effects were assessed based on accumulated gas production, kinetic parameters, and fermentation profile using the technique of gas fermentation. Ruminal liquid was obtained from two rumen cannulated Santa Inês sheep, fed a diet with roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 20:80. Accumulated gas production was during 96 h of incubation, measured at 18 different times. After incubation, pH, dry matter degradability (DMD), organic matter in vitro digestibility (OMD), metabolisable energy (ME), partitioning factor (PF96), gas yield (GY24), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and microbial protein production (MCP) were evaluated. Increasing FIB dose linearly decreased (P<0.05) lag time without affecting others kinetic parameters. However, FIB increased the accumulated gas production, resulting in improved DMD, OMD, ME, GY24 and SCFA. The addition of AMZ decreased linearly (P<0.05) lag time and increased (P<0.05) gas production on initial times of incubation without altering the fermentation profile. The inclusion of PRO did not affect (P>0.05) the evaluated parameters. The addition of these exogenous enzyme preparations with fibrolytic activity altered ruminal fermentation in vitro of diets containing high levels of concentrates.
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He ZX, He ML, Walker ND, McAllister TA, Yang WZ. Using a fibrolytic enzyme in barley-based diets containing wheat dried distillers grains with solubles: ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and growth performance of feedlot steers. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3978-87. [PMID: 24987082 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (FE) on ruminal pH and fermentation, digestibility, and growth performance of feedlot beef cattle fed a finishing diet containing wheat dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). In Exp. 1, 4 ruminally cannulated Angus heifers (average BW of 807 ± 93.9 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were 1) control (CON; 10% barley silage and 90% barley grain-based concentrate), 2) CON diet substituting 30% wheat DDGS for barley grain (WDG), 3) WDG diet supplemented with low FE (WDGL), and 4) WDG diet supplemented with high FE (WDGH). Heifers fed WDG had less (P = 0.01) total tract DM digestibility than heifers fed CON. Increasing FE linearly (P < 0.05) increased starch digestibility without affecting digestibility of other nutrients. Addition of FE also reduced (P = 0.03) ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N) concentration but did not affect VFA concentration. Moreover, application of FE to wheat DDGS linearly increased in situ ruminal DM (P < 0.01) and NDF (P = 0.02) disappearance after 48 h of incubation. In Exp. 2, 160 yearling steers (initial BW = 495 ± 37.9 kg) were fed the same diets as in Exp. 1. No differences in DMI, final BW, ADG, dietary NEg, or carcass characteristics were observed among diets. However, the steers fed WDG had less (P < 0.05) G:F and greater number of (P < 0.01) abscessed livers than steers fed CON. Increasing FE application in wheat DDGS diets did not affect DMI, final BW, or ADG but tended (P < 0.09) to linearly improve feed efficiency and decreased (P = 0.03) the incidence of abscessed livers. These results demonstrated adverse effects of including wheat DDGS in finishing diets on feed digestion, feed efficiency, and animal health. Application of FE in wheat DDGS-based diets potentially improved starch digestion, protein metabolism in the rumen, feed efficiency, and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z X He
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - M L He
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - N D Walker
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| | - T A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - W Z Yang
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
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Meale SJ, Beauchemin KA, Hristov AN, Chaves AV, McAllister TA. Board-invited review: Opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve ruminant production. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:427-42. [PMID: 24363327 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of ruminants to convert plant biomass unsuitable for human consumption into meat and milk is of great societal and agricultural importance. However, the efficiency of this process is largely dependent on the digestibility of plant cell walls. Supplementing ruminant diets with exogenous enzymes has the potential to improve plant cell wall digestibility and thus the efficiency of feed utilization. Understanding the complexity of the rumen microbial ecosystem and the nature of its interactions with plant cell walls is the key to using exogenous enzymes to improve feed utilization in ruminants. The variability currently observed in production responses can be attributed to the array of enzyme formulations available, their variable activities, the level of supplementation, mode of delivery, and the diet to which they are applied as well as the productivity level of the host. Although progress on enzyme technologies for ruminants has been made, considerable research is still required if successful formulations are to be developed. Advances in DNA and RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis have provided novel insight into the structure and function of rumen microbial populations. Knowledge of the rumen microbial ecosystem and its associated carbohydrases could enhance the likelihood of achieving positive responses to enzyme supplementation. The ability to sequence microbial genomes represents a valuable source of information in terms of the physiology and function of both culturable and unculturable rumen microbial species. The advent of metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and proteomic techniques will further enhance our understanding of the enzymatic machinery involved in cell wall degradation and provide a holistic view of the microbial community and the complexities of plant cell wall digestion. These technologies should provide new insight into the identification of exogenous enzymes that act synergistically with the rumen microbial populations that ultimately dictate the efficiency of feed digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Meale
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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He Z, Ding S, Xu L, Beauchemin KA, Yang W. Using exogenous enzymes to increase the rumen degradability of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles. Arch Anim Nutr 2013; 67:381-92. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2013.840415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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